US3610859A - Composite contact structure for vacuum-type circuit interrupters - Google Patents
Composite contact structure for vacuum-type circuit interrupters Download PDFInfo
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- US3610859A US3610859A US748460A US3610859DA US3610859A US 3610859 A US3610859 A US 3610859A US 748460 A US748460 A US 748460A US 3610859D A US3610859D A US 3610859DA US 3610859 A US3610859 A US 3610859A
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SQWDWSANCUIJGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt silver Chemical compound [Co].[Ag] SQWDWSANCUIJGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
- H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
- H01H33/664—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/11—Making porous workpieces or articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F3/26—Impregnating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0475—Impregnated alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H1/00—Contacts
- H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
- H01H1/0203—Contacts characterised by the material thereof specially adapted for vacuum switches
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H1/00—Contacts
- H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
- H01H2001/0208—Contacts characterised by the material thereof containing rhenium
Definitions
- a composite contact for a vacuum-type circuit interrupter is formed from a porous sintered refractory structure, such as tungsten or molybdenum, infiltrated with an impregnating metal having a liquid phase below 400 C.
- a porous sintered refractory structure such as tungsten or molybdenum
- an impregnating metal having a liquid phase below 400 C.
- an auxiliary agent, or an additive, of small quantity is utilized, such as silver, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, titanium and zirconium in small quantities, for example, a few tenths ofone percent.
- a composite contact In use in a vacuum-type circuit interrupter such a composite contact results in a vaporization of thelow-melting-point infiltrant.
- a reservoir may be provided interiorly of the composite contact to provide an additional quantity of the low-melting-point infiltrant.
- FIG. 12 FIG. 3 FIG. 4
- contact materials which are used in vacuum-type circuit interrupters, ought to have, besides extremely low content of gases and of impurities, which give off gases, particularly the characteristics of small welding forces and low erosion due to vaporization in the arc during operating conditions.
- the known contact materials consist of copper alloys, which demonstrate, particularly in applications to vacuum-type circuit interrupters, high welding forces and considerable erosion.
- contact materials of arc-resisting characteristics for example, high-melting-point metals, such as tungsten and molybdenum, which contain within the porous structure relatively low-melting-point metals with relatively high-vapor pressure and low-arc voltage. The distribution of such constituents leads to a larger vaporization of the low-meIting-point constituent, and to a reduction of the surface portion of the arc-erosion-resisting material.
- the object of the present invention is the provision of a composite contact material, which is particularly suitable for contacts utilized in vacuum-type circuit interrupters. Such a composite contact material will preferably have considerable life.
- a composite contact is provided particularly suitable for vacuum-type circuit interrupters, in which a high-melting-point refractory metal, such as tungsten or molybdenum, has a porous structure, when in the sintered condition, which is infiltrated with an infiltration stock, or an impregnating metal, having a liquid phase below 400 C.
- a high-melting-point refractory metal such as tungsten or molybdenum
- an auxiliary agent or an additive, which provides the desired wetting action.
- a general object of the present invention is the provision of an improved composite contact for a vacuumtype circuit interrupter, which will render improved performance and long life.
- Still a further object of the present invention is the provision of an improved composite contact for a vacuum-type circuit interrupter comprising a porous refractory high-melting-point skeleton structure, which is impregnated, or penetrated, with an infiltration stock, comprising a relatively low-melting-point nonrefractory material, which has a liquid phase below 400 C.
- FIG. I is a somewhat diagrammatic vertical sectional view taken through a vacuum-type circuit interrupter, the contact structure belng illustrated in the open-circuit position;
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view, partially in section, of one of the contacts utilized in the vacuum-type circuit interrupter of DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS I
- the contact materials which are used in vacuum-type circuit interrupters ought to have, besides an extremely low content of gases and impurities giving off gases, particularly low welding forces and low arc erosion, due to vaporization in the arc during operating conditions.
- the known contact materials have consisted of copper alloys, which show particularly in the applications to vacuum-type circuit interrupters, high-welding forces and considerable arc erosion.
- a composite contact material which is particularly suitable for use in vacuum-type circuit interrupters, which consists of a porous sintered structure of an erosion-resisting metal, or a metallic alloy, the pores of which are filled with a low-melting-point metal, or a low-melting-point alloy.
- the pores of the sintered structure are filled with a low-melting-point constituent, which forms a liquid phase below 400 C, and which has, in comparison with the high-meIting-point, arc-erosion-resisting constituent, a lower arc voltage.
- the refractory porous structure and/or the filler component, or infiltrant metal contain auxiliary agents, or additives, which assure of a desired wetting action between the porous sintered structure and the tiller material.
- the composite material according to the present invention namely the arc-erosion-resisting constituent, which consists preferably of tungsten, molybdenum or rhenium, there exists in the form of the sintered body a definite porosity, the pores of which are filled with the low-melting-point constituent, or infiltrant.
- the pore part of the sintered body, and therefore the volume part of the low-melting-point constituent can be suited to the switching conditions.
- the pore part is assumed at being 20 percent; at the higher currents, and at the highest switching currents, the pore part is assumed as being up to 60 percent.
- the porosity of the porous refractory sintered structure is thus fitted to the switching conditions.
- the part of the low-melting-point effective constituent obtained at the 20 percent volume porosity is sufiicient to eliminate the chopping effect at the low currents.
- the low-melting-point constituent consists of metals, or metal alloys, which exist in liquid form below 400 C. Due to this, there is assured a sufficiently fast subsequent delivery of the constituent removed, or lost from the pores at the contact surface by vaporization.
- Suitable low-melting-point metals, utilized for the infiltrant stock are, for example,'bismuth, cadmium, gallium, indium, lead, tin, and thallium, as shown in table B below. Their melting points are listed below to show that all of them have a liquid phase below 400 C.
- the composite contact material contains in its structure, or the infiltrant stock, or filler material, an additive, or an auxiliary agent, which provides a desired wetting condition. It has appeared that a sintered body with a metallically clean surface, and the necessarily low gas content, which can be obtained by sintering in hydrogen, subsequent heat treatment in high vacuum, and impregnation with the filler metal in high vacuum is not sufficient; but that a satisfactory wetting, and thus adequate impregnation, can be obtained only through suitable additives to the sintered body and/or to the filler material.
- additives to the sintered body there have proven themselves effectives the following metals; silver cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, titanium, and zirconium.
- additives for the filler infiltrant stock there have proved effective aluminum, cobalt, iron, nickel, titanium, zirconium, as well as alkaline or alkaline-earth metals.
- These additives, or auxiliary agents are effective in small quantities of, for example, a few tenths of 1 percent.
- FIG. 1 illustrates schematically a vertical sectional view taken through a vacuum-type circuit interrupter embodying the composite contact materials of the present invention.
- the vacuum-type circuit interrupter 1 comprises an evacuated envelope, or housing 2 with end plates or covers 3 and 4 made of metal.
- the stationary contact 5 is brought into the evacuated envelope 2 through the upper cover 3, and the movable contact 6 is brought, in a vacuum- 7 type manner, through the lower cover 4 by means of a flexible metallic bellows 7.
- FIG. 2 shows, in a specially simple and advantageous design, a form of a composite vacuum circuit breaker contact.
- the reference numeral 8 is a rodlike current lead made of pure copper, or of low-alloyed copper.
- the reference numeral 9 designates a plate made of the sintered body provided with the filler material. It may be threaded, cemented, soldered (brazed), or welded into position.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 An especially desirable form of contact construction for the sintered plate of the vacuum interrupter contacts is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
- the refractory sintered body 12 is provided with an impregnating metal reservoir 13, similar to that providedin an oil reservoir of a self-lubricating sintered bearing. If the supply of the low-melting-point constituentcontained in the pores of the refractory sintered body 12 does not suffice, the vaporization loss over the operational life of the composite contact can be replaced from this reservoir 13.
- the reservoir 13 is located, as it is shown in FIG. 3, preferably inside of the sintered body and beneath the requisite thickness of the contact layer 12. It is filled during the infiltration, or impregnation process. However, the reservoir 13 of the infiltrant stock may be located also on the underside of the contact piece l2, as it is shown in FIG. 4.
- Tungsten powder graded to pass 100 mesh and be retained on a ZOO-mesh screen is placed in a compaction die of suitable strength and compacted at approximately 50,000 psi.
- the compact is then sintered 1 hour in dry hyrodgen at l,250 C.
- the hydrogen is pumped off and sintering continued one-half hour in vacuum.
- the sintered compact is then lowered into a pool of molten In or Pb located in a cooler portion of the furnace.
- Wetting elements such as Ti may be added to the In or Pb to improve impregnation of the tungsten by indium or lead.
- the impregnated sintered structure may assume various geometrical shapes or forms. For example, it may constitute the center portion of a generally platelike contact piece. Moreover it may assume a ring part, or the outer portion of a contact piece. In addition, it may assume a spiral path formed, or it may be a ring part with spirally shaped outwardly running strips, not shown.
- an improved composite contact for a vacuum-type circuit interrupter generally comprising a refractory porous sintered body, which is impregnated or infiltrated with a relatively low-melting-point metal having a liquid phase below 400 C., and having a relatively low arc voltage compared with that of the aforesaid refractory sintered body.
- an auxiliary agent, or an additive is provided to provide a tight bonding of the materials.
- a composite contact material having a low volume of gas content for use as an electrical contact material in vacuumtype switching devices consisting of a porous sintered refractory structure of an arc-resisting metal, the pores of which are infiltrated with a lower melting point metal, characterized in that the pores of the skeleton refractory structure are filled with the low-meltingpoint constituent which forms a liquid phase under 400 C. and which also has in comparison with the first-mentioned refractory structure a lower arc voltage, a reservoir being provided in the metallic skeleton structure to accommodate a greater supply of the low-melting-point impregnating metal.
- a composite contact material having a low volume of gas content for use as an electrical contact material in vacuumtype switching devices consisting of a porous sintered refrac' tory structure of an arc-resisting metal, the pores of which are infiltrated with a lower melting point metal, characterized in that the pores of the skeleton refractory structure are filled with the low-melting-point constituent which forms a liquid phase under 400 C.
- the skeleton structure being a metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, and rhenium and their alloys
- the low-melting-point impregnating metal being selected from the group consisting of bismuth, cadmium, gallium, indium, lead, tin, and thallium and their alloys, and a reservoir being provided within the contact body for accommodating an extra supply of the impregnating metal.
- a composite contact material having a low volume of gas content for use as an electrical contact material in vacuumtype switching devices consisting of a porous sintered refractory structure of an arc-resisting metal, the pores of which are infiltrated with a lower melting point metal, characterized in that the pores of the skeleton refractory structure are filled with the low-melting-point constituent which forms a liquid phase under 400 C.
- an additive in a few tenths of l percent being added to increase the wettability between the metallic skeleton structure and the impregnating metal, and the additive being a metal selected from the group consisting of silver, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, titanium and zirconium.
- a composite contact material having a low volume of gas content for use as an electrical contact material in vacuumtype switching devices consisting of a porous sintered refractory structure of an arc-resisting metal, the pores of which are infiltrated with a lower melting point metal, characterized in that the pores of the skeleton refractory structure are filled with the low-melting-point constituent which forms a liquid phase under 400 C.
- an additive in a few tenths of 1 percent being added to increase the wettability between the metallic skeleton structure and the impregnating metal, and the additive being a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, cobalt, iron, nickel, titanium, zirconium, as well as the alkaline and alkaline earth metals.
- a composite contact for a vacuum-type circuit interrupter consisting of a metallic refractory matrix filled with a low-melting-point metallic infiltrant stock, said metallic refractory matrix formed of a refractory metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, and rhenium and their alloys, and said low melting point metallic infiltrant stock having a liquid phase below 400 C., and the low-melting-point metallic infiltrant stock being a metal selected from the group consisting of bismuth, cadmium, gallium, indium, lead, tin, and thallium and their alloys with an additive metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, mercury, antimony and zinc in a few tenths of 1 percent for increasing wettability.
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- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Switches (AREA)
- Contacts (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
A composite contact for a vacuum-type circuit interrupter is formed from a porous sintered refractory structure, such as tungsten or molybdenum, infiltrated with an impregnating metal having a liquid phase below 400* C. To assure a wetting action between the porous refractory sintered structure and the infiltrant stock, preferably an auxiliary agent, or an additive, of small quantity is utilized, such as silver, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, titanium and zirconium in small quantities, for example, a few tenths of one percent. In use in a vacuum-type circuit interrupter such a composite contact results in a vaporization of the low-melting-point infiltrant. For certain constructions, a reservoir may be provided interiorly of the composite contact to provide an additional quantity of the low-melting-point infiltrant.
Description
United States Patent Inventors Horst Schreiner Nuremberg; Helmut Ohmann, Erlangen, both of Germany Appl. No. 748,460
Filed July 29, 1968 Patented Oct. 5, 1971 Assignee Siemens Aktiengesellschait Berlin and Munich, Germany Priority Aug. 5, 1967 Germany P 15 58 647.7
COMPOSITE CONTACT STRUCTURE FOR VACUUM-TYPE CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,975,255 3/1961 Lafferty 200/166 C X 2,975,256 3/1961 Lee et al. 200/166CX FOREIGN PATENTS 1,071,664 6/1967 Great Britain ZOO/144.2
Primary ExaminerH. 0. Jones AtlorneysA. T. Stratton, C. L. McHale and W. R. Crout ABSTRACT: A composite contact for a vacuum-type circuit interrupter is formed from a porous sintered refractory structure, such as tungsten or molybdenum, infiltrated with an impregnating metal having a liquid phase below 400 C. To assure a wetting action between the porous refractory sintered structure and the infiltrant stock, preferably an auxiliary agent, or an additive, of small quantity is utilized, such as silver, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, titanium and zirconium in small quantities, for example, a few tenths ofone percent.
In use in a vacuum-type circuit interrupter such a composite contact results in a vaporization of thelow-melting-point infiltrant. For certain constructions, a reservoir may be provided interiorly of the composite contact to provide an additional quantity of the low-melting-point infiltrant.
PATENTEUUET SIB?! 3.610.859
FIG. 12 FIG. 3 FIG. 4
COMPOSITE CONTACT STRUCTURE FOR VACUUM- I'YPE CIRCUIT IN'I'ERRUP'I'ERS CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS U.S. Pats. Nos. 3,360,348 and 3,340,022 are concerned with the provision of composite contact structures for switching devices.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Contact materials, which are used in vacuum-type circuit interrupters, ought to have, besides extremely low content of gases and of impurities, which give off gases, particularly the characteristics of small welding forces and low erosion due to vaporization in the arc during operating conditions. Generally, the known contact materials consist of copper alloys, which demonstrate, particularly in applications to vacuum-type circuit interrupters, high welding forces and considerable erosion. There has been proposed heretofore contact materials of arc-resisting characteristics, for example, high-melting-point metals, such as tungsten and molybdenum, which contain within the porous structure relatively low-melting-point metals with relatively high-vapor pressure and low-arc voltage. The distribution of such constituents leads to a larger vaporization of the low-meIting-point constituent, and to a reduction of the surface portion of the arc-erosion-resisting material.
The object of the present invention is the provision of a composite contact material, which is particularly suitable for contacts utilized in vacuum-type circuit interrupters. Such a composite contact material will preferably have considerable life.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a composite contact is provided particularly suitable for vacuum-type circuit interrupters, in which a high-melting-point refractory metal, such as tungsten or molybdenum, has a porous structure, when in the sintered condition, which is infiltrated with an infiltration stock, or an impregnating metal, having a liquid phase below 400 C. In addition, to assure an adequate wetting condition between the refractory porous sintered structure and the infiltrant filler material, there is provided an auxiliary agent, or an additive, which provides the desired wetting action.
Accordingly, a general object of the present invention is the provision of an improved composite contact for a vacuumtype circuit interrupter, which will render improved performance and long life.
Still a further object of the present invention is the provision of an improved composite contact for a vacuum-type circuit interrupter comprising a porous refractory high-melting-point skeleton structure, which is impregnated, or penetrated, with an infiltration stock, comprising a relatively low-melting-point nonrefractory material, which has a liquid phase below 400 C.
Further objects and advantages will readily become apparent upon reading the following specification taken in conjunction with the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. I is a somewhat diagrammatic vertical sectional view taken through a vacuum-type circuit interrupter, the contact structure belng illustrated in the open-circuit position;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view, partially in section, of one of the contacts utilized in the vacuum-type circuit interrupter of DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS I As well known by those skilled in the art, the contact materials which are used in vacuum-type circuit interrupters ought to have, besides an extremely low content of gases and impurities giving off gases, particularly low welding forces and low arc erosion, due to vaporization in the arc during operating conditions. Generally, in the past, the known contact materials have consisted of copper alloys, which show particularly in the applications to vacuum-type circuit interrupters, high-welding forces and considerable arc erosion. It has, therefore, been proposed to utilize contact materials which are particularly resistant to arc erosion for example high-melting-point materials, such as tungsten and molybdenum, which contain in the pore structure relatively Iow-melting-point metals having relatively high vapor pressure and a low-arc voltage. The thus-obtained distribution of the constituents leads to a larger vaporization of the low-melting-point constituent, and to a reduction of the surface portion of the highmelting-point arc-errosion-resisting material.
Accordingly it would be desirable to provide a composite contact material, which is particularly suitable for use in vacuum-type circuit interrupters, which consists of a porous sintered structure of an erosion-resisting metal, or a metallic alloy, the pores of which are filled with a low-melting-point metal, or a low-melting-point alloy.
According to the present invention, the pores of the sintered structure are filled with a low-melting-point constituent, which forms a liquid phase below 400 C, and which has, in comparison with the high-meIting-point, arc-erosion-resisting constituent, a lower arc voltage. Further, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, the refractory porous structure and/or the filler component, or infiltrant metal, contain auxiliary agents, or additives, which assure of a desired wetting action between the porous sintered structure and the tiller material.
An important difference which exists from known composite contact material consists in that in the case of the composite materials according to the present invention, there is obtained a finer and in narrower limits controllable distribution of both constituents with mutual respect. In the composite material according to the present invention, namely the arc-erosion-resisting constituent, which consists preferably of tungsten, molybdenum or rhenium, there exists in the form of the sintered body a definite porosity, the pores of which are filled with the low-melting-point constituent, or infiltrant. The pore part of the sintered body, and therefore the volume part of the low-melting-point constituent can be suited to the switching conditions. At the relatively low switching currents, the pore part is assumed at being 20 percent; at the higher currents, and at the highest switching currents, the pore part is assumed as being up to 60 percent. The porosity of the porous refractory sintered structure is thus fitted to the switching conditions. The part of the low-melting-point effective constituent obtained at the 20 percent volume porosity is sufiicient to eliminate the chopping effect at the low currents.
TABLE A Refractory Skeleton Structure Melting Pt. C. Mo Molybdenum 2.625 C. W Tungsten 3 .4 IO' C. Re Rhenium 3.! 70 C.
TABLE B Nonrefractory Infiltrant Stock Melting Pt. C. Bi Bismuth 27 l .3 C. Cd Cadmium 320.9 C. Ga Gallium 29.8 C.
Table Continued 7 According to the present invention, the low-melting-point constituent consists of metals, or metal alloys, which exist in liquid form below 400 C. Due to this, there is assured a sufficiently fast subsequent delivery of the constituent removed, or lost from the pores at the contact surface by vaporization. Suitable low-melting-point metals, utilized for the infiltrant stock are, for example,'bismuth, cadmium, gallium, indium, lead, tin, and thallium, as shown in table B below. Their melting points are listed below to show that all of them have a liquid phase below 400 C.
In addition to the above low-melting-point infiltrants, in addition, their alloys with the metals silver, copper, mercury, antimony, and zinc may be utilized.
Further, the composite contact material, according to the present invention, contains in its structure, or the infiltrant stock, or filler material, an additive, or an auxiliary agent, which provides a desired wetting condition. It has appeared that a sintered body with a metallically clean surface, and the necessarily low gas content, which can be obtained by sintering in hydrogen, subsequent heat treatment in high vacuum, and impregnation with the filler metal in high vacuum is not sufficient; but that a satisfactory wetting, and thus adequate impregnation, can be obtained only through suitable additives to the sintered body and/or to the filler material.
As effective additives to the sintered body there have proven themselves effectives the following metals; silver cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, titanium, and zirconium. As additives for the filler infiltrant stock, there have proved effective aluminum, cobalt, iron, nickel, titanium, zirconium, as well as alkaline or alkaline-earth metals. These additives, or auxiliary agents, are effective in small quantities of, for example, a few tenths of 1 percent.
FIG. 1 illustrates schematically a vertical sectional view taken through a vacuum-type circuit interrupter embodying the composite contact materials of the present invention. it will be noted that the vacuum-type circuit interrupter 1 comprises an evacuated envelope, or housing 2 with end plates or covers 3 and 4 made of metal. The stationary contact 5 is brought into the evacuated envelope 2 through the upper cover 3, and the movable contact 6 is brought, in a vacuum- 7 type manner, through the lower cover 4 by means of a flexible metallic bellows 7.
FIG. 2 shows, in a specially simple and advantageous design, a form of a composite vacuum circuit breaker contact. The reference numeral 8 is a rodlike current lead made of pure copper, or of low-alloyed copper. The reference numeral 9 designates a plate made of the sintered body provided with the filler material. It may be threaded, cemented, soldered (brazed), or welded into position.
An especially desirable form of contact construction for the sintered plate of the vacuum interrupter contacts is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The refractory sintered body 12 is provided with an impregnating metal reservoir 13, similar to that providedin an oil reservoir of a self-lubricating sintered bearing. If the supply of the low-melting-point constituentcontained in the pores of the refractory sintered body 12 does not suffice, the vaporization loss over the operational life of the composite contact can be replaced from this reservoir 13. The reservoir 13 is located, as it is shown in FIG. 3, preferably inside of the sintered body and beneath the requisite thickness of the contact layer 12. It is filled during the infiltration, or impregnation process. However, the reservoir 13 of the infiltrant stock may be located also on the underside of the contact piece l2, as it is shown in FIG. 4.
EXAMPLE Tungsten powder graded to pass 100 mesh and be retained on a ZOO-mesh screen is placed in a compaction die of suitable strength and compacted at approximately 50,000 psi. The compact is then sintered 1 hour in dry hyrodgen at l,250 C. The hydrogen is pumped off and sintering continued one-half hour in vacuum. The sintered compact is then lowered into a pool of molten In or Pb located in a cooler portion of the furnace. Wetting elements such as Ti may be added to the In or Pb to improve impregnation of the tungsten by indium or lead.
The impregnated sintered structure may assume various geometrical shapes or forms. For example, it may constitute the center portion of a generally platelike contact piece. Moreover it may assume a ring part, or the outer portion of a contact piece. In addition, it may assume a spiral path formed, or it may be a ring part with spirally shaped outwardly running strips, not shown.
From the foregoing it will be apparent that there has been provided an improved composite contact for a vacuum-type circuit interrupter generally comprising a refractory porous sintered body, which is impregnated or infiltrated with a relatively low-melting-point metal having a liquid phase below 400 C., and having a relatively low arc voltage compared with that of the aforesaid refractory sintered body. To promote a desired wetting action therebetween, preferably an auxiliary agent, or an additive is provided to provide a tight bonding of the materials.
Although there has been illustrated and described specific structures and formulations, it is to be clearly understood that the same were merely for the purpose of illustration, and that changes and modifications may readily be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
We claim:
1. A composite contact material having a low volume of gas content for use as an electrical contact material in vacuumtype switching devices consisting of a porous sintered refractory structure of an arc-resisting metal, the pores of which are infiltrated with a lower melting point metal, characterized in that the pores of the skeleton refractory structure are filled with the low-meltingpoint constituent which forms a liquid phase under 400 C. and which also has in comparison with the first-mentioned refractory structure a lower arc voltage, a reservoir being provided in the metallic skeleton structure to accommodate a greater supply of the low-melting-point impregnating metal.
2. A composite contact material having a low volume of gas content for use as an electrical contact material in vacuumtype switching devices consisting of a porous sintered refrac' tory structure of an arc-resisting metal, the pores of which are infiltrated with a lower melting point metal, characterized in that the pores of the skeleton refractory structure are filled with the low-melting-point constituent which forms a liquid phase under 400 C. and which also has in comparison with the first-mentioned refractory structure a lower arc voltage, the skeleton structure being a metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, and rhenium and their alloys, whereas the low-melting-point impregnating metal being selected from the group consisting of bismuth, cadmium, gallium, indium, lead, tin, and thallium and their alloys, and a reservoir being provided within the contact body for accommodating an extra supply of the impregnating metal.
3. A composite contact material having a low volume of gas content for use as an electrical contact material in vacuumtype switching devices consisting of a porous sintered refractory structure of an arc-resisting metal, the pores of which are infiltrated with a lower melting point metal, characterized in that the pores of the skeleton refractory structure are filled with the low-melting-point constituent which forms a liquid phase under 400 C. and which also has in comparison with the firsbmentioned refractory structure a lower arc voltage, an additive in a few tenths of l percent being added to increase the wettability between the metallic skeleton structure and the impregnating metal, and the additive being a metal selected from the group consisting of silver, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, titanium and zirconium.
4. A composite contact material having a low volume of gas content for use as an electrical contact material in vacuumtype switching devices consisting of a porous sintered refractory structure of an arc-resisting metal, the pores of which are infiltrated with a lower melting point metal, characterized in that the pores of the skeleton refractory structure are filled with the low-melting-point constituent which forms a liquid phase under 400 C. and which also has in comparison with the first-mentioned refractory structure a lower arc voltage, an additive in a few tenths of 1 percent being added to increase the wettability between the metallic skeleton structure and the impregnating metal, and the additive being a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, cobalt, iron, nickel, titanium, zirconium, as well as the alkaline and alkaline earth metals.
5. A composite contact for a vacuum-type circuit interrupter consisting of a metallic refractory matrix filled with a low-melting-point metallic infiltrant stock, said metallic refractory matrix formed of a refractory metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, and rhenium and their alloys, and said low melting point metallic infiltrant stock having a liquid phase below 400 C., and the low-melting-point metallic infiltrant stock being a metal selected from the group consisting of bismuth, cadmium, gallium, indium, lead, tin, and thallium and their alloys with an additive metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, mercury, antimony and zinc in a few tenths of 1 percent for increasing wettability.
Claims (5)
1. A composite contact material having a low volume of gas content for use as an electrical contact material in vacuum-type switching devices consisting of a porous sintered refractory structure of an arc-resisting metal, the pores of which are infiltrated with a lower melting point metal, characterized in that the pores of the skeleton refractory structure are filled with the low-melting-point constituent which forms a liquid phase under 400* C. and which also has in comparison with the firstmentioned refractory structure a lower arc voltage, a reservoir being provided in the metallic skeleton structure to accommodate a greater supply of the low-melting-point impregnating metal.
2. A composite contact material having a low volume of gas content for use as an electrical contact material in vacuum-type switching devices consisting of a porous sintered refractory structure of an arc-resisting metal, the pores of which are infiltrated with a lower melting point metal, characterized in that the pores of the skeleton refractory structure are filled with the low-melting-point constituent which forms a liquid phase under 400* C. and which also has in comparison with the first-mentioned refractory structure a lower arc voltage, the skeleton structure being a metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, and rhenium and their alloys, whereas the low-melting-point impregnating metal being selected from the group consisting of bismuth, cadmium, gallium, indium, lead, tin, and thallium and their alloys, and a Reservoir being provided within the contact body for accommodating an extra supply of the impregnating metal.
3. A composite contact material having a low volume of gas content for use as an electrical contact material in vacuum-type switching devices consisting of a porous sintered refractory structure of an arc-resisting metal, the pores of which are infiltrated with a lower melting point metal, characterized in that the pores of the skeleton refractory structure are filled with the low-melting-point constituent which forms a liquid phase under 400* C. and which also has in comparison with the first-mentioned refractory structure a lower arc voltage, an additive in a few tenths of 1 percent being added to increase the wettability between the metallic skeleton structure and the impregnating metal, and the additive being a metal selected from the group consisting of silver, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, titanium and zirconium.
4. A composite contact material having a low volume of gas content for use as an electrical contact material in vacuum-type switching devices consisting of a porous sintered refractory structure of an arc-resisting metal, the pores of which are infiltrated with a lower melting point metal, characterized in that the pores of the skeleton refractory structure are filled with the low-melting-point constituent which forms a liquid phase under 400* C. and which also has in comparison with the first-mentioned refractory structure a lower arc voltage, an additive in a few tenths of 1 percent being added to increase the wettability between the metallic skeleton structure and the impregnating metal, and the additive being a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, cobalt, iron, nickel, titanium, zirconium, as well as the alkaline and alkaline earth metals.
5. A composite contact for a vacuum-type circuit interrupter consisting of a metallic refractory matrix filled with a low-melting-point metallic infiltrant stock, said metallic refractory matrix formed of a refractory metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, and rhenium and their alloys, and said low melting point metallic infiltrant stock having a liquid phase below 400* C., and the low-melting-point metallic infiltrant stock being a metal selected from the group consisting of bismuth, cadmium, gallium, indium, lead, tin, and thallium and their alloys with an additive metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, mercury, antimony and zinc in a few tenths of 1 percent for increasing wettability.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DES0111212 | 1967-08-05 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US3610859A true US3610859A (en) | 1971-10-05 |
Family
ID=7530813
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US748460A Expired - Lifetime US3610859A (en) | 1967-08-05 | 1968-07-29 | Composite contact structure for vacuum-type circuit interrupters |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3610859A (en) |
CH (1) | CH483710A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1558647B2 (en) |
FR (1) | FR1584082A (en) |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3686456A (en) * | 1970-04-09 | 1972-08-22 | Gen Electric | Contact structure for an electric circuit breaker |
US3770497A (en) * | 1970-03-26 | 1973-11-06 | Siemens Ag | Method of producing a two layer contact piece |
US3778576A (en) * | 1970-01-29 | 1973-12-11 | Echlin Manuf Corp | Tungsten electrical switching contacts |
US3863337A (en) * | 1971-09-01 | 1975-02-04 | Siemens Ag | Powder metallurgy method for making an electric contact and the resulting contact |
US3864827A (en) * | 1971-09-01 | 1975-02-11 | Siemens Ag | Method for making an electric contact by powder metallurgy and the resulting contact |
US4088480A (en) * | 1976-09-10 | 1978-05-09 | Gte Laboratories Incorporated | Process for preparing refractory metal-silver-cadmium alloys |
US4153755A (en) * | 1977-03-03 | 1979-05-08 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Impregnated sintered material for electrical contacts and method for its production |
US4399339A (en) * | 1981-03-02 | 1983-08-16 | Cherry Electrical Products Corporation | Electrical contact |
US5020217A (en) * | 1990-02-06 | 1991-06-04 | General Electric Company | Methods for fabricating an electrical contact |
US5597992A (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1997-01-28 | Cooper Industries, Inc. | Current interchange for vacuum capacitor switch |
US20060102594A1 (en) * | 2004-11-15 | 2006-05-18 | Shigeru Kikuchi | Electrode, electrical contact and method of manufacturing the same |
US20060274470A1 (en) * | 2005-05-20 | 2006-12-07 | Duraiswamy Srinivasan | Contact material, device including contact material, and method of making |
US20110062003A1 (en) * | 2006-07-05 | 2011-03-17 | General Electric Company | Contact material, device including contact material, and method of making |
US8384210B1 (en) * | 2005-06-07 | 2013-02-26 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Thermal interface material and semiconductor component including the thermal interface material |
US10629397B2 (en) * | 2016-03-29 | 2020-04-21 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Contact member, method for producing the same, and vacuum interrupter |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4072837A (en) * | 1975-12-29 | 1978-02-07 | General Electric Company | High continuous current vacuum-type circuit interrupter |
DE3063033D1 (en) * | 1979-03-30 | 1983-06-16 | Siemens Ag | Contact arrangement for vacuum switches and process for their manufacture |
JPS579019A (en) * | 1980-06-18 | 1982-01-18 | Hitachi Ltd | Electrode for vacuum breaker |
JPS6029431A (en) * | 1983-07-28 | 1985-02-14 | Toyota Motor Corp | Production of alloy |
DE3347550A1 (en) * | 1983-12-30 | 1985-07-11 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Chromium and copper composite material, method of producing it and shaped contact points made of said material |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2975256A (en) * | 1958-07-24 | 1961-03-14 | Gen Electric | Vacuum type circuit interrupter |
GB1071664A (en) * | 1963-08-19 | 1967-06-14 | South Wales Switchgear | Improvements in or relating to vacuum circuit breakers |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3305324A (en) * | 1966-05-26 | 1967-02-21 | Mallory & Co Inc P R | Tungsten powder bodies infiltrated with copper-titanium-bismuth or copper-titanium-tin |
-
1967
- 1967-08-05 DE DE19671558647 patent/DE1558647B2/en active Pending
-
1968
- 1968-07-19 CH CH1087968A patent/CH483710A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1968-07-29 US US748460A patent/US3610859A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1968-08-01 FR FR1584082D patent/FR1584082A/fr not_active Expired
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2975256A (en) * | 1958-07-24 | 1961-03-14 | Gen Electric | Vacuum type circuit interrupter |
US2975255A (en) * | 1958-07-24 | 1961-03-14 | Gen Electric | Vacuum circuit interrupters |
GB1071664A (en) * | 1963-08-19 | 1967-06-14 | South Wales Switchgear | Improvements in or relating to vacuum circuit breakers |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3778576A (en) * | 1970-01-29 | 1973-12-11 | Echlin Manuf Corp | Tungsten electrical switching contacts |
US3770497A (en) * | 1970-03-26 | 1973-11-06 | Siemens Ag | Method of producing a two layer contact piece |
US3686456A (en) * | 1970-04-09 | 1972-08-22 | Gen Electric | Contact structure for an electric circuit breaker |
US3863337A (en) * | 1971-09-01 | 1975-02-04 | Siemens Ag | Powder metallurgy method for making an electric contact and the resulting contact |
US3864827A (en) * | 1971-09-01 | 1975-02-11 | Siemens Ag | Method for making an electric contact by powder metallurgy and the resulting contact |
US4088480A (en) * | 1976-09-10 | 1978-05-09 | Gte Laboratories Incorporated | Process for preparing refractory metal-silver-cadmium alloys |
US4153755A (en) * | 1977-03-03 | 1979-05-08 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Impregnated sintered material for electrical contacts and method for its production |
US4399339A (en) * | 1981-03-02 | 1983-08-16 | Cherry Electrical Products Corporation | Electrical contact |
US5020217A (en) * | 1990-02-06 | 1991-06-04 | General Electric Company | Methods for fabricating an electrical contact |
US5597992A (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1997-01-28 | Cooper Industries, Inc. | Current interchange for vacuum capacitor switch |
US20060102594A1 (en) * | 2004-11-15 | 2006-05-18 | Shigeru Kikuchi | Electrode, electrical contact and method of manufacturing the same |
US20080274003A1 (en) * | 2004-11-15 | 2008-11-06 | Shigeru Kikuchi | Electrode, electrical contact and method of manufacturing the same |
US7704449B2 (en) | 2004-11-15 | 2010-04-27 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Electrode, electrical contact and method of manufacturing the same |
US20100147112A1 (en) * | 2004-11-15 | 2010-06-17 | Shigeru Kikuchi | Electrode, electrical contact and method of manufacturing the same |
US20060274470A1 (en) * | 2005-05-20 | 2006-12-07 | Duraiswamy Srinivasan | Contact material, device including contact material, and method of making |
US8384210B1 (en) * | 2005-06-07 | 2013-02-26 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Thermal interface material and semiconductor component including the thermal interface material |
US20110062003A1 (en) * | 2006-07-05 | 2011-03-17 | General Electric Company | Contact material, device including contact material, and method of making |
US8054148B2 (en) | 2006-07-05 | 2011-11-08 | General Electric Company | Contact material, device including contact material, and method of making |
US10629397B2 (en) * | 2016-03-29 | 2020-04-21 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Contact member, method for producing the same, and vacuum interrupter |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR1584082A (en) | 1969-12-12 |
DE1558647B2 (en) | 1972-03-09 |
CH483710A (en) | 1969-12-31 |
DE1558647A1 (en) | 1972-03-09 |
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