US3579805A - Method of forming interference fits by heat treatment - Google Patents
Method of forming interference fits by heat treatment Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3579805A US3579805A US742882A US3579805DA US3579805A US 3579805 A US3579805 A US 3579805A US 742882 A US742882 A US 742882A US 3579805D A US3579805D A US 3579805DA US 3579805 A US3579805 A US 3579805A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- precipitation
- members
- heat treatment
- dimensional change
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/02—Hardening by precipitation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P11/00—Connecting or disconnecting metal parts or objects by metal-working techniques not otherwise provided for
- B23P11/02—Connecting or disconnecting metal parts or objects by metal-working techniques not otherwise provided for by first expanding and then shrinking or vice versa, e.g. by using pressure fluids; by making force fits
- B23P11/025—Connecting or disconnecting metal parts or objects by metal-working techniques not otherwise provided for by first expanding and then shrinking or vice versa, e.g. by using pressure fluids; by making force fits by using heat or cold
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49863—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part
- Y10T29/49865—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part by temperature differential [e.g., shrink fit]
Definitions
- An interference fit can be provided between metal components where at least one of the components is formed of a precipitation-hardenable metal alloy which undergoes a substantially permanent dimensional change in addition to a reversible dimensional change upon heat treatment at elevated temperatures.
- the interference fit itself will be irreversible if both components are formed of the preciptitationhardenable alloy and reversible if only one of the components is formed of the alloy.
- the present invention relates to a method for forming an interference fit between metal components and more particularly to a method wherein at least one of the components is formed of a metal alloy which undergoes dimensional change upon heat treatment thereof and wherein at least a portion of the dimensional change is substantially permanent.
- the-inner member may be cooled while simultaneously the outer-member is heated.
- the inner member contracts while the outer member expands.
- the members are brought together, the inner inserted within the outer, and the assembly permitted to equalize in temperature.
- the inner member expands, the outer member contracts and the interference fit is thereby effected.
- the inter-- nal member may be formed of this ferrous alloy while the external member is formed of a metal having more conventional expansion properties.
- the internal diameter of the outer member is machined to a dimension larger than the outer diameter of the internal member and the components are positioned relative to one another in the desired configuration.
- Both the internal and external members are then cooled to subzero temperatures whereupon the internal member permanently expands while the external member temporarily contracts. Upon returning to normal temperatures, the external member returns to its original dimension however the permanent expansion of the internal member causes the interference fit.
- At least one of the components is formed of a precipitation hardenable alloy which undergoes a substantially irreversible dimensional change as well as a reversible dimensionalchange upon heat treatment.
- substantially irreversible dimensionaldimensions assembling the components and then subjecting the assembly to a similar precipitation-hardening heat treatment to alter the dimensions of the previously untreated component and to form the interference fit.
- the previously treated component will remain unchanged during the assembly heat treatment. Since the components are constructed of the same alloy the interference fit is irreversible because each component will expand or contract in precisely the same manner as its mate regardless of the thermal conditions to which it may be exposed.
- a reversible interference fit is provided by forming just one of the components from the precipitation-hardenable alloy and forming the other froma conventional alloy which undergoes only reversible expansion or contraction upon heat treatment.
- the components are assembled and the assembly is subjected to a precipitationhardening heat treatment to cause a substantially irreversible dimensional change in the precipitation-hardenable alloy and a corresponding expansion in the conventional alloy.
- Upon cooling the precipitation-hardenable alloy retains the substantially irreversible portion of its dimensional change and the conventional alloy returns to its original size.
- the interference fit has been effected by the substantially irreversible dimensional change of the precipitation-hardenable alloy.
- the irreversible interference fit upon heating to a temperature above the solutioning temperature of the precipitation-hardenable alloy, the dimensional change therein can be reversed and the components separated.
- FIG. 1 is a fragmentary sectional view illustrating the relative positioning of the internal and external members prior to interfitting to form an irreversible interference fit
- FIG. 2 illustrates the members of FIG. I interfitted to form an assembly
- FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of FIG. 2 greatly exaggerated to show the clearance between members
- FIG. 4 is a fragmentary sectional view illustrating the relative positioning of the internal and external members prior to interfitting to form a reversible interference fit utilizing a precipitation-hardenable alloy which contracts upon heat treatment;
- FIG. 5 is a fragmentary sectional view illustrating the relative positioning of the internal and external members prior to interfitting to form a reversible interference fit utilizing a precipitation-hardenable alloy which expands upon heat treatment.
- At least one of the components, and in some instances both, are formed of a precipitation-hardenable alloy which retains a dimensional change when subjected to heat treatment at elevated temperatures.
- a precipitation-hardenable alloy which retains a dimensional change when subjected to heat treatment at elevated temperatures.
- Such dimensional change is uniform along all axes of the alloy and is unrelated to and independent of the thermal coefiicient of expansion. It is a known property of most precipitation-hardenable alloys that they will undergo such a dimensional change, either expansion or contraction in going from the solution-annealed and cooled condition to the precipitation-hardened condition. The extent and nature of that dimensional change varies from alloy to alloy and is de pendent upon the conditions of the heat treatment.
- precipitation-hardening heat treatment means a conventional heat treatment by well known techniques at temperatures and for times which will bring about the desired precipitation of hardening constituents but below the solutioning temperature. This temperature will vary from alloy to alloy but in all cases is a value which is easily ascertainable by one skilled in the art. Heat treatment in the range above the minimum temperature necessary to initiate such precipitation will generally increase the extent of the dimensional change. However, in many cases, with such as a stainless steel sometimes identified as I7-4PH, beyond a particular temperature where austenite forms, the increased dimensional change will be achieved at the expense of hardness and strength. Thus the choice of a precipitation-hardening heat treatment temperature will require consideration of desired ultimate properties as well as the desired dimensional change.
- alloys well known in the art and which are known to undergo substantially pennanent dimensional change upon heat treatment include l7-7 PH, l7-4PH, PH 15-7 M, l55 PH and the nickel base super alloys lnconel 718, lnconel X and lnconel W.
- solution anneal components constructed of these alloys.
- An example of a typical alloy is 17-4 PH stainless steel consisting nominally by weight of 0.8 Si, 16 Cr, 4 Ni, 0.3 Cb Ta, 3 Cu with the balance Fe and impurities.
- the solution anneal for such alloy should be accomplished at temperature of from about l,875 -1,925 F. for about 1 hour.
- the structure of the alloy of this temperature is predominantly austenite with any hardening elements, e.g., copper, dissolved therein.
- close control of the solution anneal is desirable because temperatures which are too low result in reduced tensile and yield strengths and incomplete solution of the hardening elements.
- the solutioned alloy is then air cooled or oil quenched, in accordance with known techniques, to to transform the austenite to martensite.
- the martensite may then be aged or precipitation-hardened at temperatures in the range of from about 900 to l,150 F. for at least 1 hour and preferably from l,0501,l00 F. l7-4 PH steel contracts markedly in these temperature ranges, the substantially irreversible contractions ranging from about 0.0004 to 0.0006 inches per inch depending upon the temperature. The higher the temperature the greater such contraction. Also longer exposures at hardening temperatures will increase such contraction.
- FIG. 1 wherein a body member 10 is shown having a bore 13 therein said bore having an inner diameter A.
- the body member may alternatively be referred to as an outer member, female member, or sleeve member.
- An inner member 14, also referred to as a male member or spool member, is shown having an outer diameter B.
- the members are adapted to form an assembly 15 by interfitting inner member 14 within the bore 13 of outer member 10, as can be seen more clearly in FIG. 2.
- an irreversible interference fit is provided.
- Both members are formed of an alloy which is precipitation-hardenable and which undergoes substantially irreversible dimensional change. These members are solution annealed at a temperature above the solutioning temperature of the alloy and cooled to normal ambient temperatures. Both members are, at this point, prepared to undergo a precipitation-hardening heat treatment in order to take advantage of the accompanying dimensional change.
- the method of forming the interference fit will depend upon whether the alloy being employed contracts or expands upon heat treatment. If it is a contracting alloy, for example 17-4h steel, the inner or male member can be precipitationharde'ned in accordance with well known techniques to alter its dimensions. It is particularly desirable that all heat treating be accomplished in a vacuum or inert atmosphere to prevent oxidation or corrosion.
- the internal diameter A of the outer member is adjusted as necessary to be just slightly larger than outer diameter B of the already dimensionally altered inner member.
- the precise clearance is a matter of choice. It is clear that the larger the clearance the easier it will be to interfit the members. On the other hand the smaller the clearance the tighter the resulting interference fit will'be.
- the assembly 15, consisting of contracted inner member 14 housed within the bore 13 of outer member I0 is then subjected to a precipitation-hardening heat treatment in a manner similar to the heat treatment employed for the inner member alone. Since the inner member is precontracted, its dimensions will not change substantially irreversibly during this second hardening treatment. However, outer member 10 will contract substantially irreversibly to form the interference tit and a tightly interfitting assembly.
- an irreversible fit can be formed if the alloy chosen is one which expands substantially irreversibly when subjected to a precipitation-hardening heat treatment, e.g., 17-7 PH steel.
- the outer member is precipitation-hardened to expand and permanently alter its dimensions.
- the diameters A and B are adjusted to permit the members to be interfitted with a small clearance, as hereinbefore discussed.
- the interfitted assembly 15 consisting of expanded outer member 14 containing inner member 10 within bore 13 thereof is then subjected to a precipitation-hardening heat treatment.
- the preexpanded outer member will not change irreversibly its dimensions during this treatment but the inner member will undergo a substantially irreversible expansion to form the interference fit and a tightly interfitting assembly.
- a reversible interference fit can be provided by forming only one of the members of the precipitation-hardenable alloy which undergoes substantially permanent dimensional change.
- the other component in this embodiment, is formed of a conventional alloy which expands on heating but returns to its original dimension on return to normal ambient temperatures.
- FIG. 4 shows the members forming a reversible interference fit with a contractingalloy.
- the outer member 17 is formed of the precipitation-hardenable alloy and inner member 19 is formed of a conventional alloy.
- the outer member is first solution-annealed and cooled, the members are interfitted with inner member 19 housed within the bore 18 of outer member 17.
- a slight clearance is provided between inner diameter C of outer member 17 and outer diameter D of inner member 19, and the assembly is subjected to a precipitationhardening heat treatment, preferably in an inert atmosphere.
- outermember 17 substantially permanently contracts due to metallurgical changes and expands due to thermal expansion and inner member 19 made of the conventional alloy only expands.
- outer member I7 retains a portion of its dimensional change but inner member 19 returns to its pre-heat-treatment dimension. If the clearances were originally chosen correctly, the substantially permanent contraction will be sufficient to effect the interference fit.
- FIG. 5 Still another technique for forming a reversible interference fit can be explained with reference to FIG. 5 wherein the inner member 22 is formed of a precipitation-hardenable alloy' which expands upon heat treatment and the outer member 20 is made of a conventional alloy.
- the interference fit is formed by solution-annealing and cooling inner member 22, interfitting that inner member within the bore 21 of outer member 20 with a slight clearance provided between inner diameter E and outer Diameter F.
- inner member 22 Upon subjecting the interfit assembly to a precipitation-hardening heat treatment, inner member 22 will substantially permanently expand due to thermal expansion plus metallurgical changeswhile outer member 20 will also expand due to thermal expansion.
- Upon cooling outer member 20 Upon cooling outer member 20 will return to its pre-heat-treatment dimensions and the interference fit will have been effected in a manner similar to that described in connection with FIG. 4.
- a primary advantage is that the members were interfitted to form the assembly while they were at normal ambient temperatures. This eliminates the problems associated with seizing and the pressures of rapid positioning, In each case, however, the step of interfitting the components carries the limitation that the outer diameter of the inner member and the inner diameter of the outer member must have a slight clearance there between. Under no circumstances should the clearance exceed the expected net dimensional change since it should be clear that in such a case no intel-ference fit will be formed.
- Example I An irreversible interference fit was formed by providing inner and outer members of 17 -4PI-I stainless steel and subjecting them to a solution-anneal for about 1 hour at about l,900 F. and then air cooling the members to room temperature. The inner member was subjected to a precipitationhardening heat treatment at about 1,075" F. for about 1 hour to cause the member to contract. The inner member was then interfitted within the bore of the outer member and a small clearance of about 0.0003 inches was provided. The entire assembly was subjected to a precipitation-hardening heat treatment at about l,075 F. for about 1 hour. All heat treatments were accomplished in an argon atmosphere.
- the resulting tightly interfitted assembly was tested by applying 4,400 lbs. of force in an attempt to separate the members.
- Example 2 A reversible interference fit was formed by providing an outer member of l7-4PH stainless steel and an inner member of M2 tool steel.
- the outer member was solution-annealed at 1,900 F. for 1 hour and air cooled to room temperature.
- the inner member was interfitted within the bore of the annealed outer member and the interfitted assembly was heat treated at about l,075 F. for about 1 hour. All heat treatments were accomplished in an argon atmosphere.
- the assembly was solution-annealed at about l,900 F. for about 1 hour. A force of only 695 lbs. was needed to start separation and, thereafter, the parts separated easily indicating that the anneal had relieved the dimensional contraction of the outer member.
- a method for forming an interference fit between inner and outer members adapted to be interfitted comprising the steps of:
- one of said members is formed of said precipitation-hardenable alloy, the other of said members is formed of a conventional alloy, and said resulting interference fit is reversible.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US74288268A | 1968-07-05 | 1968-07-05 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3579805A true US3579805A (en) | 1971-05-25 |
Family
ID=24986627
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US742882A Expired - Lifetime US3579805A (en) | 1968-07-05 | 1968-07-05 | Method of forming interference fits by heat treatment |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US3579805A (de) |
BE (1) | BE735647A (de) |
DE (1) | DE1933684A1 (de) |
FR (1) | FR2012366A1 (de) |
Cited By (97)
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FR2046456A6 (de) * | 1970-04-24 | 1971-03-05 | Vedette Horlogerie | |
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DE2302257C3 (de) * | 1973-01-18 | 1987-07-30 | Theben-Werk Zeitautomatik GmbH, 7452 Haigerloch | Schaltvorrichtung für die elektrischen Kontakte einer Schaltuhr |
DE2615572A1 (de) * | 1973-10-09 | 1976-10-21 | Raychem Corp | Befestigungsvorrichtungen |
DE3148498C2 (de) * | 1981-12-08 | 1986-06-05 | Esser-Brieden GmbH & Co KG, 4788 Warstein | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines doppelwandigen Rohres für den Feststofftransport |
SE453887B (sv) * | 1982-03-09 | 1988-03-14 | Terumo Corp | Anordning for overforing av medicinsk losning samt anslutningsorgan i sadan anordning |
DE8432062U1 (de) * | 1984-11-02 | 1985-03-07 | kabelmetal electro GmbH, 3000 Hannover | Steckverbindung für Leitungsrohre zum Transport von tiefgekühlten Medien |
DE112016005491T5 (de) | 2015-12-01 | 2018-08-09 | Ihi Corporation | Montagestruktur und turbolader |
CN112276474B (zh) * | 2020-08-31 | 2022-05-13 | 中国船舶重工集团武汉船舶工业有限公司 | 轴孔的装配方法 |
CN115446563B (zh) * | 2022-08-17 | 2024-01-19 | 武汉船用机械有限责任公司 | 滑轮组的装配装置和装配方法 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BE735647A (de) | 1969-12-16 |
DE1933684A1 (de) | 1970-01-08 |
FR2012366A1 (de) | 1970-03-20 |
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