US3574309A

US3574309A - Chambered fluidic amplifier

Info

Publication number: US3574309A
Application number: US741018A
Authority: US
Inventors: Hans-Dieter Kinner
Original assignee: Foxboro Co
Current assignee: Schneider Electric Systems USA Inc
Priority date: 1968-06-28
Filing date: 1968-06-28
Publication date: 1971-04-13
Anticipated expiration: 1988-04-13

Abstract

A supply tube projects fluid flow into a chamber closely surrounding but not contacting the projected flow in its laminar state; the chamber has at least one wall narrowly spaced from the path of the projected laminar supply stream, and at least one wall sufficiently spaced from this path to permit reverse circulation in the chamber; the application of a control flow transversely against the projected laminar flow causes a disruption thereof with interaction of the projected disrupted flow with the chamber walls; a receiver axially aligned with the supply tube senses the effects of control flow upon the supply flow, the switching between controlled and uncontrolled states being enhanced by the interaction between the supply flow and the confining chamber.

Description

OR 41309 SR [72] lnventor Hans-Dieter Kinner 3,357,441 12/1967 Adams 137/81.5 Attleboro, Mass. 3,362,421 1/1968 Schaffer 137/81.5 [2]] Appl. No. 741,018 3,373,760 3/1968 Adams et a1. 137/81.5 [22] Filed June 28, 1968 3,396,738 8/1968 Heskestad l37/81.5X [45] Patented Apr. 13, 1971 3,420,253 1/1969 Griffin 137/8l.5 [73] Assi nee The Foxboro Company 3,438,384 4/1969 l-lurvitz l37/8l.5

g F b0! M ox o, ass. Continuation-impart of application Ser. No. iz Scott 662,273, Aug. 18, 1967, now abandoned. y PP [541 CHAMBERED FLUID: AMPLIFIER ABSTRACT: A supply tube projects fluid flow into a chamber 3 Claims 8 D" Figs closely surrounding but not contacting the pro ected flow 1n g its laminar state; the chamber has at least one wall narrowly [52] US. Cl 137/81-5 paced from the path of the projected laminar upply tream f 18 and at least one wall sufficiently spaced from this path to pero reverse circulation in the chamber; the ap li ation of a control flow transversely against the projected laminar flow {56] References Cited causes a disruption thereof with interaction of the projected UNITED STATES PATENTS disrupted flow with the chamber walls; a receiver axially 3,426,781 2/ 1969 Neuman 137/81.5 aligned with the supply tubfiijflliiilhe effects of control flow 3,429,323 2/1969 Mott 137/81.5 upon the supply flow, the switching between controlled and 3,469,593 9/1969 OKeefe 137/81.5 uncontrolled states being enhanced by the interaction 3,266,514 8/1966 Brooks 137/81.5 between the supply flow and the confining chamber.

e l5 I8 X 2 e a a YlQJ PATENTED APR 1 315m 574 309 sum 1 or 4 IO- II 3 74 9 2| 23} CONTROL now INVENTOR. HANS- DIETER KINNER aypwf w ATTORNEY sum 2 M 4 INVENTOR.

HANS-DIETER KINNER ATTORNEY PA TEN TEUAPRHISII f summer 4 INVEN'IOR. HANS-DIETER KINNER ATTORNEY CHAMBERED FLUIDIC AMPLIFIER This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 622,273 filed Aug. 18, 1967 and now abandoned for Fluidic Turbulence Amplifier With Wall Attachment.

This invention relates to fluidic amplification, and more particularly to an improved fluidic amplifier providing for high gain and improved fan-out capabilities.

The prior art includes a variety of fluidic elements having an output signal which is a function of an input control signal, there usually being some gain in the signal conversion. These fluidic devices operate on various principles. A common type is the wall attachment fluidic element in which a turbulent flow is moved between stable attached positions by the action of a control jet directed at a cross section of the supply flow. Another type is disclosed in Hall U. S. Pats, Nos. l,205,530 and 1,628,723, in which a laminar flow is controllably disrupted by a control jet impinging transversely upon the laminar flow with the output of the device being taken from means adapted to sense the difference between the laminar and disrupted conditions.

The fluidic devices of the prior art have various limitations, the laminar turbulence elements being susceptible to influences imposed by the external environment, such as noise or vibration, with consequent erratic operation of the device. Additionally, the power-switching capabilities of these devices are generally quite low. The wall attachment fluidic devices have a relatively low efficiency, and must generally operate at high-pressure levels, requiring large amounts of supply air; consequently they require a large fluidic power supply in many applications.

Generally applied to fluidic devices of the type discussed, the tenn efficiency describes the ratio of fluidic power available from the output to the fluidic power furnished to the supply of a device. Wall attachment devices typically display low efficiency according to this definition.

Fluidic devices of the type generally exemplified by the embodiments in the Hall patents above may operate at conveniently low-pressure levels, typically in the order of inches of water, but generally have low-power gain and fan-out. These devices typically display low-power gain, defined as the ratio of fluidic power required for switching to the fluidic power at the output controlled thereby. Fan-out is generally the ability of a fluidic device to control a plurality of additional devices; fan-out is a function of efficiency and impedance matching. These devices of the Hall type generally display a higher efficiency than the wall attachment type.

Considering the limitation of available fluidic devices, there is a distinct need for fluidic devices having improved characteristics over those devices presently in the art. For example, Ser. No. 66l,605, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,490,477 issued Jan. 20, 1970, is directed to an improved fluidic element having operating characteristics superior to devices previously available.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a fluidic device having improved characteristics, including an acceptably high efficiency and power gain suitable for practical applications. 7

It is another object of this invention to provide an improved type of fluidic device in which the action of a control jet impinging upon a supply stream is in effect augmented by interaction in a chamber to thereby provide improved operating characteristics of the device.

Briefly stated, the invention provides a closely confining chamber into which a supply flow is projected with a control jet being introduced into said chamber transversely to said supply stream, the combination being adapted to cause interaction between the supply stream and the confining chamber thereby enhancing the change in output condition consequent upon the application of a control flow.

As a consequence of the enhancement of the change in output condition, the power gain of a device constructed in accordance with the invention is improved, with quite reliable switching being effected by a relatively low power control signal. Additionally, for the condition of the device in which the output is reduced to a minimum, it is found that a relatively low power of control signal will satisfactorily reduce the output signal to a negligible level, a function not readily obtained with conventional Hall types of devices. It is especially desirable to have a device exhibiting a practically zero output condition.

It should be understood that the science of fluidics, being relatively new, is in an infant state, and that the most advanced practitioners of the art are unable to accurately or completely describe their models. It follows that all the behavior of any fluidic device cannot now be exhaustively described, and in fact much is not known. In particular, there exist at present difficulties with the theoretical description of the present invention. As complete a description of the invention will be given as is presently available to the invention, such as will enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. It must be understood, however, that the description hereunder may be'subject to augmentation and revision at some later date as additional information becomes available.

In general, additional objectives and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the specification below taken in conjunction with the drawings therewith in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional representation of an embodiment of the invention showing the condition of projected laminar flow;

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of the embodiment of 'FIG. 1 taken along the axial centerline of the supply and receiver conduits and normal to FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a graphic representation of the relationship of control flow to output signal;

FIG. 4 is an exploded view of an etched circuit embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 is an exploded view of another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG.

FIG. 7 is an exploded view of an embodiment of the invention employing a plurality of supply conduits; and

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 7.

Referring now to FIG. I, a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the invention is shown, the cross section being taken along an axis common to fluidic supply and receiver conduits I1 and 24, and also being oriented to show the larger dimension of chamber 13 normal to said axis. The scale of the representation of FIG. 1 is chosen for convenience of explanation, the preferred embodiments being in the order of one-half or smaller than the size of the representation in FIG. 1. v

A source of fluid supply is connected to supply input port 10. The fluid supply is conveniently air elevated above atmosphere to appear at supply input 10 at an illustrative pressure of three-quarters p.s.i.g. A supply conduit 11 projects the supply flow through supply conduit end 12 into enclosure of chamber I3, with the length of conduit 11 between input 10 and supply conduit end 12 being sufficient to establish a laminar flow condition of the projected supply fluid throughout the length of chamber 13. For the flow rates particularly useful with the invention, the length to diameter ratio of supply conduit 11 should be more than 35. According to well-known fluidic principles, the Reynolds number of the supply flow projected into chamber 13 should be just low enough to achieve laminar flow therethrough. That is to say, there is a working region of Reynolds numbers for the supply flow projected from supply conduit 11, corresponding to laminar flows which would tend to disrupt at some point downstream of the receiver 24 pickup end 23.

Chamber 13 has its

walls

13a and 13b separated from projected laminar stream path 14 throughout the length of chamber 13, this separation providing for chamber regions 2% and 29b therebetween. These

regions

29a and 29b prevent interaction between projected laminar stream 14 and the walls of chamber 13; in addition, the separation between projected laminar stream 14 and

walls

13a and 13b of chamber 13 is sufficient to allow a circulation of flow in chamber 13 upstream through regions 29a and 2%, this upstream circulation allows for entrainment nonnally involved with a projected laminar stream, and thereby tends to reduce the production of a pressure drop in chamber area 29e proximate supply conduit end Control ports 15 each open into area 29a of chamber 13 in a manner to impress a control flow transversely upon projected laminar flow 14. Controlports 15 are connected by conduits 16 into the sides of chamber 13 at inlet points 18, 19 near supply conduit end 12. Control conduits l6 and inlets l8, 19 are adapted to direct a control flow transversely against projected laminar stream 14 at

point

27, 28 respectively quite close to the emergence of the supply stream from supply conduit end 12, these

points

27, 28 being in chamber area 292.

In the embodiment of FIG. I, chamber 13 is relatively narrow from supply conduit end 12 through region 292, which region 29c includes the control points '27, 28. From region 29e, chamber 13 expands to a

larger area

290 and 29b which continues downstream to chamber point 20, where chamber 13 diverges into two

wings

26a and 26b communicating with atmospheric points 22. Axially aligned with supply tube ll, and located at the downstream end of chamber 13 is receiver conduit 24 having an inlet 23 facing the projected laminar stream path 14 in a manner to impress upon receiver 'conduit 24 a signal related to the condition of operation. The signal impressed upon receiver conduit 24 is connected to output port 25 for transmission to appropriate apparatus. Receiver conduit 24 is disposed

intermediate wings

26a and 26b.

Referring to FIG. 2, a diagrammatic cross-sectional view along the supply and receiver conduit axes oriented to show the smaller dimension of chamber 13 normal to said axis,

walls

13c and 13d are spaced closely with laminar stream path 14 along the length of chamber 13 from supply conduit end 12 downstream to receiver inlet 23; these

chamber walls

130 and 13d extend up to the

chamber wings

26a and 26b to terminations 21 to thereby define atmospheric accesses 22 for chamber 13.

Taken together, then,

walls

13a, 13b, 13c and 13d define an enclosing surround of the supply stream projected from supply conduit 11, the chamber formed thereby having a dimension defined by

walls

13c and 13d which is narrow relative to a wider dimension formed by

walls

13a and 13b.

Confining

walls

13c and 13d of chamber 13 are positioned closely proximate the projected laminar streampath 14 along its traverse of chamber 13. The separation between

walls

130 and 13d and projected laminar stream path 14 for an illustrative embodiment approximately one-half the size of the scale of FIG. 1 may conveniently be in the range of 0.0050.020 inch. These separations define

chamber regions

29c and 29d on either side of the laminar flow path 14 between

walls

13c and 13d respectively. It is to be noted thatthe drawing of FIG. 2 emphasizes this extremely small separation. in the embodiment of FIG. 2, the close

positioning'of chamber walls

13a and 13d with projected laminar stream path 14 is shown to be symmetrical. However, it is to be understood that the invention will function with one of the

chamber walls

13c or 13d being closer than the other. It is desirable that the projected supply stream, in the laminar condition of operation, traverse the confines of chamber 13 without coming in contact with the walls thereof, to thereupon impress on receiver conduit 24 a maximum output signal, this laminar condition representing the ON condition of the fluidic device.

In the operation of the embodiment of FIG. 1, a source of control signal is connected to a port 15, and transferred by a conduit 16 to a chamber control inlet 18; the control flow is projected from inlet 18 against the side of the projected laminar supply flow at a control point 27 in chamber region 29c; this projected control flow interacts with the projected supply stream to thereby disrupt it downstream from control point 27. The supply and control flows have rates chosen to 1 the volume of chamber 13 that is, downstream from control point 27 and upstream of receiver inlet 23. Such a disrupting effect on the projected supply flow tends to cause the supply flow to effectively expand in chamber 13, this expansion tending to increase in volume with the distance downstream from control point 27. That is to say, the disrupted supply streamtends to occupy regions 29a, b, c, d, in chamber 13 downstream from control point 27. It appears that at a relatively short distance downstream from control point 27, the expansion of the disrupted supply flow is sufficient to bridge the narrow spacing of

chamber regions

29c and 29d to effectively cause contact with the most closely facing

chamber walls

13c and 13d to cause an interaction therewith. Such interaction probably enhances the tendency of the supply stream to disrupt, making the disrupted supply flow further expand to more fully occupy the available volumein chamber 13, particularly

regions

29a and 29b enclosed by

chamber walls

13a and 13b.

.The distance between

chamber walls

13c and 13d is very small, which distance may be tenned the minor axis of chamber 13 normal tothe supply conduit receiver conduit axis; the distance between

chamber walls

13a and 13b is somewhat larger, but limited, which distance may be termed the major axis of chamber 13' normal to the supply receiver conduit axis. Taken together, these major and minor axes of chamber 13 define alimited area for the disrupted supply flow to occupy. lt appears that the interaction between disrupted supply flow and chamber walls 130, b c, and d, has a regenerative aspect, in that an increased disruption effect occurs as a consequence of the chamber 13 confinement. Also, this interaction tends to produce a more even distribution of disrupted flow through the available volume of chamber 13. Additionally, it would appear that this enhancement consequent upon confinement by the chamber enclosure has the effect of reducing the required control flow to achieve satisfactory cutoff; this effect is consistent with the relatively high-power gain'obtained with theuse of this device. Therefore, at sensing end 23 of receiver conduit 24, the effect thereon of the generally disrupted supply flow is reduced to a minimum, with the supply flow in its disrupted condition tending to egress to atmosphere through atmospheric ports 22.

it is noted that in going from the laminar to the disrupted condition of the supply flow, a slight reduction in the pressure appearing at control ports 15 is generally observed. This effect may be observed at a control port 15 alternate from the controlled port 15. This observation gives the inference that the pressure in region 29c is similarly reduced as a consequence of the transition to the disrupted condition. This effect may be because the disrupted condition of the supply flow is in effect a restriction upon the migration of reverse flow from atmospheric ports 22 through

chamber regions

29a and 29b to the control region 29c proximate control point 27 Referring to FIG. 3, the relationship between control flow and output signal is illustrated by plot 30. At low control flows below the level of point 30a, the effect of the control flow on the projected laminar stream 14 is insufficient to cause disruption. When control flow is increased to point 30a the disruption effect occurs, and the output sensed by receiver conduit 24 drops to a very low value. With a high impedance control source, the observed switching of the output occurs as nearly as may be observed at the same point 30a for increasing or decreasing signals. However, a tendency for a device of the invention to exhibit different effective control impedances between OFF and ON conditions may be utilized to provide an apparent discontinuity in the control signalas it switches the state of the device. If the control source has a low impedance, as the control signal is varied through the switching region, the effective impedance of the fluidic device will alter. When pressure is the control parameter, the volumetric flow is the control parameter, a pressure jump is observed. Such an effect may be utilized in many ways, for example, to produce an effective control dead-band which enhances the stability of the device, preventing oscillation of the output while the control signal hovers in the switching region.

Referring to FIG. 4, an exploded set of etched

plates

31, 32, 33, and 34 is illustrated which when sandwiched together in the relationship indicated and sealed together by appropriate bonding processes forms another embodiment of the invention. Plate 31 contains the supply port inlet 10, control ports 15, outlet port 25, and a pair of chamber atmospheric accesses 22. Another pair of accesses 22 are in plate 34. The body of the fluidic device is etched in

plates

32 and 33, with each plate containing a symmetrical one-half of the device. ln each

plate

32, 33, chamber 13 is etched completely therethrough so that with

plates

32 and 33 assembled together the depth of

chamber walls

13a and 13b are equal to the combined thickness of

plates

32 and 33. Supply conduit 11, control conduits l6, and receiver conduit 24 are etched only part way into each

plate

32, 33, so that when assembled,

conduits

11, 16 and 24 have a depth equal to the combined etching depth in

plates

32 and 33. Thereby, the distance of chamber wall 13d which is provided by plate 34, from the projected laminar stream path 14 is defined, this distance corresponding to the difference between the depth conduit 11 is etched into plate 33, and the full thickness of plate 33.

It may be noted that in the embodiment of FIG. 4, chamber region 29e adjacent supply conduit end 12 is relatively large, not being necked down as in the chamber 13 shown in FIG. 1. This configuration may require more control power, the control conduit inlets l8 and 19 being further from the projected supply stream; a possible advantage is a lower pressure drop in chamber region 29c, as the reverse flow circulation path is relatively more open with this configuration.

The embodiment of the exploded view of FIG. 5, showing

etched plates

36, 37, 38 and 39, differs in some particulars from the embodiments of FIGS. 1' and 4. The shape of chamber 13 resembles somewhat a wine bottle with its mouth being open to supply conduit end 12 and its base points43 being positioned proximate and on either side of end 23 of receiver conduit 24. An expanding neck portion 41 of chamber 13 connects the relatively small mouth region 2% of chamber 13 to the generally enlarged downstream area 290 and b of chamber 13. Chamber 13 is completely enclosed downstream from supply conduit end 12 to points 42, each point 42 forming one edge of atmospheric access ports 22.

H6. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 5, sandwiched together and sectioned along the axes of supply tube 11 and receiver tube 24, and showing the narrow dimension of chamber 13. Step 35, not to scale inthe drawing, provides for a small distance between the outside diameter of supply tube 11 and chamber wall 130, the distance illustratively being in the region of 0.015 inch. This step 35 provides the clearance between the projected supply flow in its laminar condition and chamber wall 13c.

FIG. 7 shows yet another embodiment of the invention with an exploded set of etched

plates

50, 51, 52, 53 which when assembled in the manner indicated forms an embodiment of the device. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view generally taken along one of the

supply tubes

46, 47 of the embodiment of FIG. 7, and along the narrow dimension of chamber 13. It may be seen that the mouth region 29e of chamber 13 is somewhat enlarged providing for the application of two

supply conduits

46 and 47 to make communication into region 29a of chamber 13. Upon application of a control signal to conduit 16, interaction with the projected supply stream from conduit 47 occurs, disrupting it, and in turn disrupting the projected supply stream from conduit 46. The combined disruption takes place in the manner more fully described in connection with the invention disclosed in application Ser. No. 62l ,191 filed Mar. 7, 1967 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,457,934 issued Jul. 29, 1969. In general, both projected laminar streams from

conduits

46 and 47 impinge at inlet 23 of receiver conduit 24, providing for a relatively high output in the ON condition considering the overall size of the device selected. The effects of a control signal upon both the projected supply streams, taken in combination with the interaction of the disrupted combined supply flow with the proximate chamber walls thereby produces a more complete dissemination of the flow throughout chamber 13 thereby promoting supply egress through atmospheric ports 22. The result of this combination achieves a high-power gain fluidic device.

It is generally observed that with the fluidic devices of the invention, the effects of external noises and vibrations are attenuated. It is supposed the provision of the enclosure surrounding the projected supply stream for a major portion of its traverse serves to effectively shield the fluidic device from unwanted influences. In addition, fluidic devices constructed according to the invention generally demonstrate improved power gain. The device of the invention also demonstrates an increased fan-out, or loading, capability, in that the receiver output of the device may serve to actuate a larger number of fluidic elements than many devices of the prior art.

In addition to manufacturing the fluidic devices of the invention from etched plates, as may be conveniently accomplished by employing conventional technology including photoengraving, plastic molding of the devices provides a convenient and economical method of fabrication.

While there has been shown what is considered to be a preferred embodiment of the invention, it will be manifest that many changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the essential spirit of the invention.

lclaim:

1. In a known fluid logic device of the type comprising:

first conduit means adapted to receive at one end a fluid under pressure and to project the fluid out from the other end in a narrow stream of laminar flow;

second conduit means axially aligned with said first conduit means and spaced a substantial distance downstream from the outlet end thereof to receive said narrow stream of laminar flow;

control means including means to direct against said narrow stream a control action to cause complete turbulence thereof without deflection of the stream;

that improvement which includes:

first and second opposed wall means positioned along the axis of fluid projection between said first and second conduit means and on opposite sides of the stream, each of said first and second wall means being close to but slightly spaced from the respective side of said stream when said stream is in laminar flow state so as not to interact therewith in laminar state, both said first and second wall means being sufficiently close to said axis to interact with the fluid when said stream is placed in said turbulent state by said control means; and

third and fourth opposed wall means between said first and second wall means respectively to form a chamber therewith, said third and fourth wall means being spaced from said axis by a substantial amount greater than the spacing of said first and second wall means from said axis and sufficient to prevent interaction between said fluid and said third and fourth wall means when in said turbulent condition.

2. A fluid logic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said first and second wall means are spaced from said laminar stream a distance which is at least 0.005 inch and less than approximately 0.020 inch.

3. The method of producing a logic output which comprises the steps of:

projecting a laminar stream of fluid towards a sensing element responsive to the pressure of said stream, said stream being free from interaction with any adjacent structure while in laminar state;

directing a control effect laterally against said stream of fluid to cause turbulence thereof without deflection; and confining two opposite sides of said turbulent fluid while maintaining the intervening opposite sides of said turbulent fluid unconfined and free from interacting effects so as to develop a regenerative action producing maximum turbulence of the fluid with small control effect and presented at a distance from the stream in its laminar wherein said first opposite sides of said turbulent stream state of at least 0.005 inch and less than approximately are confined by presenting to those sides wall means ex- 0.020 inch.

tending along said stream, said wall means being

Claims

1. In a known fluid logic device of the type comprising: first conduit means adapted to receive at one end a fluid under pressure and to project the fluid out from the other end in a narrow stream of laminar flow; second conduit means axially aligned with said first conduit means and spaced a substantial distance downstream from the outlet end thereof to receive said narrow stream of laminar flow; control means including means to direct against said narrow stream a control action to cause complete turbulence thereof without deflection of the stream; that improvement which includes: first and second opposed wall means positioned along the axis of fluid projection between said first and second conduit means and on opposite sides of the stream, each of said first and second wall means being close to but slightly spaced from the respective side of said stream when said stream is in laminar flow state so as not to interact therewith in laminar state, both said first and second wall means being sufficiently close to said axis to interact with the fluid when said stream is placed in said turbulent state by said control means; and third and fourth opposed wall means between said first and second wall means respectively to form a chamber therewith, said third and fourth wall means being spaced from said axis by a substantial amount greater than the spacing of said first and second wall means from said axis and sufficient to prevent interaction between said fluid and said third and fourth wall means when in said turbulent condition.

3. The method of producing a logic output which comprises the steps of: projecting a laminar stream of fluid towards a sensing element responsive to the pressure of said stream, said stream being free from interaction with any adjacent structure while in laminar state; directing a control effect laterally against said stream of fluid to cause turbulence thereof without deflection; and confining two opposite sides of said turbulent fluid while maintaining the intervening opposite sides of said turbulent fluid unconfined and free from interacting effects so as to develop a regenerative action producing maximum turbulence of the fluid with small control effect and wherein said first opposite sides of said turbulent stream are confined by presenting to those sides wall means extending along said stream, said wall means being presented at a distance from the stream in its laminar state of at least 0.005 inch and less than approximately 0.020 inch.