US3556963A - Electrochemical process for cutting beryllium - Google Patents
Electrochemical process for cutting beryllium Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3556963A US3556963A US743309A US3556963DA US3556963A US 3556963 A US3556963 A US 3556963A US 743309 A US743309 A US 743309A US 3556963D A US3556963D A US 3556963DA US 3556963 A US3556963 A US 3556963A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- beryllium
- electrolyte
- nozzle
- cutting
- work piece
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23H—WORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
- B23H9/00—Machining specially adapted for treating particular metal objects or for obtaining special effects or results on metal objects
- B23H9/14—Making holes
- B23H9/16—Making holes using an electrolytic jet
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23H—WORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
- B23H3/00—Electrochemical machining, i.e. removing metal by passing current between an electrode and a workpiece in the presence of an electrolyte
- B23H3/08—Working media
Definitions
- Beryllium is cut electrolytically to provide damagefree, square edges and smooth surfaces by use of pressure jets of electrolyte containing nitrate ion in aqueous solution.
- a jet of an aqueous electrolytic solution is directed at the beryllium work piece from an inert metal nozzle.
- the solution as will be discussed below in greater detail, must have a certain composition.
- the nozzle which is preferably made of platinum, serves as the cathode, and the beryllium work piece as the anode.
- the nozzle is moved with respect to the beryllium work piece so that the point of impact of the electrolyte jet, accompanied by the flow of current, moves along the locus of desired separation.
- the nozzle should be quite close to the beryllium work piece, generally a distance of 0.040 inch or less.
- the current flow through the electrolyte should be at least 0.5 ampere to obtain reasonable cutting rates at a potential difference of from 60 to 120 volts between nozzle and beryllium.
- nitrate ion is essential.
- the preferred electrolytes are ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate.
- Nitric acid is also useful, as are mixtures of nitric acid and phosphoric acid.
- the concentrations of the solutions are chosen to maximize their conductivity.
- the preferred strengths of the various solutions are 75% nitric acid; a mixture of 50% nitric and 33% phosphoric acids; 500 g./l. sodium nitrate; 250 g./l. potassium nitrate; 500 g./l. ammonium nitrate. Because of lack of corrosion problems and high solubility, ammonium nitrate is most preferred.
- the work piece may be set into reciprocating or rotating motion in relation to the electrolyte nozzle, depending upon the geometry of the work piece.
- the process may be adopted for planing beryllium to obtain smooth surfaces. It is very advantageous to use a high velocity stream of air or nitrogen to blow away any excess of electrolyte from the beryllium surface. It is also sometimes advantageous to have the work piece of beryllium in such a position that the spent electrolyte will drain away, but even in such cases, the use of a gas stream is very helpful because it serves to confine the action of the electrolyte jet and prevent erosion in adjacent areas.
- Sheet specimens of beryllium are cut electrolytically by oscillating the work at nearly uniform linear speed normal to a jet of electrolyte. Listed below are the parameters for making a 2-inch long cut in 0.05-inch thick, high-purity beryllium sheet:
- Electrolyte Ammonium nitrate, 500 g./l. Temperature: 42 C.
- Nozzle Platinum tubing of 0.042-inch inside diameter
- Nozzle pressure 5.7 p.s.i.g.
- a cut through 0.050 inch takes 35 minutes. Seven and one-half minutes are required to clean up the ridge on the back edge.
- a process for cutting a beryllium body comprising directing a thin stream of an aqueous solution containing nitrate ions from an inert metallic nozzle having an inside diameter of about .20 to 42 mils at the beryllium body from a distance of less than 0.040 inch, establishing a potential difference of from 60 to volts between said beryllium body, as the anode, and said body, as the cathode, causing a current of at least 0.5 amp, to flow through said stream of aqueous solution, and traversing the beryl- 0 Hum body with the stream of the aqueous solution.
- a process as claimed in claim 1, in which the aquev ous solution is of ammonium nitrate at a concentration JOHN MACK Primary Examiner of about 500 grams per liter.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
Abstract
AN ELECTROCHEMICAL METHOD FOR CUTTING BERYLLIUM BY APPLICATION OF PRESSURE JETS OF ELECTROLYTE.
Description
United States Patent O "ice U.S. Cl. 204-143 4 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE An electrochemical method for cutting beryllium by application of pressure jets of electrolyte.
The invention described herein was made in the course of, or under, AEC Contract No. W-7405ENG48 with the United States Atomic Energy Commission.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION Beryllium is cut electrolytically to provide damagefree, square edges and smooth surfaces by use of pressure jets of electrolyte containing nitrate ion in aqueous solution.
PRIOR ART Because of its low density and desirable properties, beryllium metal has found extensive uses in recent years. Its use, however, has been restricted by the difliculty of cutting beryllium bodies in general and thin sheets in particular. Beryllium is so brittle that previously used methods of separation tend to result in edges which are weakened by cracks and tears. The present invention solves these problems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention, a jet of an aqueous electrolytic solution is directed at the beryllium work piece from an inert metal nozzle. The solution, as will be discussed below in greater detail, must have a certain composition. The nozzle, which is preferably made of platinum, serves as the cathode, and the beryllium work piece as the anode.
During the cutting of the beryllium, the nozzle is moved with respect to the beryllium work piece so that the point of impact of the electrolyte jet, accompanied by the flow of current, moves along the locus of desired separation.
For desirable results, several parameters should be controlled. The nozzle should be quite close to the beryllium work piece, generally a distance of 0.040 inch or less. The current flow through the electrolyte should be at least 0.5 ampere to obtain reasonable cutting rates at a potential difference of from 60 to 120 volts between nozzle and beryllium.
Only certain electrolytes work in the process of the present invention. The presence of nitrate ion is essential. The preferred electrolytes are ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate. Nitric acid is also useful, as are mixtures of nitric acid and phosphoric acid.
The concentrations of the solutions are chosen to maximize their conductivity. The preferred strengths of the various solutions are 75% nitric acid; a mixture of 50% nitric and 33% phosphoric acids; 500 g./l. sodium nitrate; 250 g./l. potassium nitrate; 500 g./l. ammonium nitrate. Because of lack of corrosion problems and high solubility, ammonium nitrate is most preferred.
The optimum values for these various parameters are to some extent mutually interdependent. In particular,
3,556,963 Patented Jan. 19, 1971 this is the case in regard to the rate at which the nozzle traverses the work piece being cut, and the velocity of the jet of electrolytic solution. The jet of electrolytic solution should be sufficient to cause an erosive action on the beryllium, and to act to carry away the debris. For example, driving pressures of about 6 to 10 pounds per square inch to force the electrolyte through a 20 mil nozzle are satisfactory. Generally, electrolyte velocities of at least 5 meters per second have been found to produce the desired amount of force and washing action to effect a smooth U-shaped cut. At these rates of electrolyte flow and pressure, the nozzle, for best results, is moved over the work piece at a rate of at least 2 feet per minute, for the cutting of a thin beryllium sheet.
For continuous cutting of beryllium bodies of greater thickness, the work piece may be set into reciprocating or rotating motion in relation to the electrolyte nozzle, depending upon the geometry of the work piece. In like manner, the process may be adopted for planing beryllium to obtain smooth surfaces. It is very advantageous to use a high velocity stream of air or nitrogen to blow away any excess of electrolyte from the beryllium surface. It is also sometimes advantageous to have the work piece of beryllium in such a position that the spent electrolyte will drain away, but even in such cases, the use of a gas stream is very helpful because it serves to confine the action of the electrolyte jet and prevent erosion in adjacent areas.
It will be appreciated that the rate of nozzle traverse, the velocity of the electrolyte jet, the distance between the nozzle and the beryllium, and the voltage are all parameters which should be optimized for each particular job. With the present disclosure as a guide, however, the selecting of the optimum conditions is a matter of routine testing,
PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Sheet specimens of beryllium are cut electrolytically by oscillating the work at nearly uniform linear speed normal to a jet of electrolyte. Listed below are the parameters for making a 2-inch long cut in 0.05-inch thick, high-purity beryllium sheet:
Electrolyte: Ammonium nitrate, 500 g./l. Temperature: 42 C.
Nozzle: Platinum tubing of 0.042-inch inside diameter Nozzle pressure: 5.7 p.s.i.g.
Operating voltage: 65 V. (DC. current 1.7 amps.) Electrode separation: 0.030 inch Work speed: 5 cycles/min.
A cut through 0.050 inch takes 35 minutes. Seven and one-half minutes are required to clean up the ridge on the back edge.
Accurate, rigid positioning of electrode, jets and work piece are maintained for satisfactory dimensional regularity and surface finish of cut edge.
The foregoing embodiment is given solely for purposes of illustration. Many variations will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A process for cutting a beryllium body, comprising directing a thin stream of an aqueous solution containing nitrate ions from an inert metallic nozzle having an inside diameter of about .20 to 42 mils at the beryllium body from a distance of less than 0.040 inch, establishing a potential difference of from 60 to volts between said beryllium body, as the anode, and said body, as the cathode, causing a current of at least 0.5 amp, to flow through said stream of aqueous solution, and traversing the beryl- 0 Hum body with the stream of the aqueous solution. References Cited of t'rfieis Z1 15: si i fi oi aifiis ziiuzlif'iclfiifi UNITED STATES PATENTS beryllium body is at least 2 feet per minute. 2985050 5/1961 schwacha 83'177 3. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the inert r 2,881,503 4/1959 Johnson metallic nozzle is Platinum 0 Balley 4. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the aquev ous solution is of ammonium nitrate at a concentration JOHN MACK Primary Examiner of about 500 grams per liter. S. S. KANTER, Assistant Examiner
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US74330968A | 1968-07-09 | 1968-07-09 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3556963A true US3556963A (en) | 1971-01-19 |
Family
ID=24988298
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US743309A Expired - Lifetime US3556963A (en) | 1968-07-09 | 1968-07-09 | Electrochemical process for cutting beryllium |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3556963A (en) |
-
1968
- 1968-07-09 US US743309A patent/US3556963A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US3873512A (en) | Machining method | |
Sabahi et al. | Investigating the effect of mixed alkaline electrolyte (NaOH+ KOH) on the improvement of machining efficiency in 2D electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) | |
US3409522A (en) | Electrochemical machining of titanium and alloys thereof | |
Datta et al. | Jet and laserājet electrochemical micromachining of nickel and steel | |
KR20000064674A (en) | Electrolytic Methods for Cleaning and Coating Conductor Surfaces | |
JPH0765240B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for electrochemically polishing and / or pickling the inner surface of a tube | |
Hoare et al. | An Investigation of the differences between NaCl and NaClO3 as electrolytes in electrochemical machining | |
Wang et al. | Research on electrochemical discharge-assisted diamond wire cutting of insulating ceramics | |
US3928154A (en) | Electrochemical radius generation | |
Hoare | Oxide film studies on iron in electrochemical machining electrolytes | |
US3556963A (en) | Electrochemical process for cutting beryllium | |
CA1110575A (en) | Electrolyte for electrochemical machining of nickel base superalloys | |
US3284327A (en) | Electrolytic machining process using a gas-containing electrolyte | |
Chun et al. | Analysis of the relationship between electrolyte characteristics and electrochemical machinability in PECM on invar (Fe-Ni) fine sheet | |
US4110190A (en) | Apparatus for machining electrically conducting substances by electrochemical attack | |
EP1672101A1 (en) | Process for the electrochemical removal of refractory metals or their alloys and use of a solution for this process | |
CN113574211A (en) | Electrolyte for electrochemical machining of gamma-gamma' nickel-based superalloys | |
US4052274A (en) | Electrochemical wire cutting method | |
US3331760A (en) | Electrolytic milling | |
US6139715A (en) | Electrochemical deburring or radiusing | |
GB1309497A (en) | Method of electro-plating copper onto aluminium metal or alloy | |
CN113544316B (en) | Electrolyte for electrochemical processing of gamma-gamma' nickel-base superalloys | |
US4073710A (en) | Method of machining electrically conducting substances by electrochemical attack | |
US3357905A (en) | Electrolyte composition and method of electrolytically removing stock from workpiece | |
Harugade et al. | A comparative study for selection of effective electrolyte solution for electrochemical discharge machining |