US3551801A - Method and apparatus utilizing an electrolyte for detecting holidays in metallic coating on pipe - Google Patents
Method and apparatus utilizing an electrolyte for detecting holidays in metallic coating on pipe Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3551801A US3551801A US626019A US3551801DA US3551801A US 3551801 A US3551801 A US 3551801A US 626019 A US626019 A US 626019A US 3551801D A US3551801D A US 3551801DA US 3551801 A US3551801 A US 3551801A
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- electrode
- pipe
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
- G01N17/02—Electrochemical measuring systems for weathering, corrosion or corrosion-protection measurement
Definitions
- the electrochemical action between the electrode and the metallic coating on the pipe creates a potential between the electrode and the pipe. -By sensing deviations of this potential from that of similarly constituted cells where the condition of the coating is known, the presence of holidays may be detected. Moreover, by varying the size of the selected area of the pipe exposed to electrochemical action, the system may be made to discriminate between holidays of different sizes.
- This invention relates to a novel method and apparatus for detecting discontinuities in a metallic coating on a metallic substrate. More specifically, this invention provides the method and apparatus which can be easily arranged to detect discontinuities or holidays in the metallic coating on the interior of a metal pipe, and further can be arranged to discriminate between holidays of different size to give the operator an indication of the severity of coating damage in any particular area of the pipe.
- a particular problem to which the novel process and apparatus of the instant invention may be directed is that of testing metallic coatings of the type applied to the internal walls of oil well pipe or casing, or underground conduit for the transport of chemicals and the like.
- Coatings on the interior of pipe have been found necessary to protect the metal of the pipe from corrosive chemical attack caused by substances with which it would ordinarily be in contact, and also to protect the metal substrate from the corrosive effects of electrolysis due to cathodic currents which may Ibe developed between the surrounding medium and the substrate metal.
- piping is provided most often with an interior coating of plastic or a like organic substrate to protect the metal substrate from chemical combination with fluids passing through the pipe.
- plastic or a like organic substrate to protect the metal substrate from chemical combination with fluids passing through the pipe.
- it has been effective to coat the interior of the pipe, such as of steel, with a coating of zinc which affords cathodic protection for the steel substrate.
- Nuclear techniques such as measuring the backscatter of a beam of gamma rays or beta particles reflected off the coating or radioactively activating the coating and detecting the energy spectrum of the energy emanating from the coating may be employed, but the former method has serious limitations in inspecting ai pipe filled with fluid or drilling mud, while the latter presents a safety hazard ⁇ due to the generation of radioactive isotopes.
- novel method and apparatus for detecting the imperfections or holidays in the metallic coating on a metallic substrate affords the operator the ability to discriminate between holidays of varying sizes and also may conveniently be employed to inspect the pipe which is full of fluid such as drilling mud.
- the general technique which is employed in the novel method and apparatus of this invention may be said to be half cell potential measurement.
- the invention involves electrochemically establishing the potential between an electrode and a metallic-coated substrate, restricting the electrochemical action with the electrode to a specific selected area of the metallic-coated substrate, and sensing and comparing the potential created by the electrochemical action of the electrode with the metallic-coated substrate with a predetermined value of potential characteristic of the electrochemical cell containing the electrode and the metallic-coated substrate in various stages of corrosion.
- this reference cell must use the same electrolyte as is employed down hole in actually obtaining measurements.
- the fluid standing in a borehole pipe in most conditions is somewhat ionic in character, and consequently, will initiate electrochemical action with the metalliccoated substrate to at least a minor extent in virtually all cases.
- This electrochemical action results in the polarization of the substrate caused by buildup of ions resulting from the electrochemical action on the substrate.
- ions in the fluid having a cathodal relation with the metallic lcoating were present and the fluid contained a measure of water to function as an electrolyte, a lbuildup of hydroxyl ions would occur on the metallic coating.
- the metallic-coated substrate is preferably depolarized prior to inspection.
- Depolarization may be effected by simply imposing an alternating current between an electrode in the fluid and the metallic-coated substrate to effectively drive the polarized ions off the substrate. Accordingly, in its most preferred embodiment, the instant novel method includes depolarizing the metallic-coated substrate prior to inspection by use of, for example, an alternating current.
- the instant invention also provides a novel apparatus for inspecting the metallic coating on the interior of pipes, and for inspecting metallic coating on flat surfaces, which comprises an electrode, preferably a nonpolarizing electrode, such as platinum, and a barrier means suitable for restricting and holding electrolyte between said electrode and a selected area of the metallic-coated substrate.
- the novel apparatus of this invention is also provided with a depolarizing electrode to depolarize the metal-coated substrate prior to inspection, and is also provided with means by which the electrochemical action may be restricted to an area of preselected size to enable the method and apparatus to respond to holidays of a predetermined minimum s1ze.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a device in accordance with this invention shown in position in a vertically disposed pipe.
- IFIG. '2 is an elevational view of a detecting device in accordance with the second embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the detecting device of FIG. 2 along line 3 3.
- FIG. 4 is a partial, cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of a device in accordance with this invention adapted for manual manipulation.
- FIG. 5 is a strip recorder record of an inspection performed with the novel devices of this invention showing peaks indicating exposure of the substrate.
- the novel method of the instant invention involves establishing electrochemical action between the metalliccoated substrate to be inspected and an inspecting electrode, and comparing the potential generated by this electrochemical action with the potential similarly constituted electrochemical system wherein the condition of the coating is known.
- the metallic substrate beneath the coating if exposed by erosion or by holidays in the coating, will enter into the electrochemical reaction and will result in the variance of the generated potential.
- This variance is functionally related to the amount of substrate exposed, i.e., the extent of coating erosion or the size of the holidays.
- the electrochemical potential between the metallic coating and the inspecting electrode will be approximtaely that to be expected between the respective metals of the coating and the electrode, even though there may be pinholes or small holidays in the metallic coating.
- the surface area of the portion of the object being inspected is decreased to an extent where the area of the exposed substrate, i.e., holidays, forms a significant portion of the surface area being inspected, a potential will be measured which is different from that which was measured when the surface area was substantially completely covered with the protective metallic coating.
- the potential variance caused by a holiday is also functionally related to the relative amount of coating and substrate exposed to electrochemical action, it is necessary to restrict the electrochemical action of the coating with the inspecting electrode to a known area of the coating. This may be accomplished by confining at least a portion of the available electrolyte between the inspecting electrode and the desired area of metalliccoated substrate, and insulating the remaining portions of the inspecting electrode from the electrochemical action.
- the instant novel method may be made sensitive to holidays of lesser size. Accordingly, by selecting the amount of surface exposed to the electrode, the instant novel method may be rendered effectively insensitive to holidays smaller than a predetermined threshold size.
- ions having a cathodal relation to zinc such as ions within the pipe in an aqueous ionic solution would produce a buildup of hydroxyl ions on the zinc.
- FIG. l there is shown a novel apparatus 10 in accordance with this invention disposed down hole in a steel pipe 1 which has a zinc coating 2 on its interior surface.
- the pipe is filled with an ionic drilling mud 3 which surrounds all the portions of the apparatus 10.
- Ionic drilling muds which are known in the art are suitable as electrolytes for the inspection procedure, and are preferred in those instances wherein inspections are to be carried on during a continuing drilling operation.
- novel device of this invention may also be employed to inspect pipeline disposed horizontally by similarly providing an electrolyte filling the pipe and employing novel devices of this invention.
- Support column 11 is a tubular member disposed centrally in apparatus 10 and serves to support the various elements of the apparatus. In addition, the interior of support column 11 provides a conduit for the electrical leads to the electrodes as will be discussed below. On the lower portion of support column 11 is mounted the inspection portion 21 of the apparatus. The upper part of support column 10 mounts the depolarizing portion 41 of the device. A centralizer 6 located at the lower end of support column 11 serves to stabilize the device down hole.
- the inspecting portion 21 of the apparatus in FIG. l comprises an inspecting electrode 22 which is constructed of a band of platinum 23 encircling the electrode mounting disc 24. Platinum is preferred for use as the inspecting electrode in many instances regardless of the metallic nature of the coating in the substrate since it polarizes only very slowly and since it acts as a gas electrode when in a cathodal relation with the coating and is not eroded by electrochemical action. Platinum is also extremely resistant to chemical corrosion und is substantially chemically inert to most conditions which will be encountered.
- Electrode mounting disc 24 is a short, cylindrical member composed of hard rubber, uorocarbon polymer, or a like electrochemically inert substance.
- the platinum electrode strip is aflixed to the outer periphery of disc 24 using, for example, a resin bonding agent, Leads 25 and 26 extend radially from within support column 11 through disc 24 to make contact with the platinum electrode 23.
- a resin bonding agent for example, a resin bonding agent
- Mounting disc 24 extends radially to a point proximate the pipe Wall which is the surface to be inspected. Such a design is preferred since it disposes the electrode close to the surface with which the electrode is to establish electrochemical action thus minimizing the resistance of the electrolyte therebetween.
- the wipers 28 and 29 are resilient rubber or the like which snugly t within pipe 1 and serve to isolate the electrochemical action of the platinum electrode with a short axially extending section 7 of the pipe.
- the wipers serve to maintain electrolyte in an electrochemical cell relation between the pipe and the electrode 22.
- Small holes 30 and 31 in the wipers may be provided to permit passage of the lluid in the pipe past each wiper as the entire apparatus is pulled upwardly through the pipe.
- Position supports 32 and 33, equipped with setscrews 34 and 35 which are tightened against the support column to iix the position supports in place, hold each wiper against the spacing washers.
- Spacing washers 37 may be adapted to merely slide over the support standard 11 to provide the desired separation of the wipers 28 and 29.
- the spacing washers 37 are also composed of an electrochemically inert material such as plastic or rubber. Other spacing techniques may be employed and if desired apparatus may be provided to render the spacing controllable from the surface when the apparatus is down hole.
- the depolarizing portion 41 Above the inspection portion of the apparatus is the depolarizing portion 41. Since inspection of pipe can be most effectively accomplished by drawing the apparatus upwardly through the pipe, the depolarizing portion in this location can perform its function immediately prior to the inspection of the pipe.
- Depolarizing electrode 42 is a thin metal band around the depolarized or electrode mount 43 which is composed of plastic or rubber.
- the choice of electrode material is not so important as for the inspection cell, since electrode polarization is not a problem.
- the same metal as the coating metal may be used, or another metal such as steel can be employed. It is preferred to select a metal which does not freely liberate ions in order to minimize the frequency of replacement and also to minimize interference which such ions might cause in the inspection cell below.
- the depolarizing electrode may be a solid metal piece but inasmuch as it is desirable again to place the outer electrode surface proximate the pipe wall, a large solid metal electrode would produce excesses in weight and expense, and accordingly, the cylindrical depolarizer electrode mount 43 is employed to hold the depolarizer electrode in the same manner as the inspecting electrode is held on its mount 24. Leads 54 and 55 make contact with the depolarizer electrode and are fed up the interior of support standard 11 to the surface.
- Wipers 44 and 45 are positioned above and below the depolarizer electrode 42, and restrict the action of the depolarizer cell to transverse area 9 of the pipe.
- Leads 25 and 26 from the inspecting electrode 22 are connected to wire 38 which is connected at the surface to a suitable circuit capable of measuring the potential generated in the inspection cell.
- the circuit is functionally illustrated and wire 38 is shown connected to one terminal of the strip chart recorder of a type capable of generating a permanent record corresponding to the potential generated in the inspection cell.
- any suitable circuitry may be employed to sense the inspecting cell potential, for example, the inspecting cell may be balanced against the voltage of a similarly constituted reference cell on the surface wherein the condition of the metallic coating is known.
- the other terminal of strip chart recorder 62 or of the sensing circuit employed is connected to pipe 1 by means of wire 64.
- strip chart recorder such as 62 enables generation of a permanent record whereby after the inspection procedure is completed, the areas of corrosion in the pipe may be readily located and repaired as desired.
- the desirably detectable level of corrosion of a coating in a given pipe will be predetermined, and since the threshold level of detectability is functionally related to the size of the selected area viewed by the inspecting electrode, it is possible in many instances to construct an inspection device wherein the size of the area viewed by the inspecting electrode is fixed.
- device 80 is provided with two sets of circular apertures 81 around its periphery at two different levels, such that the apertures on the upper and lower levels scan overlapping paths along the interior surface of a pipe.
- the entire surface of the pipe is viewed Aby an inspecting electrode.
- Device 80 is composed of an electrochemically inert body 83 having flat, circular sheets 84 of electrode material, FIG. 3, such as platinum, disposed around its periphery at two levels in the said overlapping relation.
- Leads such as 85 pass through body 82 making contact with each of the electrode plates.
- a wiping collar 86 of resilient electrochemically inert material such as rubber is then positioned around body 82 such that the circular holes 87 in the wiping collar 86 expose the platinum electrode plates.
- Grooves 88 in the outer wiping collar surfacer, or if desired, holes through body 82 serve to permit passage of liquid past the unit as it is drawn through a pipe since the wiping collar will be adapted to snugly fit the pipe interior.
- the unit is also mounted on a support standard 90 through which the electrical leads from the electrodes may be conducted.
- support standard 90 is capped such as by a threa-ded cap 91 which is provided with an eye 92 which may be engaged by a hook 93 suspended from a cable.
- a similar arrangement may be employed to suspend the device of FIG. 1.
- the electrical leads 96 from the electrode may then be wrapped around the cable and conducted to the sensing devices employed.
- a depolarizer cell may be added to device 80 using a bilevel construction similar to that employed in the inspection portion.
- a depolarizer as in FIG. l can be used.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a hand operable device in accordance with this invention which may be employed to inspect the coating on at surfaces.
- Handle 101 is provided at one end with an electrode 102, for example, a platinum disc mounted on the lower surface of head 103 composed of plastic or a like electrochemically inert material.
- Gasket 104 fits snugly over the shoulder 105 of head 103 such that the lowest surface of gasket 104 may be pressed against the surface to be inspected thus isolating the electrochemical action of the electrode to that area of the surface defined by the interior area of the gasket.
- Spring 109 maintains electrical contact with surface 108 to complete the circuit.
- Handle 101 may be pivotally connected to head 103 to permit ready manual manipulation of the device and facilitating placement of the device against any surface.
- the electrical leads are conducted from the electrode 102 through handle 101 to a suitable sensing device. It is preferred when employing the sensing device illustrated in FIG. 4 to fiood the surface being inspected with an electrolyte such that the liquid will fill the space between electrode 102 and the surface to be inspected within gasket 104.
- a paste or slurrylike electrolyte may be employed by filling the volume around the electrode 102 inside gasket 104 with a slurrylike electrolytic substance. It is usually difficult to establish effective electrolytic contact with all portions of a coating when such a slurrylike electrolyte is employed.
- pastelike electrolytic substances are thixotropic in nature since such substances improve the contact with the surface to be inspected.
- FIG. 5 there is shown a reproduction of a typical strip chart recording showing the response of a device in accordance with this invention to a bare area of the coating in a zinc-coated pipe.
- the strip recording shown in FIG. 5 is a reproduction of a recording obtained employing a device of the type illustrated in FIG. 4.
- a platinum electrode was employed in the device and drilling mud having a pH of 11 was used as the electrolyte.
- a zinc-coated pipe having a bare band three inches in width where the zinc coating was purposely not applied.
- the detector device was drawn longitudinally along the inner pipe surface and produced the downward peak at 120 upon encountering the bare patch in the pipe coating.
- the electrochemically generated output of the device decreased from 350 millivolts when the device was over the zinc coating (indicated by region 121 on FIG. 5) to 125 millivolts when over the bare patch as reflected by downward peak 120.
- the apparatus is first lowered through the pipe containing an electrolytic liquid.
- Lowering of the device may be accomplished by simply attaching a weight to the bottom portion of the device and slowly paying out the cable as the device sinks to the pipe.
- the alternating current circuit for the depolarzer cell is completed and the sensing circuit for the inspection cell is activated.
- the apparatus is then slowly pulled upwardly through the pipe, either with the lowering weight attached or leaving the lowering weight down hole to be subsequently retrieved.
- the signal variance corresponding to a bare patch in the coating will remain for the time that the electrode is opposite the bare patch.
- the relation between the rate of movement of the apparatus and the strip chart recording will afford a permanent record of coating quality for the portion of the pipe inspected.
- this holiday detector for inspection of for example. a Zinc-coated steel pipe, it is necessary to have an clectroplatcd Zinc-coated calibration standard made of the same steel as will be inspected.
- This calibration standard will have known sized uncoated areas to be detected with the inspection probe before making an inspection run using the same electrolyte that will be present in the pipe to be inspected.
- the chart recorder is then adjusted using the zinc coating at the zero level and adjusted for the highest potential difference of the bare steel.
- barrier means fixed in position with respect to said first electrode for maintaining an electrolyte in contact with said first electrode and with a selected axially short section within said pipe to restrict to said selected section electrochemical action established between said first electrode and the selected section,
- a device for inspecting a metallic coating on the interior of a pipe which comprises:
- barrier means comprising nonconducting wipers fitting snugly within said pipe and afiixed to said support column above and below said platinum electrode to maintain an electrolyte between said platinum electrode and a first selected axially short section of said pipe and to restrict electrochemical action with said electrode to said selected section,
- second barrier means comprising nonconducting wipers aixed to said column above and below said second electrode to maintain an electrolyte between said second electrode and a second selected axially short section of said pipe
- the device of claim 3 having a strip chart recorder for permanently recording said electrochemically developed potential.
- said platinum electrode comprises a band of platinum disposed circumfercntially about a cylindrical electrode mount composed of electrochemically inert material, said cylindrical mount having a diameter slightly less than the diameter of said pipe to maintain said platinum strip proximate the interior wall of said pipe.
- Apparatus for inspecting a metallic coating on the interior of a pipe which comprises:
- a iirst set of platelike electrodes disposed peripherally around the lower portion of said electrode mount
- said electrodes in said second set being circumferentially staggered with respect to said electrodes in said rst set
- a resilient nonconductive wiping collar disposed around said electrode mount and having holes therein to expose said electrodes in said irst and second set, said wiping collar fitting snugly within said pipe to maintain electrolyte between said electrodes and the inner surface of said pipe,
- a method for inspecting for discontinuities in the internal surface of a metallic coated metal pipe, wherein the metallic coating and the metal pipe are electrochemically dissimilar comprising the steps tilling said pipe with a iluid electrolyte, depolarizing the inner surface of the metallic coated pipe by establishing an alternating current between a rst electrode disposed within the pipe and the in- 'ternal surface of the pipe,
- a device for inspecting for holidays a coating on a coated metallic substrate wherein said coating and said substrate are electrochemically dissimilar said device comprising a first electrode electrochemically dissimilar to said substrate and spaced from said coated substrate for establishing electrochemical action with said metallic substrate,
- V barrier means disposed closely on opposite sides of said electrode and extending to said coated substrate for restricting any1-electrochemical action between said electrode and said substrate to a narrow section of said substrate bounded by the barrier means
- said means for substantially removing any electrolytic polarization comprises a second electrode spaced from said coated substrate and disposed in fixed spaced relation to said first electrode in the direction of movement of the iirst electrode and barrier means relative to the coated substrate,
- said second electrode being movable with the rst electrode
- a method for inspecting the metallic coating on the interior surface of a pipe for holidays, wherein said metallic coating and the material of said pipe are electrochemically dissimilar comprising the steps of establishing an electrochemical potential between said metallic coating on the pipe and an axially short electrode that is disposed within and spaced from said coating,
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Description
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US62601967A | 1967-03-27 | 1967-03-27 |
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US3551801A true US3551801A (en) | 1970-12-29 |
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US626019A Expired - Lifetime US3551801A (en) | 1967-03-27 | 1967-03-27 | Method and apparatus utilizing an electrolyte for detecting holidays in metallic coating on pipe |
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3831085A (en) * | 1973-04-12 | 1974-08-20 | Hoffmann La Roche | Reactor vessel lining testing method and apparatus |
US3858114A (en) * | 1972-11-15 | 1974-12-31 | Hoffmann La Roche | Method and apparatus for the testing of protective linings |
US3863146A (en) * | 1972-12-05 | 1975-01-28 | Pfaudler Werke Ag | Measuring instrument for the electrical determination of damage to an enamel layer |
US4006063A (en) * | 1970-10-08 | 1977-02-01 | Minas Ensanian | Method for measuring surface characteristics of metals and metalloids |
US4019129A (en) * | 1975-06-02 | 1977-04-19 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Metallic plating testing apparatus |
DE2751925A1 (en) * | 1976-11-26 | 1978-06-01 | Solvay | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE CORROSIVE, EROSIVE AND / OR INCRUSTING PROPERTIES OF A LIQUID |
FR2463929A1 (en) * | 1979-08-20 | 1981-02-27 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd | PROCESS FOR TESTING A PORTION OF BARE IRON OF A COATED STEEL SHEET OR A PROCESSED PRODUCT |
FR2468903A1 (en) * | 1979-10-26 | 1981-05-08 | Electricite De France | Detection of cracks in stainless metal coating - using reference electrodes esp. used for nuclear cooling circuits |
US4496432A (en) * | 1983-06-27 | 1985-01-29 | At&T Technologies, Inc. | Electrolytic methods for enhancing contrast between metallic surfaces |
-
1967
- 1967-03-27 US US626019A patent/US3551801A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4006063A (en) * | 1970-10-08 | 1977-02-01 | Minas Ensanian | Method for measuring surface characteristics of metals and metalloids |
US3858114A (en) * | 1972-11-15 | 1974-12-31 | Hoffmann La Roche | Method and apparatus for the testing of protective linings |
US3863146A (en) * | 1972-12-05 | 1975-01-28 | Pfaudler Werke Ag | Measuring instrument for the electrical determination of damage to an enamel layer |
US3831085A (en) * | 1973-04-12 | 1974-08-20 | Hoffmann La Roche | Reactor vessel lining testing method and apparatus |
US4019129A (en) * | 1975-06-02 | 1977-04-19 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Metallic plating testing apparatus |
DE2751925A1 (en) * | 1976-11-26 | 1978-06-01 | Solvay | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE CORROSIVE, EROSIVE AND / OR INCRUSTING PROPERTIES OF A LIQUID |
FR2463929A1 (en) * | 1979-08-20 | 1981-02-27 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd | PROCESS FOR TESTING A PORTION OF BARE IRON OF A COATED STEEL SHEET OR A PROCESSED PRODUCT |
FR2468903A1 (en) * | 1979-10-26 | 1981-05-08 | Electricite De France | Detection of cracks in stainless metal coating - using reference electrodes esp. used for nuclear cooling circuits |
US4496432A (en) * | 1983-06-27 | 1985-01-29 | At&T Technologies, Inc. | Electrolytic methods for enhancing contrast between metallic surfaces |
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