US3536461A - Hydrotreated and raw shale oils of lowered pour points with longchain esters of styrene and maleic anhydride polymers - Google Patents
Hydrotreated and raw shale oils of lowered pour points with longchain esters of styrene and maleic anhydride polymers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3536461A US3536461A US679532A US3536461DA US3536461A US 3536461 A US3536461 A US 3536461A US 679532 A US679532 A US 679532A US 3536461D A US3536461D A US 3536461DA US 3536461 A US3536461 A US 3536461A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- pour point
- maleic anhydride
- styrene
- polymer
- esters
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
- C10L1/1966—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/14—Esterification
Definitions
- octandecanol esters of polymers of styrene and maleic anhydride which is highly effective for lowering the pour point of hydrotreated shale oils, but is not effective for lowering the pour point of raw shale oils.
- This invention relates to novel pour point depressant compositions and their use. More particularly, this invention relates to a method for lowering the pour point of shale oils by chemical additives, to novel pour point depressant compositions for shale oils and to shale oils of lowered pour point containing novel pour point depressant additives or compositions.
- esters of polymers of styrene and maleic anhydride are effective pour point depressants in shale oils. These esters are polymers of styrene and maleic anhydride esterified with a long chain fatty alkanol of 18 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably of 18 carbons, and mixtures of 20-22 carbons.
- the C ester from octadecanol is the particularly effective pour point depressant at low concentrations and is preferred.
- the higher esters C C are effective to lower the pour point of both raw and hydrotreated shale oil
- the C ester is effective to lower the pour point only in shale oil which has been at least mildly hydrotreated.
- These long chain fatty alcohol esters of styrene and maleic anhydride polymers are generally prepared in or added to a mineral base oil of lubricating viscosity for ease of handling and ready addition to the shale oils.
- the pour point depressant compositions can comprise a mineral base oil of lubricating viscosity containing the ester in substantial proportion, such as about 10% to about 50% and up to or more by weight.
- the mineral base oil can be solvent extracted or solvent refined oils obtained in accordance with conventional methods of solvent refining lubricating oils. Frequently, the viscosity of these mineral oils will be about 20 to 250 SUS at 210 F.
- the esters can be prepared in other solvents or without solvent and the esters thus prepared without solvent can be directly added to shale oils to effect lowering of the pour point.
- esters and the mineral base oil containing the esters can be incorporated into the shale oils merely by admixture or in any other conventional manner used for incorporating an additive into oils. If desired the esters and the mineral base oil containing the esters can be added to and dis solved in the shale oils at a mildly elevated temperature.
- Styrene and maleic anhydride can be polymerized to form polymers for use in this invention by conventional polymerization methods.
- Solution polymerization methods can be employed where the monomers are polymerized in a suitable solvent using as a polymerization catalyst a free-radical catalyst, such as a peroxide, preferably benzoyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide or an alkyl peroxy dicarbonate, at a temperature of about 75 to 300 C. or more.
- Suitable solvents include the aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as cumene, p-cymene, xylene, toluene, etc.
- Other suitable solvents are the ketones, such as methylethylketone.
- a preferred manner of carrying out the polymerization is by what is known as incremental feed addition.
- the monomers and catalysts are first dissolved in a portion of the solvent in which the polymerization is to be conducted and the resulting solution fed in increments into a reactor containing solvent heated to reaction temperature, usually the reflux temperature of the mixture.
- the formation of the polymer causes a heterogeneous system, the polymer layer being the heavier layer and recoverable by merely decanting the upper aromatic solvent layer and drying.
- the formed copolymer is usually soluble in the solvent media so that recovery of the product necessitates a solvent-stripping operation.
- the polymer contains a molar ratio of polymerized styrene to polymerized maleic anhydride of about 1:1 to 4:1 depending on the molar proportions of the monomers employed in the polymerization.
- e average molecular weight of the polymers can be about 500 to 5000, preferably 500 up to 2000, and more preferably within the range of about 500 to about 1600.
- the polymers containing a molar ratio of styrent to maleic anhydride of about 1:1 are most preferred.
- the polymers of styrene and maleic anhydride can be esterified with the C to C long chain fatty alcohols or their mixtures in a conventional manner.
- These long chain fatty alcohols include octadecanol, eicosanol, docosanol and other straight chain, especially l-alkanols, of 18 to 22 carbon atoms. It is often convenient to use mixtures of these long chain fatty alkanols, such as the C to C alkanols, to produce esters of polymers of styrent and maleic anhydride useful as shale oil pour point depressants of this invention.
- Esters having acid values or acid numbers of less than about 75 or even less than about 60 are desirable and those of less than about 35, based on 100% of polymer ester concentration, give maximum efficiency as pour poont depressants in shale oils, particularly with the octadecyl ester for use as a pour point depressant of hydrotreated shale oil.
- esters of higher acid number can be used, although not as effectively.
- pour points of shale oils are lowered by adding thereto a small amount, effective to lower the pour point of the shale oil, of a polymer of styrene and maleic anhydride esterified with the long chain fatty alcohol.
- Effective amounts of the esterified polymer to lower the pour point of shale oils are often within the range of about .01 to 2% by weight of the shale oil and preferably are within the range of about .05 to 0.5% by weight.
- ray shale oils containing a small amount as a pour point depressant of the Cgo-Czg esters, and hydrotreated shale oils containing a small amount of the C -C esters, and preferably the C esters have their normal pour points lowered.
- Raw shale oils have an API gravity generally of about 25 and often of about 15 percent N generally of about 1.5+ and often of about 4+; percent C residue generally of about 3+ and often of about viscosity at 122 F., kinematic, c.s.
- Hydrotreated shale oils have an API gravity generally of at least about 30 and often of at least about percent N generally of less than about 1% and often less than about 20 p.p.m.; percent C residue generally of less than about 0.05 and often less than about 0.005; viscosity at 122 F., kinematic, c.s. of generally less than about 5 and often of less than about 2.
- esters of this invention are excellent dspersants which do not separate from shale oil and that no pour point regeneration is apparent.
- the pour point depression of saile oil according to this invention is substantially permanent, i.e., pour points of shale oils containing the pour point depressants of this invention do not appear to increase with time.
- Samples for pour point determinations are prepared by adding Weighed amounts of the pour point depressant composition into known amounts of shale oil. Pour points are obtained using standard ASTM procedures.
- the following tabulation shows the reduction in pour point of a raw shale oil obtained with various weight per- 4 cent of the above pour point depressant composition, i.e., the mineral base oil containing 50% by weight of the ester.
- Additive concentration (Wt. percent) Pour point F.) of raw shale oil lldditive is 50 (wt) percent of active polymer ester.
- the product is a wax slurry, a 50% by Weight mixture of the C and C esters of the styrene and maleic anhydride polymer in the mineral base oil of lubricating viscosity.
- This pour point depressant composition having an acid number of 15.3 and specific density 0.86 is effective in reducing the pour point of various raw shale oils as shown in the following tabulation.
- Example II is repeated without the mineral base oil at a temperature of 180 F. for 2 hours and there is obtained a polymer of styrene and maleic anhydride esterified with the mixture of C and C alkanols.
- This ester has an acid number of 15.3 and at a 0.5 wt. percent concentration in raw shale oil lowers the pour point from the natural pour point of 85 F. to F. At the same concentration of 0.5 wt. percent in hydrotreated shale oil, the pour point of 70 F. is lowered to F.
- Example II The procedure of Example II is repeated using 0.075 mole of the styrene and maleic anhydride polymer and 0.150 mole of eicosanol in 62 grams of mineral base oil and 0.5 grams of p-toluene sulfonic acid. The reaction temperature of 120 C. is maintained for 6 hours. There is obtained the eicosanol ester of styrene and maleic anhydride polymer in mineral base oil.
- This pour point depressant composition has an acid number of 10.6 and at a 0.5 wt. percent concentration in raw shale oil lowers the natural pour point of 85 F. to 15 F. At the same concentration of 0.5% weight concentration in hydrotreated shale oil the pour point of 70 F. is lowered to 15 F.
- Example II The procedure of Example II is repeated using 0.15 mole of the styrene and maleic anhydride polymer and 0.3 mole of eicosanol in 133 grams of mineral base oil with no catalyst. The reaction temperature of 220 C. is maintained for 1 hour. There is obtained the eicosanol ester of styrene and maleic anhydride polymer in mineral base oil.
- This pour point depressant composition has an acid number of 27.2 and at a 0.5 wt. percent concentration lowers the pour point of hydrotreated shale oil from 70 F. to 35 F. but it not effective in raw shale oil.
- Example II The procedure of Example II is repeated using 0.2 mole of a styrene and maleic anhydride polymer having a 1:1 mole ratio of polymerized styrene to polymerized maleic anhydride with a molecular weight of approximately 1600. There is used 0.5 mole of the mixed C and C alcohols in 500 grams of mineral base oil with 1 gram of p-toluene sulfonic acid. The reaction temperature of 175 C. is maintained for 30 minutes. There is obtained the C C ester of the polymer in mineral base oil which has an acid number of 35.5.
- This pour point depressant composition at 0.5 wt. percent concentration in raw shale oil lowers its natural pour point of 85 F. to 15 F. and at the same concentration of 0.5 wt. percent in hydrotreated shale oil, it lowers the pour point of 70 F. to 15 F.
- EXAMPLE V The octadecyl ester of styrene and maleic anhydride polymer is prepared as follows:
- the following tabulation shows the reduction in pour point of a hydrotreated shale oil obtained with this pour point depressant composition having approximately 50% by weight of the octadecyl ester of styrene and maleic anhydride in mineral base oil.
- EXAMPLE VI Using the procedure of Example V, 0.5 mole of a polymer of styrene and maleic anhydride of 1:1 mole ratio and having an average molecular weight of about 1600 is esterified with 1 mole of l-octadecanol in 371 grams of mineral base oil with 2 grams of p-toluene sulfonic acid at a reaction temperature of 210 C. for 2 hours. The 50% by weight of the octadecyl ester in the mineral base oil has an acid number of 16.8. This pour point depression composition in 0.5 wt. percent concentration reduces the pour point of a severely hydrotreated shale oil from 30 F.
- pour point depressant compositions are used in 0.5% wt. concentration in hydrogenated shale oil having a pour point of 70 F. and the following tabulation of results is obtained showing that the esters having lower acid numbers produce greater pour point depressions:
- Hydrogenated shale oil containmg 0.5 wt. percent depressant composition N0. 1 No. 2 No.3 No. 4
- a shale oil composition of lowered pour point comprising a hydrotreated shale oil having incorporated therein a small amount, effective to lower the pour point of said hydrotreated shale oil, of an ester of a styrene and maleic anhydride polymer and an alcohol selected from the group consisting of long chain fatty alkanols of 18 to 22 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof, said polymer prior to esterification containing a molar ratio of polymerized styrene to polymerized maleic anhydride of about 1:1 to 4:1 and having an average molecular weight within the range of about 500 to 5000, said hydrotreated shale oil having an API gravity of at least about 30; nitrogen content of less than about 1%; percent carbon residue of less than about 0.05; and kinematic viscosity at 122 F. of less than about 5 cs.
- a shale oil composition of claim 1 wherein said polymer prior to esterification contains a molar ratio of polymerized styrene to polymerized maleic anhydride of about 1:1 and has an average molecular weight within the range of about 500 to 2000.
- a shale oil composition of lowered pour point comprising a hydrotreated shale oil having incorporated therein a small amount, effective to lower the pour point of said hydrotreated shale oil, of an ester of a styrene and maleic anhydride polymer and l-octadecanol, said polymer prior to esterification containing a molar ratio of polymerized styrene to polymerized maleic anhydride of about 1:1 and having an average molecular weight Within the range of about 500 to 2000, said hydrotreated shale oil having an API gravity of at least about 30; nitrogen content of less than about 1%; percent carbon residue of less than about 0.05; and kinematic viscosity at 122 F. of less than about 5 cs.
- a shale oil composition of lowered pour point comprising a raw shale oil having incorporated therein a small amount, effective to lower the pour point of said raw shale oil, of an ester of a styrene and maleic anhydride polymer and an alcohol selected from the group consisting of long chain fatty alkanols of to 22 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof with the proviso that when said alkanol has 20 carbon atoms, said esterified polymer has an acid number of less than about 35, based on 100% of polymer ester concentration, said polymer prior to esterification containing a molar ratio of polymerized styrene to polymerized maleic anhydride of about 1:1 to 4:1 and having an average molecular weight within the range of about 500 to 5000.
- a shale oil composition of lowered pour point comprising a raw shale oil having incorporated therein a small amount, effective to lower the pour point of said raw shale oil, of an ester of a styrene and maleic anhydride polymer and a mixture of long chain fatty alkanols of 20 and 22 carbon atoms, said polymer prior to esterification containing a molar ratio of polymerized styrene to polymerized maleic anhydride of about 1:1 and having an average molecular weight within the range of about 500 to 2000.
Description
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US67953267A | 1967-10-31 | 1967-10-31 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US3536461A true US3536461A (en) | 1970-10-27 |
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US679532A Expired - Lifetime US3536461A (en) | 1967-10-31 | 1967-10-31 | Hydrotreated and raw shale oils of lowered pour points with longchain esters of styrene and maleic anhydride polymers |
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Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4058371A (en) * | 1976-05-25 | 1977-11-15 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Polymer combinations useful in distillate hydrocarbon oils to improve cold flow properties |
US4284414A (en) * | 1980-10-14 | 1981-08-18 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Mixed alkyl esters of interpolymers for use in crude oils |
US4604221A (en) * | 1982-07-06 | 1986-08-05 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Nitrogen-containing esters and lubricants containing them |
US4654403A (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1987-03-31 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Polymeric compositions comprising olefin polymer and nitrogen containing ester of a carboxy interpolymer |
US4722947A (en) * | 1985-08-05 | 1988-02-02 | Pony Industries, Inc. | Production of radiation curable partial esters of anhydride-containing copolymers |
US4745138A (en) * | 1985-08-05 | 1988-05-17 | Pony Industries, Inc. | Radiation curable partial esters of anhydride-containing copolymers |
US5283235A (en) * | 1992-03-17 | 1994-02-01 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Compositions containing esters of carboxy-containing interpolymers and methods of using the same |
WO1995004122A1 (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1995-02-09 | Unilever N.V. | Fractionation of triglyceride oils |
US5621125A (en) * | 1993-07-30 | 1997-04-15 | Van Den Bergh Foods Co., Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Fractionation of triglyceride oils utilizing ceramide-base crystallization modifiers |
US5637557A (en) * | 1992-03-17 | 1997-06-10 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Compositions containing derivatives of succinic acylating agent or hydroxyaromatic compounds and methods of using the same |
US5703023A (en) * | 1991-12-24 | 1997-12-30 | Ethyl Corporation | Lubricants with enhanced low temperature properties |
US5872270A (en) * | 1994-12-23 | 1999-02-16 | Van Den Bergh Foods Company, Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Fractionation of triglyceride oils |
US6162934A (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 2000-12-19 | Lipton, Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Fractionation of triglyceride fats |
US6174843B1 (en) | 1990-08-13 | 2001-01-16 | Nalco Chemical Company | Composition and method for lubricant wax dispersant and pour point improver |
US6719053B2 (en) | 2001-04-30 | 2004-04-13 | Bj Services Company | Ester/monoester copolymer compositions and methods of preparing and using same |
US7067599B2 (en) | 1998-12-02 | 2006-06-27 | Infineum International Ltd. | Fuel oil additives and compositions |
WO2014093067A1 (en) | 2012-12-10 | 2014-06-19 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Olefin-acrylate polymers in refinery and oilfield applications |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2978395A (en) * | 1954-10-01 | 1961-04-04 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Gamma ray polymerization of styrene with unsaturated esters |
-
1967
- 1967-10-31 US US679532A patent/US3536461A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2978395A (en) * | 1954-10-01 | 1961-04-04 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Gamma ray polymerization of styrene with unsaturated esters |
Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4058371A (en) * | 1976-05-25 | 1977-11-15 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Polymer combinations useful in distillate hydrocarbon oils to improve cold flow properties |
US4284414A (en) * | 1980-10-14 | 1981-08-18 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Mixed alkyl esters of interpolymers for use in crude oils |
US4604221A (en) * | 1982-07-06 | 1986-08-05 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Nitrogen-containing esters and lubricants containing them |
US4654403A (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1987-03-31 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Polymeric compositions comprising olefin polymer and nitrogen containing ester of a carboxy interpolymer |
US4722947A (en) * | 1985-08-05 | 1988-02-02 | Pony Industries, Inc. | Production of radiation curable partial esters of anhydride-containing copolymers |
US4745138A (en) * | 1985-08-05 | 1988-05-17 | Pony Industries, Inc. | Radiation curable partial esters of anhydride-containing copolymers |
US6174843B1 (en) | 1990-08-13 | 2001-01-16 | Nalco Chemical Company | Composition and method for lubricant wax dispersant and pour point improver |
US5703023A (en) * | 1991-12-24 | 1997-12-30 | Ethyl Corporation | Lubricants with enhanced low temperature properties |
US5637557A (en) * | 1992-03-17 | 1997-06-10 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Compositions containing derivatives of succinic acylating agent or hydroxyaromatic compounds and methods of using the same |
US5283235A (en) * | 1992-03-17 | 1994-02-01 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Compositions containing esters of carboxy-containing interpolymers and methods of using the same |
US5602265A (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1997-02-11 | Van Den Bergh Foods Co., Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Fractionation of triglyceride oils |
EP0805196A1 (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1997-11-05 | Unilever Plc | Fractionation of triglyceride oils |
WO1995004122A1 (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1995-02-09 | Unilever N.V. | Fractionation of triglyceride oils |
AU699661B2 (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1998-12-10 | Unilever Plc | Fractionation of triglyceride oils |
US5621125A (en) * | 1993-07-30 | 1997-04-15 | Van Den Bergh Foods Co., Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Fractionation of triglyceride oils utilizing ceramide-base crystallization modifiers |
US5872270A (en) * | 1994-12-23 | 1999-02-16 | Van Den Bergh Foods Company, Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Fractionation of triglyceride oils |
US6162934A (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 2000-12-19 | Lipton, Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Fractionation of triglyceride fats |
US7067599B2 (en) | 1998-12-02 | 2006-06-27 | Infineum International Ltd. | Fuel oil additives and compositions |
US6719053B2 (en) | 2001-04-30 | 2004-04-13 | Bj Services Company | Ester/monoester copolymer compositions and methods of preparing and using same |
WO2014093067A1 (en) | 2012-12-10 | 2014-06-19 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Olefin-acrylate polymers in refinery and oilfield applications |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: PONY INDUSTRIES, INC., A CORP. OF DE. Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ATLANTIC RICHFIELD COMPANY, A DE. CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004659/0926 Effective date: 19861219 Owner name: CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, N.A., THE, A NATIONAL BANKIN Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PONY INDUSTRIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004796/0001 Effective date: 19861206 Owner name: CIT GROUP/BUSINESS CREDIT, INC., THE, A NEW YORK C Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PONY INDUSTRIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004796/0001 Effective date: 19861206 Owner name: MANUFACTURES HANOVER TRUST COMPANY, A NEW YORK CO Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PONY INDUSTRIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004796/0001 Effective date: 19861206 |
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Owner name: PONY INDUSTRIES, INC., A CORP. OF DE Free format text: RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:MANUFACTURERS HANOVER TRUST COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:005110/0013 Effective date: 19890310 |