US3455683A - Method of making reticle using a three-layer photoelectric element - Google Patents

Description

July 15, 1969 ac. LETTER METHOD OF MAKING RETICLE USING A THREE LAYER PHOTOELECTRIC ELEMENT Filed Aug. 5, 1964 N-BU EUGENE C,

L E TTER I N V EN TOR V-ZMQFM ATTORNE 3,455,683 METHOD OF MAKING RETICLE USING A THREE- LAYER PHOTOELECTRIC ELEMENT Eugene C. Letter, Penfield, N.Y., assignor to Bausch &

Lomb Incorporated, Rochester, N.Y., a corporation of New York Filed Aug. 5, 1964, Ser. No. 387,658 Int. Cl. G03g 5/04, 5/00, 7/00 US. Cl. 961 1 Claim ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE The present invention relates to a novel photosensitive element which is particularly applicable for information recording and further to a novel method and apparatus for recording information.

The increased interest in the fields of electronics, computers, and high speed data recording and detecting systems has produced a demand for high speed high resolution films which are not only optically activated in accordance with the speed requirements but also may be electronically developed. The advantages of such films are numerous. For example, the chemical development and the accompanying apparatus and time delay as encountered in silver halide emulsions and other common photographic processes is eliminated since development is almost instantaneous by a completely dry process. Furthermore, the films high resolution allows a relatively large amount of information to be stored on a relatively small area. Such features are particularly advantageous for aerial photography, data storage and other purposes.

The methods and apparatus for carrying out the present invention are relatively simple and may be produced and practiced in a manner which is presently thought to make these systems commercially competitive with conventional systems. Furthermore, the present elements, methods and apparatus are thought to be exceptionally versatile, so that their applications should extend over a wide range of potential uses. These uses extend from the very complex computer systems to the highly competitive oifice copiers.

Briefly, the photosensitive element according to the present invention comprises a multi-layer film. The film includes an electron sensitive layer, an electrical conducting layer and a photoconductive layer separating the electron sensitive layer from the electrical conducting layer. Preselected areas of the film are exposed to a light flux causing the photosensitive layer to become conductive. The electron sensitive film is then exposed to an electron bombardment of between 10010,000 volts and preferably with the range of 10002000 volts. Those areas on the electron sensitive film which are electrically connected to the electron conducting layer by the exposed area of the photocon- 3,455,633 Patented July 15, 1969 ice ductive layer are preferentially colored by the electron bombardment. The apparatus for recording data will, therefore, include illumination means adapted to expose preselected areas of the element and means for bombarding the film with electrons.

The invention will now be described in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a photosensitive element according to a first embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an element according to a second embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view illustrating apparatus for recording information according to one embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view illustrating another form of the invention.

A photosensitive element shown in FIG. 1 includes a substrate 2 or base for supporting a multi-layer film. The substrate may comprise a glass plate or in other cases may comprise a flexible film similar to the type commercially used for commercial photographic films. An electron conducting film 4 is disposed on the base 2 and may comprise, for example, a film of tin oxide, indium oxide, or cadmium oxide or a thin semi-transparent coating of metal such as gold, copper, etc. On top of the layer 4 there is a photoconductive film 6. The film 6 may consist essentially of zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium sulfide, or other photoconductive material including the organic photoconductors. Any photoconductive material may be used, however, the selection of the photoconductive material depends in part on the spectral region of the actuating light flux. The thickness of the film 6 is determined by the materials dark conductivity, photoconductivity and by its optical properties such as absorption and index of refraction. For example, the dark conductivity must be sufiiciently low to prevent the unexposed areas from coloring during exposure. The photoconductive film separates the electron conducting film 4 from an electron sensitive film 8 and is contiguous with both of the films 4 and 8.

The electron sensitive film may preferably comprise a lead fluoride film, a sodium chloride film, or a film of PbO-SiO /2 PbF The electron sensitive film may also comprise an alkali metal halide including the halides of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium or an alkaline earth halide including the halides of berilium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium. The halides or oxides of copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, antimony and bismuth may also 'be used for the electron sensitive film. Those compounds having a relatively dark color will preferably be avoided since the change in optical desnity may be insufficient for some applications.

The alkali metal halides have been found to form F centers readily, see for example Color Centers in Solids by Schulman and Compton (Macmillan Co., 1962). Other centers including the colloidal centers may also be formed. The colloidal centers may be preferred in some cases since they produce a greater change in optical properties. For example, exposing a film of sodium chloride to electrons produces a yellow brown coloration due to the formation of F centers. Additional exposure of the yellow brown film to electrons changes the yellow brown color to a blue or blue violet color due to the formation of colloidal sodium centers.

The halides or oxides of the metals selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, antimony and bismuth produce colloidal centers upon exposure to an electron beam which has a potential of 1000 to 5000 volts. It is also possible to combine the compounds of the latter group with each other or with the compounds of the first to form other satisfactory materials and to obtain particularly desirable properties. For example, a glass comprising 0.5 PbF -1 PbO-l Si also forms colloidal lead centers upon exposure to electron bombardment. In glasses of this type the mole fraction of the lead fluoride has been varied between 0.1 and 0.8.

It has been found that the film 8 may be colored by bombarding the film with electrons. However, only. those areas 8 of the film 8 which are grounded by the exposed areas 6' will be colored by the electron bombardment. Accordingly, preselected areas of the film 6 are exposed to a light flux. Those areas may define an image of relatively high resolution. The light flux changes the electrical characteristics of the photoconductive film so that the conductance of the exposed areas increases relative to the intensity of the light flux. The exposed areas 6' become conductors and ground adjacent areas 8' of the electron sensitive film 8 by connecting those areas to the film 4. Accordingly, electron bombardment produces a dark color of unusually high resolution in those selected areas.

The elements described above may be produced by placing a glass substrate in a vacuum chamber and reducing the pressure therein to about 1 to 2 times 10 millimicrons or less and evaporating a metal layer such as aluminum, gold, copper or other conducting films onto the substrate. A photoconductive layer such as zinc oxide or lead oxide is built up onto the conductive layer. After a sufficient thickness is obtained a transparent layer of an electron sensitive film such as lead fluoride is evaporated onto the photoconductor. For fine resolution, evaporated photoconductive films are preferred to powdered, sintered or other films of coarse grain structure. Additional details on photoconductive films are contained in the text of Richard H. Bube, Photoconductivity of Solids, 1960, John Wiley & Son, and Contact Influence on the Photoconductivity of Lead Oxide by L. Heijne, The Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 22, 2072l2, December 1961.

The element according to the first embodiment of the invention may be considered to be a transmitting element in its uncolored condition. Accordingly, a light source may be disposed on either side of the element and still operate effectively for exposing the photoconducting film 6. However, the source of electrons should be so constructed and arranged that the film 8 will be bombarded by the electrons.

In some cases it is also desirable to coat the bombarded film with an anti-reflecting film of magnesium fluoride. For example, in manufacturing a reticle for an optical system, the coating would not only improve the optical characteristics of the element, but would also improve its durability by providing a relatively hard film to thereby improve the scratch resistance of the element.

An element according to a second embodiment of the invention is shown more clearly in FIG. 2. The element is a reflecting element which may comprise a glass base 12 having a conducting film 14 deposited thereon. Even though the preferred form of the second embodiment includes a glass base, it is readily possible to use an aluminum or other metal plate as the first conducting layer. In that case the aluminum will act as a conducting film and as a suitable substrate. A photoconductive film 18 is deposited onto the conducting film 14 and separates the film 14 from an electron sensitive film 16.

Preselected portions of the film 18 are exposed to light to thereby render those portions conducting. The light strikes the plate on the same side as the electron beam. Subsequent exposure to electron bombardment colors those portions of the film 16 which are grounded by means of the exposed areas of the film 18.

Interference effects have been obtained with various embodiments. In those cases the absorption characteristics together with the interference effects greatly enhance or increase the color change. These effects are most readily obtained with the reflecting elements, however, may also be obtained in a transmitting element by proper choice of materials which have suitable indices of refraction and applying those materials at predetermined thicknesses. The thicknesses and indices are selected in accordance with the conventional techniques used in manufacturing interference filters. In general the electron bombarded areas Will have the highest indices of refraction of the multilayer.

The apparatus shown more clearly in FIG. 3 includes a source of electrons 30 such as an electron gun. A light source 32 and means such as a movable mask 34 and objective lens 36 for exposing preselected areas of a photosensitive element 38 are provided. In other cases an image may be projected onto the film to thereby expose the preselected areas. In using the apparatus as a camera, the control of electrons or gas discharge may be used for the shuttering operation. Accordingly, the mechanical shutter may be eliminated in those cases wherein the electron sensitive material is not photosensitive.

The element 38 includes a transparent electrically conducting film 39 which is maintained at a positive potential with respect to the electron source and which is grounded, a photoconductive layer 40 and an electron sensitive layer 41. An electron bombardment changes the color of the layer 41 in those areas which are connected to the ground by means of the exposed photoconductive layer 40.

FIG. 4 illustrates another form of the invention wherein an objective lens 50, light source 51 and movable mask 52 are adapted to exposed preselected areas of a photosensitive film 53 through a semi-transparent electrically conducting film 54 which is connected to ground. The exposed areas ground adjacent areas on an electron sensitive film 55. The film 55 is then bombarded by electrons from a glow discharge within the cell 56. The gas pressure within the cell is between 1 to 50 microns to thereby facilitate the exposure of the electron sensitive surface to the discharge. Generally the cell is filled with an inert gas, however other gases and gaseous mixtures including air, nitrogen and hydrogen may be used. The electrons enter the cell by means of an electrode 57. In some cases a grid 58 is provided in order to obtain a more uniform bombardment. A transparent cell of this type may be illuminated from either direction however, the cell may incorporate a reflecting element. In those cases wherein a reflecting element is used, the grid should be so constructed and arranged that it does not adversely effect the illumination or readout steps.

While the invention has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention may be modified or embodied in other forms without departing from the scope of the appended claim.

What is claimed is:

1. A method for making a reticle comprising the steps of providing a photoelectric element including three solid layers superimposed in contiguous relation having an electron conductive layer, an electron sensitive layer selected from the group consisting of lead fluoride, sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, and PbO-SiO XPbF wherein X is within the range of 0.1 to 0.8 and a photoconductive layer separating said electron conductive layer and said electron sensitive layer, coating said electron sensitive layer with a magnesium fluoride film, imaging a reticle pattern onto the photoconductive layer to thereby increase the conductivity of the imaged portions of the photoconductive layer, and bombarding the photoelectric element with electrons to thereby change the color of the portions of the electron sensitive layer aligned with the portions of the photoco ductive layer receiving said 2,021,286 2/1962 Etze l et a1. 250-83 image to produce a reticle pattern on the electron sensitive 3,051,860 8/ 1962 Haine et a1. 250- 49 5 layer, 3,085,051 4/1963 Hamm et a1. 204-18 References Cited 3,088,883 5/1963 Robillard 204 18 UNITED STATES PATENTS 5 FOREIGN PATENTS 2,451,292 10/1948 Leverenz 252 301.4 X 188930 10/1922 Great Britaini f gi 3%? NORMAN G. TORCHIN, Primary Examiner 2:764:693 9/1956 Jacobs e t ;11 961 10 COOPER Assistant Examiner 2,866,903 12/1958 Berchtold 250 65 80, 83; 252301.4

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