US3392400A - System for recording digital information - Google Patents

System for recording digital information Download PDF

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Publication number
US3392400A
US3392400A US601797A US60179766A US3392400A US 3392400 A US3392400 A US 3392400A US 601797 A US601797 A US 601797A US 60179766 A US60179766 A US 60179766A US 3392400 A US3392400 A US 3392400A
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Prior art keywords
grating
film
pattern
information
gratings
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Expired - Lifetime
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US601797A
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English (en)
Inventor
Robert L Lamberts
George C Higgins
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US306057A external-priority patent/US3312955A/en
Priority to JP39047185A priority Critical patent/JPS4823690B1/ja
Priority to FR986347A priority patent/FR1412582A/fr
Priority to GB35875/64A priority patent/GB1082407A/en
Priority to DE1964E0027710 priority patent/DE1280581C2/de
Priority to CH1148664A priority patent/CH434831A/fr
Priority to CH359867A priority patent/CH445162A/fr
Application filed by Eastman Kodak Co filed Critical Eastman Kodak Co
Priority to US601797A priority patent/US3392400A/en
Publication of US3392400A publication Critical patent/US3392400A/en
Application granted granted Critical
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C17/00—Read-only memories programmable only once; Semi-permanent stores, e.g. manually-replaceable information cards
    • G11C17/005—Read-only memories programmable only once; Semi-permanent stores, e.g. manually-replaceable information cards with a storage element common to a large number of data, e.g. perforated card
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
    • G11C13/04—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using optical elements ; using other beam accessed elements, e.g. electron or ion beam
    • G11C13/042—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using optical elements ; using other beam accessed elements, e.g. electron or ion beam using information stored in the form of interference pattern
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
    • G11C13/04—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using optical elements ; using other beam accessed elements, e.g. electron or ion beam
    • G11C13/048—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using optical elements ; using other beam accessed elements, e.g. electron or ion beam using other optical storage elements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to information storage and retrieval, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for recording digital data on an informaiton record in the form of a plurality of superimposed diffraction grating patterns.
  • an item of information is represented by a combination of a group of binary bits.
  • the presence or absence of a bit indicates one or the other of the two ordinal values (0 or 1) for each numerical digit appearing in each of a series of predetermined digit positions. Since most physical devices have two distinct states, for example, punched tape or card (hole or no hole), magnetic tape (magnetized or not magnetized area), relays (open or closed), photographic film (exposed or unexposed area), etc., these binary states can be used to indicate the presence or absence of one or more bits, thereby designating different items of information by different combinations of such binary conditions.
  • An important object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for recording items of information ice on a photosensitive medium which permits more information to be recorded per unit area and a maximum use to be made of the resolving power of the medium.
  • Another object of the invention is to use a composite pattern of superimposed diffraction gratings to record an item of information on a photosensitive medium.
  • Still another object of the invention is to convert a combination of electrical signals representing an item of information into a photographic record in the form of a plurality of superimposed diffraction gratings.
  • the spectral lines formed by one uniform grating of a particular spatial frequency are exactly similar to those formed by another grating of a different spatial frequency, except as to divergence, and so, with a monochromatic light source, the angle of the diverging beam from the grating for each spectral order increases as the grating interval decreases. Therefore, for any selected frequency of source light, the positions of the first order spectral lines formed by a plurality of different gratings will vary in accordance with their respective grating intervals.
  • use of the high resolution of photographic film for information recording and retrieval is made by forming an image which can be accurately read out in spite of small pieces of dirt or scratches on the film. This is accomplished by exposing the film to a composite pattern which comprises a plurality of uniform gratings with different intervals, each representing the presence of a respective bit of the item of information.
  • a composite pattern which comprises a plurality of uniform gratings with different intervals, each representing the presence of a respective bit of the item of information.
  • each of the first order spectra that is formed corresponds to a respective one of the uni-form grating patterns. Since the composite pattern comprises the sum of the uniform gratings having different grating intervals, the presence or absence of a given first order spectrum can be used to represent the presence or absence of a corresponding binary bit.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an optical system in which a photographic line grating is used as a diffraction grating;
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of an optical system in which a photographic line grating having spatially varying opacity is used as a composite diffraction grating;
  • FIGS. 3-5 are representations of a single zero order spectral line and a group of first order spectral lines showing the relation of the first order spectral lines derived from photographic line gratings having different grating intervals;
  • FIG. 6 is a representation of the same item of information encoded on'film, in the upper portion of the figure, in the form of discrete bits in accordance with prior art teachings, and in the lower portion of the figure, in accordance with the invention herein in the form of a composite pattern comprising a plurality of grating patterns, each having its own discrete periodic structure;
  • FIGS. 79 are perspective views of different systems for recording an item of information on film as a composite pattern comprising a plurality of grating patterns
  • FIG. is a perspective view of apparatus for reading out information recorded on photographic film in the form of composite patterns of a plurality of superimposed diffraction gratings;
  • FIG. 11 is a perspective View of a coherently illuminated optical system for producing a composite pattern having spatially varying opacity
  • FIG. 12 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the coherently illuminated optical system shown in FIG. 10.
  • a photographic line grating 10 can be used as a diffraction grating to provide a zero order spectral line and a first order spectral line. This is accomplished when a monochromatic light source 11 is used to illuminate a slit 12 in a mask or plate 13, the slit being imaged by means of a lens 14 coincident with the zero order line.
  • the photographic grating 10 is placed at the lens aperture so that first and higher order spectral lines are formed alongside the slit image. By placing a photocell 15 in the position of either of the first order lines, it can be determined whether or not there is a particular grating pattern in the lens aperture.
  • FIG. 2- A similar system is disclosed in FIG. 2- in which a composite photographic pattern comprises a plurality of grating patterns, each having a unique, uniform grating interval.
  • a composite photographic pattern comprises a plurality of grating patterns, each having a unique, uniform grating interval.
  • a number of first order spectral lines appear which correspond to the number of uniform grating patterns forming the composite pattern.
  • a group of photocells 21 can be arranged in the equivalent positions of the first order spectral lines to convert the number of spectral lines formed by pattern 20 into a corresponding number of electrical signals.
  • the distance from the zero order spectral line, that is, the direct image, to any one of the first order spectral lines is inversely proportional to the grating interval of its respective grating pattern. If the ratio of the maximum to the minimum grating interval is less than two, the possibility of second order spectral lines falling in the same position as the first order spectral lines is eliminated.
  • the second order spectral lines can also be eliminated by choosing a group of grating intervals such that the second order spectral lines transmitted thereby lie between the first order spectral lines of other grating intervals in the same group.
  • the second order spectral lines are usually not of sufficient brightness to trigger a photocell so as to produce a spurious signal.
  • the first order spectral lines are, therefore, indicative of the grating intervals that have actually been used to form the composite pattern.
  • the grating interval for producing the 120 cycle per millimeter line has not been recorded and similarly, in FIG. 5, the grating interval for producing the 90 cycle per millimeter line has not been recorded. Accordingly, any combination of the first order spectral lines can be obtained and are spaced in accordance with the combination of the grating intervals used to form the composite pattern.
  • FIG. 6 the upper portion thereof shows the placement of clear and opaque code bits such as those which might appear as a digital numeral on one of the prior art photographic data records referred to above.
  • Each particular bit occupies a discrete area of the film, and its presence or absence is indicative of the ordinal value (in a binary system: 0 or 1) for each ordered digit position of a six digit number (plus a seventh bit serving as a timing mark).
  • the upper portion of FIG. 6 illustrates these prior art bits of a size which would be required if they were recorded (as is possible with present day photographic film) packing about one million (IO bits per square inch. Since the size of an individual bit is 10 high and 30p.
  • FIG. 6 shows a corresponding seven-bit numeral stored at the same packing density (10 bits per sq. inch) and recorded as a composite grating according to the invention herein. Since the grating extends throughout the entire discrete area alotted to the numeral, and since once a relatively small portion of the over-all width of this composite grating is necessary to produce all of the first order spectral lines referred to above, it can be seen that tolerances for film movement are increased greatly. For the same reason, a scratch or piece of dirt covering even a substantial portion of the composite grating will not obliterate or alter the information, since all of the first order spectral lines will still be formed by the remaining portions of the grating.
  • Data may be recorded in the form of the abovedescribed composite patterns of superimposed diffraction gratings by the novel method disclosed herein, and the preferred embodiment of apparatus for recording information in accordance with this method is illustrated in FIG. 7, While further embodiments of such apparatus are shown in FIGS. 8, 9, 11 and 12.
  • information can be presented on the screen of a cathode ray tube by varying the density of the electron beam, which produces a change in the intensity of the spot of light on the face of the tube. If the intensity is made to change in accordance with some intelligence, the result is intensity modulation. Such modulation can be used to produce a series of equally spaced bright spots on the face of the tube which are indicative of equal periods of time. This can be accomplished by applying a cyclically repetitive signal to the cathode ray tube in such a way that the intensity of the trace is increased at regular intervals.
  • the trace on the face of the tube 30 is a series of bright spots representative of the algebraic sum of the frequencies produced by the gated oscillators.
  • a cylindrical lens 31 is optically aligned with the trace on the face of tube 30 for converting the series of spots to a pattern of lines which, in effect, is a composite grating pattern that is imaged by a lens 32 on a photo-sensitive medium, such as film strip 33.
  • the film strip 33 can be moved continuously or intermittently in a longitudinal direction in accordance with the size of the pattern, or an optical system can be used which will display a number of such line patterns successively across the film in conjunction with the longitudinal movement of the film.
  • the film strip 3-3 can be positioned within the cathode ray tube 30 and exposed directly by the electron beam.
  • the resulting image is a composite pattern of spatially varying opacity comprising a plurality of grating patterns, each pattern having a unique, uniform grating interval in accordance with the frequency of its respective oscillator.
  • a composite grating pattern is illustrated in the lower portion of FIG. 6.
  • oscillators 29 can also be gated by signals derived from information encoded on a magnetic tape, photographic film, punched cards, etc., or by signals derived from a computer or any other signal producing means. If the item of information on the medium from which the signals are derived for gating the oscillators is not compatible with the oscillator frequencies, a matrix circuit can be used to convert such signals to a combination usable by the oscillators.
  • an optical plate 40 which comprises an array of areas having variable transmittance characteristics is imaged by a lens 41 on a film strip 42.
  • the plate 40 comprises an array of a number of gratings 43 having different grating intervals, or a number of members having different sinusoidal cross sections.
  • each grating or member has a predetermined transmission characteristic such that, when illuminated, it transmits a line pattern of light in which the lines are uniformly spaced.
  • each grating 43 is illuminated by an individual flash lamp 44 and condenser system 45, only three of which are shown, the lamps 44 being energized by a corresponding photocell which can be arranged in the same manner as shown in FIG.
  • the lamps can be energized by a group of signals transmitted directly thereto from a signal producing means as set forth above.
  • the light passing through any one of gratings 43 emerges as a line pattern of light, the lines being uniformly spaced in accordance with its respective gratings.
  • the pattern is imaged and reduced in size by lens 41.
  • Each such pattern can be superimposed on one another by taking advantage of the film movement, whereby the top pattern is exposed first and subsequent exposures are delayed until the film is moved to a position in which the next pattern is imaged.
  • a composite pattern is obtained, which is a plurality of superimposed grating patterns, and has spatially varying opacity.
  • the grating patterns are derived from those of gratings 43 that are actually illuminated.
  • a cylindrical lens 47 and a mask having a slit or aperture 48 can be arranged in the optical system, as shown in FIG. 9.
  • This modification allows all of the patterns formed by any combination of the gratings 43 to be exposed simultaneously.
  • the test objects 43 are formed on the film 42 by objective lens 41.
  • the other azimuth that is, the vertical azimuth
  • the images of each of the test objects 43 are spread and are all superimposed.
  • lenses 47 and 41 image the slit 48 onto the film in the vertical azimuth and lens 47 images the test objects 43 into the aperture of lens 41 in the same azimuth.
  • the gratings 43 are not in sharp focus in a vertical direction, it is possible with this system to use either type of grating, that is, one of variable transmittance or one of variable area. The same result can be attained by light that is reflected from gratings 43 as well as light transmitted through the gratings.
  • the information recording method and apparatus claimed herein may be incorporated in a data storage and retrieval system which includes apparatus for reading-out data recorded on a storage medium in the form of the above-described composite patterns of superimposed diffraction gratings.
  • a data storage and retrieval system which includes apparatus for reading-out data recorded on a storage medium in the form of the above-described composite patterns of superimposed diffraction gratings.
  • FIG. 10 To facilitate appreciation of the invention herein, reference is now made to an embodiment of such read-out apparatus schematically illustrated in FIG. 10. Most simply, the presence or absence of first order spectral lines derived from a composite pattern can be determined by placing photocells in the positions of the first order spectral lines as described above and shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. However, for small code areas, it is necessary to provide a system for illuminating only one of the composite patterns on the film at a time.
  • Such a system comprise a slit 50 in a mask or plate 51 which is illuminated by a high-pressure mercury lamp 52, the arc being projected onto the slit 50 by a lens 53.
  • the slit is then imaged by a lens 54 to form a real image 55 in space and this image is then projected by a lens 56 onto a group of photocells 57 that are positioned behind a film strip 58 and in the focal plane of lens 56.
  • the lens 56 also images a slit 59 in a mask or plate 60 onto the film so that the area actually illuminated is a reduced image of the slit 59 and corresponding to the area on the film that is to be decoded.
  • a coherent system of illumination for the grating on film 58 is effectively formed, as described hereinbelow.
  • a cylindrical lens, not shown, can be placed behind the film to concentrate the light along the length of the first order lines thereby collecting it more etfectively onto the photocells.
  • FIG. 11 A simple coherently illuminated optical system is shown in FIG. 11 for producing a composite pattern of a particular combination of grating intervals from a composite pattern comprising the full combination of the same grating intervals.
  • a slit 65 in a mask 66 is illuminated by a point source 67 and the illuminated slit is imaged by a lens 68 in the aperture of an objective lens 69.
  • a line spectrum 71 is formed in the aperture of the objective 69 comprising a single zero order spectral line and a group of seven first order spectral lines, as shown in FIG. 11. It can be shown theoretically that when these spectral lines are entirely within the lens aperture, there is no loss in the quality of an image 72 formed by the objective 69, provided the objective is substantially free from aberration.
  • the image 72 that is formed by objective 69 is a reduced replica of the composite pattern 70 which can be imaged on a photosensitive medium.
  • any combination of grating intervals can be obtained by appropriately shuttering the first order spectral lines imaged in the objective aperture by means of a shutter responsive to a combination of electrical signals, each of which corresponds to one of the first order spectral lines. It is essential, however, that any shutter that is used must be of such a structure that it does not distort the light waves passing through it.
  • the pattern presented by either type of grating 43 or cathode ray tube 30 produces a diffraction grating pattern on the photosensitive medium or film which is of spatially varying opacity.
  • the same systems can also be used to provide a phase grating pattern on a film which is of variable thickness and, when illuminated, produces a corresponding number of first order spectral lines.
  • FIG. 12 a coherent optical system is shown which is a variation of the above-described system shown in FIG. 11 in that a series of individual gratings 75, such as described above with respect to FIGS. 8 and 9 is used, and each of the individual gratings is coherently illuminated.
  • a cylindrical lens 76 is positioned in front of a slit 77 in a mask 78 in such a Way that a lens 79 images the slit 77 in one dimension onto the gratings 75, the slit 77 being illuminated by a point source 80.
  • the remaining part of the system can be the same as that shown in FIG.
  • slit 77 which includes a lens 81 for imaging the gratings '75 on a film strip 82, or can be modified with a second cylindrical lens, as shown in FIG. 9. Since the slit 77 is imaged on the gratings 75, only a portion of the slit illuminates each grating. A series of shutters, not shown, can be placed along the slit 77 to control illumination of any combination of the grating 75. Because a narrow slit is used, a movement of only a few thousandths of an inch would be required to obscure any one of the gratings 75 so that this shuttering can be done mechanically.
  • an item of information can be stored as a composite pattern of indicia comprising a plurality of diffraction grating patterns exposed in superimposed relation onto a high quality film, each pattern having a unique, uniform grating interval corresponding to one of the bits in the digital data representative of the item of information.
  • the composite pattern of indicia is used as a diffraction grating to form a number of first order spectral lines which correspond to the particular combination of digital bits representative of the items of information recorded.
  • This system has the ad vantage that, while data may be recorded on photosensitive storage media at very high packing densities, the image corresponding to an item of information can be read out accurately and is not destroyed or changed by small pieces of dirt or scratches on the film. Furthermore, since the grating patterns are superimposed, the area occupied by a single item of information is larger than for conventional recording of a single bit. As a result, the problem of locating an area on the film is very much simplified by the system described hereinabove. In certain applications, advantage can be taken of coherent illumination and copies of such a composite pattern can be made by this means with very little loss in image quality.
  • the method of recording data in the form of acombination of a plurality of signals which comprises selectively illuminating one of a plurality of respective gratings representative of each said signal to generate a plurality of grating patterns having uniquely different uniform grating intervals, and superimposing said grating patterns on the same discrete area of a photosensitive medium to produce a composition diffraction grating.
  • Apparatus for recording a plurality of discrete numerical digits in the same predetermined area of a lightsensitive record medium comprising means for directing light onto said area,
  • said modulating means including means corresponding to each of said digits for modulating, throughout said area and point-by-point thereacross, the amount of light falling thereon, at a cyclical spatial frequency which is uniquely indicative of the numerical value of that particular digit.
  • said modulating means comprises a cathode-ray tube which cooperates with said light-directing means to produce a spot of light which sweeps across said area and which is conjointly controlled by a plurality of oscillators, one corresponding to each of said digits.
  • said modulating means comprises a plurality of line gratings, one corresponding to each digit and each having a line spatial frequency uniguely indicative of the corresponding digit,
  • Apparatus for recording data as a pattern of indicia on an information storage medium comprising in combination means for generating a plurality of signals representing said indicia, each of said signals having a unique frequency;
  • said displaying means comprises a cathode-ray tube whose sweep is modulated by said signals to generate said composite pattern representing the combined frequencies of said signals.
  • means including a plurality of selectively illuminateable elements having variable transmittance for generating a plurality of grating patterns, each grating pattern having a unique, uniform grating interval corresponding to one of said signals; means responsive to each of said signals for controlling illumination of a corresponding one of said elements; and means for imaging said grating patterns in superimposed relation on a photosensitive recording medium.
  • said imaging means comprises means defining an aperture
  • a cylindrical lens and an objective lens for imaging a composite pattern of the illuminated elements a cylindrical lens and an objective lens for imaging a composite pattern of the illuminated elements.

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  • Holo Graphy (AREA)
  • Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
  • Optical Recording Or Reproduction (AREA)
US601797A 1963-09-03 1966-12-14 System for recording digital information Expired - Lifetime US3392400A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP39047185A JPS4823690B1 (nl) 1963-09-03 1964-08-24
FR986347A FR1412582A (fr) 1963-09-03 1964-08-27 Procédés et dispositifs de codage, d'enregistrement et de lecture d'informations digitales
DE1964E0027710 DE1280581C2 (de) 1963-09-03 1964-09-02 Verfahren, aufzeichnungstraeger und vorrichtung zum speichern von informationen
GB35875/64A GB1082407A (en) 1963-09-03 1964-09-02 Information recording and retrieval
CH1148664A CH434831A (fr) 1963-09-03 1964-09-03 Support d'information, procédé pour sa formation et appareil pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé
CH359867A CH445162A (fr) 1963-09-03 1964-09-03 Procédé pour décoder des éléments d'information et appareil pour sa mise en oeuvre
US601797A US3392400A (en) 1963-09-03 1966-12-14 System for recording digital information

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US306057A US3312955A (en) 1963-09-03 1963-09-03 System for recording and retrieving digital information
US601797A US3392400A (en) 1963-09-03 1966-12-14 System for recording digital information

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US3392400A true US3392400A (en) 1968-07-09

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US601797A Expired - Lifetime US3392400A (en) 1963-09-03 1966-12-14 System for recording digital information

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US (1) US3392400A (nl)
JP (1) JPS4823690B1 (nl)
CH (2) CH445162A (nl)
DE (1) DE1280581C2 (nl)
GB (1) GB1082407A (nl)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3499703A (en) * 1966-07-08 1970-03-10 Philips Corp Radiation beam positioning apparatus
US3550085A (en) * 1965-06-09 1970-12-22 Daniel Silverman Information system using arrays of multiple spot patterns
US3618048A (en) * 1968-07-25 1971-11-02 Gen Electric Random access large-capacity memories
US3643216A (en) * 1968-08-06 1972-02-15 Rca Corp Holographic identification system
US3822930A (en) * 1971-09-15 1974-07-09 Siemens Ag Multichannel light effect generator
US3876990A (en) * 1972-08-09 1975-04-08 Daniel Silverman Methods of storing information using arrays of multiple spot patterns
US4420829A (en) * 1981-01-08 1983-12-13 Carlson John E Holographic system for the storage of audio, video and computer data
US4547664A (en) * 1982-04-06 1985-10-15 Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung Diffraction grating beam splitter in a laser resonator length control

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1671165A4 (en) * 2003-09-25 2007-07-04 Redfern Optical Components Pty PROCESS FOR OPTICAL DATA STORAGE

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2813146A (en) * 1954-06-01 1957-11-12 Gen Electric Colored light system
US3314052A (en) * 1963-04-12 1967-04-11 Ibm Light modulation system

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2813146A (en) * 1954-06-01 1957-11-12 Gen Electric Colored light system
US3314052A (en) * 1963-04-12 1967-04-11 Ibm Light modulation system

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3550085A (en) * 1965-06-09 1970-12-22 Daniel Silverman Information system using arrays of multiple spot patterns
US3499703A (en) * 1966-07-08 1970-03-10 Philips Corp Radiation beam positioning apparatus
US3618048A (en) * 1968-07-25 1971-11-02 Gen Electric Random access large-capacity memories
US3643216A (en) * 1968-08-06 1972-02-15 Rca Corp Holographic identification system
US3822930A (en) * 1971-09-15 1974-07-09 Siemens Ag Multichannel light effect generator
US3876990A (en) * 1972-08-09 1975-04-08 Daniel Silverman Methods of storing information using arrays of multiple spot patterns
US4420829A (en) * 1981-01-08 1983-12-13 Carlson John E Holographic system for the storage of audio, video and computer data
US4547664A (en) * 1982-04-06 1985-10-15 Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung Diffraction grating beam splitter in a laser resonator length control

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CH434831A (fr) 1967-04-30
DE1280581C2 (de) 1977-05-12
CH445162A (fr) 1967-10-15
GB1082407A (en) 1967-09-06
DE1280581B (de) 1968-10-17
JPS4823690B1 (nl) 1973-07-16

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