US336048A - g-uastayino - Google Patents

Description

'2, Sheets-Sheet l.

R. GUASTAVINO. GONSTRUGTION 0F FIRE PROOF BUILDINGS.

. Patented Feb. 9, 1886.`

(No Model.)

e M, Q e

2 Sheets-Sheet 2.

(No Model.)

R. GUASTAVINO.

CONSTRUCTION OF PIRE PROOF BUILDINGS. No. 336,048.

Patented Feb. 9, n1886.

WITNESSES:

NiTno STATES PATENT OFFICE.

RAFAEL GUASTAVINO, OF NEV YORK, N. Y., ASSIGNOR TO FRANCESCA RAMIREZ GUASTAYINO AND BERNARD S. LEVY, BOTH OF SAME PLACE.

CONSTRUCTION OF FIRE-PROOF BUILDINGS.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 336,048, dated February 9, 1886.

Application filed September 16, 1885. Serial No. 1773377.

T all wwm t may concern:

Be it known that I, RAFAEL GUAs'ravrNo, a citizen ot' the United States, and a resident of New York, in the county of New York and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in the Construction of FireeProof Buildings, of which the follow ing is a specification.

My invention relates to the construction of 1o buildings, and particularly to such as are to be re-proof; and the improvements which I seek to protect in this instance have reference to the roofs, floors, and ceilings of such build` ings.

My improvements are applicable to buildings of all descriptions-such as private dwellings, factories, theaters, schoolhouses, warehouses, &c.

The object of the invention is to devise a 2o more economical and substantial system for constructing ceilings, floors, and roofs than any now employed. The character of the structures of this nature now in use, in which wooden or iron beams are employed, is not such as to meet the requirements of the service, especially when economy, solidity, and incombustibility are aimed at. Ordinarily, structures such as mentioned are composed of wooden or iron beams on which rests a double 3o wooden floor; or when fire-proof qualities are specially desired small vaults of ordinary brick or hollow brick are employed between the beams. Such constructions are familiar to architects and builders, and need not be explained in detail here. In the common forms of those structures the resistance ofthe ceiling depends entirely on the ability of the beams to resist deiection, since the wooden floors and small brick vaults serve merely as bridges 4o between beam and beam, andv in no degree increase the resisting power of the beams. On the contrary, the iioor or vault contributes its weight to augment that weight which alone the beams are intended to support. With my system, which I employ in various embodiments, all of which, however, having a common object, the iron and brick, which principally compose the floor, ceiling, or roof, are so arranged with reference to each other and 5o with reference to the entire structure as to utilize their best qualities upon scientific prin- (No model.)

ciples, the iron resisting by tension and not by flexion, and consequently all the fibers ot its section work in the highest coefciency, and the vault of brick tiles, resisting by com 55 pression and being supported upon itself, thus contributing in an efficient manner to the resisting quality of the floor. The economy that results from this construction is very great, because the materials entering into the struct- 6o ure are employed in a manner for which their respective inherent qualities best lit them, thus enabling the use ot' less material ot' agiven kind for the effecting of a predetermined degree of resistance.

The features of novelty for which I desire protection in this instance are pointed ont in the claims at the end of this description.

In the accompanying drawings, which form y a part of this specification, and in which like 7o features are indicated by like letters, Figure l is atransverse section of a construction designed for dwellings and factories where great strength is required. Fig. 2 is a central lonl gitudinal section of Fig. l. Fig. 3 is a detail 75 showing the manner of inclosing the beams and tierods of Fig. l in galvanized-iron boxes. Fig. 4 is a transverse section of another einbodiment of my invention, showing iron beams composed of two angle-irons secured to adou- 8o ble T-beain. Fig. 5 is a central longitudinal section of Fig. 4, and it also represents a longitudinal section of a ceiling composed of a series of short arches or risers extending transverse of the ceiling without thelongarch or riser. Fig. 6 is a transverse section of a` ceiling for the cheaper class of dwellings, the beams C being of iron, but may be of wood. Fig. 7 is a central longitudinal section of Fig. 6. Fig. 8 is a transverse section of a flat 9o hanging ceiling. Fig. 9 is a central longitudinal section of Fig. 8, showing in dotted lines one of the long plates to which the tie-rods are secured. Fig. 10 is a transverse section of a ceiling similar to that shown in Fig. 8, but constructed to provide greater height of ceiling. Fig. 1l is a central longitudinal section ot' Fig. l0; and Fig. 12 is a detail of a modied method of connecting the tie-rods to the walls and of adjusting their tension.

For building the vaults according to the plan herein explained ordinary brick are not IOO - Ywhere great strength is required.

well adapted,L YI usebrick tilejsfof about three-v fourths (i). 0f au inch thick by @www Sii. (6) inches wide, and from eight (8) to twelve (l2) inches long. Such tiles are built upinto two or more rings or layers for each vault, and are set in cement or plaster of paris. When-two or more ri'ngsor layers of tiles of this description are united together face to face in such manner as to break joints, a structure is produced having a surface without solution of continuity, and resembling a large stone three or more inches thick, and which may be ilat or curved, and when curved, in oneor two!oppositely-directed arches or risers. Vaults built on this principle possess the requisite elasticity, and resist pressure both by compression, the same as brick, and by'cohcsion, the same as stone or cast-iron.

The structure shown in Figs. l and 2 is intended for factory buildings and dwellings In this construction, Figs. l and 2, the iron beams C are double T-beams, and they are anchored by plates J, located in the side walls, A B, as shown. The shape of the plates J is shown 'by dotted lines in Fig. 2. H is the door, and D is the vault,composed of two or more layers of brick tiles arranged so as to break joints, which Vault has its bearings in the side walls, `as shown. g indicates mere ornamentation, whichmay be varied according to taste. The letter K indicates tie-rods, which may be placed from two to four feet apart, the saine as the beans. Their ends project through the anchor-plates J, andhave nuts L thereonior adjusting the tension ofthe rods. M indicates rings which connect the tie-rods to the T- beams C, and m indicates pieces of common terra-cotta located between the under surface terra-cotta pieces being provided with openings for the passage of the tie-rods K,as shown.

In'Fig. 3 are shown certain features ofk the construction of Figs. l and 2, and their relation to the galvanized-iron box or envelope N, which'is of the shape shown in this View, and designed to surround 'and be secured to the beam C, as shown at the right of Fig. 1.

The structure shown in Figs. 4 and 5 is ydesigned especially for cheap factory-buildings.

The side walls, A B, are provided With suitable tablets, b, at proper intervals, upon which rest the iron beams C of the structure. The beams in this instance are composed of two angle-irons, c, secured to a double T-beam, el, as shown. The letters a a', Fig. 5, indicate small tie-rods, which extend between beam and beam at the points designated by a, Fig. et. In 'these views (Figs. 4 and 5) H represents the iioor, as in the other views, and D is the vault,

- constructed similar to the vault of Fig. v1, (with two or more layers of brick tiles.) BeneathV the fioor H, near the side walls, is provided a box for the gas, Ventilating, and other piping, the rest of the vacant space being lled with t" concrete, 'as shown.' These features are also" shown in other views of the drawings.

It will be observed that in theconstruction JuSt descrbeefFia 4, the vault YD is cemposed ot arches or risers extending transversely as well as longitudinally ot' the ceiling. By this form ot' vault much greater strength is attained than where the vault is composed merelyof a or Wood; D, the vault, which is composed ot'4 -two or more layers of brick tiles ot' the charter herein mentioned, and E the trusses between the beams C. F are the anchor-plates --l for the beams G, and they extend through the The heavy black line side walls, as shown.

at the bottom of the beam C (represented by G) is intended to indicate wire-netting, upon which the plasterl is placed. In this structure,

as well as in those shown in the other views of the drawings, the thickness of the vaults'V D and the dimensions of the sections of the beams and tie-rods depend on the distance between the side walls.

In thestructure shown in Figs. 6 and v7 the Il oo compression is principally in the vault D, f which fact relieves the beams C of almost all" which istheir special oliice in the construc tion in question. ofthe vault .D and the T-beams C, the said In Figs. 8 and 9 Iy show a Ilat hanging ceill ing designed for dwelling-houses, stores, andv A In this embodiment of my vr to factory-buildings. invention those portions which are subjected to compressing strain-to wit, the vault and terra-cotta pieces-are composed of cheap ma-y terial, which, although cheap, is especiallyf In all iirebut attain cheapness in those parts of the' i structure into which it enters, and at the same time derive the largest results in compressingresistance.

In this form of structure, Fig. 8,

I use tie-rods ofiron, the material best adapted l, for resisting tension strain.v In'these views, f

Figs. 8 and 9, A B are the side Walls, which)V 'i '125 D is the vault may be provided with voffsets for bearings for the floor, vault, Snc, as shown.

of two or more layers of tiles, and H is the door.

In this ceiling there are no beams, the tension being in tie-rods'K, which are passed',y 'f "13o through openings'in the terra-cotta pieces in,

which latter are to be substantially of the L shape shown, and are located beneath theyA vault D,y as illustrated. The letterOindicatesj metal plates in the side-walls, AB. These@ plates extend continuously from end to end of the walls and have the tie-rods K attached thereto. The longitudinal face of the plate O is indicated by dotted linesin Fig. 9. The tie-rods are held in plates O, and adjusted by nuts L, as in Fig. l.

In Figs. l() and 1l is shown a hanging ceiling similar to that illustrated in Fig. 8, except that the terracotta pieces m are of a 1o different shape, as will be noticed by comparing the respective longitudinal sections 9 and 11. This difference in the shape of theterracotta pieces m gives greater height to ceilings embodying the construction of Fig. l1 than can be attained by the construction of Fig. 9.

In Fig. l2 Ishow a modification ofthe manner ofsecu ring the tie-rods K to the side walls, and of adjusting the rods when in position. In this view the plates O are upon the interior 2o surface of the side walls,which will be the plan adopted when for any reason itis not convenient to get at the exterior surface of the walls. The turn-buckle L answers the same purpose as the nutsLin the other views, for adjusting the tie-rods after they have been placed in position.

In addition to the tie-rod K, which, as shown in Fig. 12, extends beneath the arch from wall to wall, I may in practice use a 33 straight tierod extending between wall and wall above the arch from O to O.

It may be stated, generally, that the resistance of my ceilings depends upon the ability of the beams or tie-rods to resist tension and upon the resistance of the vaults or terra-cotta pieces against compression. Vhen these structures are employed as roofs, the concrete between the door l-I and vault D will be replaced by Portland cement and the whole covered 4o with tin or any other desirable covering for roofs.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-

1. In the construction ofthe ceilings, roofs, and floors of dwellinghouses and other buildings, a vault composed of two or more layers or rings of brick tiles set in cement or plasterof-pariswhich operates to resist pressure by compression and cohesion, substantially as set forth.

2. Aceiling, roof, or floor embodying a vault composed of two or more layers or rings of brick tiles arranged to break joints, and set in cement or plaster-of-paris, substantially as set forth.

3. In a ceiling, roof, or floor, a vault composed of two or more layers or rings of brick tiles set in cement or plaster-of-paris, in comA bination with beams between wall and wall, the said vault arranged to resist pressure by compression and the beams to resist by tension, substantially as set forth.

4. In a ceiling, roof, or floor, a vault composed of two or more layers or rings of brick tiles set in cement or plaster-of-paris, in combination with tie-rods between wall and wall, the said vault arranged to resist pressure by compression and the tie-rods to resist by tension, substantially as set forth.

5. In a ceiling, roof, or floor, a vault composed of two or more layers or rings of brick tiles set in cement or plaster-of-paris, in combination with tie-rods between wall and wall, and pieces of terra-cotta arranged beneath the vault, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

6. In a ceiling, roof, or door, a vault composed of two or more layers or rings of brick tiles set in cement or plaster-of-paris, in combination with beams and tierods between wall and wall, and pieces of terra-cotta beneath the vault, substantially as set forth.

7. In a ceiling, roof, or floor, a vault composed of two or more layers or rings of brick tiles set in cement or plaster-ofparis, in combination with beams between wall and wall, and concrete or Portland cement between the top of the vault and the covering for the latter, substantially as set forth.

8. In a ceiling, roof, or licor, a vault composed of two or more layers of brick tiles set in cement or plaster-of-paris, and constructed with arches or risers in two opposed directions, substantially as set forth.

9. In a ceiling, roof, or floor, a vault composed ofbrick tiles, in combination with beams C, tie rods K, anchor-plates J, and rings M, substantially as set forth.

10. In a ceiling, roof, or floor, a vault composed of brick tiles, in combination with beams C, tie rods K, anchor plates J, terra cotta pieces m, and rings M, substantially as set forth.

11. In a ceiling, roof, or floor, a vault of brick tiles, in combination with tension-beams C and the enveloping boxes N, substantially as set forth.

Signed at New York, in the county of New York and State of New York, this 15th day of September, A. D. 1885.

RAFAEL GUASTAVINO.

Vitnesses:

F. lWIIRANDA, J. E. M. BOWEN.

ICO

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