US3348089A - Cyclotron accelerator having the electrostatic field appearing across a nonlinear gap - Google Patents

Cyclotron accelerator having the electrostatic field appearing across a nonlinear gap Download PDF

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Publication number
US3348089A
US3348089A US298022A US29802263A US3348089A US 3348089 A US3348089 A US 3348089A US 298022 A US298022 A US 298022A US 29802263 A US29802263 A US 29802263A US 3348089 A US3348089 A US 3348089A
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chamber
accelerator
gap
ions
particles
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Llewellyn H Thomas
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International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
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Priority to BE650970A priority patent/BE650970A/xx
Priority to DE19641489020 priority patent/DE1489020B2/de
Priority to FR983111A priority patent/FR1410295A/fr
Priority to GB30675/64A priority patent/GB1039137A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H13/00—Magnetic resonance accelerators; Cyclotrons

Definitions

  • the cyclotron is a well-known resonant accelerator and has been extensively described in the literature. Detailed descriptions of cyclotrons are found in texts entitled: Sourcebook on Atomic Energy, 'written by Samuel Glasstone, and published by D. Van NostrandCo, Inc, 1950 at pages 228244 and Introduction. to Nuclear Science, written by Alvin Glassner, published by D. Van N-ostr'and (30., Inc, 1961, at pages 1l2117.
  • a conventional cyclotron is basically an evacuated chamber containing an arrangement of plates for the application'of an electrostatic field which, operating in conjuction with -a magnet, accelerates ions in circular orbits with expanding radii.
  • the usual configuration of the plates is that of a relatively thin slice of a right circular cylinder that is bisected by a plane through its axis.
  • a plate is often referred to as a dee because its cross-section is somewhat similar in shape to the character D.
  • the magnet is located to provide magnetic field lines that are parallel to the axis of the cylinder.
  • ions are injected into the center of the plate configuration and a high-frequency potential is applied to the plates.
  • the electrostatic potential that appears across the slit or gap causes the ions to move from one side of the slit to the other.
  • the magnetic field places the ions in orbits that are essentially circular and they return to re-cross the slit as the electrostatic field is reversed in polarity by a half alternation of the applied potential.
  • a deflector is arranged to remove the'acceler-ated ions to form the output of the cyclotron.
  • the paths of the ions in a conventional cyclotron are described in detail in papers entitled The Paths of Ions in the Cyclotron, by Dr. Llewellyn H. Thomas, in The Physical Review, volume 54, Oct. 15, 1938, pages 580-598.
  • the accelerated beams of ions generated by the cyclotron may be put to many uses including: medical treatment, production of radioactive isotopes, and nuclear experimentation.
  • the accelerator in the present invention provides an output ion beam which is many times more intense than that obtainable with a convention-a1 cyclotron.
  • the electrostatic field does not appear across a linear gap between two semicircularshaped plates, but may assume many configurations.
  • the field occurs across a generally circular gap between a pair of circular plates and a pair of annular plates that surround the circular plates such that the gap appears at the circumference of the circular plates.
  • the loci of the equipotential electric field lines in the gap are essentially straight lines (with some distortion due to the compensatory broadening of the 'ends of the gap and the efiect of the supporting sides of the plate configuration).
  • the locl of all equipotential field lines are essentially non-linear and preferably circular.
  • ions are accelerated in expanding orbits that intersect the gap at right angles.
  • the centers of the orbits are in the gap when the orbits Cal 3,348,089 Patented Oct. 17, 1967 are small in diameter and they progress away from the center as the orbits expand'This motion of'thecenters accommodates the orbit size such that all orbits intersect the circular gap at essentially a right -angle.
  • the radii of the orbits expands and contract, remaining at their maximum energy (largest orbital radius) for a relatively long period of time, providing an intense output and a relatively high' probability of internal high-energy collisions.
  • the centers of the orbitsa'lso move circumferentially around the chamber toward a deflector which removes the intense-beam of accelerated ions as the cyclotron output.
  • the accelerator in the present invention provides such a high out-put intensity, its use is not limited to the uses of conventional cyclotrons.
  • the present accelerator can be used to provide a source beam for other highenergy accelerators, such as linear accelerators.
  • other particles or gases including plasmas can be introduced directly into the accelerator as targets in the production of new particles which, in turn, are accelerated to useful energy levels.
  • the accelerator in the present invention may also be used as the bombarding source in a thermo nuclear power system of the type described in a text entitled, Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions, by S. Glasstone and R. H. Lovberg, published by Van Nostrand in 1960 at page 65.
  • Another object is to provide a resonant accelerator having a non-linear gap between electrodes.
  • a further object is to provide a resonant accelerator wherein 'a gap between electrodes has a circular or other closed configuration.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a resonant'accelerator wherein the loci of all equipotential field lines are non-linear.
  • a further objectof the present invention is to provide a resonant accelerator wherein the loci of all equipotential field lines are circular.
  • Another object is to provide a resonant accelerator wherein the loci of all equipotential electric field lines are non-linear and where a gradient exists only in a relatively narrow region.
  • a further object is to provide a resonant accelerator wherein the loci of all equipotential electric field lines are circular and where a gradient exists only in a relative y narrow region.
  • a further object is to provide a resonant accelerator wherein an electrode structure supplies an electric field having non-linear equip-otential lines and is located in a magnetic field.
  • FIGURE 1 is an isometric view of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • V ciples of operation are considered.
  • FIGURE 2 is a cross-sectional view of the device showninFIGURE l. n
  • FIGURE 3 is a secondcr-oss-sectional view of the device showninFIGURE l.
  • each ion returns to the gap be-" tween theelectrodes and comes again under the influence.
  • r is the robit radius
  • m is the mass of the accelerated particle (assumed non-relativistic)
  • v is the velocity of this particle in the rth orbit
  • c is the velocity of light
  • e is the electronic charge of the orbiting particle
  • B is the magnetic field strength.
  • This orbit of'ma'ximum radius is shown in FIG..3.
  • V is chosen in'order' to provide the specified 'maximum' orbital energyand phase relationship. Ylith this frequency for the applied'RF voltage,'the subject device'is very'well suited for plasma bombardrnent within the chamber; A
  • the third harmonic frequency is preferred when the device is used in this manner.
  • the bunch includes those ions which are enclosed within an envelope inside the electrodes that is limited to a predetermined transverse ,7
  • the ions in the resonance beam start their acceleration near zero phase but experience phase shifts during acceleration. At all times, however, the ions of the resonant beam remain within the accelerating half cycle.
  • the frequency of the applied electric field is equal to the ion revolution frequency or a harmonic of this frequency. Cyclotron resonance exists even without having electric field-free regions within the electrodes, as was assumed above. Although the paths are not semicircular, the resonance condition is still satisfied.
  • a conventional technique can be used to control resonance in a cyclotron, that is, the magnetic field can be varied while the applied RF frequency is held constant.
  • the central field is higher than that specified by the applied frequency so the ions lead the voltage wave and the phase shifts toward 1r/2; at large radii the field is lower and the phase shifts in the opposite direction.
  • the ions reach their outer orbit and are to be deflected out of the chamber they should again be close to zero phase so the difference in radius of successive orbits is large enough for ions to be deflected behind a septum and enter the exit channel.
  • the ions After acceleration to the designed maximum energy in the orbit radius R, the ions enter an exit channel which is defined by a septum (wall) of somewhat larger radius of curvature R'+A R' where as measured from the center of the electrodes.
  • This channel can be placed anywhere in the periphery of the chamber.
  • An electric field is maintained across the exit channel by a negative DC potential on insulated electrodes paralleling the septum. The difference in radius between the last two orbits is suflicient for a useful fraction of the beam to pass beyond the septum, where it is deflected outward in an open spiral path as an emergent beam.
  • the present cyclotron provides a very intense output beam due to the fact that multiple particle orbits of the same radius can exist simultaneously within the chamber and these orbits precess throughout the 360 of the chamber. In this way, all particles which are accelerated exit through the deflector channel and contribute to the intensity of Y the emergent beam.
  • the output beam intensity is further strengthened by the extensive ion presence in the vicinity of the deflector channel because the ions spend a considerable fraction of time in their maximum orbit.
  • FIG. 1 which illustrates the preferred embodiment of the invention
  • a conventional electromagnet is used to provide a nearly uniform magnetic field 12 between the flat faces of cylindrical pole pieces 1, 3 of large radius.
  • the magnet poles 1, 3 are approximately 12 inches in diameter, and the vacuum chamber 2 is between 8 /2 and 9 inches in diameter.
  • An RF generator 4 supplies the accelerating energy to the ions through coaxial leads 5 and the electrodes 9, 10.
  • An exit port 6, into which is inserted an input lead 33 for a deflector 20, is connected to the outer electrode 10. Provision for obtaining a vacuum is provided by a pump 25 through a sealed port 7 and a vacuum seal 41.
  • a voltage lead 8 through vacuum seal 41 and a gas port 36 through vacuum seal 45 provide the input requirements for an ion source 11.
  • Water cooling for the electrodes is provided through the input ports 37 and vacuum seals 42. All individual components are discussed in greater detail with respect to FIGURES 2 and 3.
  • the electromagnet has cylindrical tapered pole pieces 1 and 3 which are generally made from machined forgings, castings of soft iron, or of welded stacks of mild steel rolled plate.
  • the pole pieces 1, 3 are tapered to keep the flux density approximately constant along the length of the pole.
  • the diameter of the pole faces is approximately 12 inches and the magnetic gap is 3 inches. Design considerations allow variations of these measurements.
  • the electrodes 9, 10 dimensions are based on the energy desired (or-bit sizes) and their choice controls the clearance between the electrodes 9, 10 and chamber surfaces. This clearance depends upon the designed maximum energy and the corresponding maximum electrode voltage, and to some extent on the smoothness of the pole faces.
  • the inner electrode is 2 inches in radius and the radii of the outer annular electrode are 2%. and 8 inches.
  • Controls can be p rovided for adjusting the mag nitude of the current and are used in tuning for peak beam current.
  • Magnetic inhomogenities such as the radial decrease required for focusing, the radial decrease at the periphery due to fringing, azimuthal variations of the field at all radii, and deviations of the magnetic median plane, can be corrected in the standard ways using corrective windings or shimming coils.
  • the magnetic field 12 on the central plane can be modified from where H is the magnetic field, h is the magnetic field at the geometrical center, K is a constant, and r is the radial distance along the central plane from the geometrical center.
  • H is the magnetic field
  • h is the magnetic field at the geometrical center
  • K is a constant
  • r is the radial distance along the central plane from the geometrical center.
  • the chamber 2 which fits between the pole pieces 1, 3 of the electromagnet and which contains the electrodes 9, 10, the ion source 11 and the deflecting electrode 20, is vacuum tight and mechanically designed with adequate strength to resist distortion when under vacuum.
  • the chamber is constructed of non-magnetic materials in order that no disturbance to the symmetrical magnetic field 12 is presented and is of high electrical conductivity to provide a low impedance for radio frequency currents.
  • the chamber is equipped with a large number of scaled ports and apertures for inserting the many electrodes and controls.
  • the chamber is a framework of thick walls 13 with many ports through the sides and with large circular apertures top and bottom filled by iron chamber lids 14 which are extensions of the magnet pole pieces 1 and 3.
  • the structural frame of the chamber 2 can be formed of rolled brass hoops or it can be welded structures of thick plates of non-magnetic stainless steel.
  • the structural frame of the chamber 2 can be formed of rolled brass hoops or it can be welded structures of thick plates of non-magnetic stainless steel.
  • soldered or brazed assemblies of copper-alloy plates can.
  • the soft iron chamber lids 14 rest on ledges 15 machimed in the chamber walls, with faces accurately parallel.
  • the circular edge is sealed by a gasket joint 16 under pressure of a packing ring heldby a ring of bolts.
  • Water-cooled copper sheet liners 17 on the inner faces of the lids 14 could be used to provide a high-conductivity surface for RF currents.
  • the ion source 11 is located on the floor of the chamber 2 against one pole face.
  • a typical ion source can be used, such as a hooded-arc ion source or a hollow-anode ion source, both of which are discussed in numerous texts and articles, including the above-cited Livingston and Blewett reference at pages 159-163.
  • the ion source 11 can be placed anywhere around the 360 of the slot 19 as the ions will disperse throughout the cyclotron.
  • the exit port 21 of the ion source 11 does not project into the internal portion of the electrodes 9, in order that it not be severely damaged f byaccelerating particles. 7 a V
  • An input voltage lead- 3 and an input gas lead ,36 for the ion source 1 1' is brought into the chamber wall. 13
  • the RF generator 4 is of conventional design, which,
  • the in'fthe preferred embodiment provides a controllable 1; radio frequency potential difference of approximately 10 kv. at a. frequency of approximately 90 me. betweenthe opposing faces of the electrodes 9 and 10.
  • the frequency 'f is selected according to: .7 a
  • n is a positive integer indicating the harmonic
  • e is the electroniccharge'of the particle to beaccelerated
  • B is the magnetic field strength, andm is the mass of the particle to be accelerated (non-relativistic mass).
  • the electrical system is mechanically'rigid to maintain chamberZ while the inner electrode 9 is held' securely by the insulators 23, Particles upon entering this gap. 19 I a stable frequency and has a high electrical efiiciency (high Q) to keep power requirements reasonable.
  • the oscillator circuit 4 maintains suitable electrode voltage under all conditions of ion loading, recovers automatically from extreme load conditions such as gas discharges or sparks, and protects the power elements from damage.
  • the resonant circuit composed of the electrodes 9, 10 and their associated leads 5, is electrically equivalent to a pair of quarterwave coaxial transmission lines.
  • the coaxialinput lines 5 are of large diameter /z inch) and are solidly constructed. Insulators '24 and a solid insulator 23, with their associated vacuum seals 39, are provided *to insure support of the inner electrode 9.
  • These lines 5 are made of copper and are water-cooled by tubes (not shown) soldered to the inner surfaces 22 to obtain low resistance and high Q.
  • the outer conductors of the coaxial input leads 5 provide shielding against radiative losses.
  • the oscillator circuit 4 is capable of driving this cyclotron through varied conditions of sparking and discharge without the necessity of tuning or of manual resetting of overload relays.
  • the circuit 4 provides an electric field to sweep ions and electrons out of the chamber rapidly enough to prevent cumulative ionization and is able to pull out of the blue-glow discharge condition (low voltage, high current discharge set up initially due to gas ionization) automatically.
  • the vacuum chamber 2 is of large volume; and because of this factor and the presence of a large amount of gas evolution that occur in discharges,-a highspeed vacuum pump 25 is usedl'we'll-known oil-diffusion pumps of large diameter which have two or three pumping'stages and automatic fractionation of the oil are Well an input port 7 and an associated vacuum' seal 18.
  • FIG. 3 is a sectionaltop view'of the apparatus showing the deflector 46 and the maximum particle orbit 26, the bottom pole piece 3, the electrodes 9, 10 and the ion source 11.
  • the ion source 11 and magnet were described above.
  • the inner electrode 9 is a circular plate to which RF energy is applied.
  • the outer electrode 10' is 'an annulus about this circular disc 9 such that there exists a 'radially constant gap 19 between theelectrodes 9, 10.
  • This pump 25 is connected through This outer electrode 10 is rigidly mounted to; the vacuum are accelerated' by the RF' voltage between the electrodes '9' and wand follow trajectories which are circles of in creasing radii; these trajectories are such tha'tthecentf' of each circle precesses about the entire gap 19.2The maximum orbit 26, where ais the effective (mean) slot 19 radius, is reached when this path makes 'a 60 angle with thein n er radius 27 of the annular outer electrode 10, as shown in the drawing,'when the RF'frequency equals the third harmonic of the cyclotronfrequencyw The minimum orbits occur when the" particles are out of phase with the RF voltage and are decelerated; the.
  • radius of this minin lum orbit is Zero.
  • the resonant 1 provides an electric field to deflect the ,ions out of the chamber.
  • the deflected beam traverses an opening spiral a as the ions cross the weakening magnetic field at the pole edges and pass out, of thechamber 2 through the port.6,- capped with a plate 34 which retains the vacuumthrouglu.
  • the exit channel 30 is tapered slightly to accomodate the diverging beam 40.
  • the septum' 28 defining the. exit slit 30 is located as close to the maximum energy orbit' as possible.
  • the septum 28 is made of a thin solid-metal sheet (eg. tungsten). Since the septum may-be bombarded by a considerable fraction of the resonantfion j beam, it is cooled to preventdamage.
  • the deflecting electrode 20 is mounted to the outside wall 31' of the annular electrode 10 through an electrical insulator 32.
  • the DC potential to the deflector 20 is provided by a .1 a
  • the deflector unit can be located'anywhere on the periphery of the outer electrode 10 as all ions precess around the slot and eventually emerge'through the exit port 6.
  • Probe targets may be used to intercept the resonant beam although the preferred embodiment shows'anexit.
  • the probe targets are mounted on stems with sliding vacuum seals at the chamber wall. Water cooling can be provided for these J targets.
  • Beryllium-targets are particularly suited to the production of alarge number of neutrons by the reaction below: 7
  • a highenergy resonant accelerator has been shown and described.
  • This accelerator has a design thatis radi cally different than any known eccelerator in that particles are simultaneouslyaccelerated in many different orbital paths. This feature enables an output beam to be produced which has significantly more energy then can be generated by a comparable single-path accelerator.
  • a particle accelerator comprising, in combination: a vacuum chamber; means for applying a magnetic field across the chamber; and means for applying an alternating electric field whose equipotential contours are conic sections.
  • a particle accelerator comprising, in combination: a vacuum chamber; means for applying a magnetic field across the chamber; and means for applying an electric field having a configuration wherein the equipotential contours are non-linear and where a gradient exists only in a relatively narrow region within the chamber, said region having the shape of an annular ring.
  • a particle accelerator comprising, in combination: a vacuum chamber; means for applying a magnetic field across the chamber; and means for applying an electric field having a configuration wherein the equipotential contours are nonlinear and where a gradient exists only in a relatively narrow region within the chamber, said region describing a closed path. 4.
  • a particle accelerator comprising, a combination: a vacuum chamber containing particles; means for applying an alternating electric field for accelerating said particles in closed orbits which periodically expand and collapse; magnetic field means for superimposing precessional motion upon said particles, shifting said particle orbits circumferentially around the center of said chamber. 5.
  • An apparatus comprising, in combination: a vacuum chamber; means for applying a magnetic field across the chamber; and means comprising a plurality of concentric electrodes for applying an alternating electric field having a configuration wherein the equipotential contours are non-linear and where a gradient exists only in a relatively narrow region between the electrodes. 6.
  • the equipotential contours are conic sections
  • a resonance accelerator comprising, in combination:
  • a first electrode structure in the vacuum chamber comprising two plates that are substantially circular and substantially parallel, and a second electrode struc ture in the vacuum chamber comprising two annular plates that are concentrically located, each in the plane of and surrounding one of the plates in the first electrode structure.
  • a resonance accelerator comprising, in combination:
  • a first electrode structure in the vacuum chamber comprising a plurality of plates that are in diiferent planes
  • a second electrode structure in the vacuum chamber comprising a plurality of plates, each in the plane of one of the plates in the first electrode structure, where an edge of each plate in the second electrode structure is separated from the closest edge of the corresponding plate in the first electrode structure by a gap whose center line is non-linear.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
US298022A 1963-07-29 1963-07-29 Cyclotron accelerator having the electrostatic field appearing across a nonlinear gap Expired - Lifetime US3348089A (en)

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US298022A US3348089A (en) 1963-07-29 1963-07-29 Cyclotron accelerator having the electrostatic field appearing across a nonlinear gap
BE650970A BE650970A (de) 1963-07-29 1964-07-24
DE19641489020 DE1489020B2 (de) 1963-07-29 1964-07-25 Beschleuniger fuer geladene teilchen
FR983111A FR1410295A (fr) 1963-07-29 1964-07-27 Accélérateur de particules
GB30675/64A GB1039137A (en) 1963-07-29 1964-08-04 Particle accelerator

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005094142A2 (en) * 2004-03-29 2005-10-06 Japan As Represented By The President Of National Cardiovascular Center Particle beam accelerator
US20070176699A1 (en) * 2005-03-29 2007-08-02 Japan As Represented By The President Of National Cardiovascular Center Particle beam accelerator
CN116782481A (zh) * 2023-06-25 2023-09-19 中广核戈瑞(深圳)科技有限公司 一种电子加速器的内部冷却装置

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EP2232960B1 (de) 2008-01-09 2016-09-07 Passport Systems, Inc. Verfahren und systeme zur partikelbeschleunigung mittels induktion zur erzeugung eines elektrischen feldes mit einem lokalisierten wirbel
WO2009089443A1 (en) 2008-01-09 2009-07-16 Passport Systems, Inc. Diagnostic methods and apparatus for an accelerator using induction to generate an electric field with a localized curl
US8169167B2 (en) 2008-01-09 2012-05-01 Passport Systems, Inc. Methods for diagnosing and automatically controlling the operation of a particle accelerator
WO2009097536A1 (en) * 2008-01-30 2009-08-06 Passport Systems, Inc. Methods for diagnosing and automatically controlling the operation of a particle accelerator

Citations (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2615129A (en) * 1947-05-16 1952-10-21 Edwin M Mcmillan Synchro-cyclotron
US2721949A (en) * 1949-10-31 1955-10-25 Gund Konrad Betatron
US2803767A (en) * 1952-09-30 1957-08-20 Gen Electric Radiation sources in charged particle accelerators
US2943265A (en) * 1957-02-08 1960-06-28 Herman F Kaiser Electron cyclotron
US3051868A (en) * 1960-08-29 1962-08-28 Ca Nat Research Council Ionization vacuum gauges
US3197661A (en) * 1960-02-22 1965-07-27 English Electric Valve Co Ltd Signal storage tubes

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2615129A (en) * 1947-05-16 1952-10-21 Edwin M Mcmillan Synchro-cyclotron
US2721949A (en) * 1949-10-31 1955-10-25 Gund Konrad Betatron
US2803767A (en) * 1952-09-30 1957-08-20 Gen Electric Radiation sources in charged particle accelerators
US2943265A (en) * 1957-02-08 1960-06-28 Herman F Kaiser Electron cyclotron
US3197661A (en) * 1960-02-22 1965-07-27 English Electric Valve Co Ltd Signal storage tubes
US3051868A (en) * 1960-08-29 1962-08-28 Ca Nat Research Council Ionization vacuum gauges

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005094142A2 (en) * 2004-03-29 2005-10-06 Japan As Represented By The President Of National Cardiovascular Center Particle beam accelerator
WO2005094142A3 (en) * 2004-03-29 2006-06-08 Nat Cardiovascular Ct Particle beam accelerator
US7888891B2 (en) * 2004-03-29 2011-02-15 National Cerebral And Cardiovascular Center Particle beam accelerator
US20070176699A1 (en) * 2005-03-29 2007-08-02 Japan As Represented By The President Of National Cardiovascular Center Particle beam accelerator
CN116782481A (zh) * 2023-06-25 2023-09-19 中广核戈瑞(深圳)科技有限公司 一种电子加速器的内部冷却装置
CN116782481B (zh) * 2023-06-25 2024-04-02 中广核戈瑞(深圳)科技有限公司 一种电子加速器的内部冷却装置

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GB1039137A (en) 1966-08-17
BE650970A (de) 1964-11-16
DE1489020A1 (de) 1969-07-03

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