US3251347A

US3251347A - Internal combustion engine

Info

Publication number: US3251347A
Application number: US325899A
Authority: US
Inventors: Norman E Farb
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1963-11-26
Filing date: 1963-11-26
Publication date: 1966-05-17
Anticipated expiration: 1983-05-17

Description

y 7, 1966 N. E. FARB 3,251,347

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Filed Nov. 26, 1963 3 Sheets-Sheet l I N VE N TOR. Wa /144w 425 May 17, 1966 N. E. FARB INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 -&

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United States Patent 3,251,347 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Norman E. Farb, 2106 Denise Ave., Orange, Calif. Filed Nov. 26, 1963, Ser. No. 325,899 13 Claims. '(Cl. 12311) This invention provides an improved internal combustion engine with a high compression ratio and high torque,

and a minimum number of main moving parts.

Briefly, the invention includes first and second annular bodies secured together so the two bodies make a sliding fit with each other and form an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotatable with respect to each other about a common axis. The bodies each have opposed annular recesses opening into each other to form an annular working volume in the assembly. At least two separate pistons are secured to each body in its recess, and each piston is of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume. Means are provided for introducing and burning a fuel mixture in the working volume between the pistons to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other. Means are also provided for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction about the common axis and leaving them free to move in the other.

In the preferred form of the invention, each body is hemitoroidal in shape, and an annualr slide valve is sandwiched between the two bodies and adjacent the working volume. The slide valve includes inlet and exhaust ports for admitting a combustible fuel mixture into the working volume and for exhausting burned fuel from the working volume, The annular bodies are held together in sliding relationship at their inner and outer respective edges by clamp means, and ratchet means are provided for alternately limiting the movement of the bodies with respect to one of the set of clamp rings while the bodies sequentially engage and drive the other set of clamp rings. Preferably, a plurality of pistons are mounted on each body to give the engine multi-cylinder performance, and the pistons are hollow and vented for internal cooling. Cooling fins are also secured to the assembly to prevent overheating. Preferably, the fins extend radially so that bolts 29. A pair of diametrically opposed mounting cars on the first and second outer clamp rings include collinear bores 31 for mounting the engine on a frame (not shown). I

A pair of radially extending'and diametrically opposed inlet ports 32 in the annular slide valve ring periodically connects the working volume of the engine between adjacent pistons with radially extending and radially spaced intake channels 33 which open through the first clamp ring and are each connected to an intake manifold 34 which is supplied combustible gaseous fuel from a carburetor (not shown) which may be of conventional type.

A pair of radially extending and diametrically opposed exhaust ports 36 located in the valve ring between adjacent inlet ports periodically connect the working volume of the engine between adjacent pistons with radially extending and radially spaced exhaust channels 38 which open through the second outer clamp ring into an exhaust manifold 40 as the valve ring moves with respect to the hemi-toroid bodies. First and second annular gaskets 42, 44, respectively, of approximately square cross section each make a sliding fit against the outer portion of each piston and against the upper and lower (as viewed in FIG. 2) edges of the interior portion of the annular slide valve. A separate outwardly extending tab 46 on a separate semicircular piston sealing ring 47 on each end of each piston fits between the first and second outer gaskets to i prevent gas by-passing the pistons.

air is driven centrifugally outwardly across opposite faces of the engine.

These and other aspects of the invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. l is a schematic plan view, partly broken away of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a view taken on line 2-2 of FIG. 1; and

FIG. 3 is an enlarged view taken in the vicinity of line 33 of FIG. 1..

Referring to FIGS. 1 and '2, an upper or first hemitoroid body 10 rests on a lower or second hemi-toroid body 12. The two bodies each include opposing annular concave surfaces 14 which fit together to form a toroidal working volume 16. Four first pistons 18A, 18B, 18C, and 18D, are formed at equal angles integrally with the in- 'ten'or surface of the first body. Each piston is in the form of a toroid segment and of such size to substantially fill the working volume formed between the two bodies. Four

second pistons

20A, 20B, 20C, and 20D, identical with the first pistons, are formed integrally with the second body, and arranged so that a piston in one set fits between adjacent pistons in the other set,

An annular slide valve ring 22 is sandwiched to make a sliding fit between an outer flange 24 on the first body and an outer flange 25 on the second body. The outer flanges on the first and second bodies are held together in a sliding relationship by first and second outer

annular clamp rings

26, 27, respectively, held together by nuts 28 and A first forward ratchet pawl 48 is mounted on a pivot pin 49 in an inwardly opening recess 50 in the first outer clamp ring and is urged by a compression spring 51 out of the recess and into engagement with an outer annular ring gear 53 on the first hemi-toroid body. A cable 52 is attached to the pawl 48 so the pawl can be pulled into the recess and out of engagement with ring gear 53. As shown best in FIG. 1, the forward ratchet pawl is urged outwardly to engage the teeth in the outer ring gear on the first hemi-toroid body so that the body can rotate only in a clockwise direction, as viewed in FIG. 1. A second forward ratchet pawl 54 (FIG. 2) is mounted by a pivot pin 55 in an inwardly opening recess 56 in the second outer clamp ring (FIG. 2), and is urged by a spring (not shown for simplicity) to move into or out of engagement with an annular outer ring gear 58 on the second hemitoroid body. The second forward ratchet pawl is also connected to a cable and is set exactly as the first forward ratchet pawl so that the second hemi-toroid body can move only in a clockwise direction, as viewed in FIGS. 1 and 3. A first reversing ratchet pawl 60 is mounted by a pivot pin 61 in a recess 62 in the first outer clamp ring and is urged by a compression spring 63 to move into engagement with the teeth in the outer ring gear on the first hemitoroid body. A cable 63A is attached to pawl 60 for controlling its position. An identical second reversing ratchet pawl 64 (FIG. 2) is similarly mounted in the second outer clamp ring, and also actuated by a respective cable (not shown) to engage or not engage the teeth of the outer annular ring gear on the second hemi-toroid body. Conveniently, the cables attached to the forward pawls are actuated by a forward solenoid (not shown) and the cables attached to the reverse pawls are actuated by a reverse solenoid (not shown). By de-energizing the forward and reverse solenoids, the pawls are set so that the hemi-toro'id bodies can rotate only in the clockwise direction (as viewed in FIGS. 1 and 3). Energizing the forward and reverse ratchet solenoids permits the hemi-toroid bodies to rotate only in the counterclockwise direction when the engine is to be driven in a reverse direction. If desired, more than one set of first and second forward and reversing ratchets can be used around the peripheries of the first and second outer clamp rings.

The first and second hemi-toroid bodies include inner flanges 66, 67, respectively, which are clamped together in sliding relationship between a first inner clamp ring 68 and a second inner clamp ring 70 held together by nuts 72 and bolts 74 to sandwich between them a rotatable fly wheel 76 which is secured by a key 78 to drive a rotatable power shaft 80 that passes coaxially through the annular bodies. A pair of diametrically opposed and outwardly extending bevel drive gears 82 are each journalled in the periphery of the fly wheel and engage a first inner annular bevel ring gear 84 and a second annular bevel ring gear 86 on the first and second hemi-toroid bodies, respectively. An annular inner gasket 88 makes a sliding seal between the outer portions of the inner flanges on the first and second hemi-toroid bodies.

Each of the four first pistons carries an inner valve shaft 90 journalled through its inner side wall. An inner valve spur gear 92 on the inner end of the inner valve shaft 90 rides in an annular second inner ring spur gear 94 on the inner (upper, as viewed in FIG. 2) face of the inner flange on the second hemi-toroid body. The outer end of the inner valve shaft 90 is connected through a valve ratchet assembly 96 to a first intermediate spur gear 98 (FIG. 3) which engages a second intermediate spur gear 100 rigidly connected to the inner end of a radially extending outer valve shaft 102 journalled through the outer side wall of the piston and carrying an outer spur valve gear 104 which rides in an annular first outer ring spur gear 106 on the top (as viewed in FIG. 2) face of the annular slide valve.

As shown best in FIGS, each valve ratchet 96 includes a first disk 1G8 rigidly secured to the outer end of the inner valve shaft 90. Outwardly facing serrations 109 engage inner facing serrations 110 on a second disk 111 secured to a sleeve 112 which makes a sliding fit on a splined stub shaft 114 secured to the first intermediate gear 98 and journalled in a support block 116. The second disk is urged toward the first by a compression spring 118 coaxially disposed around the sleeve 112 between the first disk and the first intermediate valve gear 98. Each piston in the second set carries a valve gear and ratchet arrangement identical with that just described with respect to the first pistons, and like reference numbers are used to identify corresponding elements. However, each inner valve spur gear 2 on the pistons in the second set ride on an annular first inner ring spur gear 119 on the inner (lower as viewed in FIG. 2) face of the inner flange on the first hemi-toroid body, and the outer spur valve gear 104 rides in an annular second outer ring spur gear 120 on the bottom (as viewed in FIG. 2) face of the annular slide valve.

For the second set of pistons, i.e., those formed integrally with the second hemi-toroid body, the serrations in the

disks

108 and 111 are arranged so that the serrations engage when the first disk is rotated in a clockwise direction looking radially outwardly, and slip when the disk is rotated in the opposite direction. The reverse is true for the valve disks in the pistons in the first set. Thus, as the hemi-toroid bodies rotate relative to each other, the slide valve ring is driven through the valve gears to open and close inlet and exhaust channels in the first and second outer clamp rings as required for engine operation described below.

As shown best in FIG. '1, the annular first and second outer ring spur gears 106, 120 on the slide valve each has four short interrupted spaces 107, 121, respectively, spaced 90 apart around the slide valve. The gaps insure proper synchronization of the slide valve with the pistons during engine operation so that when adjacent pistons are closest together for the completion of a compression or exhaust stroke, the leading piston covers an adjacent intake port and the trailing piston covers an adjacent exhaust port.

i A plurality of radially extending cooling fins 122 are secured to the first and second clamp rings, and radially extending arcuate fins 124 are secured to the first and second hemi-toroid bodies. Thus, as the bodies rotate, the fins not only radiate heat, but also force air to flow radially outwardly by centrifugal force. Inwardly facing scoops 126 direct some of the air flow through piston vents 128 in the side walls of the hemi-toroid bodies to force cooling air through the interior of the pistons, thus providing internal cooling pistons.

In operating the engine, say, in a forward direction, the forward and reverse ratchet pawls are set as shown in FIG. 1 so the hemi-toroid bodies can each rotate in a clockwise (as viewed in FIG. 2) direction. A combustible gaseous'mixture of fuel and air is supplied through the carburetor intake, and the engine is cranked by a suitable crank, or by injecting the fuel mixture under sufficient pressure so as to drive the engine like a compressor until it develops sufiicient speed and compression to ignite the fuel by diesel-type combustion. Assuming that there are four pistons connected to each hemi-toroid body (of course, any desired number may be used), the engine functions in a typical four-cycle fashion with the cycles being arranged in the order of intake, compression, power, and exhaust in the clockwise direction as viewed in FIG. 1. Thus, with the eight pistons shown in FIG. 1, there are two of each of the cycles taking place at one time. For example, assume that the fuel mixture between pistons 18A and 20A has been compressed sufficiently to cause combustion, which forces the pistons apart. The second hemi-toroid body is prevented from moving in a counterclockwise direction by the second forward ratchet. Therefore, the expanding gas forces the piston 18A connected to the first hemi-toroid body in a clockwise direction. The first hemi-toroid body is free to move in this direction because of the arrangement of the forward ratchet pawl. The gas in the space between pistons 18A and 20B is exhausted through exhaust port 36A in the slide valve as the first hemi-toroid body moves in the clockwise direction. The space between pistons 20B and 18B fills with combustible gas through intake port 32B in the slide valve ring during an intake cycle, and the gas in the space between pistons 18B and 20C undergoes compression. The same analysis can be carried entirely around the engine, but is not repeated for brevity. As piston 18B on the first hemi-toroid body approaches piston 200 on the second hemi-toroid body, the pressure between the two pistons rises rapidly until the ignition temperature is reached. The first hemi-toroid body is now prevented from moving backward or in a counterclockwise direction by its forward ratchet pawl, but the second hemi-toroid body is free to move forward as piston 20C is pushed away from piston 188 by the expanding, burning gas, and the cycle is repeated. Of course, conventional spark plug ignition may be used instead of relying on diesel combustion, and an annular reversible conventional Sprague clutch type of ratchet mechanism can be used on the outer clamp rings to engage the herni-toroid bodies, instead of the tooth and pawl arrangement shown in the drawings.

As each hemi-toroid body advances, its respective bevel ring gear engages the bevel drive gears on the fly wheel and carries the fly wheel around at a rate equal to one-half of that of the hemi-toroid bodies, thereby providing an automatic gear reduction. At the same time, the valve gears are driven by the respective inner annular ring spur gears on the inner flanges of the hemi-toroid bodies and thereby drive the valve ring around in counterclockwise direction (as viewed in FIG. 1) with respect to the hemitoroidal bodies and the first and second outer clamp rings to open and close the intake and exhaust channels as required for proper intake, compression, power, and exhaust cycles.

An important advantage of the engine is that the exhaust and valve ports in the valve ring are blocked off from the working volume by the pistons during the compression and power strokes, and therefore are not subjected to the usual high temperatures and high pressures encountered by valves in conventional engines.

Since no crank shafts, or the like, are used, the pistons approach each other at a high rate of speed with a minimum dwell time, thus making possible high compression ratios not previously obtainable with conventional reciprocating piston engines. A high torque is produced because the pistons are at a relatively great average distance from the drive shaft all of the time, particularly during the beginning of a power stroke. The integral formation of each piston around substantially one-half of its transverse cross sectional area with a respective hemi-toroid body reduces sealing problems and improves engine efficiency. Finally, the vented hollow pistons provide for internal cooling to increase further engine efiiciency.

I claim:

1. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second annular bodies, means for securing the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit with each other and form an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotatable with respect to each other about a common axis, the bodies each having opposed annular recesses opening into each other in the direction of said axis to form an annular working volume in the assembly, at least two separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume, means for introducing and burning a fuel mixture in the working volume between 'the pistons to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, and means for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction and leaving them free to move in the other.

2. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second hemi-toroid bodies, means for securing the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit with each other and form an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotatable with respect to each other about a common axis, the bodies each having opposed hemi-toroid recesses opening into each other to form a toroid working volume in the assembly, at least two separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume, means for introducing and burning a fuel mixture in the working volume between the pistons to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, and means for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction and leaving them free to move in the other.

3. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second annular bodies, means for securing the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit with each other and form an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotatable with respect to each other about a common axis, the bodies each having opposed annular recesses opening into each other in the direction of said axis to form an annular working volume in the assembly, at least two separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume, an annular slide valve disposed between the two bodies and having port means the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, and meansfor restraining the bodies from moving in one direction and leaving them free to move in the other.

4. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second annular bodies, means for securing the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit with each other and form an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotatable with respect to each other about a common axis, the bodies each having opposed annular recesses opening into each other in the direction of said axis to form an annular working volume in the assembly, at least two separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume, an annular slide valve disposed between the two bodies and having port means for introducing a combustible fuel mixture in the working volume between the pistons to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, gear means on the slide valve, gear means carried by the bodies to engage the gear means on the slide valve and rotate it with respect to the bodies as the bodies rotate with respect to each other, and means for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction and leaving them free to move in the Other.

5. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second annular bodies, means for securing the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit with each other and form an annular assembly inwhich the two bodies are rotatable with respect to each other about a common axis, the bodies each having opposed annular recesses opening into each other in the direction of said axis to form an annular working volume in the assembly, at least two separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume, means for introducing and burning a fuel mixture in the working volume between the pistons to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, means for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction and leaving them free to move in the other, and radially extending cooling fins on the bodies for radiaating heat and centrifugally driving cooling air across the bodies. 7

6. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second annular bodies, means for securing the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit with each other and form an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotatable with respect to each other about a common axis, the bodies each having opposed annular recesses opening into each other in the direction of said axis to form an annular working volume in the assembly, a plurality of separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston on one body being disposed between adjacent pistons on the other body, the pistons being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume, means for introducing and burning a fuel mixture in the working volume between the pistons to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, and means for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction and leaving them free to move in the other.

7. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second annular bodies, outer and inner clamping means for securing the outer and inner respective peripheries of the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit with respect to each other and a sliding fit with respect to the outer and inner clamping means, the bodies forming an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotat able with respect to each other about a common axis,

the bodies each having opposed annular recesses opening into each other in the direction of said axis to form an annular working volume in the assembly, at least two separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume, means for introducing and burning a fuel mixture in the working volume between the pistons to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, and means for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction with respect to one of the clamping means and leaving them free to move in the. other direction.

8. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second annular bodies, outer and inner clamping means for securing the outer and inner respective peripheries of the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit with respect to each other and a sliding fit with respect to the outer and inner clamping means, the bodies forming an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotatable with respect to each other about a common axis, the bodies each having opposed annular recesses opening into each other in the direction of said axis to form an annular working volume in the assembly, at least two separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume, means for introducing and burning a fuel mixture in the working volume between the pistons .to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, and ratchet means for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction with respect to one of the clamping means and leaving them free to move in the other direction.

9. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second annular bodies, outer and inner clamping means for securing the outer and inner respective peripheries of the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit with respect to each other and a sliding fit with respect to the outer and inner clamping means, the bodies forming an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotatable with respect to each other about a common axis, the bodies each having opposed annular recess opening into each other in the direction of said axis to form an annular working volume in the assembly, at-least two separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume, means for introducing and burning a fuel mixture in the working volume between the pistons to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, and reversible ratchet means for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction with respect to one of the clamping means and leaving them free to move in the other direction.

10. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second annular bodies, means for securing the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit with each other and form an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotatable with respect to each other about a common axis, the bodies each having opposed annular recesses opening into each other in the direction of said axis to form an annular working volume in the assembly, at least two separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume, means for intro ducing and burning a fuel mixture in the working volume between the pistons to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, means for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction and leaving them free to move in the other, a power output shaft disposed adjacent the bodies, and means for coupling the relative movement of the bodies to the shaft.

11. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second annular bodies, means for securing the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit with each other and form an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotatable with respect to each other about a common axis, the bodies each having opposed annular recesses opening into each other in the direction of said axis to form an annular working volume in the assembly, at least two separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume, the pistons being hollow, means forming a passageway for a cooling medium through the pistons, means for introducing and burning a fuel mixture in the working volume between the pistons to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, and means for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction and leaving them free to move in the other direction.

12. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second annular bodies, means for securing the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit with each other and form an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotatable with respect to each other about a common axis, the bodies each having opposed annular recesses opening into each other in the direction of said axis to form an annular working volume in the assembly, at least two separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume to make a sliding fit therein, a separate piston ring disposed around each piston where it makes .a sliding fit in the working volume, means for introducing and burning a fuel mixture in the working volume between the pistons to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, and means for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction and leaving them free to move in the other direction.

13. An internal combustion engine comprising first and second annular bodies, an annular valve ring disposed between them, means for securing the two bodies together to make a sliding seal fit against opposite sides of the valve ring and form an annular assembly in which the two bodies are rotatable wtih respect to each other about a common axis, the bodies each having opposed annular recesses opening into each other in the direction of said axis to form an annular working volume in the assembly, at least two separate pistons secured to each body in its recess, each piston being of substantially the same cross sectional shape and size as the working volume to make a sliding fit therein, the valve ring having ports opening through it for introducing and burning a fuel mixture in the working volume between the pistons to force them apart and cause the bodies to rotate with respect to each other, a pair of annular spaced gaskets disposed between the pistons and the valve ring and on opposite sides of the ports in the valve ring, a separate sealing ring disposed around each end of each piston where it makes a sliding fit in the working volume, and a separate tab on each ring extending between the two gaskets, and means for restraining the bodies from moving in one direction and leaving them free to move in the other direction.

References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 797,093 8/ 1905 Bellah 9l6.0

915,296 3/ 1909 Holloway 91--60 1,024,166 4/1912 Weed 12 3-.11 1,370,298 3/ 1921 Fischer :123-11 1,921,747 8/ 1933 Greve 103-429 FOREIGN PATENTS 976,094 '10/ 1950 France. 1,277,381 10/1961 France.

419,730 4/ 1947 Italy.

SAMUEL LEVINE, Primary Examiner.

DONLEY J. STOCKING, Examiner.

R. M. VARGO, Assistant Examiner.

Claims

1. AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE COMPRISING FIRST AND SECOND ANNULAR BODIES, MEANS FOR SECURING THE TWO BODIES TOGETHER TO MAKE A SLIDING SEAL FIT WITH EACH OTHER AND FORM AN ANNULAR ASSEMBLY IN WHICH THE TWO BODIES ARE ROTATABLE WITH RESPECT TO EACH OTHER ABOUT A COMMON AXIS, THE BODIES EACH HAVING OPPOSED ANNULAR RECESSES OPENING INTO EACH OTHER IN THE DIRECTION OF SAID AXIS TO FORM AN ANNULAR WORKING VOLUME IN THE ASSEMBLY, AT LEAST TWO SEPARATE PISTONS SECURED TO EACH BODY IN ITS RECESS, EACH PISTON BEING OF SUBSTANTIALLY THE SAME CROSS SECTIONAL SHAPE AND SIZE AS THE WORKING VOLUME, MEANS FOR INTRODUCING AND BURNING A FUEL MIXTURE IN THE WORKING VOLUME BETWEEN