US3230599A - Method of producing needled felts - Google Patents

Method of producing needled felts Download PDF

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Publication number
US3230599A
US3230599A US250806A US25080663A US3230599A US 3230599 A US3230599 A US 3230599A US 250806 A US250806 A US 250806A US 25080663 A US25080663 A US 25080663A US 3230599 A US3230599 A US 3230599A
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United States
Prior art keywords
batt
barbs
fibers
needles
base fabric
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Expired - Lifetime
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US250806A
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English (en)
Inventor
Mckew Marshall
Francis L Mckone
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Huyck Corp
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Huyck Corp
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Priority to GB992895D priority Critical patent/GB992895A/en
Application filed by Huyck Corp filed Critical Huyck Corp
Priority to US250806A priority patent/US3230599A/en
Priority to FR958773A priority patent/FR1392540A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3230599A publication Critical patent/US3230599A/en
Assigned to HUYCK CORPORATION A CORP. OF NY. reassignment HUYCK CORPORATION A CORP. OF NY. MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). EFFECTIVE 10-24-80 STATE OF DEL. Assignors: HUYCK CORPORATION (MERGED INTO) BTR FABRICS (USA) AND CHANGED INTO
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H18/00—Needling machines
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
    • D04H1/74—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being orientated, e.g. in parallel (anisotropic fleeces)
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F7/00—Other details of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F7/08—Felts
    • D21F7/083—Multi-layer felts

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a novel felt construction for use in a paper making machine and to methods of and apparatus for producing the same.
  • the highly improved felt is produced by needling a batt of fibers to a base fabric under conditions insuring high tensile strength of the felt in both'the machine direction and the cross machine direction.
  • the barbs of the various needles have not been pointed in the direction or directions found to be essential, for the purposes of the present invention, in relation to the warps and wefts of the base fabric, and no attention has been paid to the relationship between the direction in which the bars extend and the general direction in which the fibers of the batt extend or are oriented.
  • the barbs provided on each needle extend in only one direction, or at most two directions, from the longitudinal axis of the needle.
  • a needle having a triangular cross-section in the barbed region thereof will have the barbs extending outwardly from the axis of the needle at only one corner or edge of the triangular configuration, or will have the barbs similarly extending outwardly from two corners or edges of the triangular configuration.
  • the direction in which the barbs extend from the needles should bear a quite definite relationship to the direction in which the warps, the wefts or filling yarns, and the longitudinal axes of the batt fibers extend.
  • the needle is of such character that its barbs extend only in one direction, this should be parallel to the warps and perpendicular to the wefts and to the general or major direction in which the batt fibers extend. It'will be appreciated that the batt fibers are not strictly linear but have a wavy configuration.
  • orientation of the fibers will be understood as referring to the general longitudinal axis of the fibers; Also it will be appreciated that in the carding of fibers it is not possible or practicable to align their axes in the desired direction. However, in accordance with the present invention it is highly desirable to align the axes of the fibers to the extent of at least 70% in the specified direction. If the needles employed have barbs extending in two directions, these should preferably be at an angle of at least to each other and they should preferably be pointed at not more than 30 to the direction in which the warps extend, and preferably at least 60 to the direction in which the wefts and the general longitudinal axes of the batt fibers extend.
  • the benefits :of the invention may be achieved to a substantial extent if the angularrelationships specified are varied slightly.
  • the bars are so disposed as to point in a direction of as much as 35 to the warp direction and as little as 55 to the weft or filling direction, substantial benefits will be derived over the results obtained when some or all of the barbs are pointed at an angle of 45 or more to the direction of the warps.
  • the barbed portion of the needle preferably forms an equi lateral triangle in cross-section.
  • each needle with barbs extending in more than two directions from the axis of the needle.
  • the barbs extending outwardly from' four of the corners, but these should be so arranged that when the needles are attached to the reciprocating head of the needling machine, all of the barbs will preferably extend at angles of 30 to the warp direction and at 60 to the filling or weft direction, and also the direction of orientation of the batt fibers.
  • the barbs may extend outwardly from four of the corners that are so disposed, when the needles are mounted in the reciprocating head of the needling machine, that the barbs will point in directions of 22.5 to the direction-of the warps and in directions of 675 to the direction of the wefts and the direction of orientation of the batt fibers.
  • the resulting felt has a high tensile strength in the machine direction, and also a higher than usual tensile strength in the cross machine direction.
  • the preservation of tensile strength in the machine direction results from the minimum damage done to the warp threads, by virtue of having the needle barbs extend in a direction parallel with, or at an angle of preferably not more than 30 to the warps;
  • Improved tensile strength in the cross machine direction results from the fact that any cutting or nicking of the wefts or filling yarns is more than offiset by the batt fibers which are firmly secured to the wefts and extend in the Weft direction to add to the tensile strength in that direction.
  • any tendency of the needle barbs to cut into, and partially sever, the wefts or filling yarns is minimized by the pick up of batt fibers by the barbs before the latter pass through the normal path of the wefts. This tends to deflect the wefts or filling yarns sufiiciently to avoid serious cutting.
  • the fibers of the batt which are then firmly retained by the wefts and bridge the cuts or nicks formed in the latter, serve to supplant the tensile strength lost through the partial severance of the wefts.
  • the present invention reduces fiber shedding to a minimum. This is a highly desirable characteristic of the resulting felt.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view, showing on an enlarged scale, the construction of the base fabric and the relative position of a number of barbed needles in applying the fibers of the batt thereto;
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view, as a cross-section through the base fabric and a layer of batt fibers thereon in a direction parallel with the Weft or filling yarns, and shows two of the barbed needles in their lowermost position;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view, similar to FIG. 2, but showing a cross-section through the base fabric and batt fibers in a direction at right angles to that shown in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a greatly enlarged cross-sectional view through the barbed portion of one form of needle that may be used, the cross-section being taken at different levels to show the barbs which are located at different elevations along the needle;
  • FIG. 5 is an enlarged elevational view of a typical needle that may be employed in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view through the barbed portion of the needle, taken along the line 66 of FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 6, but taken along the line 77 of FIG. 5;
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 are views similar to FIGS. 6 and 7, respectively, but showing needles having a circular crosssection in the barbed region;
  • FIGS. 10 and 11 are cross-sectional views, taken at different elevations through needles having barbed portions of oval and diamond-shaped cross-section, respectively;
  • FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the relationship between a carding machine and a lapping machine employed for the production of a'multi-layered batt having its fibers all extending in substantially the same direction;
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a needling machine that may be employed in accordance with the invention.
  • the base fabric may be produced of any desired width and length from yarns of any suitable character. They may be formed of wool, or of any other fibers conventionally employed in the production of paper machine felts. If the fabric is woven fiat, the warps in the loom will be positioned in the machine direction of the felt to be produced therefrom, while the wefts or filling yarns in the loom will be positioned in the cross machine direction. On the other hand, if the fabric is woven in endless fashion the loom warps will extend in the cross machine direction and the loom wefts in the machine direction of the belt-like felt being produced.
  • warp shall be understood as indicating the yarns which extend in the machine direction and the term weft or filling shall be understood as referring to the yarns extending in the cross machine direction.
  • the base fabric may be of any of a variety of different weaves
  • the form shown in FIGS.'l, 2 and 3 is of such a character that the warps 10 pass over a single weft or filling yarn 11 and then under the next three filling yarns, with this pattern being repeated throughout the length of the fabric.
  • the wefts pass under one warp and then over three warps in a repetitive manner across the width of the fabric. This serves to position the major portion of the wefts at the top surface of the fabric and the major portion of the warps at the bottom surface of the fabric.
  • a large number of needles 13 is forced downwardly through the batt and through the base fabric. The barbs of the needles will carry portions of groups of fibers downwardly and will leave them in substantially U-shaped loop form, as indicated at 12a in FIG.
  • the needles 13 are provided in a plurality of rows which extend completely across the width of the material to be needled. In plan, the arrangement of the needles in relation to the warp and filling yarns of the base fabric may be as schematically indicated in FIG. 1.
  • the reciprocating head or heads carrying the needles will be reciprocated at a suitable speed through a distance of say 3 inches, to carry the pointed ends of the needles downwardly through the batt and the base fabric, from a point above the batt to a point about /2 inch below the base fabric.
  • FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 the needles are shown as having their barbed portions of triangular cross-section, with the barbs 13a of all needles pointing in a direction parallel with the warps 10 and perpendicular to the wefts or filling yarns 11. These barbs are also pointed in a direction substantially perpendicular to the lengthwise orientation of the fibers of the batt.
  • the barbs provided in the needles may be of a variety of different forms, but: it has been found desirable to make them of the so-called! A type. This, as best shown in FIG. 3, makes it possible for a barb to receive a plurality of batt fibers without danger of having the fibers wedged intothe upper end of the barb opening.
  • the batt fibers will tend to remain in the positions to which they have been forced by the downward movement of the needles.
  • the fibers of the batt will not become wedged in the barb openings of the needles.
  • certain of the needles will be found to carry theh barbs into direct engagement with the filling yarns, with some resultant nicking of these yarns, as indicated for one of the needles shown in FIG. 3.
  • the barbs at the time of their engagement with the filling yarns, carry a number of batt fibers downwardly within the barb opening tends to minimize the extent of cutting or nicking of the filling yarns, and also tends to leave the batt fibers, so carried, in a: posit-ion within the filling yarns and firmly attached thereto. This tends to minimize any weakening of the cross; machine direction strength of the finished felt structure.
  • the orientation of the batt fibers in the cross machine direction builds up a certain amount of strength in that direction.
  • the base fabric andthe batt Willi be continuously advanced in the direction of the warps, and this movement of the material preferably is such as to carry the wefts and the batt fibers toward the barbs of the needles. While this increases the tendency of the barbs on the sides of the needles that are opposite the direction of motion to cut into or nick the filling yarns, it has been found to improve the bonding of the batt fibers to the base fabric in the course of the needling operation. The net result appears to be an improvement of the end product produced, as compared with one formed by having the barbs of the needles pointed in the opposite direction, i. e., in the direction in which the base fabric and batt are being advanced. However, quite satisfactory results are obtained if this reverse arrangement of the barbs is employed.
  • the material In order to insure the desired extent of needling of the batt fibers into the base fabric, it is preferable to cycle the material through the needling zone a number of times.
  • the number of passes required to bring about the desired attachment of the batt to the base fabric willdepend, in fact, upon the depth of penetration and density of needling, i.'e. penetrations-per square area, thelatter being governed by the relative speeds of the reciprocating head of the needling machine and the advance of the work.
  • a batt of fibers to both surfaces of the base fabric.
  • a batt of fibers is first applied to one surface and the resulting product is then inverted and a second batt is applied to and needled to the opposite face of the base fabric in the same manner as explained above.
  • FIGS. 4-7 inclusive there is shown a form of barbed needle. having a a triangular crosssection in the barbed region thereof, with barbs extending in two different directions from the axis of the needle.
  • the general form of the needle is shown in elevation in FIG. 5. This is a conventional form which may also be employed in connection with the above described, having barbs extending in only one direction from the axis thereof.
  • Needle 15 of FIG. 5 having its upper portion of circular cross-section and bent over at 15a to facilitate its clamping in the head of a needling machine, has a barbed portion 15b of triangular cross-section.
  • the barbs 15c are preferably located at a slightly different elevation than the barbs 15d.
  • One of these sets of barbs points in the general direction in which the material is being advanced, and the other set points toward the advancing wefts and batt fibers, not directly but at an angle of 60 thereto.
  • the overall strength of the fabric is nevertheless maintained at a high value.
  • the disposition of the barbs at an angle of not more than 30 to the warps prevents any serious damage to the warps even if the barbs are brought into cutting relation with a portion of the warp yarns. It has been found that with this angular relationship, either the needles or the warp threads may be deflected sufficiently by the co-action of the tapered, pointed ends of the needles with the side 6 surfaces of the warps to prevent serious cutting of the warps by the barbs.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate a modified form of the barbed portion of the needle. These views may be considered as taken along the lines 66 and 7-7, respectively, of FIG. 5, with the barb portion 15b of the needle being circular in cross-section.
  • this modified form of needle there will be provided a plurality of barbs 16a pointing in one direction, which will be disposed at 35 or less to the warp direction of the base fabric, and another series of barbs 16b pointed in a different direction, but not more than 35 to the direction of the warps of the base fabric.
  • one set of barbs may be pointed at such an angle to the direction in which the fabric is being advanced, and the other set of barbs may be pointed in a corresponding direction against that in which the fabric is being advanced.
  • the barbed portion of a needle in accordance with the invention may have a variety of different cross-sections in lieu of the triangular and circular forms illustrated.
  • the needle may have a barbed portion of oval cross-section, diamond-shaped cross-section, or a variety of other polygonal cross-sections.
  • FIGS. 10 and-11 See FIG.
  • FIG. 10 shows a needle having an oval cross-section in the barbed region, with barbs 16c pointing toward the advancing wefts and barbs 16d pointing away from the advancing wefts, at an angle of thereto. In this case the barbs are pointed at angles that are apart in relation to each other.
  • FIG. 11 shows a needle having a diamond-shaped cross-section in the barbed region, with barbs 16c and 16 pointing in the directions explained for barbs 16c and 16d, respectively.
  • the original fibrous material with no particular orientation may first be fed to a carding machine 18, which through its action serves to orient the fibers to a high degree in the direction in which the fibrous material is being advanced.
  • This orientation of the fibers is schematically shown in FIG. 12 by the lines designated 19.
  • a conveyor 20 through a lapping machine 21.
  • the latter may be of a well-known conventional construction.
  • a conveyor belt 22 It serves to pick up sections of the thin layered carded fibers and deposit such sections on layers previously positioned crosswise of a conveyor belt 22.
  • the latter is continuously advanced in the direction indicated by the arrow in FIG. 12, at such a rate that when the desired number of layers have been built up on conveyor 22 the latter will have advanced a distance equal to the width of the single layers being delivered by the conveyor 20.
  • the conveyor 22 should be advanced at a rate equal to the width of a single layer on conveyor 20 during precisely the time that the ten layers are built up on conveyor 22.
  • the multi-layered batt formed on conveyor 22 may be delivered directly to a needling machine for application to the upper surface of the base fabric in the manner explained above. However, this is not essential and the two operations may be separately performed, if desired.
  • FIG. 13 schematically shows how the base fabric and the batt fibers are supplied and advanced through the needling machine.
  • the multi-layered batt 23 may be delivered, either directly from the lapping machine or from a roll, to a conveyor belt 24 and advanced downwardly with the upper run of this belt.
  • the latter passes around a pair of rollers 25 and 26, one of which may be driven by any suitable connections from a drive shaft connected with the needling machine.
  • the batt From the lower end of the downwardly moving run of the belt 24, the batt will be delivered to the upper surface of the base fabric 27, which may suitably have its free ends clipped together into endless belt form. It is supported by rollers 23 and 29, and a number of intermediate rollers if desired.
  • One of the rollers 28 and 29 may be connected with the drive shaft of the needling machine to bring about continuous advance of the fabric in the direction indicated by the arrow.
  • the rate of advance will correspond to the rate at which the batt is delivered to the fabric.
  • Needles 31 are mounted in a head 30 and are clamped in position by means of a plate 32 that may be secured by screws or bolts 33 to the top of the head. The latter is reciprocated in a vertical direction by connections from the drive shaft of the machine, a part of such connections being schematically indicated at 34.
  • the latter may be supported by a plate 35, or the like, having suitable openings or passages 35a therethrough, to permit the downward movement of the needles 31 into a position in which the lower ends thereof are below the upper run of the fabric 27.
  • the base fabric and the batt may be cycled a number of times through the needling zone of the machine to insure effective needling of the batt fibers to the base fabric.
  • a method of producing a paper machine felt which comprises: forming a base fabric with certain yarns extending in the machine direction and other yarns extending in the cross machine direction of the felt, applying to one surface of said fabric a batt of fibers having the majority of the fibers thereof oriented in substantially the cross machine direction, and needling said batt to said base fabricby needles having all of their fiber engaging barbs disposed at an angle of not more than about 30 to the machine direction yarns.
  • a method of producing a paper machine felt which comprises: forming a base fabric with certain yarns extending in the machine direction and other yarns extending in the cross machine direction of the felt, applying to one surface of said fabric a batt of fibers having a majority of the fibers thereof oriented in substantially the cross machine direction, and needling said batt to said base fabric by needles having all of their fiber engaging barbs disposed substantially parallel with the machine direction yarns.
  • each of said needles is provided with barbs extending therefrom in directions disposed at an angle between about and in relation to each other, said needles being so disposed in the course of the needling operation that all of their barbs extend in a direction of at least about 60 to the direction of orientation of the batt fibers.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
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US250806A 1963-01-11 1963-01-11 Method of producing needled felts Expired - Lifetime US3230599A (en)

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GB992895D GB992895A (de) 1963-01-11
US250806A US3230599A (en) 1963-01-11 1963-01-11 Method of producing needled felts
FR958773A FR1392540A (fr) 1963-01-11 1963-12-28 Feutre pour machine à fabriquer le papier, procédé et appareil pour la fabrication de ce feutre

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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3441973A (en) * 1967-09-19 1969-05-06 Albert Turk Mop wringer with gear driven rolls
US3772746A (en) * 1970-01-07 1973-11-20 Orr Felt Co Method of making papermaker{3 s felt
US3839136A (en) * 1968-10-07 1974-10-01 Nordiska Maskinfilt Ab Machine felt comprising woven fabric having fibrous batt needled thereto
US3913189A (en) * 1975-01-06 1975-10-21 Edson P Foster Felting needle with barb on a single edge and an isosceles blade
US4683624A (en) * 1985-02-19 1987-08-04 Cofpa Method for steaming a papermaker's fabric
US4842929A (en) * 1987-03-02 1989-06-27 Asten Group, Inc. Papermaker's wet press felt with predensified batt thereon
US4958673A (en) * 1985-02-19 1990-09-25 Asten Group, Inc. Papermaking machine and a seamed papermaker's fabric
US5996195A (en) * 1998-07-20 1999-12-07 Morrison Berkshire, Inc. Cross machine tensioning system and method
US6311375B1 (en) * 2000-07-27 2001-11-06 Gilbert Patrick Method of needle punching yarns
US20020059707A1 (en) * 2000-11-22 2002-05-23 Monika Fehrer Method and apparatus for strengthening a textile web
US20040050116A1 (en) * 2002-09-12 2004-03-18 Minika Fehrer Apparatus for needling at least one yarn

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS4213581Y1 (de) * 1965-08-17 1967-08-02
DE2817407C3 (de) * 1978-04-20 1983-02-03 Theodor Groz & Söhne & Ernst Beckert Nadelfabrik KG, 7470 Albstadt Filznadel
GB2155067B (en) * 1984-02-29 1988-07-06 Forster Tuchfabriken Veb A method for the finishing of textile articles

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1035622A (en) * 1908-09-24 1912-08-13 Frederick Maussner Interwoven-curled-hair mattress.
US1225671A (en) * 1916-10-23 1917-05-08 Madeline L Maussner Machine for interlacing curled hair.
US1243133A (en) * 1916-08-23 1917-10-16 Strand Machinery Company Machine for interweaving curled horsehair.
US1314565A (en) * 1919-09-02 billington
US2165772A (en) * 1937-05-04 1939-07-11 Drycor Felt Company Industrial and paper-makers' felts
US2588228A (en) * 1948-01-16 1952-03-04 Drycor Felt Company Industrial and papermakers' felt and method of producing the same
US2943379A (en) * 1958-05-23 1960-07-05 Lockport Felt Company Inc Papermaker's felt
US3090100A (en) * 1960-05-26 1963-05-21 Chatham Mfg Company Method of needle punching fibers to make needled fabrics or the like

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1314565A (en) * 1919-09-02 billington
US1035622A (en) * 1908-09-24 1912-08-13 Frederick Maussner Interwoven-curled-hair mattress.
US1243133A (en) * 1916-08-23 1917-10-16 Strand Machinery Company Machine for interweaving curled horsehair.
US1225671A (en) * 1916-10-23 1917-05-08 Madeline L Maussner Machine for interlacing curled hair.
US2165772A (en) * 1937-05-04 1939-07-11 Drycor Felt Company Industrial and paper-makers' felts
US2588228A (en) * 1948-01-16 1952-03-04 Drycor Felt Company Industrial and papermakers' felt and method of producing the same
US2943379A (en) * 1958-05-23 1960-07-05 Lockport Felt Company Inc Papermaker's felt
US3090100A (en) * 1960-05-26 1963-05-21 Chatham Mfg Company Method of needle punching fibers to make needled fabrics or the like

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3441973A (en) * 1967-09-19 1969-05-06 Albert Turk Mop wringer with gear driven rolls
US3839136A (en) * 1968-10-07 1974-10-01 Nordiska Maskinfilt Ab Machine felt comprising woven fabric having fibrous batt needled thereto
US3772746A (en) * 1970-01-07 1973-11-20 Orr Felt Co Method of making papermaker{3 s felt
US3913189A (en) * 1975-01-06 1975-10-21 Edson P Foster Felting needle with barb on a single edge and an isosceles blade
US4958673A (en) * 1985-02-19 1990-09-25 Asten Group, Inc. Papermaking machine and a seamed papermaker's fabric
US4683624A (en) * 1985-02-19 1987-08-04 Cofpa Method for steaming a papermaker's fabric
US5082532A (en) * 1985-02-19 1992-01-21 Asten Group, Inc. Papermaking machine and a seamed papermaker's fabric
US4842929A (en) * 1987-03-02 1989-06-27 Asten Group, Inc. Papermaker's wet press felt with predensified batt thereon
US5996195A (en) * 1998-07-20 1999-12-07 Morrison Berkshire, Inc. Cross machine tensioning system and method
US6311375B1 (en) * 2000-07-27 2001-11-06 Gilbert Patrick Method of needle punching yarns
US20020059707A1 (en) * 2000-11-22 2002-05-23 Monika Fehrer Method and apparatus for strengthening a textile web
US20040050116A1 (en) * 2002-09-12 2004-03-18 Minika Fehrer Apparatus for needling at least one yarn
US6779236B2 (en) * 2002-09-12 2004-08-24 Monika Fehrer Apparatus for needling at least one yarn

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