US3198424A - Circuit arrangement for stabilizing the operating point of an amplifier tube - Google Patents

Circuit arrangement for stabilizing the operating point of an amplifier tube Download PDF

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US3198424A
US3198424A US159945A US15994561A US3198424A US 3198424 A US3198424 A US 3198424A US 159945 A US159945 A US 159945A US 15994561 A US15994561 A US 15994561A US 3198424 A US3198424 A US 3198424A
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source
resistor
current
circuit
voltage
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US159945A
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Otten Walter
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US Philips Corp
North American Philips Co Inc
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US Philips Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
    • H03F3/22—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers with tubes only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/30—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce influence of variations of temperature or supply voltage or other physical parameters
    • H03F1/302—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce influence of variations of temperature or supply voltage or other physical parameters in bipolar transistor amplifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/34—DC amplifiers in which all stages are DC-coupled
    • H03F3/36—DC amplifiers in which all stages are DC-coupled with tubes only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B15/00—Suppression or limitation of noise or interference
    • H04B15/005—Reducing noise, e.g. humm, from the supply

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  • the invention relates to a circuit arrangement for stabilizing the operating point of an amplifier which is supplied from a supply source having a considerable internal resistance, to which source a strongly varying load is connected. If the load is varied, in general also the direct current bias voltages of the electrodes of the amplifier vary, so that the operating point is shifted. As a result of this, the properties of the tube also vary, in particular its transconductance, so that its satisfactory functioning may be uncertain.
  • the term Fugrift is the inverse of the voltage amplification factor of tube T.
  • the figure shows the direct-current operation of an amplifier tube T as essential for explanation of the present invention.
  • the signal source and the input and output terminals for oscillations or measuring quantities or the like to be amplified are not shown, since these may be provided in the normal manner.
  • the figure shows a circuit arrangement which is supplied by a source of direct current, the of which has the value U However, the source has an internal resistance R, so that the operating voltage U actually available is smaller due to the voltage drop across the resistor R This voltage drop varies with the load.
  • the load is indicated as a variable resistor B and may be formed, for example, by one or several additional amplifier tubes which are controlled so that their current varies considerably.
  • An amplifier tube T is connected to the supply source, in the anode branch of which an operating resistor R is connected and in the cathode branch of which a resistor R is connected. If the grid of this tube T is connected to a potentiometer supplied by the operating voltage U the bias voltages of the tube vary if the operating voltage varies, in particular the anode voltage and the cathode voltage U so that the anode current and cathode current of the tube also fluctuate.
  • the control grid of the tube T is connected for direct current to the junction point of the load B and of the resistor R. If the load resistor B becomes smaller and consequently the load for the supply source increases, the voltage division at the resistors B and R is shifted so that the voltage at'the grid of the tube T becomes more positive. As .a result of this, the influence of the decreasing anode voltage is compensated and the cathode current stabilized. As may be seen, a possibly desired overcompensation may be reached by increasing the resistance R.
  • the invention is of particular importance for smaller devices which are provided only with a comparatively Weak supply source, for example a rectifier circuit connected to an AC. supply source.
  • a comparatively Weak supply source for example a rectifier circuit connected to an AC. supply source.
  • converters as they are used in television receivers, to convert receiving signals of a higher frequency range to lower frequencies.
  • Such devices often have ony two tubes, one of which, connected as an oscillator, receives its bias voltage from the oscillator oscillations, the amplitude of which strongly depends upon the frequency adjusted. In a corresponding manner, consequently also the load produced by this oscillator tube varies, which would efiect the other tu'be serving preferably as pro-amplifier.
  • a variation of the operating point of the pre-amplifier tube produces a variation of its amplification and possibly also a deterioration of its noise properties.
  • a complete stabilization of the operation point of the pre-amplifier tube can be obtained. If this tube operates in common grid arrangement, the grid may be connected directly to earth, as indicated in the figure in dotted lines. Similar relations are obtained also in a receiving or amplifier apparatus having a final stage connected for class B operation.
  • the invention may also 'be used if a different electron tube is used, for example a multiple grid tube such as a pentode, in which, if desired, a particular correction of the resistance R is required so as to take into account the influence of additional electrode bias voltages on the anode current and cathode current respectively.
  • the cathode resistor R and the anode resistor R may have voluntary values, as may be required on the basis of the destination of the circuit arrangement.
  • an additional grid bias voltage U is obtained anyhow, which has to be taken into account when proportioning the cathode resistor R for establishing the operating point.
  • a circuit comprising an amplifier device of the type having first and second electrodes between which the main amplifier device current flows and a third electrode for controlling the flow of current between said first and second electrodes, a source of operating voltage having internal resistance, means connecting said source between said first and second electrodes, a variable load circuit connected to said source, and means for maintaining the current flow between said first and second electrodes substantially constant with variations of the volt age of said source due to variations in the current of said load circuit flowing through the internal resistance of said source, said means comprising a resistor connected in series between said source and said load circuit, and means connecting the junction of said resistor and load circuit to said third electrode, said resistor having a value R determined by the expression:
  • D is the inverse of the voltage amplification factor of said device, and R, is the internal resistance of said source.
  • a circuit comprising an amplifier device of the type having an output electrode, a common electrode, and a control electrode for controlling the current fiow between said common and output electrodes, 21 source of operating voltage exhibiting internal resistance and having first and second terminals, output circuit means connected between said output electrode and said first terminal, means connecting said common electrode to said second terminal, a variable load circuit, means connecting said load circuit between said first and second terminals, and stabilizing means for maintaining the common electrodeoutput electrode current flow of said device substantially constant with variations of the voltage of said source due to variations in the current of said load circuit flowing through the internal resistance of said source, said stabilizing means comprising a resistor connected in series between said load circuit and said second terminal, and means connecting the junction of said resistor and load circuit to said control electrode, said resistor having a value R determined by the expression:
  • D is the inverse of the voltage amplification factor of said device
  • R is the internal resistance of said source
  • a circuit comprising an electron discharge device having cathode, control grid, and anode electrodes, a source of operating voltage having internal resistance, means connecting said source between said anode and cathode electrodes, a variable load circuit connected to said source, and means for maintaining the anode current flow of said device constant with variations of the voltage of said source due to variations in the current of said load circuit flowing through the internal resistance of said source, said means comprising a resistor connected in series between said load circuit and source at the terminal of said source to which said cathode is connected, and means connecting the junction of said resistor and load circuit to said control grid, said resistor having a value R determined by the expression:
  • D is the inverse of the voltage amplification fac tor of said device, and R is the internal resistance of said source.
  • An amplifier circuit comprising an amplifier device having a control electrode, an operating supply source having a substantial internal resistance, a load circuit having substantial current fluctuations, means connecting said device and said load circuit in parallel to said supply source, and means for stabilizing the operation of said amplifier device for variations in the voltage of said source due to fluctuations in the current of said load circuit, said stabilizing means comprising a resistor connected in series with said load circuit, and means connecting the junction of said resistor and load circuit to said control electrode, said resistor having a value R determined hy the expression:
  • D is the inverse of the voltage amplification factor of said device, and R is the internal resistance of said source.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Amplifiers (AREA)

Description

Aug. 3, 1965 w. OTTEN 3,198,424 CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT FOR STABILIZING THE OPERATING POINT OF AN AMPLIFIER TUBE Filed Dec. 18, 1961 PUT IN H1 INVENTOR WALTER OTTEN BY J z AGEN United States Patent 3,198,424 CLRCUIT ARRANGEMENT FOR STABILHZHIG THE OPERATING POINT OF AN AMPLWER TUBE Waiter Utten, Hamburg, Germany, assignor to North American Philips Company, Inc., New York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware Filed Dec. 18, 1%1, Ser. No. 159,945 Claims priority, application Germany, Jan. 12, 1961,
4 Claims. cl. sac- 129 The invention relates to a circuit arrangement for stabilizing the operating point of an amplifier which is supplied from a supply source having a considerable internal resistance, to which source a strongly varying load is connected. If the load is varied, in general also the direct current bias voltages of the electrodes of the amplifier vary, so that the operating point is shifted. As a result of this, the properties of the tube also vary, in particular its transconductance, so that its satisfactory functioning may be uncertain.
It is known per se that this drawback may be avoided by stabilizing the supply voltage, for example by use of a gas discharge stabilizer tube. However, this expedient requires a higher investment and also a higher load on the supply source.
In a circuit arrangement of the above type, a true stabilizing of the operating point can be obtained with substantially smaller investment it, according to the invention, between the load B and the supply source, a resistor R is connected and the control electrode of the amplifier is connected to the junction point of the load and the resistor in which the relationship R=D.R is satisfied wherein R is the value of the resistor, D is the Dutchgrift coefiicient of the amplifier and R is the internal resistance of the supply source. The term Durchgrift is the inverse of the voltage amplification factor of tube T.
In this manner, the anode current flowing through the amplifier tube is kept constant, the influence of a variation of the anode voltage is compensated by a corresponding control at the grid. As a result of this, at least the transconductance is very accurately stabilized.
In order that the invention may readily be carried into effect, one embodiment thereof will now be described more fully, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing.
The figure shows the direct-current operation of an amplifier tube T as essential for explanation of the present invention. The signal source and the input and output terminals for oscillations or measuring quantities or the like to be amplified are not shown, since these may be provided in the normal manner.
The figure shows a circuit arrangement which is supplied by a source of direct current, the of which has the value U However, the source has an internal resistance R,, so that the operating voltage U actually available is smaller due to the voltage drop across the resistor R This voltage drop varies with the load. The load is indicated as a variable resistor B and may be formed, for example, by one or several additional amplifier tubes which are controlled so that their current varies considerably.
An amplifier tube T is connected to the supply source, in the anode branch of which an operating resistor R is connected and in the cathode branch of which a resistor R is connected. If the grid of this tube T is connected to a potentiometer supplied by the operating voltage U the bias voltages of the tube vary if the operating voltage varies, in particular the anode voltage and the cathode voltage U so that the anode current and cathode current of the tube also fluctuate.
In order to avoid this, according to the invention, a resistor R is connected between the load resistor B and the negative terminal of the supply source. Resistor R is proportioned so that the relationship R=D.R,- is satisfied. The control grid of the tube T is connected for direct current to the junction point of the load B and of the resistor R. If the load resistor B becomes smaller and consequently the load for the supply source increases, the voltage division at the resistors B and R is shifted so that the voltage at'the grid of the tube T becomes more positive. As .a result of this, the influence of the decreasing anode voltage is compensated and the cathode current stabilized. As may be seen, a possibly desired overcompensation may be reached by increasing the resistance R.
The invention is of particular importance for smaller devices which are provided only with a comparatively Weak supply source, for example a rectifier circuit connected to an AC. supply source. This is the case, for example, with converters as they are used in television receivers, to convert receiving signals of a higher frequency range to lower frequencies. Such devices often have ony two tubes, one of which, connected as an oscillator, receives its bias voltage from the oscillator oscillations, the amplitude of which strongly depends upon the frequency adjusted. In a corresponding manner, consequently also the load produced by this oscillator tube varies, which would efiect the other tu'be serving preferably as pro-amplifier. A variation of the operating point of the pre-amplifier tube, however, produces a variation of its amplification and possibly also a deterioration of its noise properties. By using the invention, a complete stabilization of the operation point of the pre-amplifier tube can be obtained. If this tube operates in common grid arrangement, the grid may be connected directly to earth, as indicated in the figure in dotted lines. Similar relations are obtained also in a receiving or amplifier apparatus having a final stage connected for class B operation.
As may be seen, the invention may also 'be used if a different electron tube is used, for example a multiple grid tube such as a pentode, in which, if desired, a particular correction of the resistance R is required so as to take into account the influence of additional electrode bias voltages on the anode current and cathode current respectively.
Also in the case of a circuit arrangement with transistors, substantially the same relations present themselves, so that in this case also, the invention may be used mutatis mutandis.
Since the anode-cathode current of the tube T is stabilized in the circuit arrangement according to the invention, the cathode resistor R and the anode resistor R,, may have voluntary values, as may be required on the basis of the destination of the circuit arrangement. As a result of the voltage drop at the resistor R, an additional grid bias voltage U is obtained anyhow, which has to be taken into account when proportioning the cathode resistor R for establishing the operating point.
What is claimed is:
1. A circuit comprising an amplifier device of the type having first and second electrodes between which the main amplifier device current flows and a third electrode for controlling the flow of current between said first and second electrodes, a source of operating voltage having internal resistance, means connecting said source between said first and second electrodes, a variable load circuit connected to said source, and means for maintaining the current flow between said first and second electrodes substantially constant with variations of the volt age of said source due to variations in the current of said load circuit flowing through the internal resistance of said source, said means comprising a resistor connected in series between said source and said load circuit, and means connecting the junction of said resistor and load circuit to said third electrode, said resistor having a value R determined by the expression:
where D is the inverse of the voltage amplification factor of said device, and R, is the internal resistance of said source.
7 2. A circuit comprising an amplifier device of the type having an output electrode, a common electrode, and a control electrode for controlling the current fiow between said common and output electrodes, 21 source of operating voltage exhibiting internal resistance and having first and second terminals, output circuit means connected between said output electrode and said first terminal, means connecting said common electrode to said second terminal, a variable load circuit, means connecting said load circuit between said first and second terminals, and stabilizing means for maintaining the common electrodeoutput electrode current flow of said device substantially constant with variations of the voltage of said source due to variations in the current of said load circuit flowing through the internal resistance of said source, said stabilizing means comprising a resistor connected in series between said load circuit and said second terminal, and means connecting the junction of said resistor and load circuit to said control electrode, said resistor having a value R determined by the expression:
where D is the inverse of the voltage amplification factor of said device, and R is the internal resistance of said source.
3. A circuit comprising an electron discharge device having cathode, control grid, and anode electrodes, a source of operating voltage having internal resistance, means connecting said source between said anode and cathode electrodes, a variable load circuit connected to said source, and means for maintaining the anode current flow of said device constant with variations of the voltage of said source due to variations in the current of said load circuit flowing through the internal resistance of said source, said means comprising a resistor connected in series between said load circuit and source at the terminal of said source to which said cathode is connected, and means connecting the junction of said resistor and load circuit to said control grid, said resistor having a value R determined by the expression:
RIDR,
wherein D is the inverse of the voltage amplification fac tor of said device, and R is the internal resistance of said source.
4. An amplifier circuit comprising an amplifier device having a control electrode, an operating supply source having a substantial internal resistance, a load circuit having substantial current fluctuations, means connecting said device and said load circuit in parallel to said supply source, and means for stabilizing the operation of said amplifier device for variations in the voltage of said source due to fluctuations in the current of said load circuit, said stabilizing means comprising a resistor connected in series with said load circuit, and means connecting the junction of said resistor and load circuit to said control electrode, said resistor having a value R determined hy the expression:
wherein D is the inverse of the voltage amplification factor of said device, and R is the internal resistance of said source.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,541,311 6/25 Anderson 330203 2,149,361 3/39 Rath 330-203 X 2,802,070 8/57 Fishbine et al. 330204 X ROY LM IE, Primary Examiner.
ARTHUR GAUSS, Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. A CIRCUIT COMPRISING AN AMPLIFIER DEVICE OF THE TYPE HAVING FIRST AND SECOND ELECTRODES BETWEEN WHICH THE MAIN AMPLIFIER DEVICE CURRENT FLOWS AND A THIRD ELECTRODE FOR CONTROLLING THE FLOW OF CURRENT BETWEEN SAID FIRST AND SECOND ELECTRODES, A SOURCE OF OPERATING VOLTAGE HAVING INTERNAL RESISTANCE, MEANS CONNECTING SAID SOURCE BETWEEN SAID FIRST AND SECOND ELECTRODES, A VARIABLE LOAD CIRCUIT CONNECTED TO SAID SOURCE, AND MEANS FOR MAINTAINING THE CURRENT FLOW BETWEEN SAID FIRST AND SECOND ELECTRODES SUBSTANTIALLY CONSTANT WITH VARIATIONS OF THE VOLTAGE OF SAID SOURCE DUE TO VARIATIONS IN THE CURRENT OF SAID LOAD CIRUIT FLOWING THROUGH THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF SAID SOURCE, SAID MEANS COMPRISING A RESISTOR CONNECTED IN SERIES BETWEEN SAID SOURCE AND SAID LOAD CIRCUIT, AND MEANS CONNECTING THE JUNCTION OF SAID LOAD CIRCUIT, AND CIRCUIT TO SAI THIRD ELECTROD, SAID RESISTOR HAVING A VALUE R DETERMINED BY THE EXPRESSION:
US159945A 1961-01-12 1961-12-18 Circuit arrangement for stabilizing the operating point of an amplifier tube Expired - Lifetime US3198424A (en)

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1541311A (en) * 1923-02-07 1925-06-09 Western Electric Co Vacuum-tube circuits
US2149361A (en) * 1931-01-21 1939-03-07 Rca Corp Discharge tube amplifier
US2802070A (en) * 1955-01-24 1957-08-06 Harold L Fishbine Stabilized feedback amplifier

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB413544A (en) * 1932-11-05 1934-07-19 Telefunken Gmbh Improvements in or relating to thermionic valve circuit arrangements
DE814606C (en) * 1950-02-09 1951-09-24 Telefunken Gmbh Circuit for stabilizing the DC anode voltage of an amplifier tube

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1541311A (en) * 1923-02-07 1925-06-09 Western Electric Co Vacuum-tube circuits
US2149361A (en) * 1931-01-21 1939-03-07 Rca Corp Discharge tube amplifier
US2802070A (en) * 1955-01-24 1957-08-06 Harold L Fishbine Stabilized feedback amplifier

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