US3176953A - Book holder - Google Patents

Book holder Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3176953A
US3176953A US328127A US32812763A US3176953A US 3176953 A US3176953 A US 3176953A US 328127 A US328127 A US 328127A US 32812763 A US32812763 A US 32812763A US 3176953 A US3176953 A US 3176953A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
book
holder
flanges
edges
raised bead
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US328127A
Inventor
Company State Bank And Trust
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Gaylord Bros Inc
Original Assignee
Gaylord Bros Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gaylord Bros Inc filed Critical Gaylord Bros Inc
Priority to US328127A priority Critical patent/US3176953A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3176953A publication Critical patent/US3176953A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47BTABLES; DESKS; OFFICE FURNITURE; CABINETS; DRAWERS; GENERAL DETAILS OF FURNITURE
    • A47B19/00Reading-desks; Lecterns; Pulpits, i.e. free-standing
    • A47B19/04Telephone desks, e.g. with book clamps, with shelves

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a book holder or support which presents the book in an open position for full access to all of its pages while affording a reinforcing support for the book binding and preventing accidental dropping of the book.
  • the invention deals with a holder for large books such as dictionaries which will provide a reinforcing support for the book binding while preventing accidental dropping of the book.
  • the book holders of this invention are adapted for positioning on flat or inclined surfaces either as an integral part of the surface or as a removable member.
  • a feature of the invention includes the provision of a rounded central raised portion for supporting the bound edge of the book so that the pages will be presented in full opened condition.
  • Another feature of the invention includes a provision of channel grooves to receive the side edges of the book covers for holding the book in fixed relation to the holder.
  • Another feature of the invention is the provision of supports for the book holder which maintain the same in an inclined position for better visual access to the book pages.
  • An object of the invention is to provide an inexpensive support for holding books in open position.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide a book holder especially useful for holding large size books such as dictionaries in an open fully supported position while retaining the book against accidental dropping.
  • a specific object of the invention is to provide a metal plate-like book holder for supporting books in open position while reinforcing the bound edge of the book to prevent loosening or tearing of the pages.
  • Another specific object of the invention is to provide a book holder attachment for a mobile book stand whereby an index, dictionary or the like may be supported above the top shelf of the stand for easy access and for quick reference to books carried on the shelf of the stand.
  • FIGURE 1 is a fragmentary perspective view showing the book holder of this invention mounted on a desk and supporting a large book such as a dictionary in open position.
  • FIGURE 2 is a plan view of the book holder shown in FIGURE 1.
  • FIGURE 3 is a transverse cross sectional view taken along the line III-III of FIGURE 1.
  • FIGURE 4 is a longitudinal cross sectional view taken along the line IV -IV of FIGURE 1.
  • FIGURE 5 is a perspective view of a book stand equipped with a book holder of this invention.
  • FIGURE 6 is an enlarged cross sectional view with parts in elevation taken generally along the line VIVI of FIGURE 5.
  • FIGURE 7 is a fragmentary perspective view of the un der side of the holder and the back of the top shelf of the book stand of the assembly of FIGURE 5.
  • Reference numerals 10 in FIGURES l to 4 designate the book holder of this invention.
  • This holder 10 is preferably composed of sheet metal and is of generally rectangular shape with a flat main body portion 11 having a central raised rounded bead or dome 12 extending across the middle of the main body from the top to the bottom thereof.
  • each flange has a vertical end wall 13a and a horizontal top wall 13b thereby defining inwardly opening and open ended channel grooves 14 at both ends of the body.
  • the bottom edge of the body 11 has raised flanges 15 on each side of the central bead 12.
  • the body 11 can rest flatwise onan inclined dictionary stand such as 16 shown i'nFIGURE 1 or can be equipped with legs such as a channel member 17 on the upper edge thereof shown in FIGURES 3 and 4 to hold the body in an inclined position.
  • This leg 17 can span the entire width of the body and has an upper flange 17a welded or otherwise aflixed to the back face of the body 11 along the upper edge thereof.
  • the leg also has a botom flange 17b to which can be secureda strip of rubber, felt or thelike 18. Similar strips of rubber or felt I9 (FIGURE 4) can be secured to the back face of the body 11 along the front edge thereof on each side of the bead 12.
  • the strips 18 and 19 will prevent marring of furniture or the like on which the holder is placed and will also provide a nonskid support for the holder.
  • a book B such as a large dictionary
  • a book B is mounted on the holder 16 by sliding the side edges of the "covers C into the channels 14 which have open inner sides and open top ends for ready insertion of the cover edges.
  • the bot toms of the covers abut the flanges 15 while the back of the covers BC is supported on the raised bead 12.
  • the bound edges of these pages adjacent the back of the covers BC will be supported in a natural contour for an open book thereby reinforcing the bound edges of the pages and presenting the pages in a flat fully visible condition.
  • the free edges of the pages of course can overlie the tops of the flanges 13b.
  • the channels 14 receiving the outer edges of the covers C are sufficiently high so that the covers can easily and loosely fit therein while the depth of the channels is sutficient to receive the marginal edges of the covers for a snflicient distance to prevent removal of the covers when the pages are turned.
  • the holder ll) of this invention takes all of the strain off of the bound edge of the book while holding the book in an open position.
  • the holder prevents accidental movement of the book either on an inclined top wall of the dictionary stand or on a flat desk top such as shown at 20 in FIGURE 4.
  • the book holder can be made integral with the top wall of a desk or dictionary stand in which embodiment the end channels 14 can be eliminated and the raised beads 12 relied upon to hold the book against shifting on the stand.
  • the holder 10a has the same main body portion, end flanges, bottom flanges and raised central head as the embodiment 10 of FIGURES 1 to 4 and these parts have been identified by the same reference numerals.
  • the holder 1611 is arranged for detachable mounting on a mobile book stand 21 composed of U-shaped end frames 22 and superimposed book shelves 23 with each shelf having a downwardly inclined bottom wall 24 and a rearwardly inclined back wall 25 together with end straps 26 connecting the walls to provide book ends for books mounted on the shelves.
  • the back wall of the top shelf as shown in FIGURES Z 6 and 7 has a rearwardly extending flange 27 with a downturned end 28 along the length of the shelf and a slot 29 is provided in the flange 27 at a selected point adjacent oneend of the stand. Below this slot 29 the back wall is equipped with apocket 30 welded to the back wall and providing an open top receptacle.
  • a metal strap or leg 31 is insertable through the slot 29 into the pocket 30 to be affixed to the top shelf for extending thereabove a predetermined distance.
  • the upper end of the leg has a U-shaped downwardly inclined support portion 32 which is welded or otherwise aflixed to the bottom face of the main body 11 of the holder a.
  • the holder 10 is thus disposed above the top of the top shelf; in an inc-lined position for supporting the book B over the books in the top shelf.
  • the book B may conveniently be an index for an encyclopedia or the like books supported on the shelf and will be held in an open position for easy access.
  • this invention provides a holder or support for maintaining books in open position and for reinforcing .the book binding in such open position.
  • the holders of this invention prevent accidental dropping of the books and are especially useful in supporting large dictionaries and the like.
  • a book holder which comprises a generally rectangular metal plate having a central longitudinally extending arcuately raised bead contoured to fit the back of a book in open position, longitudinal flanges at the side edges of the plate defining inwardly facing channel grooves, upturned flanges at the bottom of the plate, said latter flanges terminating at the arcuately raised bead so as to lie wholly at opposite sides thereof, said channels being adapted to receive the end edges of a book cover, said raised bead being adapted tosupport the bound edge of a book and said bottom flanges being adapted to abut the bottom edges of the book cover for holding the book in an open flat position.
  • a book holder which comprises a generally flat body having book cover receiving channel grooves at the opposite ends thereof and a raised central bead to support the bound edge of a book for holding the pages of a book in a flat open position, abutment flanges on the bottom edge of the body for engaging the bottom edge of the book to retain the book in the channels and on the head,
  • a leg depending from one longitudinal edge of the body for holding the body in an upwardly inclined position, and non-skid members on the bottom of the leg and on the bottom face of the body at opposite sides of the bead and extended along the lower edge of the body.

Landscapes

  • Sheet Holders (AREA)

Description

L- E. MAGERS A ril 6, 1965 BOOK HOLDER 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Dec. 4, 1963 INVENTOR. LLOYD E. MAGERS,DECEASED, BY STATE BANK AND TRUST COMPANY, EXECUTOR A ()RNE YS L. E. MAGERS April 6,1965
BOOK HOLDER 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Dec. 1963 INVENTOR. LLOYD E. MAGERS BY STATE BANK AND TRUST CQMPAN DECEASED, Y, EXECUTOR I A 'I TORNE YS BYEZ:
United States Patent 3,176,953 BOOK HOLDER Lloyd E. Magers, deceased, late of Evanston, IlL, by State Bank and Trust Company, executor, Evanston, Ill., assignor, by mesne assignments, to Gaylord Bros, Inc.,
Syracuse, N.Y., a corporation of New York Filed Dec. 4, 1963, Ser. No. 328,127
2 Claims. (Cl. 248-451) This invention relates to a book holder or support which presents the book in an open position for full access to all of its pages while affording a reinforcing support for the book binding and preventing accidental dropping of the book. Specifically, the invention deals with a holder for large books such as dictionaries which will provide a reinforcing support for the book binding while preventing accidental dropping of the book.
The book holders of this invention are adapted for positioning on flat or inclined surfaces either as an integral part of the surface or as a removable member. A feature of the invention includes the provision of a rounded central raised portion for supporting the bound edge of the book so that the pages will be presented in full opened condition.
Another feature of the invention includes a provision of channel grooves to receive the side edges of the book covers for holding the book in fixed relation to the holder.
Another feature of the invention is the provision of supports for the book holder which maintain the same in an inclined position for better visual access to the book pages.
An object of the invention is to provide an inexpensive support for holding books in open position.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a book holder especially useful for holding large size books such as dictionaries in an open fully supported position while retaining the book against accidental dropping.
A specific object of the invention is to provide a metal plate-like book holder for supporting books in open position while reinforcing the bound edge of the book to prevent loosening or tearing of the pages.
Another specific object of the invention is to provide a book holder attachment for a mobile book stand whereby an index, dictionary or the like may be supported above the top shelf of the stand for easy access and for quick reference to books carried on the shelf of the stand.
Other further features and objects of this will become apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description of the annexed sheets of drawings which, by way of preferred examples illustrate several embodiments of the invention.
On the drawings:
FIGURE 1 is a fragmentary perspective view showing the book holder of this invention mounted on a desk and supporting a large book such as a dictionary in open position.
FIGURE 2 is a plan view of the book holder shown in FIGURE 1.
FIGURE 3 is a transverse cross sectional view taken along the line III-III of FIGURE 1.
FIGURE 4 is a longitudinal cross sectional view taken along the line IV -IV of FIGURE 1.
FIGURE 5 is a perspective view of a book stand equipped with a book holder of this invention.
FIGURE 6 is an enlarged cross sectional view with parts in elevation taken generally along the line VIVI of FIGURE 5.
FIGURE 7 is a fragmentary perspective view of the un der side of the holder and the back of the top shelf of the book stand of the assembly of FIGURE 5.
As shown on the drawings:
Reference numerals 10 in FIGURES l to 4 designate the book holder of this invention. This holder 10 is preferably composed of sheet metal and is of generally rectangular shape with a flat main body portion 11 having a central raised rounded bead or dome 12 extending across the middle of the main body from the top to the bottom thereof.
The side edges of the body have upturned generally U-shaped flanges 13 along the length thereof with each flange having a vertical end wall 13a and a horizontal top wall 13b thereby defining inwardly opening and open ended channel grooves 14 at both ends of the body. 7
The bottom edge of the body 11 has raised flanges 15 on each side of the central bead 12.
The body 11 can rest flatwise onan inclined dictionary stand such as 16 shown i'nFIGURE 1 or can be equipped with legs such as a channel member 17 on the upper edge thereof shown in FIGURES 3 and 4 to hold the body in an inclined position. This leg 17 can span the entire width of the body and has an upper flange 17a welded or otherwise aflixed to the back face of the body 11 along the upper edge thereof. The leg also has a botom flange 17b to which can be secureda strip of rubber, felt or thelike 18. Similar strips of rubber or felt I9 (FIGURE 4) can be secured to the back face of the body 11 along the front edge thereof on each side of the bead 12. The strips 18 and 19 will prevent marring of furniture or the like on which the holder is placed and will also provide a nonskid support for the holder. As shown in FIGS. 1, 3 and 4, a book B, such as a large dictionary, is mounted on the holder 16 by sliding the side edges of the "covers C into the channels 14 which have open inner sides and open top ends for ready insertion of the cover edges. The bot toms of the covers abut the flanges 15 while the back of the covers BC is supported on the raised bead 12. With the pages P of the book in open position the bound edges of these pages adjacent the back of the covers BC will be supported in a natural contour for an open book thereby reinforcing the bound edges of the pages and presenting the pages in a flat fully visible condition. The free edges of the pages of course can overlie the tops of the flanges 13b.
The channels 14 receiving the outer edges of the covers C are sufficiently high so that the covers can easily and loosely fit therein while the depth of the channels is sutficient to receive the marginal edges of the covers for a snflicient distance to prevent removal of the covers when the pages are turned.
It will be appreciated that the holder ll) of this invention takes all of the strain off of the bound edge of the book while holding the book in an open position. In addition, of course, the holder prevents accidental movement of the book either on an inclined top wall of the dictionary stand or on a flat desk top such as shown at 20 in FIGURE 4. Of course, if desired the book holder can be made integral with the top wall of a desk or dictionary stand in which embodiment the end channels 14 can be eliminated and the raised beads 12 relied upon to hold the book against shifting on the stand.
In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG- URES 5 to 7 the holder 10a has the same main body portion, end flanges, bottom flanges and raised central head as the embodiment 10 of FIGURES 1 to 4 and these parts have been identified by the same reference numerals. The holder 1611, however, is arranged for detachable mounting on a mobile book stand 21 composed of U-shaped end frames 22 and superimposed book shelves 23 with each shelf having a downwardly inclined bottom wall 24 and a rearwardly inclined back wall 25 together with end straps 26 connecting the walls to provide book ends for books mounted on the shelves.
The back wall of the top shelf, as shown in FIGURES Z 6 and 7 has a rearwardly extending flange 27 with a downturned end 28 along the length of the shelf and a slot 29 is provided in the flange 27 at a selected point adjacent oneend of the stand. Below this slot 29 the back wall is equipped with apocket 30 welded to the back wall and providing an open top receptacle.
, A metal strap or leg 31 is insertable through the slot 29 into the pocket 30 to be affixed to the top shelf for extending thereabove a predetermined distance. The upper end of the leg has a U-shaped downwardly inclined support portion 32 which is welded or otherwise aflixed to the bottom face of the main body 11 of the holder a. The holder 10:: is thus disposed above the top of the top shelf; in an inc-lined position for supporting the book B over the books in the top shelf. The book B may conveniently be an index for an encyclopedia or the like books supported on the shelf and will be held in an open position for easy access.
From the above description it Will therefore be understood that this invention provides a holder or support for maintaining books in open position and for reinforcing .the book binding in such open position. The holders of this invention prevent accidental dropping of the books and are especially useful in supporting large dictionaries and the like.
It will be understood that modifications and variations may be effected without departing from the scope of the novel concepts of the present invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A book holder which comprises a generally rectangular metal plate having a central longitudinally extending arcuately raised bead contoured to fit the back of a book in open position, longitudinal flanges at the side edges of the plate defining inwardly facing channel grooves, upturned flanges at the bottom of the plate, said latter flanges terminating at the arcuately raised bead so as to lie wholly at opposite sides thereof, said channels being adapted to receive the end edges of a book cover, said raised bead being adapted tosupport the bound edge of a book and said bottom flanges being adapted to abut the bottom edges of the book cover for holding the book in an open flat position.
2. A book holder which comprises a generally flat body having book cover receiving channel grooves at the opposite ends thereof and a raised central bead to support the bound edge of a book for holding the pages of a book in a flat open position, abutment flanges on the bottom edge of the body for engaging the bottom edge of the book to retain the book in the channels and on the head,
a leg depending from one longitudinal edge of the body for holding the body in an upwardly inclined position, and non-skid members on the bottom of the leg and on the bottom face of the body at opposite sides of the bead and extended along the lower edge of the body.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 498,156 5/93 'Condit et al 248-449 1,330,004 2/20 Rand 248-455 7 1,880,602 10/32 Utrecht 248-446 2,006,580 7/35 Broun 248-454 2,508,802 5/50 Schade 108-26 2,770,914 11/56 Hooker 248-446 2,814,455 11/57 Rainey 108-28 3,016,650 1/62 Magers 108-32 3,039,227 6/62 Buchholtz 248-452 3,043,047 7/62 LaFleur 248-454 3,099,101 7/ 63 Burris 248-441 3,106,799 10/63 Gawthrop 248-452 3,149,724 9/64 Magers 211-42 B. SHERRY, Primary Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. A BOOK HOLDER WHICH COMPRISES A GERNERALY RECTANGULAR METAL PLATE HAVING A CENTRAL LONGITUDINALLY EXTENDING ARCUATELY RAISED BEAD CONTOURED TO FIT THE BACK OF A BOOK IN OPEN POSITION, LONGITUDINAL FLANGES AT THE SIDE EDGES OF THE PLATE DEFINING INWARDLY FACING CHANNEL GROVES, UPTURNED FLANGES AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PLATE, SAID LATTER FLANGES TERMINATING AT THE ARCURATELY RAISED BEAD SO AS TO LIE WHOLLY AT OPPOSITE SIDES THEREOF, SAID CHANNELS BEING ADAPTED TO RECEIVE THE END EDGES OF A BOOK COVER, SAID RAISED BEAD BEING ADAPTED TO SUPPORT THE BOUND EDGE OF A BOOK AND SAID BOTTOM FLANGES BEING ADAPTED TO ABUT THE BOTTOM EDGES OF THE BOOK COVER FOR HOLDING THE BOOK IN AN OPEN FLAT POSITION.
US328127A 1963-12-04 1963-12-04 Book holder Expired - Lifetime US3176953A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US328127A US3176953A (en) 1963-12-04 1963-12-04 Book holder

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US328127A US3176953A (en) 1963-12-04 1963-12-04 Book holder

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3176953A true US3176953A (en) 1965-04-06

Family

ID=23279639

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US328127A Expired - Lifetime US3176953A (en) 1963-12-04 1963-12-04 Book holder

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US3176953A (en)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3294245A (en) * 1965-02-10 1966-12-27 Arthur M Parce Catalog filing rack
US3380701A (en) * 1966-03-17 1968-04-30 Logan C. Byars Portable reading desk
US4205817A (en) * 1978-05-30 1980-06-03 Corder James T Music holder
US4275863A (en) * 1979-01-02 1981-06-30 Hartman Don A Bock holder
US5829729A (en) * 1995-10-10 1998-11-03 Welch; Stuart Macdonald Book stand

Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US498156A (en) * 1893-05-23 And story b
US1330004A (en) * 1920-02-03 Book-holder
US1880602A (en) * 1930-10-23 1932-10-04 Utrecht William Bookstand
US2006580A (en) * 1935-02-18 1935-07-02 Virginia M Broun Portable reading desk
US2508802A (en) * 1946-06-13 1950-05-23 Nat Blank Book Co Visible index tray stand
US2770914A (en) * 1954-11-02 1956-11-20 Hooker Samuel Arthur Hydraulic leveling device
US2814455A (en) * 1954-02-04 1957-11-26 Woodrow W Rainey Pressing iron clamp
US3016650A (en) * 1960-03-31 1962-01-16 Lloyd E Magers Dictionary stand
US3039227A (en) * 1960-12-02 1962-06-19 Slip On Easel Corp Slip on easel for books or like articles
US3043047A (en) * 1961-02-14 1962-07-10 Fleur Hector La Book supporting device
US3099101A (en) * 1959-04-24 1963-07-30 William M Burris Support device
US3106799A (en) * 1961-04-07 1963-10-15 Asa D Gawthrop Data sheet holderr
US3149724A (en) * 1961-03-23 1964-09-22 Gaylord Bros Inc Bookstand and globe assembly

Patent Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US498156A (en) * 1893-05-23 And story b
US1330004A (en) * 1920-02-03 Book-holder
US1880602A (en) * 1930-10-23 1932-10-04 Utrecht William Bookstand
US2006580A (en) * 1935-02-18 1935-07-02 Virginia M Broun Portable reading desk
US2508802A (en) * 1946-06-13 1950-05-23 Nat Blank Book Co Visible index tray stand
US2814455A (en) * 1954-02-04 1957-11-26 Woodrow W Rainey Pressing iron clamp
US2770914A (en) * 1954-11-02 1956-11-20 Hooker Samuel Arthur Hydraulic leveling device
US3099101A (en) * 1959-04-24 1963-07-30 William M Burris Support device
US3016650A (en) * 1960-03-31 1962-01-16 Lloyd E Magers Dictionary stand
US3039227A (en) * 1960-12-02 1962-06-19 Slip On Easel Corp Slip on easel for books or like articles
US3043047A (en) * 1961-02-14 1962-07-10 Fleur Hector La Book supporting device
US3149724A (en) * 1961-03-23 1964-09-22 Gaylord Bros Inc Bookstand and globe assembly
US3106799A (en) * 1961-04-07 1963-10-15 Asa D Gawthrop Data sheet holderr

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3294245A (en) * 1965-02-10 1966-12-27 Arthur M Parce Catalog filing rack
US3380701A (en) * 1966-03-17 1968-04-30 Logan C. Byars Portable reading desk
US4205817A (en) * 1978-05-30 1980-06-03 Corder James T Music holder
US4275863A (en) * 1979-01-02 1981-06-30 Hartman Don A Bock holder
US5829729A (en) * 1995-10-10 1998-11-03 Welch; Stuart Macdonald Book stand

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3833197A (en) Book holder
US3149727A (en) Multiple purpose book, chart and poster display stand
US3041774A (en) Combined book support and carrier
US3813075A (en) Combination book holder and book stand
US3758182A (en) Desk and tray structure
US2798617A (en) Rack
US3269547A (en) Sectional desk organizer
US3172636A (en) Portable desk
US3176953A (en) Book holder
US3177991A (en) Convertible traveling case
US4012087A (en) Card index box
US2305434A (en) Sheet retaining means
US1115996A (en) Filing-desk.
US2211199A (en) Attachment for file cabinets
US3065943A (en) Back rests for picture frames
US1469347A (en) Expansive file tray
US2858028A (en) Letter trays
US2645547A (en) Cabinet desk and support therefor
US4563047A (en) Check filing cabinet
US2669058A (en) Bookrest
US1952118A (en) Sorting device
US2886183A (en) Slide-tilt tray filing system
US3091504A (en) Recipe cabinet
US2289070A (en) Device for sorting file material
US1839558A (en) Educational apparatus