US3007760A - Method of making electron tubes - Google Patents

Description

Nov. 7, 1961 H. v. KNAUF, JR, ETAL 3,007,760

METHOD OF MAKING ELECTRON TUBES 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Original Filed May 26, 1958 INVENTORS HARRY V. KNAuF, JR. BY EIEUBEE M. Busda.

I/ldllly United States Patent 3,007,760 METHOD OF MAKING ELECTRONTUBES Harry V. Knauf, Jr., Mountainside, and George M. Rose,

Jr., Mountain Lakes, N.J., assignors to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware Original application May 26, 1958, Ser. No. 737,785. Divided and this application Oct. 31, 1958, Ser. No.

6 Claims. (Cl. 316-19) The present invention relates to a method of making electron tubes, and particularly to a method wherein electron tube parts are assembled individually and fixed to each other in a simple manner and without introducing strains, for providing an electron tube having improved performance efficiency.

This is a division of copending application Serial No. 737,785 and filed May 26, 1958.

One field in which the invention finds particular utility is that of receiving tube manufacture. The improved method of the invention is dependent to an appreciable degree on the improved structure of the electron tube parts described in the aforementioned copending application. Such improved structure avoids objectionable features found in conventional receiving type tubes. One of such objectionable features is complexity of tube structure.

One of the consequences of the complex structures of conventional receiving type tubes is the unavoidable establishment of undesired mechanical strains therein, resulting from stresses that are necessarily applied during tube fabrication. Such mechanical strains are objectionable in that they involve forces that tend to change initial relativepositions of active tube elements established to secure desired electrical characteristics. Where such forces are of a magnitude sufficient actually to accomplish the change referred to, the tube characteristics are affected adversely to a degree that may destroy further tube utility. Examples wherein the application of such stresses is unavoidable are found in certain operations, such as forming lead-in wires to desired shape for engaging predetermined electrodes, bending connector elements to suitably interconnect spaced tube elements, and joining tube parts by welding.

Another problem resulting from adherence to present basic design concepts in relation to receiving type tubes, involves limitations inherent in the compositions of certain tube parts. For example, appreciable reliance has been placed heretofore on mica plates for service as spacing and insulating elements. However, mica structures are relatively weak and may be incapable of performing a spacing function to a highly critical degree. Mica as a material, is also objectionable because of its tendency to delaminate, and because of its water content. Some of this water is released during tube processing and some during use of a tube. Such release is deleterious to the emitting coating employed on cathodes in receiving type tubes. Another water holding material, glass, is also commonly used in such tubes for stems and bulbs.

The use of mica and glass as the composition for elements in receiving type tubes, involves an undesired restriction on the temperature used for tube processing. The glass usually used for stems and bulbs softens at a temperature from 400 to 450 C., and mice releases water vapor at a temperature of about 600 C. The use of mica and glass components in a tube, therefore, precludes processing temperatures higher than those indicated. The use of higher temperatures, if permitted by tube compositions, is desirable not only in that it would permit a faster production schedule with a given capital facility, but also in that a better tube would be produced in which the metal elements thereof would be more nearly completely free from occluded gases. Absence of such occluded gases would reduce the need for getters and in fact may permit a complete absence of getters without adverse ef fects on tube life. Furthermore, the ability to withstand such higher temperatures, permits higher operating temperatures.

A further problem in relation to receiving type tubes involves manufacturing techniques. Conventional receiving tubes require the production of several sub-assemblies in order to make a tube mount. Such sub-assemblies comprise at least a stem and an electrode cage. Each of these sub-assemblies is made in a separate location and by a different type of facility. Thus a stem is made on a stem machine capable of heating and shaping glass to desired form and of locating lead-in Wires in suitable relation to the glass to provide a sub-assembly comprising a glass Wafer having lead-ins extending therethrough. The leadins must be shaped to a different configuration for each of a wide variety of complex tubes. Electrode cages are assembled either automatically, or manually with the use of appropriate apparatus. The two sub-assemblies referred to are joined by a Welding procedure involving a number of individual Welds sequentially made. The making of these welds requires the application of force from a number of directions, and give rise to mechanical stresses of multi-directional character.

These compiex procedures in tube manufacture are objectionable in that skilled labor is required and in that the several stages involved in making the sub-assemblies increase the probability of shrinkage, because of the necessary handling and transport.

But not only does the practice of making the sub-assemblies in tube fabrication involve appreciable shrinkage and require skilled labor, but it precludes a desired versatile tube design. The need for sub-assemblies renders it ditiicult if not impossible to produce a basic design for tubes of difierent electrode complements. Usually each cage is unique and differs in many respects from all other cages. Hence, common parts and common jigs cannot be used for several different tube types. This lack of flexibility in conventional receiving tube designs is a serious bar to economics in tube manufacture.

While the foregoing problems are associated with the fabrication of receiving type tubes, it is obvious that they may also characterize other tube types, especially where volume production is involved.

Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved method of making an electron tube having enhanced performance efficiency.

Another aim is to provide an improved method for assembling and fixing the parts constituting the tube, which is characterized by a relatively high order of simplicity, for reducing shrinkage in manufacture while utilizing relatively unskilled labor.

Further objects in accordance with the foregoing are:

To provide improved method of making an electron tube structure that is substantially free from strains that tend to effect adversely the spacings of electrodes during operation of a tube at elevated temperatures;

To provide an improved method of making an electron tube wherein relatively simple parts are utilized for contributing to versatility of tube design and resultant economy in manufacture;

To provide an improved method of making an electron tube wherein the parts thereof are adapted to withstand relatively high temperatures Without adverse effects, thus enabling the use of improved techniques in manufacture;

To provide an improved method of assembling parts to form a tube mount in which each part is assembled in its final position with respect to the other parts, thereby eliminating the need for sub-assemblies; and

To provide an improved method of tube fabrication,

wherein all parts constituting a tube structure are first loosely assembled in desired position and in strain-free condition, and then simultaneously fixed without introducing strains, to provide a self-supporting strain-free structure.

An electron tube made in accordance with the method of the invention may have a structure comprising a flat wafer or disc made, for example, of a ceramic material, and having openings therethrough defined by walls coated with a suitable metal. Wire lead-ins and supports extending through the aforementioned openings, are suitably bonded to the metal coating referred to, for providing a relatively rugged and hermetic seal there with. The lead-ins and supports aforementioned extend into the envelope of the tube and are fixed as by brazing to tube parts. The tube parts comprise a plurality of concentric cylindrical electrode elements of progressively enlarged cross-section, each having affixed to one end thereof and in coaxial relation thereto a metal flange or collar. For reducing capacitance between the lead-ins, a relatively large spacing therebetween is insured by a relatively large transverse extent of the collars in relation to the electrode elements to which they are affixed. Furthermore, the collars are stepped both in regard to their transverse extents as well as in a direction along the axis of the wafer referred to, for a purpose that will become clear.

This array of the collars aforementioned permits the lead-ins and supports to be arrayed in concentric circles through the stem wafer, the number of circles being equal to the number of tube elements requiring connection to suitable power or voltage sources outside of the tube. In the case of a triode having an indirectly heated cathode, the number of such circles is four. This provides two lead-ins in the innermost circle for the cathode heater, one lead-in in the next adjacent circle for the cathode, and a lead-in in each of the two next adjacent circles for a grid and an anode.

In addition to the lead-ins referred to, for the cathode, grid and anode, additional wires serving exclusively as supports, may partly extend through openings in the stem wafer, for contributing to the support of each of a cathode sleeve, grid and anode. The additional wires in each circle are spaced 120 from each other and from the lead-in wire positioned in this circle. A pair of each of the support wires aforementioned extends inwardly of the tube for engagement with the collars for each of the cathode sleeve, grid and anode. In this way the lead-in for each of these electrode elements cooperates with two support wires to provide a tripod type of support for each electrode element.

This tripod type of support is advantageous in that the inner ends of the wires constituting each tripod system, terminates in and defines a plane normal to the electrode axes. This effectively restrains tilting of the electrodes so that the cathode and grid may be relatively closely spaced without danger of electrical shorts therebetween.

The cathode sleeve aforementioned serves to carry a later applied cathode member in the form of a metallic cup that bears an active emitting coating.

It will be noted that the parts referred to are relatively simple in structure and therefore not only contribute to ruggedness of the tube, but also facilitate appreciably the assembling of the parts to thereby allow an assembling technique to be practiced that assures freedom from harmful strains in the completed tube. The novel assembling procedure permitted by the structure of the parts referred to provides an essentially complete tube structure. To this end the method involves the use of a jig adapted to receive and support individual tube parts in strain-free relation. The jig has means for receiving successively in vertical position a tubular cathode sleeve, a cylindrical grid and a cylindrical anode in concentric and suitably spaced relation. Thereafter the collars or flanges are loaded to engage and rest on the upper ends of the electrode elements when the same are in the aforementioned position. The cathode heater may be positioned in the cathode sleeve at any stage of the foregoing procedure after the cathode sleeve has been loaded. Thereafter the wafer or disc is positioned on a portion of the jig which disposes the wafer above the electrodes and in coaxial relation therewith and with the heater legs extending partly through openings in the wafer. Then the wire lead-ins and supports are threaded through appropriate openings in the wafer to provide a tripod engagement with each of the collars and with the free ends of the heater legs.

The jig may be made of a suitable metal or ceramic material adapted to withstand elevated temperatures. This permits the jig with the parts loaded thereon as aforementioned, to be placed in an oven having a sufficiently high temperature for sealing the wire lead-ins and supports to the metalized coatings in the stem openings through which they extend, and for brazing end portions of the lead-ins to the collar supports. This serves to fix the parts referred to, thereby simultaneously providing a unitary structure comprising essentially a completed tube. It will be noted that no stresses are applied to the parts during the fixing operation, and accordingly no strains are set up in the resultant tube structure.

To provide an emitting surface on the cathode sleeve, a metal cup carrying an emitting coating is telescoped over the cathode sleeve. A shell, such as of metal or ceramic, is telescoped over the tube structure aforementioned, with the rim of the shell slightly spaced from the periphery of the wafer. This periphery is provided with a metallic coating, so that on disposition of the tube structure and the shell in an evacuating oven such as a bell jar, evacuation of the bell jar will cause evacuation of the shell through the space between the shell and the wafer. Thereafter suitable means may be used to heat the rim of the shell to seal it to the metallic coating on the periphery of the wafer and to sinter the cathode cup to the cathode sleeve. Here again it will be noted that no stresses are applied to the tube structure during the exhaust and sealing operations.

One important advantage accruing from the relatively simple constructions of the tube parts according to the invention is that the assembly may be effected with substantially equal facility no matter how small or large the parts are. Therefore, it is feasible according to the invention to make an electron tube of extremely small size.

The foregoing brief description of one way of practicing the invention is presented for illustrative purposes on y.

Further features and objects of the invention will become apparent as the description continues.

Reference to the drawing for a more detailed consideration of aforementioned one way of carrying out the invention, will reveal that FIG. 1 is an exploded view of the parts constituting an electron tube according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 shows a sectional elevation of a jig with certain parts shown in FIG. I, mounted thereon;

FIG. 3 is a view taken along the line 3-3 of FIG. 1;

FIG 4 is a view taken along the line 4-4 of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is an elevational view partly in section of a tube structure assembled as in FIG. 2 and after fixing of the parts and the addition of an active cathode surface, to provide a self-supporting structure;

FIG. 6 shows a sectional elevation of a bell jar type oven adapted to receive the mount and bulb in telescoped relation, for de-gassing the tube components, breaking down the active cathode coating, exhausting the envelope formed by the telescoped shell and tube structure, and sealing the shell to the wafer of the aforementioned structure; and

FIG. 7 shows a side elevation partly in section of a completed tube.

One way of practicing the invention, which is selected for illustrative purposes, comprises the utilization as work pieces, of the electron tube parts shown in FIG. 1. When these parts are assembled in accordance with the method of the invention there results an electron tube depicted in FIG. 7.

A brief description of the parts employed in the aforementioned embodiment, and their functions, will be of aid in the later consideration of the method used in as sembling the parts to form a tube structure. The parts referred to, as shown in FIG. 1, comprise a shell 12 which is shown as being made of metal such as steel, but which may be made of other materials such as ceramic. A wafer or disc 14- made of a ceramic such as Forsterite, for example, is provided with a metallic coating 16 on its periphery and has a diameter for snugly entering the open end of shell 12. The metallic coating 16 may be molybdenum. The wafer 14 also is provided with a plu rality of openings extending therethrough. The walls defining the openings are provided with a metallic coating 18 such as molybdenum and are arrayed in a predetermined fashion to be described. A plurality of leadin wires 20, 22, 24, 26, 23 and support wires 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, made of a refractory metal such as molybdenum, have a diameter for snugly but freely entering the openings in wafer 14. Electrode elements comprise a tubular cathode sleeve 42 which may be made of a metal such as is commercially known as Nichrome, a tubular grid 44, and a tubular anode as made of a metal such as nickel. The electrode elements referred to are adapted to be fixed to collars or flanges 4-8, 50, 52, respectively, made of steel, for example, and have diameters for snug entrance into the tubular portions 54, 56, 58 of the flanges referred to, and against the inwardly turned stops 60, 62, 64- thereof. The flanges 48, 50, 52 are adapted to engage wire lead-ins 20 to 28 and supports 30 to 40 at recessed annular portions thereof provided with coatings 68, '70 and 72 of a suitable brazing material. The tubular cup or member 74- having an emitting coating 76 and closed at one end, has a diameter for snug telescoped receipt by the cathode sleeve 42, and in combination with the sleeve 42, forms the cathode element of the tube. A heater 77, which may be of the double helical type, is adapted to be positioned into the cathode element consisting of member 74 and sleeve 42, for heating the same to desired emitting temperature.

As shown in FIG. 3, the openings through wafer 14 for accommodating a triode type tube, are arrayed in four concentric circles 78, 80, 82 and 84, shown in phantom. Three openings are disposed in equi-distant relation in each of the circles. The openings in adjacent circles are angularly displaced 60 from each other to provide maximum spacing therebetween.

In conformity with this arrangement, the innermost circle 84 includes three openings 86, 88, 90 angularly spaced 120. The next adjacent circle 82 includes three openings 92, 94, 96 angularly spaced, not only 120 from each other but also 60 from openings 86, 90. The third circle 80 includes openings 98, 100, 102 also angularly spaced 120 from each other and 60 from openings 92, 94, 96. Openings 104, 106, 108 in the outermost circle 78 are likewise mutually angularly spaced 120 and spaced from the openings 98, 100, 102 by 60. Lead-in and support wires extending through the severalopenings referred to, are therefore adapted to provide a plurality of tripod supporting systems characterized by increased ruggedness, and reduced capacitance.

Flanges 48, 50 and 52, as aforementioned are provided with metallic coatings, such as coatings 68, 70, 72, which may be copper or other suitable brazing material. The lead-in and support wires are likewise provided with metallic coatings, such as copper, for brazing purposes. These coatings in the current embodiment are applied by electroplating.

The metallic coating on the ceramic wafer can be applied by any of the well known metallizing processes. In this embodiment, however, the solution metallizing process based on soluble salts of molybdenum is utilized to apply a metallic coating on all exposed surfaces of the wafer. After reduction of the salt to molybdenum, a grinding process is employed to remove the metal coating from the fiat surfaces of the wafer. After such grinding operation the wafer 14 has metal coatings 18, 16, only on desired portions thereof consisting of the Walls defining the openings therethr-ough as aforementioned, and the periphery of the wafer.

In the embodiment described, only certain of the wire structures shown in FIG. 1, i.e., wires 20, 22, 24-, 26 and 28, are employed for lead-in purposes. These wires therefore have a suflicient length for engaging their associated elements Within the completed tube, and for extending outwardly from the wafer 14- for service as contact prongs. Thus, as shown in FIG. 2, lead-in wires 20, 22, 24-, 2s and 28 extend through wafer openings 1%, 98, 94, 86 and 88, respectively. Lead-in wires 20, 22 and 24 engage collars 52, 50 and 4-8, respectively, connected to the three electrodes of the tube, and leadin wires 26 and 28 extend partly through. the wafer 14 for engaging the free ends of heater legs 110 and 111. The inner ends of the lead-in wires 26, 28 may have a metallic coating, such as copper, for fixing the heater legs thereto.

The other wire structures shown in FIG. 1, i.e., Wires 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 and 40, have a length for engaging the collars 48, 50 and 52, and for only partly extending through the wafer 1-4, as shown in FIG. 4 in relation to one of the support wires, i.e., wire 34. The resultant cavities defined by the openings 92, 96, 100, 102, 104 and 108 (FIG. 3) one of which cavities is shown in FIG. 4, may be filled with a body of metal 113, such as copper. The opening 98 of the innermost circle, .into which no lead-in wire extends, may also be filled with a stud or body of metal, such as copper for hermetically closing this opening. While the opening has no utility once a selection has been made of the appropriate openings in the innermost circle for receipt of heater legs 110 and 111, it possesses advantage in facilitating orientation of the wafer in relation to the heater legs referred to, which is of particular value in mechanized assembling techniques. The lead-in and support wires in an alternative arrangement, are of the same length and cut to desired length after the tube has been completed.

As has been previously described, the collar portions 54-, 56, 58 of the flanges aforementioned have been provided with metallic coatings including internal metallic coatings 115, 117 and 119, (FIG. 1) for brazing the flanges referred to, to the cathode sleeve 42, grid 44 and and anode 46 in a manner to be described.

The metal shell 12 (FIGS. 1 and 7) is provided with an outwardly stepped portion 116, resulting in the formation of an annular stop 118 against which the wafer 14 may abut to determine the magnitude of the entrance of the water into the bulb. For hermetically joining shell 12 to the metallic coating on the periphery of the wafer, a ring of brazing material 120 (FIG. 6) is utilized.

The foregoing structural and the functional description of the parts constituting an electron tube embodiment of the invention, will facilitate an appreciation of the following description of a method or technique for assembling and processing the parts aforementioned to form an improved electron tube.

A method according to the invention includes three groups of steps. The first group of steps comprises assembling certain parts shown in FIG. 1 on a suitable jig, as shown in FIG. 2.

The second group of steps comp-rises heating the jig and the assembled parts to fix the parts in a strain-free self-supporting structure, and thereafter adding to the structure a further pant deliberately omitted for preserving the last-named part from the heat employed during the fixing step of the second group.

The third group of steps involves adding to the fixed structure a still further part and heating the resultant structure to a lower temperature than the temperature of the first-named heating step, for fixing the further and still further parts to the fixed structure. At the same time, the metal components become sufliciently heated to drive oif gases occluded therein and the envelope formed by certain of the assembled parts is evacuated. A more detailed consideration of each group of steps follows.

In carrying out the first group of steps, a jig 121 made of a metal such as Nichrome, or of a ceramic such as zircon or alumina, is employed. As shown in FIGS 2 and 3, the jig includes a cylindrical outer wall 122 closed at one end by a bottom portion 124. To facilitate heat transfer, portions of the wall may be cut away. The wall 122 is relatively thin adjacent to its free end to provide an annular shoulder 125. Projecting upwardly from the bottom portion 124 are two concentric and relatively thin cylinders 126, 128 spaced for receipt therebetween of the cylindrical grid 44 and the cylindrical anode 46, in spaced relation, as shown in FIG. 2. T he outer cylinder 126 has a length slightly less than that of the cylindrical anode 46, and an inside diameter for snugly receiving the anode. The inner cylinder 128 has a length substantially equal to the length of the outer cylinder 126 and has an outside diameter for snugly receiving the grid and an inner diameter for snugly receiving therein the cylindrical cathode sleeve 42. The bottom portion 124 of the jig has an annular groove 129 adjacent to the outer surface of inner cylinder 128, to allow the grid 44 to extend downwardly, as shown in FIG. 2, farther than the anode 46 and cathode sleeve 42, for a purpose that will become apparent. The reduced thickness wall portion 136) of the outer wall 122 of the jig has an inner diameter for snugly receiving the wafer 14.

In assembling parts on the jig aforedescribed, the anode 46, grid 44 and cathode sleeve 42 are mounted in telescoped relation with respect to the jig cylinders 126 and 128 as shown in FIG. 2. No particular order in mounting these elements on the jig need be observed, since none of these parts when mounted obstructs the mounting of the other two parts.

Thereafter, the flanges 48, 50 and 52 are mounted on the three previously mounted parts as aforementioned and held in the desired orientation by an abutment of the free ends of these parts with stops 60, 62 and 64 on the flange structures. Due to the sizes of the flanges referred to, a predetermined mounting order thereof is required. Thus flange 52 must be mounted first on anode 46. Then flange 50 must be mounted on grid 44, and thereafter the flange 48 may be mounted on cathode sleeve 42. This order is required since the lateral extents of the flanges preclude a mounting of flange 50 subsequent to flange 48, or a mounting of flange 52 after either flanges 48 or 50 have been mounted. When the flanges are mounted as indicated, the annular troughs thereocf having metallic coatings 68, 70 and 72, face upwardly.

The heater 77 may thenbe extended into the cathode support 42 and permitted to abut against the lower wall portion 124 of the jig. No critical order need be followed in mounting the heater 77 other than that its mounting should preferably be preceded by the mounting of cathode sleeve 42 to avoid entanglement of the sleeve with heater legs 110, 111.

After the tube elements have been loaded as aforementioned, the wafer 14 is telesooped into the end portion of the jig defined by the relatively thin wall portion 130, until the wafer comes to rest on the annular shoulder 125, as shown in FIG. 2; During the mounting of wafer 14 on the jig, the upwardly extending heater legs are inserted into two openings in the inner circle of openings through the water. For example, the heater legs may be extended partly into openings 86, 88 shown in FIG. 3.

The final elements to be loaded on jig 121 are the leadin and support wires shown in FIG. l. For convenience, the wires intended for service as su orts are loaded prior to the loading of the wires intended for lead-in purposes. This permits the support wires to be loaded with freedom from obstruction by upwardly extending lead-in wires. Since the support wires do not extend upwardly from the wafer when loaded, the loading of the lead-in wires is also free from obstruction and the lead-in wires accordingly, may be suitably angularly and rectilinearly spaced to insure reduced capacitance effects therebetween. Due to a predetermined structural correlation between the stem 14 and the flanges 48, Si and 52, the three outermost circular arrays of openings through the stem are in axial register with the annular flange troughs having the metallic coatings 68, 7t? and 72. As a consequence, any random angular orientation of the wafer 14 with respect to the flanges aforementioned, while preserving a coaxial relation therebetween, disposes a predetermined circular opening array in the wafer, in axial register with a portion of the annular trough in a predetermined flange. This freedom from dependence on a particular angular orientation of the wafer 14 and the flanges 43, 50 and 52, contributes to facility in assembly, whether of-the manual or mechanized kind.

The aforementioned loading of the lead-in and support wires, causes them to engage appropriate flanges 48, 50 and 52 and heater legs 116, 111. For example, support wires 39, 32 (FIG. 1) engage flange 52, the support wires 34, 36 are positioned to contact flange 5i), and support wires 33, 4b are mounted to rest on flange 48. It will be noted that the wires comprising group 32, 32 are longer than the wires comprising group 34, 36 and that the latter wires are longer than the wires comprising group 38, 40. This diflerence in length in the support wires is due to the axial spacing between the flanges 48, 50, 52. Likewise, lead-in wires 20, 22 and 24 engage flanges 52, 5d and 48, respectively. Lead-ins 26, 27 engage heater legs 111 and lit respectively.

Finally balls of copper (not shown) may be placed in the cavities representing portions of openings 92, 96, 10th, 192, N4 and 1.08 not occupied by wire supports, to form a copper mass 113 (FIG. 4) for filling the cavities and contributing to a hermetic sealing of the cavities. A stud 131 made of or coated with copper may be snugly inserted in vacant opening 93 (FIG. 3) and may have a length substantially equal to the thickness of wafer 14.

The resultant loose assembly of parts involves a flange pattern, wherein the flanges are stepped transversely and longitudinally of the jig 121. This is of advantage not only in facilitating the mounting operations just described, but also in that it results in a structure wherein capacitance eifects between the leads are reduced. Furthermore, each of the elements mounted engages another through a metallic coating adapted to bond the elements together in a fixed structure, after the second group of steps to be described have been completed. Also, it will be observed that the loosely assembled parts are free from stresses and therefore strain-free.

The second group of steps comprises heating the jig 121, and the parts assembled thereon as indicated in FIG. 2, in a reducing atmosphere, such as hydrogen. The first step comprises heating the jig and parts in a hydrogen oven having a temperature of about 1130 C. During the first minute of such heating, in one example, the parts were raised to the temperature of the oven. After acquiring this temperature, the parts were permitted to remain in the oven for several minutes. The next step comprises cooling the parts and the jig to a temperature of about 250 C. This cooling step requires about two minutes. The parts mounted on the jig 121 are now 9 fixed in brazed engagement by the several metallic coatings aforementioned. On removal from the oven the jig and the parts thereon are allowed to cool naturally to room temperature. It will be noted that no strains are applied to the parts during the aforementioned second step.

The resultant brazed structure is then removed from jig 121 and cathode member 74 is telescoped snugly over the free end of cathode sleeve 4-2, as shown in FIG. 5. The inner surface of the member 74 and the outer surface of cathode sleeve 42 are sufiiciently rough to provide a plurality of point engagements which are adapted to be joined together as by sinten'ng during the operations involved in the third group of steps to be described.

The third group of steps involves use of a heating and exhaust system shown in FIG. 6. This system includes an evacuated chamber, such as a bell jar 14d made of a ceramic material or a high temperature glass sealed to a vacuum source (not shown) by engaging a heat resistant gasket 142 mounted on flanged metallic conduit 144 communicating with the vacuum source. Within the bell jar Mil is disposed a metallic tubular mufl'le 14d having heat baffles 148 and 159 adjacent to its ends. A support 152 within the mul'lle is adapted to support a tube assembly comprising bulb l2 and wafer id which includes the mount structure shown in FIG. 5 between the heat batlles 143 and 150. A high frequency induction coil 154, connected to a suitable adjustable power source, not shown, is adapted to heat the muffle 14 6. The mufile in turn radiates heat to the tube assembly referred to.

In carrying out the third group of steps, the shell 12 is telescoped over the wafer 14 until the shoulder or stop 118 on the shell rests on the Wafer, a ring lZil of brazing material having been positioned to en age the periphery of the wafer and to rest on the rim edge of the shell, as shown in FIG. 6. The resultant tube structure is then placed on support 152 and the coil 154 is electrically energized to heat muffle 146 to a temperature sufliciently high to cause the heat radiation therefrom to the tube structure to raise the parts thereof to a temperature of about 800 C. The structure is permitted to remain at this temperature for several minutes for de-gassing the metal components of the assembly. During this heating step, the vacuum source referred to continues to remove gas from the bell jar and from the interior of the tube envelope defined by shell 12 and wafer 14. Removal of gases from the envelope referred to occurs through an annular space between the loosely mounted shell and the initially formed tube structure. The temperature aforementioned is insufficient to melt the brazing ring 120 or to completely sinter the cathode member '74 to its sleeve 42. Tests have revealed that a period of several minutes for out-gassing and exhaust produce satis factory tubes. Longer periods up to 60 minutes, of course, provide increased assurance that the out-gassing and evacuation have proceeded as far as possible.

Thereafter and while the bell jar 149 is kept evacuated, the energy to the coil 154 is increased, to cause the tube parts to be raised to temperature of about 950 C. At this temperature the member 74 becomes further sintered to its support sleeve 42, and the brazing ring 128 melts to braze the shell 12 to wafer 14 in a vacuum tight seal.

During the out-gassing operation electric power may be applied to the heater 77 for supplementing the heat applied by muflle 146, for improved out-gassing. However, tests have revealed that satisfactory tubes are obtainable without energizing the heater during the out-gassing step.

It will be noted that the out-gassing and sealing temperature above referred to are appreciably below the temperature of 1130 C. to which the initial tube structure was subjected during the second group of steps, thereby precluding a re-melting of the copper brazing material. The lower temperature, i.e., 950 (3., does not adversely affect the conditions previously established. To respond in brazing to this lower temperature, the brazing ring can be made of a suitable alloy such as nickel-tin, or one known as Nioro solder which includes nickel and gold.

A tube produced by the foregoing three groups of steps is shown in FIG. 7. It includes a tube structure wherein the cathode member 74, grid 44 and anode 46 are ruggedly supported on flanges 43, 5t) and 52, respectively. The flanges referred to have an appreciable lateral extent and each is supported adjacent its periphery by a tripod array of lead-in and support wires firmly fixed to Wafer 14. This efiectively restrains relative movements between the electrodes, in both angular and rectilinear directions, and permits extremely close spacing between the cathode and grid without danger of shorts therebetween.

The relatively simple construction of the tube parts and the advantageous method for their assembly, as pointed out in the foregoing, make it feasible to fabricate the tube to very small dimensions.

In one example, the overall diameter of the tube was three-eighths of an inch and the length of the tube was approximately one-half inch. While the shell 12 shown in FIG. 7 is longer than necessary to provide space accommodation for the electrodes therein, its extra length results in an increased shell area desirable for heat dissipation. Shorter shells, of course, may be used and a desired heat dissipation therefrom may be effected by supplemental heat exchange means, not shown. This is particularly feasible since the shell 12 is free from connection to any electrode element.

While the relatively small size referred to above is presented as an example, it is not to be inferred that this constitutes a limit to which miniaturization is feasible according to the invention. While the advantage of lending itself to small tube size has been pointed out, it should be noted that the method of the invention has utility in tubes of any size, including relatively large power tubes.

It will be appreciated from the foregoing that the improved method of making an electron tube according to the invention is characterized by simplicity and contributes to the manufacture of an electron tube having improved performance efficiency, thus appreciably reducing the normal power needs in operation. Furthermore, the simplicity of the parts constituting the tube structure renders tolerable a relatively low order of skill in the assembling operation, and permits a progressive type of assembly operation to be practiced in which the final tube structure is made by successively adding the parts individually for reduced shrinkage. Such progressive type of assembly is more advantageous than a type requiring the fabrication of sub-assemblies, both in respect of the simplicity of the assembling operation as well as the ease with which it lends itself to mechanization.

We claim:

1. Method of making an electron tube comprising the steps of loosely mounting a plurality of parts including a first elongated electrode and an elongated electrode support in concentric relation, thereafter loosely mounting supports on said first electrode and electrode support, then supporting a ceramic Wafer having openings therethrough in spaced and normal relation to said electrode and support, then extending a plurality of wires through said openings in loose engagement with said supports and the walls of said openings, whereby all of said parts are positioned in substantially strain-free relation in a plurality of engagements, then simultaneously heating said parts to a first temperature sufficiently high to bond said parts at said engagements, then telescoping a second electrode over said electrode support in contact engagement therewith after said parts have cooled, thereafter telescoping a bulb over the rim of said wafer in loose contact engagement therewith for enclosing said parts, then simultaneously heating said parts to a second temperature below said first temperature for out-gassing said parts and evacuating said bulb through the region of said loose contact engagement thereof, and then heating said parts and bulb to a third temperature intermediate said first and second temperatures, for bonding said second electrode to said electrode support and said water rim to said bulb.

2. Method of making an electron tube comprising the steps of: loosely assembling free parts consisting of an insulating Wafer, lead-in wires, an electrode and an electrode sleeve; heating said parts while loosely assembled to a temperature of about 1130" C. for fixing said parts; then assembling a second electrode on said electrode sleeve, and a shell in telescoped relation with respect to said water; heating said parts to a temperature of about 800 C. to drive out occluded gases therefrom, while evacuating the envelope formed by said shell and Wafer; and then heating said second electrode, said electrode sleeve and the portions of said shell and water in telescoped relation to a temperature of about 950 C. for fixing said second electrode to said electrode sleeve, and sealing said shell to said water.

3; The method of making an electron tube comprising the steps of assembling tubular electrodes and supports for said electrodes in concentric relation, supporting an insulating wafer having openings therethrough in spaced relationto said electrodes and supports, extending conductors in parallel relation through said openings into contact relation with said supports and the walls of said openings in said wafer and heating the resultant assembly to a temperature sufiicient to bond simultaneously said electrodes to said supports, said supports to said conductors and said conductors to said Wafer to provide a strain-free electrode mount assembly, telescoping an envelope shell ovei said mount assembly and said water to form an enclosure for said mount assembly, applying a brazing ring to said water and said shell, heating said mount assembly and said shell to drive out gases therefrom While evacuating the envelope formed by said shell and said water, and thereafter heating said mount assembly, said shell and said brazing ring to a higher temperature to melt said brazing ring and to provide a seal between said shell and said wafer.

4. The method of making an electron tube comprising the steps of assembling electrodes and supports for said electrodes in contact relation, supporting an insulating wafer having openings therethrough to receive conductors therein, extending conductors in parallel relation through said openings in contact said supports and the walls of said openings in said wafer, and providing an assembly of said electrodes, supports, wafer and conductors, heating the resultant assembly to a temperature sufficient to bond simultaneously said electrodes to said supports, said supports to said conductors and said conductors to said water to provide a strain-free electrode mount assembly, telescoping an envelope shell over said mount assembly and said Wafer to form an enclosure for said mount assembly, heating said mount assembly and said shell to drive out 'gases therefrom While evacuating the envelope formed by said sheel and said wafer and thereafter heating said mount assembly and said. shell to a higher temperature to provide a seal between said shell and said Wafer.

5. The method of making an electron tube comprising the steps of assembling an electrode and supports for electrodes in loose contact relation, supporting an insulating Wafer having openings therethrough in spaced relation to said electrode and supports, extending conductors in parallel relation through said openings into contact relation with said supports and the walls of said openings in said Wafer and heating the resultant assembly to a temperature sufiicient to bond simultaneously said electrode to one of said supports, said supports to said conductors and said conductors to said wafer to provide a strain-free electrode mount assembly, assembling a second electrode on another of said supports, telescoping an envelope shell over said mount assembly and said water to form an enclosure for said mount assembly, applying a brazing ring to said water and said shell, heating said mount assembly and said shell to drive out gases therefrom While evacuating the envelope formed by said shell and said water and thereafter heating said mount assembly, said shell and said brazing ring to a higher temperature to provide a seal between said shell and said Wafer.

6. The method or" making an electron tube comprising the steps of assembling tubular electrodes and supports for said electrodes in concentric and loose contact relation, supporting an insulating wafer having openings therethrough to receive conductors therein, extending conductors in parallel relation through said openings to contact said supports and the Walls of said openings in said water, providing an assembly of said electrodes, supports, wafer and conductors and heating the resultant assembly to a tempeature suflicient tobond simultaneously said electrodes to said supports, said supports to said conductors and said conductors to said water to provide a strain-free electrode mount assembly, telescoping an envelope shell over said mount assembly and said wafer to form an enclosure for said mount assembly, applying a brazing ring to said water and said shell, heating said mount assembly and said shell to drive out gases therefrom while evacuating the envelope formed by said shell and said water, and thereafter heating said mount assembly, said shell and said brazing ring to a higher temperature to melt said brazing ring and to provide a seal between said shell and said Wafer.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,262,901 Murphy Nov. 18, 1941 2,519,445 Drieschman Aug. 22, 1950 2,621,996 Power Dec. 16, 1952 2,792,27 1 Beggs May 14-, 1957 2,796,313 Schumacher June 18, 1957 2,882,116 Williams Apr. 14, 1959

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