US2987453A - Method of electrodepositing chromium - Google Patents

Method of electrodepositing chromium Download PDF

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US2987453A
US2987453A US806330A US80633059A US2987453A US 2987453 A US2987453 A US 2987453A US 806330 A US806330 A US 806330A US 80633059 A US80633059 A US 80633059A US 2987453 A US2987453 A US 2987453A
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platinum
anode
titanium
coating
plating
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Rose Arthur H Du
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Harshaw Chemical Co
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Priority to GB9741/60A priority patent/GB952171A/en
Priority to FR824418A priority patent/FR1254268A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D17/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells for electrolytic coating
    • C25D17/10—Electrodes, e.g. composition, counter electrode
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D17/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells for electrolytic coating
    • C25D17/06—Suspending or supporting devices for articles to be coated
    • C25D17/08—Supporting racks, i.e. not for suspending
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
    • C25D5/50—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces by heat-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
    • C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
    • C25D3/04—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
    • C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
    • C25D3/12—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of nickel or cobalt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
    • C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
    • C25D3/50—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of platinum group metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
    • C25D5/12—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium
    • C25D5/14—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium two or more layers being of nickel or chromium, e.g. duplex or triplex layers

Definitions

  • Platinum coated titanium anodes are known to the art. However, in the field of electroplating, platinum coated titanium anodes have been found suitable only for nickel plating in the related fields of nickel and chrome plating processes. Whereas the platinum coated titanium anodes employed in nickel plating solutions were found to be relatively stable towards dislodgement of the platinum coating, such anodes when employed in chrome plating solutions were found to have coating particle dislodging tendencies which removed the platinum and in a short time stopped the anodic current. It further appears that none ofthe workers in the field of platinum coated anodes have attempted to improve the efliciency of the anode by confining the area of effective current to that area in the immediate proximity of the object being plated.
  • Another problem which faces the electroplating industry is that of obtaining a coating having uniform thickness.
  • the problem of non-uniformity in coating thickness is especially apparent when the object being coated has recessed areas. It has been found that these recessed areas receive less current and, therefore, obtain a lesser deposit of metal from the plating solution.
  • Each plating solution is found to have its peculiarities in the degree to which irregularity of the surface of the object being coated will affect the uniformity of the coating.
  • the peculiarity of each individual plating solution may be defined in terms of throwing power. Throwing power refers to the uniformity of plate thickness that can be expected on a shaped article over the surface of which the current density will vary.
  • the dis tribution of the plating current is influenced by the relative distance of any given part of the surface from the anodes. No plating bath has a throwing power great enough to produce a uniform plate thickness on complex shaped cathodes.
  • auxiliary anodes such as auxiliary anodes of the conforming type, have been found to be desirable when plating objects having irregular surfaces. It can, therefore, be seen that an insoluble anode which will function as an auxiliary anode free from particle dislodging tendencies in both nickel and chrome plating solutions would be a tremendous advance in the electroplating industry.
  • the platinum coated titanium anode produced by the process of this invention has been found to answer these problems.
  • the insoluble anodes of the prior art are lead, carbon and platinum coated titanium anodes. While platinum coated titanium of the prior art is suitable for nickel plating, it has been found to be subject to the same particle dislodging tendencies in chrome plating solutions which lead and carbon anodes exhibit in both nickel and chrome plating solutions. I have now discovered a process whereby the dislodging tendencies of platinum coated titanium insoluble electrodes in a chrome plating bath is eliminated, thereby producing an auxiliary anode which will function satisfactorily in both nickel and chrome plating baths.
  • Titanium in itself is not a suitable anode material because the protective oxide film which forms on its surface resists the passage of an anodic electric current. Research has shown, however, that this high resistivity is very much reduced when titanium is brought into electrical contact with a second metal such as platinum. Platinum, deposited as a thin film on the titanium, either in sheet or rod form, produces a conductive surface suitable for an anode. I have found that a platinum coating which does not exhibit dislodging tendencies in a chrome plating bath may be produced when the platinum is plated on titanium wire and then heated from 400 C. to 800 C. for 15 seconds or longer. A special type of atmosphere is not required for this heating operation. A wire anode produced in this manner will function indefi nitely in a chrome solution.
  • the platinum becomes bonded to the titanium by means of heat induced interdilfusion of platinum with the titanium base metal.
  • the interdiffused layer serves to firmly anchor the pure platinum external coat to the pure titanium base.
  • the interdiffused bonding also serves to prevent the sludging of the platinum coating which rendered the platinum coated electrodes of the prior art useless in chrome plating baths.
  • the second coating tended to be powdery or of poor quality.
  • the second coating was also heat treated when the plural coating procedure was applied. If the initially deposited coating appeared good, there was no advantage in applying the plural coating procedure.
  • auxiliary anodes generally have the same area presented toward the workpiece, uniform current density over the entire surface of the anode is not required.
  • An extremely effective anode has been produced by the process of this invention by coating a single area or face of the auxiliary titanium anode, thereby limiting the area coated with platinum while increasing the eifective current being utilized.
  • An insulating coating need not be placed on the areas of the titanium anode which are free of platinum as titanium will form an oxide layer which is in itself a good insulator.
  • the anode is also greatly reduced in cost by eliminating unnecessary platinum coating.
  • the single figure which is not to scale, represents a perspective view of the novel auxiliary anode disposed in a plating assembly.
  • the assembly consists of a rack holder 1, holding two recessed objects to be plated 2 and 2; said recessed objects 2 and 2' having their recessed areas located at 3 and 3' respectively.
  • the auxiliary anode 4 is coupled to the rack holder 1 by means of insulated coupling members 6 and 6.
  • the auxiliary anode 4 is composed of a titanium Wire base having a platinum coated portions, greatly exaggerated for purposes of illustration, disposed on the areas 5 and 5' and having a suitable electrical contact clip 7 disposed at its upper extremity.
  • the rack holder 1 In use the rack holder 1 is hung on the cathode bar of an electroplating tank, whereby the rack holder becomes conductive and causes the objects to be plated 5 and 5' to become cathodic to the primary anodes disposed in the electroplating tank.
  • the auxiliary anode 4 is attached to the anode rail of the electroplating tank by means of the electrical contact clip 7.
  • the objects to be plated-5 and 5 are thereby subjected to anodic current from both the primary anode and the auxiliary anode 4.
  • the current flowing from the auxiliary anode 4 flows from the platinum coated areas 5 and 5, thereby subjecting the recessed portions 3 and 3' of the objects 2 and 2' to an increased current density.
  • the assembly of this invention may be used for nickel plating an object and then without breaking down the assembly, the entire structure may be removed with suitable washing operations to a chrome plating bath.
  • the novel platinum coated electrode of this invention makes possible the removal of the assembly from one tank to another, the platinum coated titanium anode of this invention being free from particle dislodging tendencies in either nickel or chrome plating baths.
  • the method of electrodepositing chromium including the steps of suspending the object to be plated in a chromium plating bath employing a platinum coated titanium auxiliary anode, said auxiliary anode being prepared by electroplating a platinum coating on a titanium base and then heat treating the coated base at a temperature of 400 C. to 800 C.
  • the method of electrodepositing chromium including the step of suspending the object to be plated in a chromium plating bath employing a titanium auxiliary anode having a discontinuous coating thereon; the object to be plated being disposed so as to be in the immediate proximity of the platinum plated portions of the auxiliary anode, said auxiliary anode being prepared by discontinuously plating a platinum coating on a titanium base and then heat treating it at a temperature of from 400 C. to 800 C.

Description

June 6, 1961 A. H. DU ROSE METHOD OF ELECTRODEPOSITING CHROMIUM Filed April 14, 1959 A. H. DU ROSE. INVENTOR.
Patented June 6, 1961 2,987,453 NIETHOD F ELECTRODEPOSITING CHROMIUM Arthur H. Du Rose, Euclid, Ohio, assignor to The Harshaw Chemical Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio Filed Apr. 14, 1959, Ser. No. 806,330 3 'Claims. (Cl. 204-51) This invention relates to titanium anodes having platinum coatings thereon.
Platinum coated titanium anodes are known to the art. However, in the field of electroplating, platinum coated titanium anodes have been found suitable only for nickel plating in the related fields of nickel and chrome plating processes. Whereas the platinum coated titanium anodes employed in nickel plating solutions were found to be relatively stable towards dislodgement of the platinum coating, such anodes when employed in chrome plating solutions were found to have coating particle dislodging tendencies which removed the platinum and in a short time stopped the anodic current. It further appears that none ofthe workers in the field of platinum coated anodes have attempted to improve the efliciency of the anode by confining the area of effective current to that area in the immediate proximity of the object being plated.
It is, therefore, an object of this invention to produce an insoluble anode which is suitable for both nickel and chrome plating processes.
It is another object of this invention to produce a titanium anode with an adherent platinum coating.
It is still another object of this invention to produce an insoluble anode having an effective current carrying surface only in the area of the object being plated.
Of the many problems which have faced the electroplating industry, the selection of an insoluble anode suitable for both nickel and chrome plating has been one of the most perplexing. Anodes of the insoluble type have been found to be subject to particle dislodging tendencies. The problem presented by particle dislodgment is increased when the insoluble anode is used in more than one type of bath, such as for instance, in both nickel and chrome plating baths.
Another problem which faces the electroplating industry is that of obtaining a coating having uniform thickness. The problem of non-uniformity in coating thickness is especially apparent when the object being coated has recessed areas. It has been found that these recessed areas receive less current and, therefore, obtain a lesser deposit of metal from the plating solution. Each plating solution is found to have its peculiarities in the degree to which irregularity of the surface of the object being coated will affect the uniformity of the coating. The peculiarity of each individual plating solution may be defined in terms of throwing power. Throwing power refers to the uniformity of plate thickness that can be expected on a shaped article over the surface of which the current density will vary. The dis tribution of the plating current is influenced by the relative distance of any given part of the surface from the anodes. No plating bath has a throwing power great enough to produce a uniform plate thickness on complex shaped cathodes.
Because of the low throwing power of nickel and chrome plating compositions, auxiliary anodes such as auxiliary anodes of the conforming type, have been found to be desirable when plating objects having irregular surfaces. It can, therefore, be seen that an insoluble anode which will function as an auxiliary anode free from particle dislodging tendencies in both nickel and chrome plating solutions would be a tremendous advance in the electroplating industry. The platinum coated titanium anode produced by the process of this invention has been found to answer these problems.
The insoluble anodes of the prior art are lead, carbon and platinum coated titanium anodes. While platinum coated titanium of the prior art is suitable for nickel plating, it has been found to be subject to the same particle dislodging tendencies in chrome plating solutions which lead and carbon anodes exhibit in both nickel and chrome plating solutions. I have now discovered a process whereby the dislodging tendencies of platinum coated titanium insoluble electrodes in a chrome plating bath is eliminated, thereby producing an auxiliary anode which will function satisfactorily in both nickel and chrome plating baths.
Titanium in itself is not a suitable anode material because the protective oxide film which forms on its surface resists the passage of an anodic electric current. Research has shown, however, that this high resistivity is very much reduced when titanium is brought into electrical contact with a second metal such as platinum. Platinum, deposited as a thin film on the titanium, either in sheet or rod form, produces a conductive surface suitable for an anode. I have found that a platinum coating which does not exhibit dislodging tendencies in a chrome plating bath may be produced when the platinum is plated on titanium wire and then heated from 400 C. to 800 C. for 15 seconds or longer. A special type of atmosphere is not required for this heating operation. A wire anode produced in this manner will function indefi nitely in a chrome solution.
It appears that the platinum becomes bonded to the titanium by means of heat induced interdilfusion of platinum with the titanium base metal. The interdiffused layer serves to firmly anchor the pure platinum external coat to the pure titanium base. The interdiffused bonding also serves to prevent the sludging of the platinum coating which rendered the platinum coated electrodes of the prior art useless in chrome plating baths.
The following treating cycle for a titanium base in sheet or rod form has been found to be desirable in the process of this invention:
(1) Descale by 15 seconds to 2 minutes immersion in equal parts by volume of 48% HF, nitric acid and water.
(2) Rinse in water.
(3) Immerse in alkaline cleaning solution.
(4) Rinse.
(5) Dip in 45% HBF at a temperature from F. to F.
(6) Rapid rinse.
(7) Plate at 2-30 amperes per square foot in a highly acid platinum plating solution. The thickness used is on the order of 0.030.2 mil.
(8) Heat at 400 C. to 800 C. for 15 seconds to 1 hour. An inert or reducing atmosphere is not necessary.
In some cases a portion (say 50%) of the final platinum thickness was first applied and heat treated and then the remainder of the platinum deposited. This procedure was advantageous when the initial platinum,
coating tended to be powdery or of poor quality. The second coating was also heat treated when the plural coating procedure was applied. If the initially deposited coating appeared good, there was no advantage in applying the plural coating procedure.
Three types of platinum plating solutions weer used:
(1) A platinum chloride solution containing 6 g./l. Pt and 300 cc./l. of hydrochloric acid.
(2) A platinum chloride solution containing 6 g./l. Pt and 300 cc./1. of phosphoric acid.
(3) A proprietary solution (Platinex) containing 12 g./l. of Pt.
The latter solution produced by far the better deposits. They were all used at 150 F. to 175 F.
As insoluble auxiliary anodes generally have the same area presented toward the workpiece, uniform current density over the entire surface of the anode is not required. An extremely effective anode has been produced by the process of this invention by coating a single area or face of the auxiliary titanium anode, thereby limiting the area coated with platinum while increasing the eifective current being utilized. An insulating coating need not be placed on the areas of the titanium anode which are free of platinum as titanium will form an oxide layer which is in itself a good insulator. The anode is also greatly reduced in cost by eliminating unnecessary platinum coating.
The accompanying drawing further illustrates the various embodiments of the invention:
The single figure, which is not to scale, represents a perspective view of the novel auxiliary anode disposed in a plating assembly. The assembly consists of a rack holder 1, holding two recessed objects to be plated 2 and 2; said recessed objects 2 and 2' having their recessed areas located at 3 and 3' respectively. The auxiliary anode 4 is coupled to the rack holder 1 by means of insulated coupling members 6 and 6. The auxiliary anode 4 is composed of a titanium Wire base having a platinum coated portions, greatly exaggerated for purposes of illustration, disposed on the areas 5 and 5' and having a suitable electrical contact clip 7 disposed at its upper extremity.
In use the rack holder 1 is hung on the cathode bar of an electroplating tank, whereby the rack holder becomes conductive and causes the objects to be plated 5 and 5' to become cathodic to the primary anodes disposed in the electroplating tank. The auxiliary anode 4 is attached to the anode rail of the electroplating tank by means of the electrical contact clip 7. The objects to be plated-5 and 5 are thereby subjected to anodic current from both the primary anode and the auxiliary anode 4. The current flowing from the auxiliary anode 4 flows from the platinum coated areas 5 and 5, thereby subjecting the recessed portions 3 and 3' of the objects 2 and 2' to an increased current density. The result of the increased current density in these recessed portions is to produce more uniform 4 coating over the entire surface area of the plated objects. Without the auxiliary anode the thickness of the edge portions of the objects 2 and 2' might be at least five times as great as that in the areas 3 and 3.
The assembly of this invention may be used for nickel plating an object and then without breaking down the assembly, the entire structure may be removed with suitable washing operations to a chrome plating bath. The novel platinum coated electrode of this invention makes possible the removal of the assembly from one tank to another, the platinum coated titanium anode of this invention being free from particle dislodging tendencies in either nickel or chrome plating baths.
Having thus described my invention, what I claim is:
1. The method of electrodepositing chromium, including the steps of suspending the object to be plated in a chromium plating bath employing a platinum coated titanium auxiliary anode, said auxiliary anode being prepared by electroplating a platinum coating on a titanium base and then heat treating the coated base at a temperature of 400 C. to 800 C.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said platinum coating is applied by plural applications, each application being subjected to said heat treating operation.
3. The method of electrodepositing chromium, including the step of suspending the object to be plated in a chromium plating bath employing a titanium auxiliary anode having a discontinuous coating thereon; the object to be plated being disposed so as to be in the immediate proximity of the platinum plated portions of the auxiliary anode, said auxiliary anode being prepared by discontinuously plating a platinum coating on a titanium base and then heat treating it at a temperature of from 400 C. to 800 C.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,719,797 Rosenblatt Oct. 4, 1955 2,798,843 Slomin et a1 July 9, 1957 2,834,101 Boam et al. May 13, 1958 OTHER REFERENCES Cotton: Platinum Metals Review, vol. 2, April 1958, pages 45 to 47.

Claims (1)

1. THE METHOD OF ELECTRODEPOSITING CHROMIUM, INCLUDING THE STEPS OF SUSPENDING THE OBJECT TO BE PLATED IN A CHROMIUM PLATING BATH EMPLOYING A PLATINUM COATED TITANIUM AUXILIARY ANODE, SAID AUXILIARY ANODE BEING PREPARED BY ELECTROPLATING A PLATINUM COATING ON A TITANIUM BASE AND THEN HEAT TREATING THE COATED BASE AT A TEMPERATURE OF 400*C. TO 800*C.
US806330A 1959-04-14 1959-04-14 Method of electrodepositing chromium Expired - Lifetime US2987453A (en)

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US806330A US2987453A (en) 1959-04-14 1959-04-14 Method of electrodepositing chromium
GB42454/63A GB952172A (en) 1959-04-14 1960-03-18 Platinum coated titanium anodes
GB9741/60A GB952171A (en) 1959-04-14 1960-03-18 Platinum coated electrodes and electroplating processes using such electrodes
FR824418A FR1254268A (en) 1959-04-14 1960-04-14 Manufacturing process of platinum coated titanium anodes

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Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3055811A (en) * 1961-05-08 1962-09-25 Universal Oil Prod Co Electrolysis with improved platinum plated titanium anode and manufacture thereof
US3177131A (en) * 1959-04-27 1965-04-06 Ici Ltd Method for the production of platinum coated titanium anodes
US3247083A (en) * 1964-04-01 1966-04-19 Louis W Raymond Method of chromium electrodeposition
US3250691A (en) * 1962-05-28 1966-05-10 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Electrolytic process of decomposing an alkali metal chloride
US3254015A (en) * 1961-07-28 1966-05-31 Bishop & Co Platinum Works J Process for treating platinum-coated electrodes
US3271289A (en) * 1959-07-22 1966-09-06 Oronzio De Nora Impianti Mercury cathode electrolytic cell having an anode with high corrosionresistance and high electrical and heat conductivity
US3300396A (en) * 1965-11-24 1967-01-24 Charles T Walker Electroplating techniques and anode assemblies therefor
US3412000A (en) * 1965-04-14 1968-11-19 M & T Chemicals Inc Cathodic protection of titanium surfaces
US3864163A (en) * 1970-09-25 1975-02-04 Chemnor Corp Method of making an electrode having a coating containing a platinum metal oxide thereon
USRE28820E (en) * 1965-05-12 1976-05-18 Chemnor Corporation Method of making an electrode having a coating containing a platinum metal oxide thereon
US4052271A (en) * 1965-05-12 1977-10-04 Diamond Shamrock Technologies, S.A. Method of making an electrode having a coating containing a platinum metal oxide thereon
US4294670A (en) * 1979-10-29 1981-10-13 Raymond Louis W Precision electroplating of metal objects
US5545310A (en) * 1995-03-30 1996-08-13 Silveri; Michael A. Method of inhibiting scale formation in spa halogen generator
US5676805A (en) * 1995-03-30 1997-10-14 Bioquest SPA purification system
US5752282A (en) * 1995-03-30 1998-05-19 Bioquest Spa fitting
US5759384A (en) * 1995-03-30 1998-06-02 Bioquest Spa halogen generator and method of operating
US6007693A (en) * 1995-03-30 1999-12-28 Bioquest Spa halogen generator and method of operating
CN102494185A (en) * 2011-11-15 2012-06-13 无锡威孚精密机械制造有限责任公司 Surface treatment processing technology of hydraulic valve rod

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108546935A (en) * 2018-05-29 2018-09-18 江阴安诺电极有限公司 The preparation method of platinum coated anode plate

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2719797A (en) * 1950-05-23 1955-10-04 Baker & Co Inc Platinizing tantalum
US2798843A (en) * 1953-10-29 1957-07-09 Rohr Aircraft Corp Plating and brazing titanium
US2834101A (en) * 1955-02-23 1958-05-13 Curtiss Wright Corp Method of brazing titanium

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2719797A (en) * 1950-05-23 1955-10-04 Baker & Co Inc Platinizing tantalum
US2798843A (en) * 1953-10-29 1957-07-09 Rohr Aircraft Corp Plating and brazing titanium
US2834101A (en) * 1955-02-23 1958-05-13 Curtiss Wright Corp Method of brazing titanium

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3177131A (en) * 1959-04-27 1965-04-06 Ici Ltd Method for the production of platinum coated titanium anodes
US3271289A (en) * 1959-07-22 1966-09-06 Oronzio De Nora Impianti Mercury cathode electrolytic cell having an anode with high corrosionresistance and high electrical and heat conductivity
US3055811A (en) * 1961-05-08 1962-09-25 Universal Oil Prod Co Electrolysis with improved platinum plated titanium anode and manufacture thereof
US3254015A (en) * 1961-07-28 1966-05-31 Bishop & Co Platinum Works J Process for treating platinum-coated electrodes
US3250691A (en) * 1962-05-28 1966-05-10 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Electrolytic process of decomposing an alkali metal chloride
US3247083A (en) * 1964-04-01 1966-04-19 Louis W Raymond Method of chromium electrodeposition
US3412000A (en) * 1965-04-14 1968-11-19 M & T Chemicals Inc Cathodic protection of titanium surfaces
US4052271A (en) * 1965-05-12 1977-10-04 Diamond Shamrock Technologies, S.A. Method of making an electrode having a coating containing a platinum metal oxide thereon
USRE28820E (en) * 1965-05-12 1976-05-18 Chemnor Corporation Method of making an electrode having a coating containing a platinum metal oxide thereon
US3300396A (en) * 1965-11-24 1967-01-24 Charles T Walker Electroplating techniques and anode assemblies therefor
US3864163A (en) * 1970-09-25 1975-02-04 Chemnor Corp Method of making an electrode having a coating containing a platinum metal oxide thereon
US4294670A (en) * 1979-10-29 1981-10-13 Raymond Louis W Precision electroplating of metal objects
US5545310A (en) * 1995-03-30 1996-08-13 Silveri; Michael A. Method of inhibiting scale formation in spa halogen generator
US5676805A (en) * 1995-03-30 1997-10-14 Bioquest SPA purification system
US5752282A (en) * 1995-03-30 1998-05-19 Bioquest Spa fitting
US5759384A (en) * 1995-03-30 1998-06-02 Bioquest Spa halogen generator and method of operating
US5885426A (en) * 1995-03-30 1999-03-23 Bioquest Spa purification system
US6007693A (en) * 1995-03-30 1999-12-28 Bioquest Spa halogen generator and method of operating
CN102494185A (en) * 2011-11-15 2012-06-13 无锡威孚精密机械制造有限责任公司 Surface treatment processing technology of hydraulic valve rod
CN102494185B (en) * 2011-11-15 2013-05-15 无锡威孚精密机械制造有限责任公司 Surface treatment processing technology of hydraulic valve rod

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