US2767884A - Storage and discharge container with rotatable base or wall - Google Patents

Storage and discharge container with rotatable base or wall Download PDF

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Publication number
US2767884A
US2767884A US249447A US24944751A US2767884A US 2767884 A US2767884 A US 2767884A US 249447 A US249447 A US 249447A US 24944751 A US24944751 A US 24944751A US 2767884 A US2767884 A US 2767884A
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container
base
storage
wall
container wall
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US249447A
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Gross Gustav Adolf
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BASF Schweiz AG
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Ciba AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65G—TRANSPORT OR STORAGE DEVICES, e.g. CONVEYORS FOR LOADING OR TIPPING, SHOP CONVEYOR SYSTEMS OR PNEUMATIC TUBE CONVEYORS
    • B65G65/00—Loading or unloading
    • B65G65/30—Methods or devices for filling or emptying bunkers, hoppers, tanks, or like containers, of interest apart from their use in particular chemical or physical processes or their application in particular machines, e.g. not covered by a single other subclass
    • B65G65/34—Emptying devices
    • B65G65/40—Devices for emptying otherwise than from the top
    • B65G65/48—Devices for emptying otherwise than from the top using other rotating means, e.g. rotating pressure sluices in pneumatic systems
    • B65G65/4809—Devices for emptying otherwise than from the top using other rotating means, e.g. rotating pressure sluices in pneumatic systems rotating about a substantially vertical axis
    • B65G65/4818—Devices for emptying otherwise than from the top using other rotating means, e.g. rotating pressure sluices in pneumatic systems rotating about a substantially vertical axis and having the form of rotating tables or pans
    • B65G65/4827—Devices for emptying otherwise than from the top using other rotating means, e.g. rotating pressure sluices in pneumatic systems rotating about a substantially vertical axis and having the form of rotating tables or pans with particular surface features, e.g. ribs, roughening
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
    • F25C5/00—Working or handling ice
    • F25C5/02—Apparatus for disintegrating, removing or harvesting ice
    • F25C5/04—Apparatus for disintegrating, removing or harvesting ice without the use of saws
    • F25C5/12—Ice-shaving machines

Definitions

  • the problem arises to store, for a more or less long time, loose materials which have a tendency to cake together, in such a manner that at any time, as desired, a more or less large quantity of the stored material can be discharged in a simple manner from the storage container.
  • This problem may arise for example in connection with hygroscopic salts.
  • the problem is evident to a considerable extent in the chemical industry in relation to the temporary storage of ice. In this case it is true that there is frequently available in the ice factory an apparatus for crushing in a convenient manner the bulk ice which is manufactured in coarse blocks or also in relatively thin rods, for example of only about 2 to 5 cm. in thickness. However if such ice is stored in storage containers, which may contain for example from about 100 kg.
  • a storage container for the storage and discharge of loose materials having a tendency to cake together comprises a container wall and a container base forming a closure therewith, the container wall being unconstricted from the top downwards and the container wall and container base being rotatable relative to one another and the container base being provided with one or more openings fitted with superposed hood or cowl coverings.
  • the container wall must not be constricted at any point in a downward direction, as otherwise on caking together of the loose material blockages are to be feared, which render impossible a descent of the loose material.
  • it is sufiicient if the interior breadth of the storage container remains constant from top to bottom, in other cases it may be of advantage if the interior breadth increases somewhat towards the bottom. Any considerable increase of the interior breadth from the top to the bottom is as a rule neither necessary nor advantageous.
  • the storage container may have a circular section, i. e. it may be of cylindrical or truncated conical form, or also an angular section, for example in the form of a' quadrilateral or hexagon.
  • a vertical guide device for example in the form of guide plates which are vertically arranged and prevent a circulating movement of the loose material relative to the container wall.
  • the base of the container can be horizontal or ICC somewhat inclined or have an upright or inverted conical form, advantageously with only a small base angle.
  • the covered openings of the base are suitably so arranged that in the relative rotation between base and container wall every part of the container cross section is swept by at least one covered opening in the rotation.
  • the method of covering the openings must be such that, on filling the container, loose material does not tend to fall directly through the openings. This condition is naturally only fulfilled when the conical heap formed on filling, the shape of which depends among other things upon the nature of the loose material, does not extend over the edge of the hole, that is to say when the angle of inclination of the plane passing through the extreme edge of the hole covering and the corresponding edge of the hole, is less than the angle of repose of the heap formed by the loose material.
  • the covering for the holes are further constructed with advantage such that they possess lateral closed walls and are only open in th direction of rotation of the base relative to the container wall.
  • the lateral closed Walls can then at the same time considerably increase the stability of the cover constructions According to the thickness of the plates, the edges of the top or side Walls of the covering, or both can be sharpened in order to increase the breaking or cleaving eifect, such sharpening being advantageously effected so that the inclination effected by the sharpening is on the outside (or top).
  • the whole construction of the covering for the holes is suitably so selected that the interior width thereof, measured in any direction including the interior width of the openings in the base, is at all places at least as large or advantageously larger, than at the place where the breaking or cleaving effect takes place. This facilitates an undisturbed passage of the material through the coverings and openings of the holes.
  • the rotation relative to one another of the container base and the container wall can be brought about, according to the circumstances, in such a manner that either the container wall is stationary and the base rotates or the base is stationary and the container wall rotates.
  • the base and container wall can be in coaxial relation with one another. This is however not absolutely necessary.
  • the base is advantageously so constructed that it always covers the greatest distance across the container section. Tightness between base and container wall is not necessary, so that, if desired, a considerable intermediate space, for example of a depth within the height of the coverings of the holes, may exist between base and container wall.
  • the size of the holes and of the coverings over the holes may be advantageous to suit the size of the holes and of the coverings over the holes to the approximate size of the fragments of loose material contained in the storage container.
  • the size of the holes and of the coverings over the holes may be advantageous to suit the size of the holes and of the coverings over the holes to the approximate size of the fragments of loose material contained in the storage container.
  • Figure l is a vertical section and Figure 2 a horizontal section through a stationary storage container with rotatable base,
  • Figure 3 is a vertical section through another modification of a storage container of the same type
  • Figure 4 is a vertical section through a container base which has a conical form
  • Figure is an enlarged section on the line C--D of Figure 1, and illustrates a suitable form of the coverings for the holes,
  • Figures 6 and 7 are vertical and horizontal sections respectively, through a storage container with rotatable container wall and stationary base.
  • the method of operation of the storage container is as follows:
  • the loose material is introduced into the storage container from the top.
  • the electric motor 15 is switched on; it rotates, by way of a suitable geared drive, the container base in Figures 1 to 4 or the container wall in Figure 6.
  • the loose material will penetrate the holes in the direction of the arrow 1 so long as the motor maintains the relative movement.
  • the desired direction of rotation is shown in Figurm 2 and 7 by the direction of the arrows 2 and 3, the coverings naturally having an edge which extends in the direction of the relative rotary movement of the base with respect to the container wall.
  • the present storage container offers especial advantages, particularly in the storage and discharge of ice, because it is possible by suitable selection of the speed of rotation and also of the size and number of the covered openings, to discharge accurately measured quantities of the loose material from the storage container. It is surprising that even in the case of large storage containers no forces aris which would lead to the destruction or rapid wearing of the individual parts of the apparatus or which cannot be overcome by the application of customary driving mechanisms.
  • a storage container for the storage and discharge of loose materials which have a tendency to cake together
  • Figures 1, 3 and 6 is indirace is advantageously arranged at 1 said container having a container wall and a container base forming a closure therewith, the container wall being unconstricted from the top downwards and the container wall and container base being rotatable relatively to one another and the container base being provided with openings fitted with superposed cowl coverings directly attached to the said container base and extending over the entire area of said openings and extending therebeyond in the direction of relative rotation of the container base with respect to the container wall, said cowl coverings being open in said direction of relative rotation, the angle formed by the edge of the cowl covering and the edge of the opening beneath the cowl covering being less than the angle of repose of the loose material within the container.
  • a storage container as claimed in claim 1 having a vertical guide device for preventing circulating movement of the material.
  • a storage container as claimed in claim 1 in which the container wall is stationary and the base rotatable.
  • a storage container as claimed in claim 1 in which the container wall is rotatable and the base is stationary.
  • a storage container as claimed in claim 1 in which the coverings of the openings of the container base have lateral closed walls.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filling Or Emptying Of Bunkers, Hoppers, And Tanks (AREA)

Description

Oct. 23, 1956 G. A. GROSS 2,767,384
STORAGEAND DISCHARGE CONTAINER wrru ROTATABLE' BASE 0 WALL Fiie 00. a, 1951 Y -2'Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR F 6' 5 GUSTAV ADOLF GROSS ATTORNEYS Oct. 23, 1956 e. A. GROSS 2,767,884
v STORAGE AND DISCHARGE CONTAINER WITH ROTATABLE BASE OR WALL Filed 061;. 5, 1951 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 A079 H 6 iwa 03 K! /7 I4 ,1 J I4 Q2 w L 4 J, X 1 3 *5. Y
FIG. 7
INVENTOR 4i GUSTAV ADOLF GROSS ATTORNEYS United States Patent STORAGE AND DISCHARGE CONTAINER WITH ROTATABLE BASE 0R WALL Gustav Adolf Gross, Basel, Switzerland, asslgnor to Ciba Limited, Basel, Switzerland, a Swiss firm Application October 3, 1951, Serial No. 249,447 Claims priority, application Switzerland October 6, 1950 8 Claims. (Cl. 222-168) This invention relates to improvements in containers for the storage and discharge of materials.
In many instances the problem arises to store, for a more or less long time, loose materials which have a tendency to cake together, in such a manner that at any time, as desired, a more or less large quantity of the stored material can be discharged in a simple manner from the storage container. This problem may arise for example in connection with hygroscopic salts. The problem is evident to a considerable extent in the chemical industry in relation to the temporary storage of ice. In this case it is true that there is frequently available in the ice factory an apparatus for crushing in a convenient manner the bulk ice which is manufactured in coarse blocks or also in relatively thin rods, for example of only about 2 to 5 cm. in thickness. However if such ice is stored in storage containers, which may contain for example from about 100 kg. to several tons, on account of regelation or also on account of the fact that the interior of the crushed pieces of ice still has a temperature of below 0 C., a more or less compact mass soon forms I in the storage container, which mass can only be manipulated with difliculty. Other loose materials also have a tendency, under the weight of a considerable mass or under other unfavorable circumstances, to cake together and then to be very difiicult to discharge.
In accordance with the present invention the abovementioned disadvantages are avoided. According to the invention a storage container for the storage and discharge of loose materials having a tendency to cake together, comprises a container wall and a container base forming a closure therewith, the container wall being unconstricted from the top downwards and the container wall and container base being rotatable relative to one another and the container base being provided with one or more openings fitted with superposed hood or cowl coverings.
The container wall must not be constricted at any point in a downward direction, as otherwise on caking together of the loose material blockages are to be feared, which render impossible a descent of the loose material. In many cases it is sufiicient if the interior breadth of the storage container remains constant from top to bottom, in other cases it may be of advantage if the interior breadth increases somewhat towards the bottom. Any considerable increase of the interior breadth from the top to the bottom is as a rule neither necessary nor advantageous. The storage container may have a circular section, i. e. it may be of cylindrical or truncated conical form, or also an angular section, for example in the form of a' quadrilateral or hexagon. In the application of circular section storage containers it is in many cases advantageous to provide on the interior of the container a vertical guide device, for example in the form of guide plates which are vertically arranged and prevent a circulating movement of the loose material relative to the container wall. The base of the container can be horizontal or ICC somewhat inclined or have an upright or inverted conical form, advantageously with only a small base angle.
The covered openings of the base are suitably so arranged that in the relative rotation between base and container wall every part of the container cross section is swept by at least one covered opening in the rotation. The method of covering the openings must be such that, on filling the container, loose material does not tend to fall directly through the openings. This condition is naturally only fulfilled when the conical heap formed on filling, the shape of which depends among other things upon the nature of the loose material, does not extend over the edge of the hole, that is to say when the angle of inclination of the plane passing through the extreme edge of the hole covering and the corresponding edge of the hole, is less than the angle of repose of the heap formed by the loose material.
The covering for the holes are further constructed with advantage such that they possess lateral closed walls and are only open in th direction of rotation of the base relative to the container wall. The lateral closed Walls can then at the same time considerably increase the stability of the cover constructions According to the thickness of the plates, the edges of the top or side Walls of the covering, or both can be sharpened in order to increase the breaking or cleaving eifect, such sharpening being advantageously effected so that the inclination effected by the sharpening is on the outside (or top). Moreover the whole construction of the covering for the holes is suitably so selected that the interior width thereof, measured in any direction including the interior width of the openings in the base, is at all places at least as large or advantageously larger, than at the place where the breaking or cleaving effect takes place. This facilitates an undisturbed passage of the material through the coverings and openings of the holes.
The rotation relative to one another of the container base and the container wall can be brought about, according to the circumstances, in such a manner that either the container wall is stationary and the base rotates or the base is stationary and the container wall rotates. In the simplest case the base and container wall can be in coaxial relation with one another. This is however not absolutely necessary. In the case of angular containers the base is advantageously so constructed that it always covers the greatest distance across the container section. Tightness between base and container wall is not necessary, so that, if desired, a considerable intermediate space, for example of a depth within the height of the coverings of the holes, may exist between base and container wall.
According to the nature of the loose material to be stored, it may be advantageous to suit the size of the holes and of the coverings over the holes to the approximate size of the fragments of loose material contained in the storage container. Thus, for example, in the storage of ice as a rule one does not have to deal with a situation in which the already crushed ice congeals within the storage container to a completely homogeneous mass; it is rather the case that in the caking together fusing takes place at surfaces or even at points of contact of the individual ice fragments, which fusing requires relatively little force to disrupt it.
The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing in which:
Figure l is a vertical section and Figure 2 a horizontal section through a stationary storage container with rotatable base,
Figure 3 is a vertical section through another modification of a storage container of the same type,
Figure 4 is a vertical section through a container base which has a conical form,
Figure is an enlarged section on the line C--D of Figure 1, and illustrates a suitable form of the coverings for the holes,
Figures 6 and 7 are vertical and horizontal sections respectively, through a storage container with rotatable container wall and stationary base.
In all the figures 10 indicates a suitable supporting surface, 11 the container wall, 12 the container base, 13 the coverings for the holes, 14 a vertical guide device constructed as a guide plate and 15 an electric motor used for the drive. In Figures 1, 3 and 4, 16 indicates the supporting bearing of the rotatable base, While in Figure 6 the supporting bearing for the container wall is indicated by 17. In the case of large storag containers of this type the bearing the periphery of the The loose material shown in cated by 18.
The method of operation of the storage container is as follows: The loose material is introduced into the storage container from the top. After it has remained therein for some time and may in some circumstances be partially caked together, the electric motor 15 is switched on; it rotates, by way of a suitable geared drive, the container base in Figures 1 to 4 or the container wall in Figure 6. Owing to the relative movement between the grab-like hole coverings 13 and the loose material 18, the loose material will penetrate the holes in the direction of the arrow 1 so long as the motor maintains the relative movement. As soon as the motor is switched off the descent of the loose material ceases. The desired direction of rotation is shown in Figurm 2 and 7 by the direction of the arrows 2 and 3, the coverings naturally having an edge which extends in the direction of the relative rotary movement of the base with respect to the container wall.
The present storage container offers especial advantages, particularly in the storage and discharge of ice, because it is possible by suitable selection of the speed of rotation and also of the size and number of the covered openings, to discharge accurately measured quantities of the loose material from the storage container. It is surprising that even in the case of large storage containers no forces aris which would lead to the destruction or rapid wearing of the individual parts of the apparatus or which cannot be overcome by the application of customary driving mechanisms.
What is claimed is:
1. A storage container for the storage and discharge of loose materials which have a tendency to cake together,
base (not illustrated in the figures).
Figures 1, 3 and 6 is indirace is advantageously arranged at 1 said container having a container wall and a container base forming a closure therewith, the container wall being unconstricted from the top downwards and the container wall and container base being rotatable relatively to one another and the container base being provided with openings fitted with superposed cowl coverings directly attached to the said container base and extending over the entire area of said openings and extending therebeyond in the direction of relative rotation of the container base with respect to the container wall, said cowl coverings being open in said direction of relative rotation, the angle formed by the edge of the cowl covering and the edge of the opening beneath the cowl covering being less than the angle of repose of the loose material within the container.
2. A storage container as claimed in claim 1 of cylindrical form.
3. A storag container as claimed in claim 1 of truncated conical form.
4. A storage container as claimed in claim 1 having a vertical guide device for preventing circulating movement of the material.
5. A storage container as claimed in claim 1 in which the container wall is stationary and the base rotatable.
6. A storage container as claimed in claim 1 in which the container wall is rotatable and the base is stationary.
7. A storage container as claimed in claim 1 in which the coverings of the openings of the container base have lateral closed walls.
8. A storage container as claimed in claim 7, in which the coverings of the openings of the container base have sharpened lateral closed walls, the sharpened surfaces of which are inclined outwards.
References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 335,152 Sheldon et a1. Feb. 2, 1886 673,662 Schwechler May 7, 1901 969,204 Shaver Sept. 6, 1910 1,025,513 Craven May 7, 1912 1,807,807 Swords June 2, 1931 1,992,783 Smith Feb. 26, 1935 2,581,562 Smith Jan. 8, 1952 2,601,940 Marcellus July 1, 1952 FOREIGN PATENTS 453,010 Great Britain Sept. 3, 1936 524,811 Great Britain Aug. 15, 1940
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Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3018930A (en) * 1957-08-02 1962-01-30 Basf Ag Delivery apparatus for lumpy goods
US3060493A (en) * 1959-01-20 1962-10-30 Louis X Garfunkel Molding machine
US3091351A (en) * 1962-03-27 1963-05-28 J E Dilworth Co Inc Storage bin
US3091350A (en) * 1960-05-09 1963-05-28 Jr Walker L Wellford Storage bin
US3260382A (en) * 1964-06-22 1966-07-12 Smith Harvestore Products Apparatus for removing material from a storage structure
US3268118A (en) * 1966-08-23 Flaked ice dispenser
DE1267601B (en) * 1964-10-02 1968-05-02 Solar Thomson Engineering Comp Loading device for cup conveyor
US3648896A (en) * 1969-07-03 1972-03-14 George William Baltz Apparatus for storing and removing silage
US4003502A (en) * 1975-01-09 1977-01-18 Easy Engineering Corporation Adjustable sweeping apparatus for feed grinders and the like
US4363575A (en) * 1978-12-22 1982-12-14 Frito-Lay, Inc. Liquid-solid contacting apparatus
US4381703A (en) * 1982-02-12 1983-05-03 Frito-Lay, Inc. Vertical soak tank with improved levelling and weighing apparatus
US4832554A (en) * 1986-02-03 1989-05-23 Morse Boulger, Inc. Apparatus for charging combustible materials
US4913320A (en) * 1986-08-29 1990-04-03 Stazhevsky Stanislav B Apparatus for metering bulk materials
EP1197297A1 (en) * 2000-10-04 2002-04-17 Ullens de Schooten, Pascal Apparatus for the production of and blasting with sublimable solid particles
US6626737B1 (en) 2002-04-12 2003-09-30 Ullens De Schooten Pascal Machine to produce and propel sublimable solid particles
US20110000985A1 (en) * 2008-02-09 2011-01-06 David James Drake Sprinkler Apparatus

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US335152A (en) * 1886-02-02 And aaeon e
US673662A (en) * 1900-09-12 1901-05-07 John E Miller Soap-supplier.
US969204A (en) * 1906-07-02 1910-09-06 Hygienic Soap Granulator Company Soap-dispensing machine.
US1025513A (en) * 1910-10-14 1912-05-07 Craven Engineering Company Receptacle for containing and discharging solid and semisolid substances.
US1807807A (en) * 1931-06-02 Apparatus for discharging salt cake from mannheim fttbnaces
US1992783A (en) * 1931-02-03 1935-02-26 Ralston R Smith Ice shaving machine
GB453010A (en) * 1934-07-10 1936-09-03 Mij Exploitatie Octrooien Nv Method of and apparatus for compacting powdered material centrifugally and feeding to apparatus
GB524811A (en) * 1939-02-06 1940-08-15 Kleen E Ze Brush Company Ltd Improved device for delivering wax polishes and like substances from containers in which they are packed
US2581562A (en) * 1949-08-16 1952-01-08 Smith William Edward Filling mechanism for automatic weighing machinery
US2601940A (en) * 1949-02-09 1952-07-01 Ada C Marcellus Powder box compact

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US335152A (en) * 1886-02-02 And aaeon e
US1807807A (en) * 1931-06-02 Apparatus for discharging salt cake from mannheim fttbnaces
US673662A (en) * 1900-09-12 1901-05-07 John E Miller Soap-supplier.
US969204A (en) * 1906-07-02 1910-09-06 Hygienic Soap Granulator Company Soap-dispensing machine.
US1025513A (en) * 1910-10-14 1912-05-07 Craven Engineering Company Receptacle for containing and discharging solid and semisolid substances.
US1992783A (en) * 1931-02-03 1935-02-26 Ralston R Smith Ice shaving machine
GB453010A (en) * 1934-07-10 1936-09-03 Mij Exploitatie Octrooien Nv Method of and apparatus for compacting powdered material centrifugally and feeding to apparatus
GB524811A (en) * 1939-02-06 1940-08-15 Kleen E Ze Brush Company Ltd Improved device for delivering wax polishes and like substances from containers in which they are packed
US2601940A (en) * 1949-02-09 1952-07-01 Ada C Marcellus Powder box compact
US2581562A (en) * 1949-08-16 1952-01-08 Smith William Edward Filling mechanism for automatic weighing machinery

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3268118A (en) * 1966-08-23 Flaked ice dispenser
US3018930A (en) * 1957-08-02 1962-01-30 Basf Ag Delivery apparatus for lumpy goods
US3060493A (en) * 1959-01-20 1962-10-30 Louis X Garfunkel Molding machine
US3091350A (en) * 1960-05-09 1963-05-28 Jr Walker L Wellford Storage bin
US3091351A (en) * 1962-03-27 1963-05-28 J E Dilworth Co Inc Storage bin
US3260382A (en) * 1964-06-22 1966-07-12 Smith Harvestore Products Apparatus for removing material from a storage structure
DE1267601B (en) * 1964-10-02 1968-05-02 Solar Thomson Engineering Comp Loading device for cup conveyor
US3648896A (en) * 1969-07-03 1972-03-14 George William Baltz Apparatus for storing and removing silage
US4003502A (en) * 1975-01-09 1977-01-18 Easy Engineering Corporation Adjustable sweeping apparatus for feed grinders and the like
US4363575A (en) * 1978-12-22 1982-12-14 Frito-Lay, Inc. Liquid-solid contacting apparatus
US4381703A (en) * 1982-02-12 1983-05-03 Frito-Lay, Inc. Vertical soak tank with improved levelling and weighing apparatus
US4832554A (en) * 1986-02-03 1989-05-23 Morse Boulger, Inc. Apparatus for charging combustible materials
US4913320A (en) * 1986-08-29 1990-04-03 Stazhevsky Stanislav B Apparatus for metering bulk materials
EP1197297A1 (en) * 2000-10-04 2002-04-17 Ullens de Schooten, Pascal Apparatus for the production of and blasting with sublimable solid particles
US6626737B1 (en) 2002-04-12 2003-09-30 Ullens De Schooten Pascal Machine to produce and propel sublimable solid particles
US20110000985A1 (en) * 2008-02-09 2011-01-06 David James Drake Sprinkler Apparatus

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