US2730308A - Waste disposal device - Google Patents

Description

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H. JORDAN WASTE DISPOSAL DEVICE Jan. 10, 1956 Filed Sept. 24, 1951 MRF/521g:

WASTE DPS-AL DEVICE Hans Jordan, Los Angeles, Calif., assi'gnor', by mesne assignments, to Given Machinery Company, Losr Augeles, Calif., a copartnership Application September 24, 1951, Serial No. 248,002

7 Claims. (Cl. 241-257) This invention relates to the waste disposal art and, more particularly, to a device adapted for the comminution and disposal of garbage or other waste materials and which is suitable for home or restaurant use where only relatively small volumes .of such materials are normally passed through the device.

The present invention is a continuation-impart of my copending application Serial No. 190,927, tiled October i9, 1950, and is directed to a garbage disposal device of the general character disclosed in my United States Patent No. 2,442,812, for Garbage Disposal Device, dated June 8, 1948. T he disposal device shown in the patent includes an outer housing section adapted for attachment to the under side of a sink, and .an inner housing section, these sections defining a passage or throat through which Waste material and water can .be introduced into a comminuting chamber deiined by the inner section and a rotary table element which closes the lower end of the inner section. The table element is rotated by an electric motor disposed at the lower end of the disposal device and has one or more movable cutters which cooperate with fixed cutters on the internal surface of the inner section to comminute the waste material within the chamber. ln the patented device, openings or passages are provided in the wall of the inner section through which the ycornminuted material can pass downwardly into a port which is connected to the drain pipe of the sink.

It is common practice in waste disposal devices of this character to provide considerable clearance between the inner housing section and the `cutter table (such as that above mentioned) in order 'to allow rotation of the latter and to provide an annular passage through which the comminuted waste material can llow downwardly into the drain passage. lf this annular passage is made relatively wide, the waste material is quite apt to pass downwardly therethrough before being acted upon bythe comminuting means. On the other hand, if the annular passage is made sutliciently narrow to prevent this condition, then some forms of waste materials, such as iibrous vegetables, are apt to become caught in this restricted passage so as to impair the rotation of the cutter table or head and to clog the waste disposal device.

ln conventional waste disposal devices it is the usual practice to form the iixed cutters as lugs which project inwardly from the wall of `the inner housing section, these cutter lugs being ground to provide sharp corners or edges with which rotary cutters cooperate to eEect the shearing action necessary to comminute the waste material. In such devices, the cutter lugs are usually arranged in 4spaced groups around the interior of the inner housing section. In devices in which the lugs are disposed adjacent the bottom of the comminuting chamber the problem of providing the clearance or discharge passage between the inner surface of the inner section and the periphery of the rotary cutter head which will allow discharge of the properly `comminuted material and yet prevent the accumulation of unshredded fibrous material therein is indeed a perplexing one. As will be apparent, it the `lower cutting lugs are nited States Patent 2,730,308 vPatented Jan. 10, 1956 disposed in the plane of the cutting head so as to effect maximum shredding of the material, and the periphery of the cutting head is located in proximity to these lower lugs, then there exist arcuate spaces between the periphery of the head and the wall of the inner housing section at areas bet-Ween the groups of cutter lugs. These spaces are substantially equal to the thickness of the lugs and are in excess of the width necessary for the proper discharge of the comminuted material. Consequently, itis possible for larger, unshredded pieces of the material to pass into the drain pipe to clog the same.

lt is therefore an important object of my invention to provide a waste disposal device which includes an inner housing section and a cutter head rotatable Within the section at the lower end thereof, said cutter head having movable cutters which cooperate with spaced cutter lugs on the interior of the inner housing section to elfect the comminuting operation, and to provide passage means for allowing discharge of the comminuted particles while preventing clogging of the device with uncut, fibrous material.

Another object is to provide in a waste disposal unit of the type having spaced groups of cutter lugs on the interior of the inner housing section, relatively narrow openings or passages through which the comminuted material can be flushed, each passage being disposed between a pair of the fixed cutter lugs so that, as the material is comminuted, it is immediately discharged into the drain.

Another object is to provide, in a waste disposal device of the character referred to, means disposed between the groups ot' cutter lugs for directing the material, shredded or rmshredded, through the discharge passages referred to above. 'lhis object is best attained by providing arcuate projections or flanges on the interior of the inner housing section, the flanges being of a thickness equal to that of the cutter lugs so that the flanges and lugs together deine an oritice in which the cutter head rotates. in accordance with this invention, the diameter of the orice is only slightly larger than the diameter of the cutter head so that there exists an annular clearance space of extremely small width so that the possibility of vegetable iibers and other attenuated material or relatively hard material such as tin, wire, etc., becoming wedged between the housing and the cutter head to clog the device and thus impair its operation, is entirely avoided. it is a further object in this respect to so form the arcuate iianges that they tend to direct material, which is thrown radially outwardly, toward the groups of cutter lugs.

Further obiects of the invention will appear from the following specification and from the drawings, which are intended for the purpose of illustration only, and in which:

Fig. l is a vertical sectional view of my improved waste disposal device;

Fig. 1A is a fragmentary vertical section, corresponding with the upper portion of Fig. l, and showing a slightly modified form of resilient suspension annulus and splash guard;

Fig. 1B is in general a plan View of the resilient suspension annulus of Fig. 1A, approximately as indicated by the line StB-iB of Fig. lA;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional 'view of the lef side portion of the lower end of the inner housing section as seen in Fig. l.; l

Fig. 3 is a plan view, in reduced scale, of that portion of the device illustrated in Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 is an enlarged retail of the means for resiliently connecting the device to a sink;

Fig. 5 is an enlarged detail of the means for resiliently connecting the device to a drain pipe;

Fig. 5A is a fragmentary sectional view of an alternative means for resiliently connecting the device to a drain PIPE;

Fig. 6 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view through one of the discharge passages;

Fig. 7 is a view similar to Fig'. 6 showing one of the arcuate projectionswhich are disposed between the groups of fixed cutter lugs.

Referring to the drawing in detail, the present improved waste disposal device includes an outer circular housing section 10 of dome shape, an upper tubular end 11 of the section having a ange 12 provided with a conical lower surface 12. The outer section 10 is adapted to be suspended below a sink 13 by means of a sleeve member 15 which extends downwardly through an opening 16 in the bottom wall of the sink, the sleeve memberhaving a flange 17 which rests in a seat formed in the sink. Screwed onto the lower threaded end of the sleeve member is a connecter ring 18. A metal washer 20 and a resilient ring 21 are interposed between the ring 1S and the bottom of the sink 13, the resilient ring being compressed slightly by screwing the ring 18 upwardly. Studs 22 are screwed into threaded holes in the ring 18 with their lower threaded ends projecting downwardly therefrom. A suspension annulus 23 of resilient material has a circular bead or tongue 24 at its upper end, the bear being received in a circular groove 2S in the bottom surface of the ring 18. The lower end of the annulus 23 rests upon the upper flanged end 12 of the upper tubular end 11 of the housing section 10. Embedded in the resilient annulus 23 is a metal mounting ring 27 which has a depending peripheral flange 2%. The annulus 23 is also sometimes designated as a supporting ring. As shown in Fig. 4, the lower end of the peripheral ange is rolled or spun radially inwardly into engagement with the conical lower surface 12' of the fiange 12 so as to permanently connect the resilient annulus 23 to the upper end portion 11 of the housing section 10.

Also embedded in the resilient annulus 23 is a com pressing ring 29 whose peripheral portion projects laterally from the periphery of the annulus (Figs. l, lA and 4). Clamping segments 30 are disposed exteriorly of the annulus 23 below the ring 29 with their upper surfaces engaging the rings 29 and 1S, The lower ends of the studs 22 extend downwardly through holes in the clamping segments 33 and compressing nuts 31 screwed onto these ends and set up against the clamping segments force the latter upwardly into engagement with the ring 18. This action causes upward movement of the compressing ring 29 which draws the resilient annulus 23 upwardly into engagement with the ring 1S, the bead 24 thus being cornpressed within the groove to provide a uid-tight seal. lt is thus seen that the housing section 10 is resiliently connected to the sink and suspended therefrom by the components described above.

As will be seen by reference to Figs. l, 1A and 4, the intermediate portion o the resilient suspension annulus 23 disposed between the compressing ring 29 and the metal mounting ring 2'7 is in tension so that the weight of the housing 10 and associated inner elements is supported solely by this portion of the annulus. Consequently, the device is freely suspended in a resilient manner. This constitutes an important improvement over previous waste disposal devices in which the upper ends of the housings are merely retained against resilient rings which assume a compressed condition and thus have limited resilience. Since the present device is freely suspended by the tensional resilient annulus, it is in effect oatably mounted so that an extremely smooth, quiet and practically vibrationless operation is attained.

As shown in Fig. l, the resilient suspension annulus 23 has an inwardly directed, downwardly sloping portion 33 which is slit radially to provide flexible fingers 34 surrounding a central opening 35; these fingers together providing a splash guard within the interior of the upper end or throat 11 of the housing 10. A blocking member 36 is also disposed within the throat 11 to normally prevent passing of the operators hand into the device.

The form of resilient suspension annulus 23 shown in Figs. lA and 1B constitutes a slight modification. of that shown in Figs. 1 and 4. Here, instead of using the peripheral metal ange 28 to attach the annulus 23 to the top of the tubular end 11 of the housing section 10, the lower end of the resilient rubber ring or annulus 23 is vulcanized to the top of the upper end 11, and this attachment may be facilitated by grooving the upper end 11 at 37 to receive a portion of the vulcanized rubber. Other permanent adherence than vulcanizing might be used, such as cementing. Also in this form, iiexible fingers 34a, which are not a part of the downwardly sloping portion 33a but constitute extensions thereof, are used (instead of the fingers 34), such fingers 34a lying in a horizontal plane. These fingers 34a are formed by radial slits 33 which terminate in small circular openings 38a to prevent tearing. The inner ends of the iingers 34a define a circular opening 39 which is much smaller than the opening 35 of the form of Figs. 1 and 4, whereby to reduce the transmission of noises produced within the comminuting devices, as more fully described hereinafter.

Secured to the lower end of the housing section 10 is a housing member 40. whose lower portion provides a casing 41 for an electric motor having a top motor wall 41a through which a rotary motor shaft 42 projects upward to receive a rotary table or cutter head 44 screwed on the shaft and operatively spaced a short distance above the wall 41a. The head 44 includes a relatively heavy cast metal table 45 and a pressed metal plate or disc 46, these being thus contained in a compartment 48, above the wall 41a, which also constitutes a discharge compartment into which material can ow after being comminuted, the member having a discharge spout 49 which is connected to a drainpipe 50.

Referring to Figs. 1 and 5, the spout 49 may be connected to the drainpipe 50 by the means disclosed therein. Surrounding the spout 49 in sealing engagement therewith is a resilient sleeve 52 having a peripheral flange 53, one side of which abuts the end of the drainpipe 50. A connector nut 54 surrounds the sleeve 52 and has an annular shoulder 55 which engages the other side of the flange 53. The nut 54 is screwed onto the threaded end of the drainpipe 50 to compress the resilient flange 53 therebetween and thus provide a uid-tight seal. The sleeve 52, in addition to serving as a seal, provides a resilient connection so as to minimize transmission of vibrations from the waste disposal device to the drainpipe.

In Fig. 5A is shown an alternative means for resiliently connecting the waste disposal device to a drainpipe. In this modified form of construction, the lower housing member 40 has an annular boss 49' which is provided with a counterbore 50. A resilient ring 51 is disposed in the counterbore 50 and retained in axially compressed condition by means of a split retainer ring 52' which snaps into a groove 53. The resilient ring 51 carries a metal sleeve 54 which may be resiliently connected to the drainpipe by any suitable means, such as that shown in Fig. 5. Since metal-to-metal contact is avoided by this resilient connection, the transmission of vibrations from the waste disposal device to the drainpipe is effectively avoided.

Supported. by the housing section 40 with its upper and lower ends seated against respective sealing rings 56 and 57 is an inner housing section 58 which defines a comminuting chamber 60. In accordance with the present invention, the inner section 58 includes an upper tubular member 61 and a lower, frusto-conical, tubular member 62, these members having annular interengaging tongues and grooves as indicated at 63. The lower member 62 is provided on its interior with a plurality of cutter lugs or projections 65 whose inner faces are ground to provide sharp, substantially vertical, cutting edges. The cutter lugs 65 may be of any suitable size and shape and I have found that an efficient cutting or comminuting action is effected when the lugs have irregular outlines and are spaced and scattered and also are arranged in groups which are irregularly spaced around kthe interior of the member l62 as shown in Fig. Vl. Thus these spaced lugs 65 are, ,as illustrated, staggered in various rrelationships providing irregular, broken rows, both horizontally and vertically of the tubular grind ring member 62. The lowermost lugs 65 cooperate with ledges or flanges, to be later described, in providing an annular shelf 66 on the lower, inner surface of the member 62.

Pivoted on the upper surface of the head, formed by the disc d6, are movable cutters '70. The cutters '7d are pivoted on rivet-like pins il projectingV upwardly from washers 72 retaining the cutters in place. The movable cutters 'lid are arranged eccentrically of their pivots 71 so that they function as centrifugal weights when the cutter head 4d is rotated, this action causing the outer cutting edges i3 of the cutters to cooperate with the cutter lugs 65 to effect comminution of the waste material which has been introduced into the comminuting chamber 60 through the upper end of the device. During the rotation of the cutter head 44, the waste material, which rests upon the disc 46, is thrown radially outwardly against the cutter lugs 65 under the influence .of centrifugal force, to be comminuted.

The disc 46 is provided with arcuate openings 75 disposed concentrically of the pivotal axis of each movable cutter 'iii and below each opening a recess 76 is provided inthe upper face of the cutter head 44. A torsion spring '77 is disposed in each recess '76 and has a lower end disposed in a hole '7S in the cutter head 44 and an upper end hooked into an aperture 79 in a movable cutter 7u. The springs i7 are normally untensioned and are coiled in a direction such that when the movable cutters '7d are pivoted in counterclockwise direction they are tensionm. During normal full-speed rotation of the cutter head i-i, the cutters 70 are caused to pivot in clockwise direction to the cutting position shown by full lines in Fig. 3, under the inliuence of centrifugal force, this latter pivotal movement being limited by the engagement of the cutters with stop lugs 30 on the upper surface of the disc e6.

During normal full-speed operation of the device, the power exerted against the tip ends of the movable cutters i0 by centrifugal force is approximately 10% less than the pull-out torque of the motor 4l. When the device is overloaded, the movable cutters tend to open, that is, pivot inwardly away from the stationary cutters 65, due to the decrease in centrifugal force, so as to prevent stalling of the motor el. That is to say, should material tend to become clogged or jammed between the stationary and movable cutters to place excessive load n the driving elements and thus reduce the speed thereof, the movable cutters 7u tend to pivot inwardly due t0 the decrease in centrifugal force so that the jammed material is automatically released and stalling of the operating parts is prevented.

From a practical standpoint, it is'impossible to make the movable cutters '79 of suliicient weight to obtain a centrifugal force which approximates the pull-out torque of the motor 4l. in addition, when the speed of the motor decreases, the centrifugal force likewise decreases at a rapid rate, that is, with the `square of the R. P. M. Moreover, when the cutters 70 pivot inwardly, their entire masses move inwardly toward the axis of rotation of the cutter head 44 so that the effective radius on which the centrifugal force acts is consequently decreased. Ordinarily, this would result in an additional decrease in centrifugal force. However, in the present device, as vthe movable cutters 7u move inwardly, the power of the springs '77 increases and thus the loss of centrifugal force, due to reduced speed and the shorter eective radius, mentioned above, is counterbalanced. The masses of the components and the strength of the torsion springs 77" are so calculated that the movable cutters '76 open when the resistance to rotation reaches approximately 90% of the pull-out torque of the motor. As each movable cutter 70 moves inwardly, its torsion spring 7'7 is wound so that 6 after the cutter moves past the obstruction or the resistance is eliminated, the spring forces the cutter outwardly and this, in turn, effects an increase in returning force while the motor attains its normal operating speed.

During the operation` of the device, water ows into the comminuting chamber 66 and the comminuted particles are flushed away by the water. As shown best in Figs. 2 and 6, the frusto-conical member 62 is provided with ,Substantially radially extending slots or passages 85, which are disposed alternately with the lugs 65. The passages d5 extend outwardly and downwardly so that the comminuted material by-passes the peripheral portion of the disc i6 and -is flushed downwardly into the discharge compartment 48. It is to be noted that the lower end of the member 62 defines an orifice 86 in which the disc 46 revolves, and that the disc is of a diameter such that it closely fits within the orilice. By this provision, the possibility of waste material, particularly that of a brous nature, becoming lodged between the disc 46 and the member 62 to impair the rotation of the movable cutters '70 is minimized.

The present invention provides further means for guarding against the passage of inadequately shredded or comminuted material and hard material such as wire and other metallic objects into the drainpipe. It will be apparent that since the cutter lugs 65 project inwardly from the inner surface of the housing member 62, arcuate spaces ordinarily occur between this inner surface and the periphery of the disc 46 in areas disposed between the groups of the cutter lugs 65, the width of these spaces being substantially equal to the thickness of the lugs. Unless these spaces are eliminated, inadequately comminuted material is apt to be discharged from the device or to become wedged therein to clog the device and wedge between the housing and the cutter head 44 to impair the rotation of the latter. This condition is ever present in conventional waste disposal devices and, for this reason, such devices must be frequently serviced and repaired.

My invention contemplates the provision of means for preventing such a deleterious condition. This means comprises arcuate flanges or ledges 88 (Fig. 7) which are formed integrally with the member 62 and which project inwardly from the lower, inner surface thereof. The flanges 88 are located between the groups of cutter lugs 65 and project from the inner surface of the member 62 a distance equal to the projection of the cutter lugs. The lowermost cutter lugs 65 and the ledges 33 together deline the orifice 86 in which the disc 46 rotates. Stated another way, the ledges 88 and the lowermost cutter lugs 65 together provide an internal ilange which is continuous except for the circumferentially spaced discharge passages 85. It is thus seen that due to the close lit between the disc 46 and the lugs 65, and between the disc 46 and the ilanges 88, it is practically impossible for thin or brous waste material to become lodged therebetween to impair the eiiiciency of the device.

A stopper device JW-includes a circular plate 91 which has a peripheral groove in which is disposed a resilient sealing ring 92. The plate 91 is adapted to be disposed within the sleeve member 15, previously described, and the sealing ring 92 is chamfered to adapt it to rest upon an internal, flanged seat portion 93 of the sleeve member 1S (Fig. l).

The boss 96 of the plate 91 has an axial bore in which a stem or spindle lili) is slidable and rotatable. The spindle lili) is carried by and projects downwardly from a closure member lill.

The upper end of the spindle 100 projects above the closure member lill and has a handle portion M7 by which the member can be raised.

For the purpose of further reducing noises during comminuting operations, the form of splash guard provided by the fingers 34a of the rubber ring or suspension annulus 23 shown in Figs. 1A and 1B may be employed. Here, as in the form of Figs. 1 and 4, the sloping p0rtion 33a and the horizontally disposed fingers 34a are integral with the suspension ring or annulus 23, but the fingers 34a extend' radially inward far enough to provide the previously mentionedV opening 39 which is much smaller than the opening 35 of the form seen in Fig. 1. As a consequence, if the stopper device 90 is entirely removed from the sleeve member 15, a modest supply of water will completely cover the splash guard 33a, 34a, and the small opening39, thereby providing a complete coextensive water barrier which largely deadens or prevents transmission of noises upward from the comminuting chamber. Of course, when the stopper device 90 is in place and is partly open, as above described, such additional water barrier further reduces noise transmission. The capacity of the small circular opening 39 may be roughly that of the combined area of the two arcuate passages 94 and 95 through the plate 91. From the standpoint of actual dimensions, the diameter of the opening 39 may be about one inch to one and one-eighth inches in a device where the internal diameter of the sleeve member 15 and the suspension annulus 23 are roughly three inches. Otherwise stated, the capacity of the opening 39 may be about one-tenth to one-seventh or about 10% to 15% of the capacity of the throat of the sleeve member 15, or the exposed area of the whole splash guard 33a, 34a (within the opening 39), which roughly approximates the maximum passage provided upon total downward deflection of the flexible, resilient fingers 34a.

It will also be observed from the foregoing that the present waste disposal device constitutes an important improvement over similar devices of conventional construction. As an important feature of improvement, the present invention provides means for directing the comminuted material from the comminuting chamber, this means consisting of a plurality of passages which serve to by-pass the comminuted material around the cutter head to cause it to pass into the discharge compartment. Another important feature of the invention resides in the means for preventing clogging of the device with waste material, this means comprising flanges which embrace the cutter head in close relation so as to eliminate spaces into which the waste material might otherwise liow and become wedged to resist rotation of the comminuting means.

I claim as my invention:

l. A waste disposal device, comprising: a housing member deiining a comminuting chamber for receiving waste material, said member having an open lower end and a plurality of stationary cutter lugs on its inner surface; a cutter head rotatable within the lower open end of said housing member and provided with a set of cutters disposed within said comminuting chamber and cooperable with said cutter lugs to comminute the waste material, said housing member having a plurality of outlet passages in its lower end through which the comminuted material can pass from said chamber; and arcuate flanges on the inner surface of said housing member, said flanges and .said cutter lugs together defining an orifice in which said cutter head is rotatable, said cutter head fitting closely in said orifice so as to avoid an opening in which waste material might lodge.

2. A waste disposal device as deined in claim 1 in which said cutter lugs are arranged in circumferentially spaced groups, and in which said arcuate anges are disposed between said groups of cutter lugs.

3. A waste disposal device as defined in claim 1 in which said cutter lugs are arranged in circumferentially spaced groups, and in which said arcuate flanges are disposed between said groups of cutter lugs, said flanges providing rounded ledges.

4. A waste disposal device as in claim 1 wherein said arcuate flanges are disposed at the lower end of said housing member between said passages and constitute a circumferential interrupted ledge restricting downward movement of comminuted waste excepty for said outlet passages.

5. A device as in claim 1 wherein said cutters are movably mounted on said cutter head and are movable away from said cutter lugs and toward said cutter lugs to co-operate therewith in comminuting waste material.

6. In a waste disposal device, the combination of: a vertical housing member defining a comminuting chamber for receiving waste material, said member having an open lower end, and having a plurality of lugs on said lower end and extending substantially radially inwardly therefrom, said lugs being circumferentially spaced apart, at least some of said lugs forming a circumferentially interrupted inwardly extending iiange, the inner wall of said member having a plurality of downwardly and outwardly extending outlet passages in its lower end, each of said passages being disposed between a pair of said lugs; a cutter head rotatably mounted within said lower open end of said housing member, the upper peripheral wall of said cutter head being disposed in substantially the same horizontal plane as the upper surface of said circumferentially interrupted flange, the outer periphery of said cutter head being spaced from said lugs by only a small clearance so as to prevent waste material from passing readily through said clearance; and means for rotating said cutter head. l

7. A waste disposal device including: a housing ring member defining a comminuting chamber disposed about a vertical axis for receiving waste material, said member having an open lower end and a plurality of stationary cutter lugs on its inner surface, said lugs being spaced and scattered about said inner surface in broken, irregular rows and providing vertical spaces between vertical rows; and a cutter head rotatable on said axis within the lower open end of said housing member and provided with cutters disposed within said comminuting chamber and co-operating with said scattered lugs to comminute waste material, the lower portion of said housing having a plurality of outlet passages to receive comminuted material from the spaces between said vertical rows of lugs and pass such comminuted material from said chamber, the lower portion of said housing ring member adjacent said passages being provided with inwardly projecting arcuate flange members spaced at said passages to define discharge orifices between such flange members, said arcuate ange members collectively providing a broken annular shelf to retain waste material descending thereon.

References Cited inthe file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,174,656 Beckwith Mar. 7, 1916 1,439,754 Plaisted Dec. 26, 1922 2,089,066 Morrill Aug. 3, 1937 2,091,080 Mursch Aug. 24, 1937 2,185,037 Powers Dec. 26, 1939 2,188,807 Castricone Tan. 30, 1940 2,220,729 Powers Nov. 5, 1940 2,273,395 Couty Feb. 17, 1942 2,318,428 Skinner et al. May 4, 1943 2,322,058 Powers June 15, 1943 2,390,501 Abrams Dec. 11, 1945 2,442,812 Jordan June 8, 1948 2,482,124 Powers Sept. 20, 1949 2,482,125 Powers Sept. 20, 1949 2,484,459 Osborn Oct. 11, 1949 2,490,687 Guarnaschelli Dec. 6, 1949 2,495,983 Richards Jan. 31, 1950 2,507,227 Skinner, Jr. May 9, 1950 2,555,583 Ewing June 5, 1951

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