US2717515A - Apparatus for determining the cooling power of quenching baths - Google Patents

Apparatus for determining the cooling power of quenching baths Download PDF

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US2717515A
US2717515A US310506A US31050652A US2717515A US 2717515 A US2717515 A US 2717515A US 310506 A US310506 A US 310506A US 31050652 A US31050652 A US 31050652A US 2717515 A US2717515 A US 2717515A
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output
power stage
direct current
quenching bath
cooling
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US310506A
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Pesante Manlio
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Riv-Officine Di Villar Perosa SpA
RIV Officine di Villar Perosa SpA
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K3/00—Thermometers giving results other than momentary value of temperature
    • G01K3/08—Thermometers giving results other than momentary value of temperature giving differences of values; giving differentiated values

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  • Determination of the cooling power of a given quenching bath is of essential importance, as is well known to metallurgists. At present, the cooling power is ascertained through lengthy comparative tests carried out under variable circumstances.
  • This invention relates to an apparatus which considerably simplifies the determination of the cooling power.
  • the cooling speed/temperature curve is directly plotted for a quenching bath of a given composition under standard conditions.
  • the invention is based upon the observation that the derivative with respect to time of the temperature/time curve is the cooling speed/ time curve. From the cooling temperature/ time and cooling speed/ time curves a third curve, viz. the cooling speed/temperature curve may be plotted, which defines the cooling power of the quenching bath investigated.
  • the apparatus according to this invention permits directly determining the cooling speed/ temperature curve, without necessitating any intermediate calculation.
  • thermocouple In the apparatus according to this invention a good heat conductor body, preferably a silver ball, having centrally welded therein a thermocouple, is heated to a given temperature indicated by an instrument connected to the thermocouple, and quickly immersed into the quenching bath being investigated.
  • the thermocouple connected to the ball actuates two distinct apparatus, namely a first amplifier provided with a power stage and a further amplifier provided with a differentiating stage and a power stage, whereby the two curves temperature/ time and cooling speed/time are plotted simultaneously, from which the curve cooling speed/ temperature is easily derived, which defines the cooling power of the bath.
  • stage which receives at its input a given voltage curve and gives at its output a derivative voltage curve, that is, a voltage curve, of which the values at the different points are the values of the derivative of the curve at the inlet.
  • a derivative voltage curve that is, a voltage curve, of which the values at the different points are the values of the derivative of the curve at the inlet.
  • Differentiating stages of various types are known in electronics.
  • the cooling speed/temperature curve is automatically plotted by the recording apparatus during cooling.
  • the recording stage of the apparatus comprises for this purpose a frame carrying a paper sheet and movable in a given direction, and of a scriber movable perpendicularly to the frame.
  • the frame is moved by the power stage a substantially uniform distribution of heat.
  • Figure 1 is a diagram of the apparatus.
  • FIGS 2 and 3 are two cooling speed/temperature diagrams obtained by the apparatus shown in Figure 1.
  • a body 2 is pre-heated in an oven at a given temperature, thereupon plunged into a receptacle 1 filled with the quenching bath, of which the cooling power should be determined.
  • the body 2 is conveniently made of silver, which is a good conductor of heat and is spherical in shape and of small size, to afford Silver does not undergo structural modifications within the range of temperatures used, possesses a high heat conductivity, is generally unattacked by quenching baths and is easily cleaned and polished.
  • the ball 2 has welded thereto in a suitable recess a thermoelectric couple, from which conductors lead through a silver tube welded to the ball 2 and extending up through the bath, to a direct current amplifier 3 connected at its outlet to an instrument 4 which indicates the value of temperature.
  • the outlet of the amplifier 3 controls also two distinct circuits constituting a power amplifier 5 and a differentiating stage 9 followed by a power amplifier 8 respectively.
  • the recording unit of the apparatus consists of a light frame 7 carrying a reticulated paper and capable of rectilinear displacement in the direction of the arrow A, and of a scriber 11 secured to an actuator 10 and capable of rectilinear displacement in the direction of the arrow B, that is, in a direction normal to the direction of movement of the frame 7.
  • the power stage 5 On variation of temperature the power stage 5 energizes an actuator 6 to move the frame 7 in the direction of the arrow A. At the same time, on variation of the cooling speed, the differentiating stage 9 followed by the power stage 8 moves the actuator 10 in one or the other of the directions of the arrow B. Displacement of the frame in one direction and of the scriber transversely thereto plots the curve 12 which is the cooling speed/temperature diagram.
  • Figure 2 shows, by way of example, the diagram for a molten salt bath, while the diagram shown in Figure 3 relates to quenching in a water bath.
  • the invention is not limited to the example shown, but covers any apparatus adapted to simultaneously plot the temperature/ time and cooling speed/time curve.
  • thermoelectric couple connected to the output of the thermoelectric couple and amplifying said output
  • first circuit controlled by the output from said direct current electronic amplifier comprising a power stage, a chart bearing movable frame, means for displacing said movable frame along a line, said means being driven by the output of the previously mentioned power stage
  • a silver ball connected to a thermoelectric couple, and adapted to be heated to a predetermined temperature and immersed in a quenching bath, a direct current electronic amplifier connected to the output of the thermoelectric couple and amplifying said output, a first circuit controlled by the output from said direct current electronic amplifier comprising a power stage, a chart bearing movable frame, means for displacing said movable frame along a line, said means being driven by the output of the previously mentioned power stage, a second circuit connected to the output from said direct current electronic amplifier and comprising a differentiating stage followed by a power stage, a member movable in a direction perpendicular to the movement of the previously mentioned movable frame and actuated by the output from said last mentioned power stage, and scriber means carried by the member forplotting on the previously mentioned movable frame the position of said last mentioned movable member.
  • thermoelectric couple In an apparatus for determining the cooling power of a quenching bath, a silver ball connected to a thermoelectric couple, and adapted to be heated to a predetermined temperature and immersed in a quenching bath, a direct current electronic amplifier connected to the output of the thermoelectric couple and amplifying said output, a
  • first circuit controlled by the output from said direct current electronic amplifier comprising a power stage, a chart bearing movable frame carrying a reticulated paper, means for displacing said movable frame along a line, said means being driven by the output of the previously mentioned power stage, a second circuit connected to the output from said direct current electronic amplifier and comprising a derivative stage followed by a power stage, a member movable in a direction perpendicular to the movement of the previously mentioned movable frame and actuated by the output from said last mentioned power stage, a scriber fixed to said member for plotting on the reticulated paper carried by the movable frame in its position, the curve plotted on said reticulated paper corresponding to the cooling speed/temperature curve of the quenching bath.

Description

Sept. 13, 1955 M. PESANTE APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE COOLING POWER OF QUENCHING BATHS Filed Sept. 19, 1952 Fig. 1
C/Sec Fig 2 C/Sec.
Fig. 5
United States Patent APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE COOLING POWER OF QUENCHING BATHS Manlio Pesante, Turin, Italy, assignor to lliv-otlicine di Villar Perosa Societa per Azioni, Turin, Italy Application September 19, 1952, Serial No. 31%,506
Claims priority, application Italy September 20, 1951 3 Claims. (Cl. 73-15) The properties of a hardened steel vary according to the speed at which the steel has been quenched, the speed depending, other conditions being equal, upon the quenching bath. The quantity of heat which the bath can subtract from the workpiece under standard conditions in a. unit of time at various temperatures should, therefore, be investigated for each quenching bath. For this purpose, the cooling power of each quenching bath is considered, which is exactly defined by the cooling speed/ temperature curve, taken of course under standard conditions.
Determination of the cooling power of a given quenching bath is of essential importance, as is well known to metallurgists. At present, the cooling power is ascertained through lengthy comparative tests carried out under variable circumstances.
This invention relates to an apparatus which considerably simplifies the determination of the cooling power. In a particular embodiment of this apparatus the cooling speed/temperature curve is directly plotted for a quenching bath of a given composition under standard conditions.
The invention is based upon the observation that the derivative with respect to time of the temperature/time curve is the cooling speed/ time curve. From the cooling temperature/ time and cooling speed/ time curves a third curve, viz. the cooling speed/temperature curve may be plotted, which defines the cooling power of the quenching bath investigated. The apparatus according to this invention permits directly determining the cooling speed/ temperature curve, without necessitating any intermediate calculation.
In the apparatus according to this invention a good heat conductor body, preferably a silver ball, having centrally welded therein a thermocouple, is heated to a given temperature indicated by an instrument connected to the thermocouple, and quickly immersed into the quenching bath being investigated. The thermocouple connected to the ball actuates two distinct apparatus, namely a first amplifier provided with a power stage and a further amplifier provided with a differentiating stage and a power stage, whereby the two curves temperature/ time and cooling speed/time are plotted simultaneously, from which the curve cooling speed/ temperature is easily derived, which defines the cooling power of the bath.
We understand by differentiating stage a stage which receives at its input a given voltage curve and gives at its output a derivative voltage curve, that is, a voltage curve, of which the values at the different points are the values of the derivative of the curve at the inlet. Differentiating stages of various types are known in electronics.
According to a particular embodiment of this invention the cooling speed/temperature curve is automatically plotted by the recording apparatus during cooling. The recording stage of the apparatus comprises for this purpose a frame carrying a paper sheet and movable in a given direction, and of a scriber movable perpendicularly to the frame. The frame is moved by the power stage a substantially uniform distribution of heat.
of the first amplifier, while the scriber is moved by the power stage of the second amplifier. The cooling speed/ temperature curve is therefore automatically plotted.
The accompanying drawing shows the apparatus according to this invention.
Figure 1 is a diagram of the apparatus.
Figures 2 and 3 are two cooling speed/temperature diagrams obtained by the apparatus shown in Figure 1.
Referring to Figure 1, a body 2 is pre-heated in an oven at a given temperature, thereupon plunged into a receptacle 1 filled with the quenching bath, of which the cooling power should be determined. The body 2 is conveniently made of silver, which is a good conductor of heat and is spherical in shape and of small size, to afford Silver does not undergo structural modifications within the range of temperatures used, possesses a high heat conductivity, is generally unattacked by quenching baths and is easily cleaned and polished.
The ball 2 has welded thereto in a suitable recess a thermoelectric couple, from which conductors lead through a silver tube welded to the ball 2 and extending up through the bath, to a direct current amplifier 3 connected at its outlet to an instrument 4 which indicates the value of temperature. The outlet of the amplifier 3 controls also two distinct circuits constituting a power amplifier 5 and a differentiating stage 9 followed by a power amplifier 8 respectively. V
The recording unit of the apparatus consists of a light frame 7 carrying a reticulated paper and capable of rectilinear displacement in the direction of the arrow A, and of a scriber 11 secured to an actuator 10 and capable of rectilinear displacement in the direction of the arrow B, that is, in a direction normal to the direction of movement of the frame 7.
On variation of temperature the power stage 5 energizes an actuator 6 to move the frame 7 in the direction of the arrow A. At the same time, on variation of the cooling speed, the differentiating stage 9 followed by the power stage 8 moves the actuator 10 in one or the other of the directions of the arrow B. Displacement of the frame in one direction and of the scriber transversely thereto plots the curve 12 which is the cooling speed/temperature diagram.
Figure 2 shows, by way of example, the diagram for a molten salt bath, while the diagram shown in Figure 3 relates to quenching in a water bath.
The invention is not limited to the example shown, but covers any apparatus adapted to simultaneously plot the temperature/ time and cooling speed/time curve.
What I claim is:
1. In an apparatus for determining the cooling power of a quenching bath, a body surrounding and touching a thermoelectric couple and adapted to be heated to a predetermined temperature immersed in a quenching bath, a direct current electronic amplifier connected to the output of the thermoelectric couple and amplifying said output, a first circuit controlled by the output from said direct current electronic amplifier comprising a power stage, a chart bearing movable frame, means for displacing said movable frame along a line, said means being driven by the output of the previously mentioned power stage, a second circuit connected to the output from said direct current electronic amplifier and comprising a differentiating stage followed by a power stage, a movable member driven transversely to the direction of movement of the frame by the output from said last mentioned power stage, scriber means carried by the member for plotting on the previously mentioned movable frame the position of said last mentioned movable member, the
"ice
resulting curve corresponding in the cooling speed/temperature curve of the quenching bath.
2. In an apparatus for determining the cooling power of a quenching bath, a silver ball connected to a thermoelectric couple, and adapted to be heated to a predetermined temperature and immersed in a quenching bath, a direct current electronic amplifier connected to the output of the thermoelectric couple and amplifying said output, a first circuit controlled by the output from said direct current electronic amplifier comprising a power stage, a chart bearing movable frame, means for displacing said movable frame along a line, said means being driven by the output of the previously mentioned power stage, a second circuit connected to the output from said direct current electronic amplifier and comprising a differentiating stage followed by a power stage, a member movable in a direction perpendicular to the movement of the previously mentioned movable frame and actuated by the output from said last mentioned power stage, and scriber means carried by the member forplotting on the previously mentioned movable frame the position of said last mentioned movable member.
3. In an apparatus for determining the cooling power of a quenching bath, a silver ball connected to a thermoelectric couple, and adapted to be heated to a predetermined temperature and immersed in a quenching bath, a direct current electronic amplifier connected to the output of the thermoelectric couple and amplifying said output, a
first circuit controlled by the output from said direct current electronic amplifier comprising a power stage, a chart bearing movable frame carrying a reticulated paper, means for displacing said movable frame along a line, said means being driven by the output of the previously mentioned power stage, a second circuit connected to the output from said direct current electronic amplifier and comprising a derivative stage followed by a power stage, a member movable in a direction perpendicular to the movement of the previously mentioned movable frame and actuated by the output from said last mentioned power stage, a scriber fixed to said member for plotting on the reticulated paper carried by the movable frame in its position, the curve plotted on said reticulated paper corresponding to the cooling speed/temperature curve of the quenching bath.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Wills May 1, 1945 Mosely Mar. 15, 1949 Nathan Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 234, 235.

Claims (1)

1. IN AN APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE COOLING POWER OF A QUENCHING BATH, A BODY SURROUNDING AND TOUCHING A THERMOELECTRIC COUPLE AND ADAPTED TO BE HEATED TO A PREDETERMINED TEMPERATURE IMMERSED IN A QUENCHING BATH, A DIRECT CURRENT ELECTRONIC AMPLIFIER CONNECTED OT THE OUTPUT OF THE THERMOELECTRIC COUPLE AND AMPLIFYING SAID OUTPUT, A FIRST CIRCUIT CONTROLLED BY THE OUTPUT FROM SAID DIRECT CURRENT ELECTRONIC AMPLIFIER COMPRISING A POWER STAGE, A CHART BEARING MOVABLE FRAME, MEANS FOR DISPLACING SAID MOVABLE FRAME ALONG A LINE, SAID MEANS BEING DRIVEN BY THE OUTPUT OF THE PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED POWER STAGE, A SECOND CIRCUIT CONNECTED TO THE OUTPUT FROM SAID DIRECT CURRENT ELECTRONIC AMPLIFIER AND COMPRISING A DIFFERENTIATING STAGE FOLLOWED BY A POWER STAGE, A MOVABLE MEMBER DRIVEN TRANSVERSELY TO THE DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT OF THE FRAME BY THE OUTPUT FROM SAID LAST MENTIONED POWER STAGE, SCRIBER MEANS CARRIED BY THE MEMBER FOR PLOTTING ON THE PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED MOVABLE FRAME THE POSITION OF SAID LAST MENTIONED MOVABLE MEMBER, THE RESULTING CURVE CORRESPONDING IN THE "COOLING SPEED/TEMPERATURE" CURVE OF THE QUENCHING BATH.
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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2779189A (en) * 1953-04-22 1957-01-29 Du Pont Determination of solids in liquids
US2937335A (en) * 1958-01-27 1960-05-17 Gen Motors Corp Apparatus for evaluating quenching media
US2937334A (en) * 1958-01-27 1960-05-17 Gen Motors Corp Heat transfer testing apparatus
US3013427A (en) * 1958-01-27 1961-12-19 Gen Motors Corp Evaluation of quenching media
US3188853A (en) * 1963-02-01 1965-06-15 Interchem Corp Apparatus for determining the temperature of a coating during curing
US4106331A (en) * 1976-05-06 1978-08-15 G.K.N. Group Services Limited Method and apparatus for detecting contamination of liquids
US4412752A (en) * 1981-09-21 1983-11-01 International Harvester Co. Method and apparatus for determining the cooling characteristics of a quenching medium
US4563097A (en) * 1983-11-16 1986-01-07 Idemitsu Kosan Company Limited Method of evaluating cooling performance of heat treatment agent and apparatus therefor
US5178463A (en) * 1991-12-12 1993-01-12 Reynolds Metals Company Method of and apparatus for measuring coolant quenching rates
US5918473A (en) * 1997-05-09 1999-07-06 Alcan International Limited Method and apparatus for measuring quenchant properties of coolants
US20090028210A1 (en) * 2005-03-22 2009-01-29 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., Metal surface temperature measuring instrument
US20160012945A1 (en) * 2004-09-28 2016-01-14 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force
US10741310B1 (en) 2015-02-12 2020-08-11 Southwire Company, Llc Non-circular electrical cable having a reduced pulling force
US11046851B2 (en) 2009-03-18 2021-06-29 Southwire Company, Llc Electrical cable having crosslinked insulation with internal pulling lubricant
US11527339B2 (en) 2004-09-28 2022-12-13 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2375159A (en) * 1942-04-23 1945-05-01 Brown Instr Co Measuring and control apparatus
US2464708A (en) * 1944-01-05 1949-03-15 Collins Radio Co Automatic recorder

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2375159A (en) * 1942-04-23 1945-05-01 Brown Instr Co Measuring and control apparatus
US2464708A (en) * 1944-01-05 1949-03-15 Collins Radio Co Automatic recorder

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2779189A (en) * 1953-04-22 1957-01-29 Du Pont Determination of solids in liquids
US2937335A (en) * 1958-01-27 1960-05-17 Gen Motors Corp Apparatus for evaluating quenching media
US2937334A (en) * 1958-01-27 1960-05-17 Gen Motors Corp Heat transfer testing apparatus
US3013427A (en) * 1958-01-27 1961-12-19 Gen Motors Corp Evaluation of quenching media
US3188853A (en) * 1963-02-01 1965-06-15 Interchem Corp Apparatus for determining the temperature of a coating during curing
US4106331A (en) * 1976-05-06 1978-08-15 G.K.N. Group Services Limited Method and apparatus for detecting contamination of liquids
US4412752A (en) * 1981-09-21 1983-11-01 International Harvester Co. Method and apparatus for determining the cooling characteristics of a quenching medium
US4563097A (en) * 1983-11-16 1986-01-07 Idemitsu Kosan Company Limited Method of evaluating cooling performance of heat treatment agent and apparatus therefor
US5178463A (en) * 1991-12-12 1993-01-12 Reynolds Metals Company Method of and apparatus for measuring coolant quenching rates
US5918473A (en) * 1997-05-09 1999-07-06 Alcan International Limited Method and apparatus for measuring quenchant properties of coolants
US6257004B1 (en) * 1997-05-09 2001-07-10 Alcan International Limited Method and apparatus for measuring quenchant properties of coolants
US10763008B2 (en) * 2004-09-28 2020-09-01 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force
US11355264B2 (en) 2004-09-28 2022-06-07 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force
US20160012945A1 (en) * 2004-09-28 2016-01-14 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force
US10706988B2 (en) 2004-09-28 2020-07-07 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force
US11842827B2 (en) 2004-09-28 2023-12-12 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force
US10763010B2 (en) 2004-09-28 2020-09-01 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force
US10763009B2 (en) 2004-09-28 2020-09-01 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force
US11776715B2 (en) 2004-09-28 2023-10-03 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force
US11011285B2 (en) 2004-09-28 2021-05-18 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force
US11527339B2 (en) 2004-09-28 2022-12-13 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force
US11942236B2 (en) 2004-09-28 2024-03-26 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing electrical cable, and resulting product, with reduced required installation pulling force
US7841766B2 (en) * 2005-03-22 2010-11-30 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. Metal surface temperature measuring instrument
US20090028210A1 (en) * 2005-03-22 2009-01-29 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., Metal surface temperature measuring instrument
US11046851B2 (en) 2009-03-18 2021-06-29 Southwire Company, Llc Electrical cable having crosslinked insulation with internal pulling lubricant
US10741310B1 (en) 2015-02-12 2020-08-11 Southwire Company, Llc Non-circular electrical cable having a reduced pulling force
US11348707B1 (en) 2015-02-12 2022-05-31 Southwire Company, Llc Method of manufacturing a non-circular electrical cable having a reduced pulling force

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