US2674700A - Photoconductive cell - Google Patents

Photoconductive cell Download PDF

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US2674700A
US2674700A US310883A US31088352A US2674700A US 2674700 A US2674700 A US 2674700A US 310883 A US310883 A US 310883A US 31088352 A US31088352 A US 31088352A US 2674700 A US2674700 A US 2674700A
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cell
photoconductive
lens
type
cells
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US310883A
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Robert L Small
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Fireye Inc
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Fireye Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/08—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors
    • H01L31/10—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors characterised by potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors

Definitions

  • Anotherobiect of this invention isto obtain .a tialiy in' the plane of the photoconductive marelatively uniform hemispherical response from terialJ
  • Another object of this invention is to provide spouse, for the reasonspreviously noted.
  • Ruthera photoconductive cell which is easily adaptable more, to adapt this bead-type structure by applyto both end-on and hemispherical response.
  • photoconduetive cells generally
  • the photoconductive cell hereof utilizes as a utilized in commercial installations have combasic and major subcomponent the end-on cell prised the characteristic hermetically sealed enpreviously described.
  • lLmoyel ieamr-g eqntem velope typical of most vacuum tubes.
  • a special-type cylindrical lens having further development of photoconductiv mago
  • This recess has terials.
  • lead sulfide the art has advanced Wall defined by rotating a particular parabolic to th point wherein photoconductive materials segment about its latus rectum.
  • the lens is can be satisfactorily applied or otherwise declosely coupled to the photoconductive surface posited on an external or outer surface of a relawhereby radiation emanating from sources other tively small solid head which acts as a support for 2:, than at an angle which is substantially normal to this material. If the necessary electrical connecthe flat surface of the photoconductive material tions are made to the photoconductive material is reflected by the walls of this recess, so as to imthrough the use of terminal pins or lead wires, a pinge at a substantially normal angle upon the satisfactory photoconductive cell results.
  • Furphotoconductive material which is preferably lothermore, if the applied photoconductive material cated a defined distance from the focal point of is effectively isolated from ambient gases, particthe lens.
  • Fig. 2 is a plan view of the active suriaceof the of lead sulfide is applied. This configuration photoconductive cell shown in Fig. 1;
  • Fist-3 is a perspective view of the-novel phototo radiation which impinges at a normal axis to conductive cell hereof showing the lens with its the plane of said lead sulfide. If this radiation Parabolic recess; f
  • Fig. 4 is a side-elevational view of the phototained from the cell varies in the usual cosine 5 c0nductivccc11sh0Wn1nH8- nd manner, whereby this type of cell construction, Fig. 5 is a side-elevations! view of the parabolic for all practical purposes. presents a negligible lens hereof, together with a graphical diagram sensitivity to radiation emanating from sources of assistance showing the principles involved in which lie in the plane of said lead sulfide layer. 7 constructing the parabolic recess thereof.
  • ceramic body 6 having a disc-shaped upper perin certain types of fire detectors wherein phototion I and a cylindrical lower supporting portion electric cells are utilizedto detect flame radiation, 6.3 8. From a generic aspect. however, this beads-.-
  • 3 type body may assume any shape that is capable or supporting a layer oi photoconductive material.
  • the body used should have at least one relatively flat surface. to which is applied the activated photoconductive material.
  • the photoconductive material is 10 focal point P is located a distance i from the applied to such a flat surface.
  • Point represents the intersection of Metallic pins 9 and it are sealed M440.
  • pins 9 and 9 are flush of disc portion 1.
  • the top surface of this portion airf szriaa' I the parabola is therefore intersection oi parabolic Electrodes l2 and I3 mechanically aim!!! M 1 with the side wall of lens IS.
  • the cally oowle the flush ends of pins 9 and II (not mpointrpoooint'rnrepresenteo rhimklwioiqmomvg aeberhlddrahomby;
  • Lens may be constmctedof any oi the many-optical materials which are well known in the. lem or; having at least an index of refraction greater than-a minimumvalne hereinaiter-detennined.
  • This lens has preferably a cylindrical outer-wall
  • FIG. A side-elevational view of lens liis shown in Fig. swim-certain graphical construction superimposed thereon whereby the principles involved in determining the shapes oi parabolic segments and vi 7 may bereadily understood. .In order to almpliiy the-explanation. only the design of unbeliesegment 17 vwill be stated in -.detail.
  • the index oi refraction oi'the material 'iormlng lens itl should be such theta ray impinging at point S will have-an angle of reflection greater than the critical angle, whereby said ray will he reflected and not refracted, t
  • T J Q 1 A veriotoiconductive cell comprising ".asup port. a layer-:01 photoconductive material applied to said-airpo and ail ns m c n c ly u e to: mi p orti s d n -theme. n mv rt fl recessiormed by. rotating a. parabollcsegznent aboutfits latusrectum.
  • a photoconductive cell comprising a support, a'layer o1 photoconductlve materialapplied to said support, and alens mechanically coupled tosaid supl said lens having an inserted recess formed by rotating -a parabolic segment about its 'latus rectum. said photoconductive layer being positioned at a normal angle'to said latus rectum.
  • a photoconductive cell comprising a support,a.layer-of photoconductivematerial applied tosaid support. andalens mechanioallyooupled to. said -suppont,' -sald lens shaving. an inverted recess formed by rotating a parabolic segment about its latus rectum, said photoconductive layer being positioned at a normal mile to said latue rectum and being centrally dispoeed there about.
  • a photoeonduetive cell comprising a support, a layer of nhotoconductlve material applied to said support, and a lens mechanicallycoupled recele formed by rotating a parabolic segment gem; it: iatm rectum, laid pbotoconductive connections to aid layer of photoconductive material, and a lens mechanically coupled to said mort, aaid lena having an inverted rebut 6 formed by rotating a parabolic segment about its latue rectum, said lens being or material having an index oi retraction such that a ray impinging at the apex of said inverted receee at 'lielereneeacltedintheflleotthiapatent UNITEDBTATEBPATINI'B Number Name Date 285,497 Dell Dec. 14, 1880 2,472,879 June 14, 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS I Number Country Date sauce France Mar. 21, 1904

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Light Receiving Elements (AREA)

Description

April 6, 1954 R. L. SMALL 2,674,700
- mno'roconouc'rxvz cm.
Filed Sept. 22. 1952 III- lm1 INV TOR P.L.5 ALL BY 05M Patented Apr. 6, 1954 7i l i. h a. Fireye Corporation, Boston llass la corpora- 1"; i'ifi'rfii iiifr is sacral: uni e J it; appli ati n September :2. measuremen 1W5 f a 1 clam; crass-sis). it: Q's-" 5. 1". r,- i if; .1-
" -3- This invention relates to a new-and improved it that thcse toelectric cells prebead-type photo-conductive cell which is pari sent asubstsntially'wide angle'responseto-pol ticlfllrly adaptable f lliherical response sible' iire" sources. I! the novel "cell hereof ls A principal object of this invention is to admountedon a wall orceiling of a room which is NIT D,S TES vantageously adapt prior art end-on bead-type "g to besupervisedior firefi'a relatively large rephotoconductive cells for hemispherical response. spouse is providedto radiation traveling substan.
Anotherobiect of this invention isto obtain .a tialiy in' the plane of the photoconductive marelatively uniform hemispherical response from terialJ The end-on bead-type photoconductive bead-type photooonductive cells. cell'is "incapable of provlding -'this type of re- 7 Another object of this invention is to provide spouse, for the reasonspreviously noted. Ruthera photoconductive cell which is easily adaptable more, to adapt this bead-type structure by applyto both end-on and hemispherical response. inglead sulfide to a dome-type surface in lieu of Another object of this invention is to improve a fiat surface, would highly complicate the fabrithe operating stability ofbead-type photoconduccation processes for the cells', -and. at the same tive cells. a p is time. would greatly increase thecost thereof. 1
Heretofore, photoconduetive cells generally The photoconductive cell hereof utilizes as a utilized in commercial installations have combasic and major subcomponent the end-on cell prised the characteristic hermetically sealed enpreviously described. lLmoyel ieamr-g eqntem; velope typical of most vacuum tubes. With the plates a special-type cylindrical lens having further development of photoconductiv mago This recess has terials. such as lead sulfide, the art has advanced Wall defined by rotating a particular parabolic to th point wherein photoconductive materials segment about its latus rectum. The lens is can be satisfactorily applied or otherwise declosely coupled to the photoconductive surface posited on an external or outer surface of a relawhereby radiation emanating from sources other tively small solid head which acts as a support for 2:, than at an angle which is substantially normal to this material. If the necessary electrical connecthe flat surface of the photoconductive material tions are made to the photoconductive material is reflected by the walls of this recess, so as to imthrough the use of terminal pins or lead wires, a pinge at a substantially normal angle upon the satisfactory photoconductive cell results. Furphotoconductive material which is preferably lothermore, if the applied photoconductive material cated a defined distance from the focal point of is effectively isolated from ambient gases, particthe lens. I
ularly oxygen and water vapor, a cell of this con- In order that the features of this invention and struction is generally superior to photoconducthe mode of operation thereof may be readily untive cells constructed of the same materials 10- derstood,adetailed description follows hereinafter cated within hermetically-sealed envel pes. with particular reference being made to the draw- Because of the relative ease in applying photoings wherein: conductive materials to flat surfaces, the bead- Fig. l is a perspective view of the basic end-on type photoconductive cells recently introduced bead-type photoconductive cell:
have generally a fiat surface to which a hat layer Fig. 2 is a plan view of the active suriaceof the of lead sulfide is applied. This configuration photoconductive cell shown in Fig. 1;
therefore naturally presents maximum sensitivity Fist-3 is a perspective view of the-novel phototo radiation which impinges at a normal axis to conductive cell hereof showing the lens with its the plane of said lead sulfide. If this radiation Parabolic recess; f
deviates from this normal axis, the response ob- Fig. 4 is a side-elevational view of the phototained from the cell varies in the usual cosine 5 c0nductivccc11sh0Wn1nH8- nd manner, whereby this type of cell construction, Fig. 5 is a side-elevations! view of the parabolic for all practical purposes. presents a negligible lens hereof, together with a graphical diagram sensitivity to radiation emanating from sources of assistance showing the principles involved in which lie in the plane of said lead sulfide layer. 7 constructing the parabolic recess thereof.
This directional response characteristic pre- Referring now generally to Figs. 1 and 2, a pre.
vents the use of these bead-type photoconductive ferred embodiment of an end-on bead-type photo;-
cells in many applications for which they would conductive cell comprises, for example, a glass or otherwise be highly satisfactory. For example, ceramic body 6 having a disc-shaped upper perin certain types of fire detectors wherein phototion I and a cylindrical lower supporting portion electric cells are utilizedto detect flame radiation, 6.3 8. From a generic aspect. however, this beads-.-
3 type body may assume any shape that is capable or supporting a layer oi photoconductive material. However, inasmuch as the invention hereof comprises and is applicable to end-on beadtype cells, the body used should have at least one relatively flat surface. to which is applied the activated photoconductive material. In the usual instancailt'vsil ibohbbvious'that chum-action of the eell'can be simplified and aiao be made It should be understood. however, that parabolic segment It, as well as the entire inverted recess. is constructed by rotating segment I1 about the latus rectum for the parabola of which segment i! is a portion.
Parabolic segment I! forms a portion oi the upper half of the parabola 1F==4j:z, which is symmetriul'lbqmz the: vertex islocatedoitthewisinlorthesaldrales. The
more cheaply ii the photoconductive material is 10 focal point P is located a distance i from the applied to such a flat surface.
Point represents the intersection of Metallic pins 9 and it are sealed M440.
,su'ments l6 and ll and is located at that a substantial portion ofeach oi' the'plns 'theextremity of the latus rectum, a distanoe oi trodes thereirom. The uppereeadstsnoislbwniouwzimdecal nine-2.
is covered with a layer oi photoconduotiye g n.
of pins 9 and It are flush of disc portion 1. The top surface of this portion airf szriaa' I the parabola is therefore intersection oi parabolic Electrodes l2 and I3 mechanically aim!!! M 1 with the side wall of lens IS. The cally oowle the flush ends of pins 9 and II (not mpointrpoooint'rnrepresenteo rhimklwioiqmomvg aeberhlddrahomby;
unissued betweeirpins: :9 andewiadeteimined princlpallyby thelsmalima oitphotoaopduotive material "QWQLQGCMSJI 3,1 of llher-photoconduetive amaten'ai atmit ts the active'iportionoi'rthe cell structure; .flsatii fm. amropriatewelengthscf radiant energy must impinge "filmcause the characteristic photoeondnetiue thnpedance change. -exv modsurtace'otrphotoconductive materifl ii is preia ably --oovered-.;by 'aprotectiveoompound whereby the active areawat Allis isolated -delirium-tarv luirwhichtentisto immir-thestabllitywoiithe cell. Electricalcirsuit connections-are madeltozthecollby-insertmg pins-=0 and il-intmmsmall-sizeiemale socket; The'projectinga'imht portion -"|-with respectto bodyportionw merely-dullitates the manual insertion-andremoval-ot theoell from m'm and isthereiorenot actually remiirodzior the operational thecell. Bycouplin: :lens 46 to the upper suriaceoi the photoeonduotive oell asshown in Figs. 3 and i,
the angle of response of the cell is increased,
whereby substantially any radiation emanating from any hemispherical source will-create .a substantial output response from the-cell. Lens may be constmctedof any oi the many-optical materials which are well known in the. lem or; having at least an index of refraction greater than-a minimumvalne hereinaiter-detennined.
This lenshas preferably a cylindrical outer-wall,
whereby a contiguous surface is'presented with respect to projectingorim I. ,An inverted para bolic recess l6 and I! is formed fromlthe-uppor surface; with a principal axis corresponding-em that of the principalaxisoithe cylindrical lens; K ine-contours oflthisnlens irom'the baseto the apex oi. the ooniealrecessaredormed lay-rotating amarabolic segment-aboutthe lotus recmm do A slotted groove 18 is formed inomthebottom suriaoe :of least! whorebsreiectrodes .12 and -l 8' do not disturb the seating of lens on the upper suni aoe -of portion 1. Lens i5 may :be cemented or otherwise mechanically bonded to body 8 by suitable conventional means.
A side-elevational view of lens liis shown in Fig. swim-certain graphical construction superimposed thereon whereby the principles involved in determining the shapes oi parabolic segments and vi 7 may bereadily understood. .In order to almpliiy the-explanation. only the design of unbeliesegment 17 vwill be stated in -.detail.
milli it r? elitism pointT-TIL ment Ills diffused over whereby parallel radiation secsuriacefl; j The radius oi surtace i4 is representediby'rgfivhichdsthe length of'the normal tolatus rectum S1? extended to F1. It should be noted that the-re s-t cm'impinging upon sin-face It" becomes morepmfiuse as surface 14 is elevated toward point'sif It it is desiredthatthisradiationhave an extreme concentration, surface 14 should be located .so that lt passes through focalpoln't F; In the usual cell construction, however, concentration or radiation upon a small .I hotocondnctive snriace'is not highly deslr'able, 'innsmuch as improved cell characteristics-can be obtained ittliis radiation isspreazd uniformly over all of the actlve'area or the'cell. The index oi refraction oi'the material 'iormlng lens itlshould be such theta ray impinging at point S will have-an angle of reflection greater than the critical angle, whereby said ray will he reflected and not refracted, t
It is'to be understood thatqthe above-described arrangement. is illustrative of the application of the principles oi this invention, and numerous otherprrangements may be devised by those skilledin the artwithont; departing from the cone h r ot. f
Iciaim: T J Q 1. A jpliotoiconductive cell comprising ".asup port. a layer-:01 photoconductive material applied to said-airpo and ail ns m c n c ly u e to: mi p orti s d n -theme. n mv rt fl recessiormed by. rotating a. parabollcsegznent aboutfits latusrectum. I I 2. A photoconductive cell comprising a support, a'layer o1 photoconductlve materialapplied to said support, and alens mechanically coupled tosaid supl said lens having an inserted recess formed by rotating -a parabolic segment about its 'latus rectum. said photoconductive layer being positioned at a normal angle'to said latus rectum.
3. A photoconductive cell;oomprising a support,a.layer-of photoconductivematerial applied tosaid support. andalens mechanioallyooupled to. said -suppont,' -sald lens shaving. an inverted recess formed by rotating a parabolic segment about its latus rectum, said photoconductive layer being positioned at a normal mile to said latue rectum and being centrally dispoeed there about.
4. A photoeonduetive cell comprising a support, a layer of nhotoconductlve material applied to said support, and a lens mechanicallycoupled recele formed by rotating a parabolic segment gem; it: iatm rectum, laid pbotoconductive connections to aid layer of photoconductive material, and a lens mechanically coupled to said mort, aaid lena having an inverted receea 6 formed by rotating a parabolic segment about its latue rectum, said lens being or material having an index oi retraction such that a ray impinging at the apex of said inverted receee at 'lielereneeacltedintheflleotthiapatent UNITEDBTATEBPATINI'B Number Name Date 285,497 Dell Dec. 14, 1880 2,472,879 June 14, 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS I Number Country Date sauce France Mar. 21, 1904
US310883A 1952-09-22 1952-09-22 Photoconductive cell Expired - Lifetime US2674700A (en)

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2836098A (en) * 1953-07-06 1958-05-27 Gen Electric Cosine-corrected light meters
US2855523A (en) * 1954-01-21 1958-10-07 Gen Electric Light responsive system
US2875308A (en) * 1953-04-25 1959-02-24 Soc Nouvelle Outil Rbv Radio Photoresistive cells
US2973699A (en) * 1958-07-02 1961-03-07 Eastman Kodak Co Apparatus for compensating battery decay
US3001079A (en) * 1959-06-19 1961-09-19 Harald W Straub Optical devices for producing parallel beams
US3062964A (en) * 1956-09-17 1962-11-06 Hupp Corp Optical systems for photocells
US3092728A (en) * 1961-03-15 1963-06-04 Brockway Glass Co Inc Light collecting apparatus for photosensitive device
US3137794A (en) * 1960-06-28 1964-06-16 Harold H Seward Directionally sensitive light detector
US3226557A (en) * 1963-01-18 1965-12-28 Robert M Goodman Photosensitive scanner for detecting radiation from any azimuthal angle
US3258518A (en) * 1961-11-20 1966-06-28 Joseph L Livingston Photoelectric musical tone generator
US3260849A (en) * 1962-03-09 1966-07-12 Bendix Corp Light sensitive orienting device
US3383511A (en) * 1963-06-18 1968-05-14 Honeywell Inc Horizon scanner with special reflector
US3398285A (en) * 1961-10-16 1968-08-20 Perkin Elmer Corp Spectro-radiometer with means for eliminating background noise
US3736546A (en) * 1968-12-10 1973-05-29 J Jones Illumination platter on a mobile vehicle

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US235497A (en) * 1880-12-14 Selenium-cell
FR338386A (en) * 1903-03-21 1904-05-17 Francois Fernand Bourdil Animated panoramic image production system
US2472879A (en) * 1945-01-02 1949-06-14 Bayle Andre Albert Charles Protective device for thermal receivers

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US235497A (en) * 1880-12-14 Selenium-cell
FR338386A (en) * 1903-03-21 1904-05-17 Francois Fernand Bourdil Animated panoramic image production system
US2472879A (en) * 1945-01-02 1949-06-14 Bayle Andre Albert Charles Protective device for thermal receivers

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2875308A (en) * 1953-04-25 1959-02-24 Soc Nouvelle Outil Rbv Radio Photoresistive cells
US2836098A (en) * 1953-07-06 1958-05-27 Gen Electric Cosine-corrected light meters
US2855523A (en) * 1954-01-21 1958-10-07 Gen Electric Light responsive system
US3062964A (en) * 1956-09-17 1962-11-06 Hupp Corp Optical systems for photocells
US2973699A (en) * 1958-07-02 1961-03-07 Eastman Kodak Co Apparatus for compensating battery decay
US3001079A (en) * 1959-06-19 1961-09-19 Harald W Straub Optical devices for producing parallel beams
US3137794A (en) * 1960-06-28 1964-06-16 Harold H Seward Directionally sensitive light detector
US3092728A (en) * 1961-03-15 1963-06-04 Brockway Glass Co Inc Light collecting apparatus for photosensitive device
US3398285A (en) * 1961-10-16 1968-08-20 Perkin Elmer Corp Spectro-radiometer with means for eliminating background noise
US3258518A (en) * 1961-11-20 1966-06-28 Joseph L Livingston Photoelectric musical tone generator
US3260849A (en) * 1962-03-09 1966-07-12 Bendix Corp Light sensitive orienting device
US3226557A (en) * 1963-01-18 1965-12-28 Robert M Goodman Photosensitive scanner for detecting radiation from any azimuthal angle
US3383511A (en) * 1963-06-18 1968-05-14 Honeywell Inc Horizon scanner with special reflector
US3736546A (en) * 1968-12-10 1973-05-29 J Jones Illumination platter on a mobile vehicle

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