US2605042A - Electromagnetically driven selfregulating fluid compressor for use in refrigerating machines - Google Patents
Electromagnetically driven selfregulating fluid compressor for use in refrigerating machines Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2605042A US2605042A US761080A US76108047A US2605042A US 2605042 A US2605042 A US 2605042A US 761080 A US761080 A US 761080A US 76108047 A US76108047 A US 76108047A US 2605042 A US2605042 A US 2605042A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- selfregulating
- electromagnetically driven
- refrigerating machines
- compressor
- fluid compressor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B35/00—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for
- F04B35/04—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for the means being electric
- F04B35/045—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for the means being electric using solenoids
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B3/00—Machines or pumps with pistons coacting within one cylinder, e.g. multi-stage
Definitions
- My invention relates to fluid compressors and more particularly to electro-magnetically driven self-regulating fluid compressors for use in refrigcrating machines.
- An important feature of the invention resides in the provision of a unit comprising the movable part of the compressor and an armature controlling said movable part, the mass of said unit being subjected to the action of such a spring that the natural oscillating frequency of said unit when running idle be lower than that imparted thereto by the periodic feeding current and equal to the latter when the necessary power for producing a certain rate of compression is added to the power of the spring.
- the advantage of this arrangement resides in that the stroke of the movable part of the compressor (for instance the piston), automatically increases with the rate of compression.
- the natural frequency of the unit comprising the weights and th spring is regulated so as to be in resonance with the frequency of the feeding current.
- th amplitude tends to assume an excessive value, and various means have been described for avoiding this inconvenience.
- various processes have been described for regulating the power while running.
- the strain of the compression produces in the oscillating movement of the system mass-elastic power not only a damping effect which would lower their own frequency, but also a power which, in the second half of the compression, will be added to that of the resilient blade, and which consequently increases the natural frequency of the system.
- This fact is in accordance with the fundamental theory of harmonic oscillations whose differential equation is dzi K X where the frequency increases with K.
- the natural frequency of the weights and of the spring power is regulated in such a way that the natural frequency of th system be substantially lower than that which is imparted thereto by the driving current.
- the amplitude is small becaus of the frequencies being out of phase, but it increases according as the rate of compression is raised, and
- the rate of compression is small and so is consequently the amplitude, thus realizing saving of feeding current and of wear of the apparatus.
- the rate of compression increases and so does the amplitude and the mass is dimensioned in such a way that the maximum amplitude occurs at the maximum foreseen ambient temperature.
- the construction shown herein has for its object to create throughout the coils a reversal of the direction of the induction flux produced by the magnets, thus obtaining an induced electromotive force as high as possible.
- two resilient blades each of which carries two permanent magnets whose magnetic axes are parallel and opposite in direction and which successively penetrate at each half-period into the magnetic circuit.
- Fig. 1 is an elevational view of an electromagnetically driven gas compressor taken from a plane, the trace of which is the line I-I on Fig. 3, and including an axial section of the cylinder of said compressor.
- Fig. 2 is a side elevational view thereof.
- Fig. 3 is a horizontal section thereof, being taken on line III-III of Fig. 1.
- the gas compressor shown in the Figures 1 to 3 comprises a base plate II to which are secured two resilient blades 2
- a compressor cylinder 8 containing two pistons 3 symmetric-ally connected each of them by a flexible rod 4 with one of the resilient blades 2
- the cylinder 8 is provided with a suction valve 9 and a delivery valve I0.
- the weights I2 are calibrated in such a way that the natural period of oscillation of the blades 2
- the field magnet 24 comprises two parallel and opposite portions I5, l6, each of which is cut by an air-gap with polar faces ll, [8, I9, 20, respectively, substantially at right angles to the main direction of the flux through the said airgaps.
- Each of the resilient blades or leaf-springs carries two permanent magnets 22 and 23 whose axes of magnetization are parallel to one another but opposite in direction. Thesemagnets 2223 and the corresponding leaf-springs 2
- is energised by alternating current of predetermined frequency flowing through the coils 25 and 26, so that both the magnets 22 simultaneously penetrate into the.
- both the magnets 23 penetrate simultaneously thereinto. As the magnetic axes of these magnets are opposite in direction, the flux will be reversed throughout the coils thus producing a high induced electro-motive force and substantially increasing the power and the efficiency of the compressor.
- a further advantage of this construction resides in that the magnets are always solicited in the very direction where the flux produced by the coils tends to increase the flux which passes through them, that is to increase their magnetization. The demagnetization by accidental excess of intensity within the field-magnets will, thus be made impossible.
- an electro-magnetically driven fiuid compressor the combination of aframe, an inducing field magnet secured to said frame and having two parallel and opposite portions, each of which is cut by an air-gap with polar faces substantially at right angle with the main direction of the flux; said field-magnet being energizable by alternating current of predetermined frequency; a pair of leaf-springs secured to said frame by one of their ends, each leaf-spring being adapted to oscillate in a corresponding air-gap, in a direction substantially parallel to said polar faces; a pair of permanent magnets carried by each leafspring, said permanent magnets having their magnetic axes parallel to the flux in the corresponding air-gap, but opposite in direction with respect to each other; a compressor cylinder for gaseous fluid secured to the frame, two spaced pistons reciprocally mounted in said cylinder and symmetrically connected to one of the said leafsprings; a suction pipe and a delivery pipe communicating with the middle part of the cylinder between the two pistons, the
- An electro-magnetic reciprocating motor comprising in combination: a frame, an inducing field-magnet secured to said frame and having two parallel and opposite portions, each of which is cut by an air-gap with polar faces substantially at right angle with the main direction of the flux; said field-magnet being energizable by alternating current of predetermined frequency; a pair of leaf-springs secured to said frame by one of their ends, each leaf-spring being adapted to oscillate in a corresponding airgap, in a direction substantially parallel to said polar faces; a pair of permanent magnets carried by each leaf -spring, said permanent magnets having their magnetic axes parallel to the flux in the corresponding air-gap, but opposite in direction with respect to each other; the relative arrangement of the permanent magnets in the air-gaps and the flux in the latter being such that at a given half period 01' the alternating current, two of the permanent magnets are simultaneously attracted to the centre of said air-gaps, and the other two magnets,
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)
Description
y 29, 1952 JEAN-LEON REUTTER 2,605,042
EILECTROMAGNETICALLY DRIVEN SELF-REGULATING FLUID COMPRESSOR FOR USE IN REFRIGERATING MACHINES Filed July 15, 1 947 23 Eggs m g a m 26 24 E 1 E [191 EM.
fm/enf Patented July 29, 1952 ELECTROMAGNETICALLY DRIVEN SELF- REGULATING FLUID COMPRESSOR FOR USE IN REFRIGERATING MACHINES- Jean-Leon Reutter, Geneva, Switzerland Application July 15, 1947, Serial No. 761,080 In Switzerland July 26, 1946 2 Claims.
My invention relates to fluid compressors and more particularly to electro-magnetically driven self-regulating fluid compressors for use in refrigcrating machines.
An important feature of the invention resides in the provision of a unit comprising the movable part of the compressor and an armature controlling said movable part, the mass of said unit being subjected to the action of such a spring that the natural oscillating frequency of said unit when running idle be lower than that imparted thereto by the periodic feeding current and equal to the latter when the necessary power for producing a certain rate of compression is added to the power of the spring.
The advantage of this arrangement resides in that the stroke of the movable part of the compressor (for instance the piston), automatically increases with the rate of compression.
In the machine described heretofore, the natural frequency of the unit comprising the weights and th spring is regulated so as to be in resonance with the frequency of the feeding current. When the machine runs idle, th amplitude tends to assume an excessive value, and various means have been described for avoiding this inconvenience. Furthermore, various processes have been described for regulating the power while running.
It is an object of my present invention to automatically attain those results in the simplest way.
The strain of the compression produces in the oscillating movement of the system mass-elastic power not only a damping effect which would lower their own frequency, but also a power which, in the second half of the compression, will be added to that of the resilient blade, and which consequently increases the natural frequency of the system. This fact is in accordance with the fundamental theory of harmonic oscillations whose differential equation is dzi K X where the frequency increases with K.
In order to use this property according to my invention, the natural frequency of the weights and of the spring power is regulated in such a way that the natural frequency of th system be substantially lower than that which is imparted thereto by the driving current. When idle running, for instance at the beginning of the operation, the amplitude is small becaus of the frequencies being out of phase, but it increases according as the rate of compression is raised, and
finally will reach to the resonance and consequently to the maximum of amplitude and power for the maximum foreseen rate of compression.
In the refrigerating machines, the following result is obtained:
When the ambient temperature is comparatively low (15 C. for instance) the pressure within the condenser is low, the rate of compression is small and so is consequently the amplitude, thus realizing saving of feeding current and of wear of the apparatus. According to the ambient temperature rising, the rate of compression increases and so does the amplitude and the mass is dimensioned in such a way that the maximum amplitude occurs at the maximum foreseen ambient temperature. The construction shown herein has for its object to create throughout the coils a reversal of the direction of the induction flux produced by the magnets, thus obtaining an induced electromotive force as high as possible. To this end there are provided two resilient blades each of which carries two permanent magnets whose magnetic axes are parallel and opposite in direction and which successively penetrate at each half-period into the magnetic circuit.
The accompanying drawings represent, by way of examples, one embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 1 is an elevational view of an electromagnetically driven gas compressor taken from a plane, the trace of which is the line I-I on Fig. 3, and including an axial section of the cylinder of said compressor.
Fig. 2 is a side elevational view thereof.
Fig. 3 is a horizontal section thereof, being taken on line III-III of Fig. 1.
The gas compressor shown in the Figures 1 to 3 comprises a base plate II to which are secured two resilient blades 2| and two brackets I carrying the laminated field frame of an inducing field magnet 24. To the top of these brackets is fastened a compressor cylinder 8 containing two pistons 3 symmetric-ally connected each of them by a flexible rod 4 with one of the resilient blades 2|. At its median portion, the cylinder 8 is provided with a suction valve 9 and a delivery valve I0. The weights I2 are calibrated in such a way that the natural period of oscillation of the blades 2|, together with the corresponding weights l2 and pistons 3, be lower than that which is imparted thereto by the inducing field magnet 24.
The field magnet 24 comprises two parallel and opposite portions I5, l6, each of which is cut by an air-gap with polar faces ll, [8, I9, 20, respectively, substantially at right angles to the main direction of the flux through the said airgaps. Each of the resilient blades or leaf-springs carries two permanent magnets 22 and 23 whose axes of magnetization are parallel to one another but opposite in direction. Thesemagnets 2223 and the corresponding leaf-springs 2| are adapted to oscillate in the air-gaps in a direction parallel to the polar faces I1, l8 and I9, 20.
The inducing field magnet 2| is energised by alternating current of predetermined frequency flowing through the coils 25 and 26, so that both the magnets 22 simultaneously penetrate into the.
air-gaps of the inducing field magnet at a given half period. In the subsequent half period, both the magnets 23 penetrate simultaneously thereinto. As the magnetic axes of these magnets are opposite in direction, the flux will be reversed throughout the coils thus producing a high induced electro-motive force and substantially increasing the power and the efficiency of the compressor.
A further advantage of this construction resides in that the magnets are always solicited in the very direction where the flux produced by the coils tends to increase the flux which passes through them, that is to increase their magnetization. The demagnetization by accidental excess of intensity within the field-magnets will, thus be made impossible.
What I claim is:
1. In an electro-magnetically driven fiuid compressor, the combination of aframe, an inducing field magnet secured to said frame and having two parallel and opposite portions, each of which is cut by an air-gap with polar faces substantially at right angle with the main direction of the flux; said field-magnet being energizable by alternating current of predetermined frequency; a pair of leaf-springs secured to said frame by one of their ends, each leaf-spring being adapted to oscillate in a corresponding air-gap, in a direction substantially parallel to said polar faces; a pair of permanent magnets carried by each leafspring, said permanent magnets having their magnetic axes parallel to the flux in the corresponding air-gap, but opposite in direction with respect to each other; a compressor cylinder for gaseous fluid secured to the frame, two spaced pistons reciprocally mounted in said cylinder and symmetrically connected to one of the said leafsprings; a suction pipe and a delivery pipe communicating with the middle part of the cylinder between the two pistons, the weights and sizes of the movable unit constituted by the leafsprings with permanent magnets, pistons and their connections, being determined in such a manner that the natural frequency of oscillation of said unit, by no delivery pressure in the cylinder, be less than that of the alternating current, said natural frequency increasing when the rate of compression increases so as to become almost equal to the frequency of the alternating current.
2. An electro-magnetic reciprocating motor comprising in combination: a frame, an inducing field-magnet secured to said frame and having two parallel and opposite portions, each of which is cut by an air-gap with polar faces substantially at right angle with the main direction of the flux; said field-magnet being energizable by alternating current of predetermined frequency; a pair of leaf-springs secured to said frame by one of their ends, each leaf-spring being adapted to oscillate in a corresponding airgap, in a direction substantially parallel to said polar faces; a pair of permanent magnets carried by each leaf -spring, said permanent magnets having their magnetic axes parallel to the flux in the corresponding air-gap, but opposite in direction with respect to each other; the relative arrangement of the permanent magnets in the air-gaps and the flux in the latter being such that at a given half period 01' the alternating current, two of the permanent magnets are simultaneously attracted to the centre of said air-gaps, and the other two magnets, pushed away from said air-gaps, these motions being reversed at the next half-period; means for adjusting the natural frequency of oscillation of the movable unit constituted by the leaf-springs with their permanent magnets.
JEAN-LEON REUITER.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 202,764 Smyth Apr. 23, 1878 1,333,298 Evershed Mar. 9, 1920 1,689,419 Bronander Oct. 30, 1928 1,978,866 Konig Oct. 30, 1934 2,169,827 Whitted Aug. 15, 1939 2,240,307 List Apr. 29, 1941 2,245,391 Dickten June 10, 1941 2,245,981 Knopp June 17, 1941 2,259,131 Fleischer Oct. 14, 1941 2,280,610 Young Apr. 21, 1942 2,429,441 Williams Oct. 21, 1947 2,430,151 Whitted Nov. 4, 1947 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 130,078 Austria Oct. 25, 1932 496,049 France July 21, 1919
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH260946T | 1946-07-26 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US2605042A true US2605042A (en) | 1952-07-29 |
Family
ID=4473743
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US761080A Expired - Lifetime US2605042A (en) | 1946-07-26 | 1947-07-15 | Electromagnetically driven selfregulating fluid compressor for use in refrigerating machines |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US2605042A (en) |
CH (2) | CH260946A (en) |
DE (1) | DE974416C (en) |
FR (1) | FR949391A (en) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2732124A (en) * | 1956-01-24 | Gas compressor | ||
US2743052A (en) * | 1952-07-28 | 1956-04-24 | Vitoux Ets | Reciprocating air-compressor actuated by a double-vibration vibrator for alternating current |
US2899125A (en) * | 1959-08-11 | Chausson | ||
US3791771A (en) * | 1971-12-23 | 1974-02-12 | J Roesel | Pump having magnetically driven reciprocating pistons |
US4615661A (en) * | 1982-07-30 | 1986-10-07 | King Jimmy L | Magnetic pump |
US20080050251A1 (en) * | 2006-08-24 | 2008-02-28 | N.A.H. Zabar Ltd. | Reciprocatory fluid pump |
US20080118376A1 (en) * | 2006-11-20 | 2008-05-22 | Brian Leonard Verrilli | Translational displacement pump and bulk fluid re-supply system |
US20090304534A1 (en) * | 2008-06-10 | 2009-12-10 | Siegfried Richter | Electric oscillating drive |
US8702405B2 (en) | 2007-11-17 | 2014-04-22 | Brian Leonard Verrilli | Twisting translational displacement pump cartridge |
US20190001206A1 (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2019-01-03 | Indian Industries, Inc. | Basketball goal with vibration damping |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE971137C (en) * | 1951-08-03 | 1958-12-18 | Alfred Zeh Dipl Ing | Method for operating an electromagnetic vibration compressor |
IL54107A (en) * | 1978-02-22 | 1981-06-29 | Yeda Res & Dev | Electromagnetic linear motion devices |
Citations (14)
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US202764A (en) * | 1878-04-23 | Improvement in electro-magnetic water-raising apparatus | ||
FR496049A (en) * | 1919-02-21 | 1919-10-24 | Vernandez O'leary Marguerite | Engine upgrades |
US1333298A (en) * | 1910-05-03 | 1920-03-09 | Evershed Sydney | Sound-emitter |
US1689419A (en) * | 1926-02-03 | 1928-10-30 | American Mach & Foundry | Valveless pump or compressor |
AT130078B (en) * | 1931-07-25 | 1932-10-25 | Emil Ferdinand Schramm | Encapsulated, electromagnetically driven piston compressor. |
US1978866A (en) * | 1931-03-03 | 1934-10-30 | Alfred Teves Maschinen & Armat | Fluid pump and drive means therefor |
US2169827A (en) * | 1936-03-06 | 1939-08-15 | Stewart Warner Corp | Electric fuel pump |
US2240307A (en) * | 1937-07-06 | 1941-04-29 | List Heinrich | Fluid pump |
US2245391A (en) * | 1940-07-11 | 1941-06-10 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Polarized relay |
US2245981A (en) * | 1939-03-27 | 1941-06-17 | Knapp Monarch Co | Vibratory motor |
US2259131A (en) * | 1939-05-05 | 1941-10-14 | Gen Electric | Vibrator |
US2280610A (en) * | 1935-07-02 | 1942-04-21 | Gene E Rogers | Vibratory electrical tool |
US2429441A (en) * | 1946-07-19 | 1947-10-21 | Royal M Williams | Air pump to aerate fish containers |
US2430151A (en) * | 1943-08-12 | 1947-11-04 | Stewart Warner Corp | Electromagnetic motor |
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US2054097A (en) * | 1932-05-31 | 1936-09-15 | James B Replogle | Harmonic compressor |
DE605241C (en) * | 1933-08-10 | 1935-03-14 | Wilhelm Koenig Dipl Ing | Drive for small compressors, especially for refrigeration machines |
US2198506A (en) * | 1935-06-14 | 1940-04-23 | James B Replogle | Pumping apparatus |
US2257862A (en) * | 1937-11-03 | 1941-10-07 | Gen Motors Corp | Electrodynamic compressor |
FR890926A (en) * | 1942-02-09 | 1944-02-22 | Teves Gmbh Alfred | Oscillating compressor |
-
1946
- 1946-07-26 CH CH260946D patent/CH260946A/en unknown
- 1946-07-26 CH CH266735D patent/CH266735A/en unknown
-
1947
- 1947-07-15 US US761080A patent/US2605042A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1947-07-16 FR FR949391D patent/FR949391A/en not_active Expired
-
1949
- 1949-09-25 DE DEP55865A patent/DE974416C/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US202764A (en) * | 1878-04-23 | Improvement in electro-magnetic water-raising apparatus | ||
US1333298A (en) * | 1910-05-03 | 1920-03-09 | Evershed Sydney | Sound-emitter |
FR496049A (en) * | 1919-02-21 | 1919-10-24 | Vernandez O'leary Marguerite | Engine upgrades |
US1689419A (en) * | 1926-02-03 | 1928-10-30 | American Mach & Foundry | Valveless pump or compressor |
US1978866A (en) * | 1931-03-03 | 1934-10-30 | Alfred Teves Maschinen & Armat | Fluid pump and drive means therefor |
AT130078B (en) * | 1931-07-25 | 1932-10-25 | Emil Ferdinand Schramm | Encapsulated, electromagnetically driven piston compressor. |
US2280610A (en) * | 1935-07-02 | 1942-04-21 | Gene E Rogers | Vibratory electrical tool |
US2169827A (en) * | 1936-03-06 | 1939-08-15 | Stewart Warner Corp | Electric fuel pump |
US2240307A (en) * | 1937-07-06 | 1941-04-29 | List Heinrich | Fluid pump |
US2245981A (en) * | 1939-03-27 | 1941-06-17 | Knapp Monarch Co | Vibratory motor |
US2259131A (en) * | 1939-05-05 | 1941-10-14 | Gen Electric | Vibrator |
US2245391A (en) * | 1940-07-11 | 1941-06-10 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Polarized relay |
US2430151A (en) * | 1943-08-12 | 1947-11-04 | Stewart Warner Corp | Electromagnetic motor |
US2429441A (en) * | 1946-07-19 | 1947-10-21 | Royal M Williams | Air pump to aerate fish containers |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2732124A (en) * | 1956-01-24 | Gas compressor | ||
US2899125A (en) * | 1959-08-11 | Chausson | ||
US2743052A (en) * | 1952-07-28 | 1956-04-24 | Vitoux Ets | Reciprocating air-compressor actuated by a double-vibration vibrator for alternating current |
US3791771A (en) * | 1971-12-23 | 1974-02-12 | J Roesel | Pump having magnetically driven reciprocating pistons |
US4615661A (en) * | 1982-07-30 | 1986-10-07 | King Jimmy L | Magnetic pump |
US20080050251A1 (en) * | 2006-08-24 | 2008-02-28 | N.A.H. Zabar Ltd. | Reciprocatory fluid pump |
US7819642B2 (en) * | 2006-08-24 | 2010-10-26 | N.A.H. Zabar Ltd. | Reciprocatory fluid pump |
US20080118376A1 (en) * | 2006-11-20 | 2008-05-22 | Brian Leonard Verrilli | Translational displacement pump and bulk fluid re-supply system |
US8702405B2 (en) | 2007-11-17 | 2014-04-22 | Brian Leonard Verrilli | Twisting translational displacement pump cartridge |
US20090304534A1 (en) * | 2008-06-10 | 2009-12-10 | Siegfried Richter | Electric oscillating drive |
US8337173B2 (en) * | 2008-06-10 | 2012-12-25 | Siegfried Richter | Electric oscillating drive |
US20190001206A1 (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2019-01-03 | Indian Industries, Inc. | Basketball goal with vibration damping |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE974416C (en) | 1960-12-15 |
FR949391A (en) | 1949-08-29 |
CH260946A (en) | 1949-04-15 |
CH266735A (en) | 1950-02-15 |
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