US2242538A - Internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Description

May 20, 1941. A. NAccAcHE INTERNAL ooMBUsTIoN ENG'INE 4 sheetslsnee't 1 Filed `March 8, 1959 -May 20, 1941. A. NAccAcHE I Y 2,242,538

. `INTERNAL. coMBUsTIoN ENGINE Filed March 8, 1939 4 sheets-sheet 2 I i l,

I l l l Y f f May 20, 1941. A. NAccAcHE INTERNAL coMBUsTIoN'A ENGINE 4' Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed March 8,- 1939- @imag/7,37%.

VMaly 20, I1941. A. NACCACHE 2,242,538

' INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Fled March 8, 1939 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 ffy? Patented May 20, 1.941

'INTERNAL coMBUs'rloN ENGINE Albert Naccache, Beirut, Lebanon y Application In Lebanon March 8, 1938 l14 claims. (cl. 12s-75) The present invention relates, in a general manner, to explosion' andinternal combustion engines of al1 kinds. v

The object ofthe invention is to provide an Y engine of this kind of higher efficiency than the engines made up to the present time,owing to a better utilization of the Vdifferent parts of theY working cycle of the'en'gine.

The invention is based upon the following considerations: f .n

The compression and expansion curve, in the working diagram of. explosion and internal 'com-l bustion engines, showsthat, over certain portions thereof, corresponding to the. beginningiof the compression andthe end of the expansion, an important variation of volume produces but little work. Nowjin the engines of thepresent \tii'ne, this vexpansion and compression work' is performed in the part of the engine located between the end of the piston and the cylinder head, that is to say in a very expensive device designed for effecting a much more important work. This involves a defective utilization of the power per mass unit. In ordery to obviate this drawback, it is therefore necessary to make use of suitable devices, of lightweight and low cost, for performing the portions of the work which necessitate the displacement of a considerable volume while absorbing or producing but a small amount of energy. Y

Consequently, according to the present invention, the preliminary compressions, which absorb a small amount of work but require a considerable volume displacement, are effected in parts of the engine which, up to now, performed no physical function. This ensures a' substantial increase of power per mass unit, since the portion of the engine located between the piston andthe cylinder head is relieved from this work. This pre-compression is, according to the present invention, effected preferably in the engine in part section March 8,1939, semi No. 260,565

the cylinder will work as a two stroke compressor the'cyclic speed of which is twice as fast as that of the ordinary/motor device with which it -is` associated.

, On the other handfin an ordinary motor the increase in pressure at the end of the compression stroke and the correspondingly improved eiliciency of the lmotor is checked due to the rise in temperature occasioned precisely by the increasedpressure. In order to relieve this checking eiectthe :feeding matter having already been strongly compressed within a'space distinct from thatk in which final compression effected, is cooled by-forcibly driving same through the piston which acts as a refrigerating chamber. After leaving the piston and preceding its introduction into the space 'where final compression takes place, the feeding matteris subjected to an additional cooling treatment; Expansion may eventuallybe accomplished in separate devices which .may be arranged in series vin a manner similar `to that described heretofore in connectionwwith the method of compressing the feeding matter.

l In applying the above theoretical considera-L tions, three distinct motor types may be practically realized;

(l) A motor with single-acting cylinders in which preliminary compression is accomplished within the motor.casing.

(2) A motor with cylinders having lower cylinder heads in which preliminary `compressionis itself, under the piston, either 'in the crankcase,A

y or in vany extension of the cylinder especially ar.

' ing to the ordinary four-stroke cycle, and' the compressing devicemoperatively connected with accomplished in the extension `of the cylinder The motors with single-acting cylinders or withA lowercylinder head may be used and have given interesting practical results, 'but the compound' combination, suitably realized by the use of cylinders withfrontal cylinder heads, constitutes the main o bject of the present invention.

lOther features ofthe present invention will result from the following detailed descriptionl of some specific embodiments thereof. l

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will` be hereinafter described, with reference to the accompanying drawings, given merely by way of example, and in which:

Figs.Vv 1 andl 1a, which complete each other.

correspondv to an axial vertical section of the engine accordingfto the present invention, with the pre-compressionperformed on the inside of the enginecrank'case;

Fig. 2 is a detail plan lview of the piston Vof the engine in part section of Figs. 1 andla;

III-III Fig.7 isa vertical axial section of anenginevV in which the pre-compression is eiected not in the crankcase, but in a space especially provided for forming a compressor, ink line' with the cylinder of the engine.

In Fig. 1, which shows a fourv strokeenginevv of .the usual type, reference numeral!!! ldesignates-the cylinder, Il the.v piston,.,l 2 the-inlet valve lilthe connectingrodvandlvilgthe crank case. According to the present invention, Ireduce the lvolume of the partot-the cylinder above the piston and the volume available in the crankcase iny thewfollowing manner: The space I ,5, locatedabove the middle Vwall i8 of the'pistonis closed byiapiston headl Il ,screwedin the upper part of the piston so as to be yush with the top edge thereof. Above wthe middle wall I6, the

boss I8 oilthe connectingrodendis covered '.with.-

any aluminiumor `copper sheet I9, iixedp/the wall in a iiuidtight manner, butleavingbetween it and boss I8 the play necessaryicnY the vfree movement of the connecting rodi, The feed air on its way togvthecylinder will ilow through space I5, so that said air willgact for cooling the piston from the inside. -In order. tg

`'obtanfthis cooling action,y I fix on the top "of:v plug a thin plate ct aluminium ork copper, rprovided with a plurality offribs-A{Lpreferably slightly curved as` shown` by Fig.v 4 for eii'ecting aI good distributionoi'air `along their own laces. `and also alongtheend element ysecured to the.;

piston. The general direction of, these ribs or ytins.ci'irresponds to that of the i'eedair, stream. 1The inside volume of crankcase i4 is lreduced as follows:

On the inside` the axial jplanein which connecting ,rod-.i3 is moving, a piecec22,(Fig.,3), of` iluidtightlcharacter and made of metaLwithlhulging parts23 ing in a sleeve 29 on the 'inside of the body of the distributor,y 3|, secured on the -side ot the engine. In the distributor 2l, there are provided two passages or channels, to wit. a ilrst one 3|, called an inlet passage, relatively wide `and extending over a suitableangle forvconnec'tthe inlet conduit `32, which opens tothe atmosphere, with the inlet orifice 33 which opens into the crankcase. and another one, I4, slightly narrower, visible in Figs. 5 and 6. adapted to connect conduit 35, coming from the crankcase.

Fig. 6, with the discharge conduit 35 visible ou Fig. 6. Reference numeral' 31 designates a channel for oil under pressure, for` lubrication of the distributor. Ii desired, a suitable third passage or channel may be provided in the distributing device. f I u' ,The discharge conduit 38v is connected4 through ja suitable channel `:a l(Fig. 1). wmlI c nrstrccervoir 39 which constitutesQn. reserve of air. This reservoir communicates throughan 'outlet passage `twith an orice 4I provided in the wall oi'v, cylinder ill. Atthe same level asLoriilce 4I and diametrlly .opposed thereto, there isvprovided infthe wallv offcylinderjlll an aperture opening into a secondreservoir 43'the upperA part of which communicates with the conduit 44 through which the inlet valveJZ. of the engine'is n t of the piston and underlthe k niiddlewall i6, there is xed,- onqeither side'oI` (Fig. 1) which occupy A,a certainpartial volume between the smallfaces ofthe connecting rod and the corresponding.opposedvfaces offthe piston. The sectionofthis piece 22,l is visible .on Fig. 1. y

On the `inside yof t around the cylindrical peripheryfof 'the crankshaft, a ring 24 made of a metal having facci-tain elasticity and whichiltsin a `housing provided in lthe crankshaft. lThis elasticA ring is vsplit and it "fied with fuel mixture...Thisreservoir` 43 ispreterably provided withfany knownlcooiing device shown at ,45; Therst mentioned reservoir may be cooled if deemed necessary.

In piston nare prcviqaftw trincee luid` 41, diametrallyopposedfto'each other. and located at.the same 1evel,.both` of theseoriiices opening into chamber II y and being y adapted, `for agiven position o! the piston-,to vcommunii cate lsimultaneously with .the apertures 4l and 42 oi thewall of the cylinder.,` ...1 t

, The device above described operatesin the iollowing manner' y M y,

,During` a v part of the downward stroke tot., plston Il, therotary'distributor `28separates, the

inner space ofthe casing both from the outer atmosphere andffrom the dischargec'onduit Il.

`The air present inthe crankcase is compressed. When the compression has reached the desired degree; determined by the amplitudeandthe `posimon cr the passagcsm and [u 151:1thc-intram-4 tofr, the insides: tnecrankcgsejis ccnnectcd with 34 and the discharge. conduit and compressed-air is sent into thefilrst reservoir-.33. `During the Vupward stroke of piston/ll, 4the inside` of the crankcase again communicates ,l with .the outer .atmosphere through `orifice J3 `and kthe passage cated :opposite rth'is'jc'rincc .u and the mime:

bears through its ends` z'ontheouterii'aces of;

journal `26. This deviceisappliedio the-ftwo inner cheeks of the' cylindricalcrankshait. 10W- ing to the reduction thusobtained ofthe inner space "of 4the crankcase, ,the compressorA ensures ing the desired'result. a

the degree of compression{necessaryffor obtain-y The valvesystem ofthe, compress()r.,may` bel oi any kind, with positively controlledvalves or not. Apreferred embodiment of `this system is the rotary device shownzby Figs. 1,.,5 nd of the drawings. On a secondary' shaft 2:1,ro`tating'at the same speed as the driving. shaft, there is keyed a rotary cylindrical distributor 28,`turn y3 2,v Suctiontakesgplace andceases 'when piston All is nearing thefend ofvitsupw'ard stroke,"at which' time distributor 28 again' closes the orice 33. A

The compressed airstored ,in the tlrstreservoir 3S ,may be sent` direc'tly'to `the'linlet,valve ft2. However, it has been foundl thatitfis preferableto 'provide asecond reservoir,`, or intermediatc'reser- .voir 43,.chiefiy..in order to create means for cooll ing piston Il fromthe inside. VPlstonltili provided, as above exp1ained,'with two oricesv 4I and 41 diametrally foppose'd to each other and provided inA the'wall thereof.'` `Everytime piston Il is at the end `raf its downward stroke, as) shovfnbyFigs.,1,` Vand 1a. theseorices. 46 andk 4l are located opposite' the apertures 4I and 42 of the cylinder wall. A communication is then provided between reservoirs 39' and 43 and air` on its way to reservoir 43 passes through the chamber l of the piston, passing metal sheet I3 and fins 2|, thus ensuringan eilicient cooling of of the crankcase, is performed in the lower part of the cylinder itself. which then acts as compressor cylinder. 'I'his arrangement implies cerktain'modifications of the engine. Piston Il `is identical, as a whole, to that of a steam engine,

as shown by Fig. 7. but it is more especially arranged in such manner as to give the result' according to the present invention. In particular, it is provided, at the top of the added end part l1 screwed thereon, with fins 2l. It also includes two orices 46 andv 41, as above explained, for coming opposite the orifices 4I and 42 of the cylinder wall. On the other hand, a supplementary inlet 48 is provided for air, including a small deflector 49, which sends the air entering the passage-toward the bottom part of the piston so as to cool it. Radial ribs 50 are provided in the portion of the piston located at the level of this oriiice'48. Cylinder I0 is closed, at the bottom, by an end piece 5I through which passes, with the interposition of a packing member, piston rod 53 connected with a cross-head 54-slid ing between guideways 55 provided on the engine frame. This cross-head 54 is connected in the usual manner to the driving connecting rod 56. 'Ihe compressor, constituted by piston Il, the lower part of cylinder l0 and end part 5I, is provided with the samedistribution system as that of Fig. 1. In other words, it includes a rotary distributor 28 which connects the inside of cylinder l0 alternately with-the outer atmosphere and reservoir 39. The engine is provided `with the two' reservoirs 39 and 43 and its operation, concerning the use of pre-compression, is that described with reference to'Figs. 1 and la. Distribution bygmeans of a rotary valve can, of

by Fig. 7, oils which may have penetrated into the piston through apertures 46 and 48 are evacuated toward the guidewaysthrough a central channel 60 of the pistony rod 53, communicating atv the top through suitable apertures with the inside of the piston end, and 'at ythe bottom, through other apertures, with the upper face of the cross-head, from which place the oil is led toward slideways 55.

Some of the many advantages of the invention are the following: The power per unit of mass and the ileld of utilization are considerably increased, as compared with those of the engines used at the present time. This results mainly from the fact that the cooling of the piston is far beyond the cooling that could be obtained up to thepresent, the increase in cooling being approximately ten times greater in compound engines. Also, in compound engines, preliminary compression-and cooling of the feeding matter enables of reducing its volumetric value in the proportion of at least six to one before its admission to the upper part of the high-pressure cylinder a temperature of only 15 C. above the room temperature, while in all other engines this temperature, with the same volumetric decrease is about' 240 C. above the normal temperature. Under these conditions it becomes possible to considerably increase the flnal pressure and therefore the efficiency of the engine, as well in explosion motors as in internal combustion engines. 4The cost of construction' per unit of power is greatly reduced. The cruising radius is much greater, in the case of engines applied to aviation and automobiles, and, especially, in the case of automobile vehicles, the cost of transportation is reduced.

In a general manner, while I have, in the above description, disclosed what I deem to be practical and emcient embodiments of the present invention, it should be well understood that I do not wish to be limited thereto as there might be changes made inthe arrangement, disposition and form of the parts without departing from the principle of the present invention as comprehended within the scope of thel appended claims.

What I claim is:

1. A four-stroke internal combustion engine which comprises, in combination, at least one cylinder, two reservoirs, located on opposed sides of said cylinder respectively, an inlet conduit for said cylinder, a hollow` piston movablein -said A cylinder, means, operatively connected with said piston, for compressing air into one of said reservoirs, and means for connecting the other reservoir with said inlet conduit, said piston being adapted 'to connect said two reservoirswith each I other for a portion of the stroke of said piston.

2. A four-stroke internal combustion engine which comprises, in combination, at least one cylinder, two reservoirs, located on opposed sides of said cylinder, respectively, an inlet-conduit for said cylinder, a hollow piston movable in said cylinder, a two-stroke compressor including said piston adapted to work with a cyclicl` speed equal to twice that of said engine, for compressing air into one of said reservoirs, and means connecting the other reservoir with said inlet conduit, -said piston being adapted to connect said two reservoirs with eachother for a portion of its stroke.

3. 'A four stroke internal combustion engine, which comprises, in combination, at least one cylinder, :two reservoirs, located on opposed sides of -said cylinder, respectively, an inlet conduit for said cylinder, a hollow piston movable iny said cylinder, a compressor, including said piston, a vcrankcase for said engine, and means for filling a. portion of said crankcase for reducing the inner volume thereof, for compressing air into one of said reservoirs, and .means connecting the other reservoir with said inlet conduit, said pisrton being adapted to connect said two reservoirs with each other for a portion of its stroke.

4. A four stroke internal vcombustion engine, which comprises, in combination, at least one cylinder, two reservoirs, located on opposed sides of said cylinder, respectively, an inlet conduit for said cylinder, a hollow piston movable in said cylinder, a compressor including said piston for compressing air 4into one of said reservoirs, a

rotary distributor operatively connected with said engine and turning at the same speed associated with said compressor, 'andmeans connecting the other reservoir with-said inlet conduit, said piston being adapted to connect said two reservoirs with each other for a portion of its stroke. y

5. A four stroke internal combustion engine, which comprises, in combination, at least one cylinder, two reservoirs located on opposed sides of said cylinder, respectively, an inlet conduit for said cylinder, a'hollow piston movable in said cylinder, acomptessor, including said piston, a crankcase forsaid engine, Vand means for nlling a portion of said crankcase for reducing .fthe volume of the inside thereof, for compressingair Massa stroke oi' `said piston, and cooling ns carried into one of said reservoirs, a rotary distributor v operatively connected with Ysaid engine and turning at the same speed associated with said compressor, and means connecting the other reservoir with said inlet conduit, said piston kbeing adapted to connect said two reservoirs with each other for a portion of its stroke.

`6. A four-stroke internal combustion engine whichcomprises, in combination,` at least one cylinder, twovreservoirs located on opposite sides of said cylinder respectively, an inlet conduitior said cylinder, a hollow piston movable in said cylinder, means, operatively connected with said piston, `for .compressing air into one'of Asaid reservoirs, and means for connecting the other reser' voir with said inlet conduit, said cylinder `being l .provided with apertures communicating with said.l reservoirs, respectively, and 'said piston `being provided with ports adapted to l cooperate with said apertures, respectively, soV as lto connect said two reservoirs witheach other for a portion of the stroke of said:piston.

7. A four stroke internal combustion engine which comprises, in combination. at least one cylinder, two reservoirs, located on opposite sides of said cylinder, respectively, an inlet conduit rfor said cylinder, a hollow piston movable in,r said cylinder, a two-stroke compressor including-.said piston adapted to work with a cyclic speed equal to twice that of said engine, for compressing air. into one of said reservoirs, Vand means connecting the other `reservoir with said inlet conduit, saidf:

cylinderbeing providedwith apertures communieating with said `two reservoirs respectively, and said piston being provided` writh ports adapted tocooperate with said apentures, respectively, so as to connect said two reservoirs with each oth'er for a' portion vof the stroke of said piston. v

8. A fourwstroke internal 4combustion engine which comprises, in combination, at least oney cylinder, inlet means for said cylinder, ahollow piston movable in said cylinder, a transverse partition wall extending through said4 piston below the piston head and providing a chamber therebetween,l means, operatively connected with said piston, for compressing air, means for conveying the air compressed by said means through the chamber in said piston to saidv inlet means, and'cooling means carried upon the inner vwalls of said chamber in said piston, saidcooling means including tins, composed' of a metal diiierent from said piston and extending throughout said chamber in the direction ofthe ilowl of coml pressed air therethrough. a

`9. A four stroke internal combustion lengine which comprises, in/combination, .at least'one cylinder, two reservoirs, located onopposed sides of said cylinder, respectively, anl inlet conduit for said cylinder, means, operatively connected with said piston, for compressing air into one of said reservoirs, means for connecting the other 10. A four by the inner wall of` said piston and extending in the direction from one of said ports to the other.`

which comprises, in combinatiomat least one cylinder, two reservoirs, located on opposed sides of said cylinder, respectively, an inlet conduit for vsaid `cyllndenta hollow piston movable in said cylinder, means` operatively connected ,with v said piston, for compressingair into one'of said reservoirs, means for coolingat least one of said reservoirs,and means for connecting the reservoirv opposed `to that intovwhich air `is, compressed by Vsaid compressing means, with said inletconduit, said plstonbeing adapted to connect saidl two reservoirs with each other for a portion ofthe stroke of said piston.`

11. A iour stroke internal combustionv engine whichy comprises,4 in combination, at least one cylinder. two reservoirs, located on opposed sides of said cylinder, respectively, an inlet conduit for said cylinder, a hollow piston movable in said cylinder,v a compressonincluding an extension of said ycylinderandapiston rigidly connected with said nrst mentioned piston, for compressing V'air into one of said reservoirs,4 and means vcon- 'necting the other `reservoir with said inlet conduit, .said piston being adapted to'connect said two reservoirs with each other for aportionoi vits stroke. -l l y f 12.'A iour stroke ,internal combustion` engine which comprises. in combination, at least one cylinder, two reservoirs, located on opposed sides of Vsaid cylinder, respectively, aninlet conduit for said cylinder,y a `hollow piston movable in said 'cylindera compressor, including an extension of said cylinder andi-a piston rigidly connected with `said iirst mentioned piston, for compressing air into one of vsaidreservoirs, a rotary vdistributor operatively connected with said engine and -turning'at'the same sped associated with said for said cylinder,A a hollow piston movable in said cylinder, a compressor,includinganextenslonoi said cylinder and a piston rigidly `connected Vwith said first mentioned pistonffor reservoir with said inlet conduit, said ycylinder being- 4provided with two diametrally opposed apertures communicating with said reservoirs, respectively and said piston being provided with r:two ports adapted to cooperate with said twoy apertures, respectively, so as to connect said two reservoirs with each other for a portion ofthe compressing air Linto one of saidv reservoirs,'al. rotaryy distributor operatively connected with said engine and turning atthe same speed assoelated with said compressor, and meansconnecting the other reservoir with said inlet conduit. said cylinder being provided 4with two jdiametrally" opposed `apertures.communicating Jwith said reservoirs, respectively, and saidpiston being provided with two ports adapted44 to coopcrate with rsaid two apertures,}respectively, so

las to connect said two reservoirs with eachother for a'portion of'the stroke of said piston.

14. A four stroke internal combustion engine v, according to claim 13,ln which said pistonis provided with a supplementary orifice,Y and a de.

ilector associatedI therewith, for sending scavenging l air onto lthe end of saidplston,

" NACCACH,

stroke 4internal combustion engine

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