US2206587A - Copying machine - Google Patents

Description

M. H. TAYLOR COPYING MACHINE July 2, 1940.

Filed July 21, 1958 '7 Sheets-Shegt l .ullh Hl Ill H AH UH WWl L HHl l WMUHHHHUHI I IH u wk are 23/ fluzwiaw 2 July 2, 1940. M. H. TAYLOR COPYING MACHINE Filed July 21; 1958 '7 Sheets-Sheet 2 I 7 prev flMrMW M. H. TAYLOR 2,206,587

COPYING MACHINE Filed July 21, 1958 7 Sheets-Sheet 5 July 2, 1950.

July 2, 1940. M. H. TAYLOR 2,206,587

COPYING MACHINE Filed July 21, 1938 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 M. H. TAYLOR COPYING MACHINE Jilly 2, 1940.

'7 Sheets- Sheet 5 Filed July 21, 1938 M. H. TAYLOR COPYING MACHINE July '2, 1940.

Filed July 21, 1958 7 Sheets-Sheet 6 ii 3 n l 7 H f llL,

imn l uun H H.

y 1940. M. H. TAYLOR 87 COPYING MACHINE Filgd July '21, 1938 '7 Sheets-Sheet '7 25 production ratio.

Patented July 2, 1940 UNITED STATES 2,206,587 corms MACHINE Mark Herschel Taylor, Leicester, England, assignor to Kapella Limited, Leicester, England, a company of Great Britain Application July 21, 1938, SrialNo. 220,465. i me e Britain July 24,1931

24 Claims. This invention relates to copying machines of the kind in which a tool is caused to produce on the work a reproduction of the outlines of a copy such as a drawing or template. The nature of the tool will depend on the operation to be performed on the work, and the tool may consist, ,for example, of an abrasive wheel or an end mill for grinding or cutting the work or of a stylus or other marking device for imparting surface .10 markings to the work. 1

Existing machines of this kind usually employ a tracer for following the outlines of the copy-and a pantograph or other suitable mechanism for interconnecting the tracer, the copy, 1'' the tool and the work in such a' manner as to produce relative movement between the tool and the work, which is a scale reproduction of the relative movement between the tracer and the copy. Such machines can be so designed as to give a high degree of accuracy in the reproduction provided that the reproduction ratio is fixed, but mechanical errors and inaccuracies are inevitably introduced if the inter-connecting mech anism is made adjustable to give a variable're- Moreover the use of a fixed high ratio, although of course giving greater accuracy than a low ratio, is inconvenient since it involves either the use of a very large and expensive machine which is inconvenient to operate oithe'restrictionpf the work operated on to very small dimensions. In practice it is amply sumcient in a large number of instances to operate with a fixed ratio of, say, 5:1, but it is often required in individual instances to use a much higher ratio.

- 7 Such difllculty is avoided in a machine according to the specification of the present applicants patent application Serial No. 151,891, dated July 3, 1937, which comprises an optical system for forming an image of the drawing or other copy,

whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work, a sighting device for viewing such image, means for imparting relative movement to the image and the sighting device-whereby the sight ing device can be caused to trace the outlines of the image, and means whereby such relative movement is to control relative movement between supports for the tool and the work. The preferred construction of machine described and illustrated in the said specification employs a fixed ratio pantograph for producing relative movement between the-tool and work supports which is a scale reproduction of the relative movement 'between two further supports, which may carry, as may be desired, either a tracer and copy for direct mechanical reproduction at the fixed pantograph ratio after the mannor of theknown machines, or the image and the sighting device for indirect mechanical and optical reproduction at a ratio determined by the 5 product of the pantograph ratio and the optical magnification ratio.

Such a machine, however, in common with the,

prior known machinesycalls for highly skilled workmanship in manufacture and also for the use 10 of specially designed parts, such as bearings.

in order to enable the desired-high degree of accuracy to be obtained in the operation of the pantograph or other interconnecting mechanism for producing the mechanical scale reproduction.

In the machine according to the present invention the reproduction ratio of. the machine is determined wholly in accordance with the optical magnification ratio without any mechanical scale reproduction, by maintaining the relative movement between the tool and work supports equal to that between the image and the sighting device.

For the purpose of operating on the work the tool may have rotary or reciprocating or rotary and reciprocating movement relative to the work, such movement being independent of and superimposed on the'relative movement controlled by the relative movement of the image and sighting device. a

The image and the sighting device may be-directly carried one by each of the supports for the tool and the work so as to move therewith, or alternatively supports for the four elements may be interconnected by mechanism operating at unity l gear ratio. Thus the four supports may have datum points or origins, two of which have normally fixed operative positions, whilst the other 7 two are constrained to move .so that the line joining them remains parallel and equal to the line joining the first two. Conveniently two' of the four supports (preferably the two movable supports. are synchronously rotatable about parallel axes passing through their datum points 8 or origins. Thus these two supports may be mounted in hearings in a member which can move, for example under the control of two mutually perpendicular slideways, in such a manner as always to remain parallel to itself. It will usu- 5 ally bemore convenient for the work and image suppom to constitute the two rotatable supports.

Means are preferably provided for varying the optical magnification ratio. This can conveniently be achieved by so mounting the optical sys- Y may be modified for circular tracks B carried by a slide B. The tracks riage C, the tracks B the slide B and a fixed part of tem and the copy that they can be adjusted'along the optical axis of the system.

Means may also be provided whereby the tool can be constrained to generate straight lines and Figure 4 is a section on an enlarged scale,

showing the manner in which current is supplied for illuminating the copy,

Figure 5 illustrates, in section, a modified arrangement for illuminating the copy,

Figures 6 and 7 show in side elevation and plan respectively one way in which the apparatus are grinding,

Igigure 8 illustrates a modified construction, an

Figures 9 and 10 show in plan and side elevation respectively an arrangement employing pivoted links, instead of mutually perpendicular slideways, for controlling the movements of the carriage.

Referring more particularly to Figures 1 to 4 of the drawings, the machine comprises a fixed base A provided with ball tracks A extending transverse to the length of the base A and cooperating with balls A which engage transverse A1 B1 and the balls A thus constitute a slideway along which the slide B can move transversely to the length of the base A. The slide B is furnished with ball tracks B at right angles to the tracks A B and engaged by balls B which also cooperate with tracks C carried beneath a car- C and balls 13 thus constituting a second slideway along which the carriage C can move in the direction of the length of the base A, i. e., in a direction at right angles to the movement of the slide B.

The transverse adjustment of the slide B is effected by manual rotation of -a head D (Figures 1 and 2) in screwthreaded .engagement with a thrust rod D and bearing against an abutment nut D so that rotation of the head D causes longitudinal movement of the rod D The inner end of the rod D bears against a lug on he s ide 13,, tension springs D acting between the base so as o ma n ain the slde B firmly in engagement with the inner end of the rod D The abutment nu- D is spl t as shown in Figure l andis in -lidng engagement with a pin D carried by the base A. the nut D being normally locked o the pin D by an eye bolt D and cooperating fin er screw D The longitud'nal adjustment of the carrier C *s effected by manual rotation of a head E in screwthreaded engagement with a thrust rod E and bearing against an abutment nut E so that rotation of the head E causes longitudinal movement of the rod E 7 E bears against a lug on the carrier C,'as clearly shown inFigure 3, tension springs E acting belugs E on the carrier C and lugs E on the sl'de B, so that the carrier C is'urged towards 75 a pin E carried by the rod E The abutment n'ut E cooperates with the slide B "and is normally The inner end of the rodv locked thereto by a finger screw E",'in' a manner similar to that described with reference to the abutment nut D.

The carriage C has near one end bearings F for a vertical shaft F carrying a work table F, and near the other end a bearing Gr carrying a tubular member G whose upper end is screwthreaded to receive a tube G for supporting a translucent screen G and for enclosing a projection lens G in a mount G A light rigid framework H extends downwards from the tubular member G to support a copy table H for carrying a drawing or other copy whose profile is to be reproduced on the work, the table H being carried by a spindle H in screwthreaded engagement with the base of the framework H so that the table can be adjusted vertically to and from the lens G by rotating the table H and spindle H For the purpose of illuminating the copy, lamps H are mounted around the inside of the framework H these lamps being supplied with current through slip rings H (Figure 4) carried by the framework H and cooperating with springloaded brushes H mounted in a casing I-I carried by a part of the fixed base A. Figure 5 shows an alternative arrangement in which a light framework H", corresponding to the framework H described above, carries a translucent table H which lies above a diffusing screen H arranged over fixed lamps arranged within a stationary casing H I The projection lens G projects on the screen G a reduced image of the copy supported on the table H or H, the reproduction ratio being variable in Figure 3 by adjusting the table H and lens mount G and in Figure 5 by adjusting the lens mount alone.

The tubular member G has formed thereon a gear wheel F equal in size to a gear wheelF which rotates with the work table F, these two gear wheels being interconnected through an idler gear wheel F journalled in the carriage '0. Rotary movement is thus transmitted between the gear wheels F and F at unity gear ratio so that movement of the work table F, both rotational and translational, are exactly equal ,to those of the image on the screen G.

Two microscopes J and J (Figure 1) are mounted with their optical axes O, 0 vertical on a bracket J carried by the base A, the distance between the two optical axes, O, '0 being exactly equal to the distance tion It and R of the work table F and the tubular member G carrying the screen G, lens G and copy table H, whilst the plane containing the optical axesO, O (the primary plane) is parallel to that containing the two axes R, R in all positions of the sliding carriage C since this is constrained, by the .mutually perpendicular slideways, to remain parallel to itself.

The tool, which in the construction shown consists of a grinding wheel K, is mounted on a' the grinding wheel K to be maintained with its operative point exactly in the primary plane beneath the work microscope J, and thereby to allow for wear or thewheelx. "I'he slidewayxiscarbetween the axes of rota-- the worm L since the image is itself ried on a plate K which can be turned, by means of a hand wheel K about a horizontal axis passing through the operative point of the grinding.

wheel K. Thus, by releasing the plate K" and turning the hand wheel K the direction of upward reciprocation of the plunger for moving the grinding wheel can be inclined to the vertical at any desired angle for imparting a rake to the work, the plate K being then clamped in the position of adjustment.

The work table F is also furnished with a worm wheel L which is engaged by a worm L operated by a hand wheel L. Synchronous rotation of the work table F and the tubular member G can thus be produced by rotating the hand wheel L, a turret lock L being provided for locking an eccentric sleeve, in which the shaft of rotation into or out of engagement. The worm U can be thrown out of engagement with the worm wheel L by operating a release button L to turn the eccentric inafter described.

-In operation the grinding wheel K is set by means of the hand wheel K with its operative point on the optical axis 0 of the work microscope J, and the carriage C is moved by adjust ment of the heads D and E to cause the copy microscope J to traverse the outline of the image on the screen G, the grinding wheel being at the same time rotated and reciprocated thus ensuring that the wheel R will grind the work exactly in accordance with the outline of the image and, a scale reproductiqnof the copy, also in accordance at the appropriate ratio with the outlineof the copy. Synchronous rotation of the work table F and screen G by means of the hand wheel L enables to be carried out on all sides of the work and also to be carried out at the angle to the face most suitable for The machine is preferably provided with means work surwhereby straight lines and circular arcs can be sired straight line, the

ground on the work in accordance with basic measurements independently of the outline of the copy itself. To this. end, in the construction shown, for straight line grinding the work table F is rotated by the hand wheel L to the appropriate orientation, as read oii a vernier scale L relative to the primary plane. The slide B is also adiusted by means of the head D to a position such that the axis of the work shaft F is at the appropriate distance from-the primary plane, as read from a vernier scale D". Thus, by manipulation of the head E the carriage C is moved so that the work is ground along the deadiustment of the carriage C along the slideways B being indicated on a vernier scale E.

For circular arc grinding the point on the work table constituting the centre of the arc is held fixed at a distance from the operative point of the grinding wheel equal to the radius of the arc. Tothis end,asshownin1 igures6and7,atransverse bridge M carried by a fixed frame is provided furnished with longitudinal guides M for an arm M? which can be traversed along the guides M by means of a screw M operated by a hand wheel M. The arm M canies a pin M which engages a block M longitudinally slidable along guides M formed in a member M which the member M can be screwed on to the upper end of the tubular member G (Figure 3) in place of the tube G The pin M can thus be is journalled, against unintentional sleeve, for the purpose herev pin M is then adjusted adjusted by the hand wheel M along the guides M to provide one coordinate for location of the centre of the circular arc to be generated, the pin after final adjustment being locked in position by ,a stud M extending through anaperture in a flange carried by the pin M It will be appreciated that since movements of the table F correspond exactly at unity ratio to those of the tubular member G and therefore to those of the member M fixing of the pin M in any position along the guides M will be the equivalent of fixing this pin at the corresponding point on the table F. The work table F is provided with apertures- N for cooperation with a locking pin N whose head engages a T-slot formed in the gear wheel F so that-the table can be adjusted angularly to give the second ing the centre of the circular arc to be generated on the work.

In order to locate the parts accurately in their positions of adjustment, the carriage C is first coordinate for.determincopyaxes R and R axes 0 and 0 coincident with the microscope The table F is now released from the worm L by operating the button L ,-and the locking pin N is also released and the work table F is turned, relatively to the work shaft F through the appropriate angle (as read from a Vernier scale N provided on the periphery of the work table) constituting one coordinate for determining the centre of the arc to be ground, the table being clamped in the position of adjustment by tightening the locking pin N By means of the hand wheel L, the tubular member G: is turned until the guidm M extend at right anglm to the primary plane as shown in Figure 7. The along the guides M by operating the hand wheel M to bring the pin to the of the centre of the are relatively to the copy axis, and the pin is then secured in such position by abutment nut D is now released C is moved by manipulation of the hand wheel M, at right angles to the primary plane until the carriage cywhich will be accompanied by rotation of the work table F, willcause the grind ing wheel K to generate the desired are on the work.

Although it will tightening the stud M The.

and the carriage be convex or concave),

K so that movement of usually be simpler to employ polarooordinates in the manner above described for locating the centre of the are, it will be ap preciated that the mechanism may be modified toemploy Cartesian coordinates, if desired.

In some instances, for example where one side only of the work needs to be ground, the ma= chine may be considerably simplified by fixing the work support and copy support on the carriage instead of mounting them to rotate thereon One arrangement of this type is shown by way of example in Figure 8, which comprises a slide P which can move on rollers P cooperating with slideways I? carried by the base A, and a carriage Q which can move on the slide P in a direction at right angles to the movement of the slide P, the carriage Q and slide P being controlled in the manner described above in respect of the carscreen S synchronism as in at one end with a light framework S for supporting the copy, and a screwthreaded boss S for receiving the tube S supporting the lens S and The carriage-Q carries at its other end a table'Q which is rotationally adjustable on the carriage and can be locked in the rotational position by a bolt Q whose head cooperates with a T-slot Q in the carriage Q.

Thus, though the table Q and copy supports are not synchronously rotatable, the movements of the table are still exactly at unity ratio with. the movements of the copy so that the grinding wheel K will reproduce the profile of the copy at a scale determined solely by the magnification ratio of the lens system. The rotational adjustability of the table Q is convenient for dealing with certain types of work, for example where a designis repeated several times, and where accurate matching up of mating curves is not of vital importance a design occupying 360 could be generated by the machine.

It will -be understood that other forms of parallel motion device may be employed instead oi the mutually perpendicular slideways for controlling the movements of the main carriage.

- For example, the movements of the carrier may be controlled by pivoted links as shown in Figures 9 and 10, in which the,carrier T on which the work table T1, housing T for the lens and screen,

and copy support 'I are mounted to rotate in I the constructions above described, is connected through links U, U and V, V to a fixed pillar W, which carries the work other pair, on a secon 'screen are fixed in position,

and copy microscopes (not shown). The links A and B are of robust construction and the carrier Thas a downward extension T which supports the lower bearing for the work shaft T so that the links V and V are relieved of all stresses other than direct tensile or compressive stresses and these two links as also an interconnecting tie W can be of simple construction. If desired the two microscopes and the tool may be mounted on the main carriage, whilst the axes of the work table. and the copy, lens and or alternately thev one pair of elements may be mounted on a carriage movable along a fixed slideway and thed fixed slideway at right angles to the first. g What -I claim as my invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:'

1-. ins copying machine, the combination or a tool for operating on the work, a. fiat copy'whose outlines are to .be reproduced on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, two optical systems,- having parallel optical axes and respectively serving. for projecting a .i'ocussed scale image 01' the copy. and for viewing such image, means for imparting relative movement to the image and the viewing optical system in two dimensions corresponding to those of the flat copy and at right angles to the optical. axes of the optical'systems whereby the viewing optical system can be caused to trace the outlines of the image, and means whereby the relative movement between the viewing optical system and the image causes strictly equal relative movement between the'tool and the work supports, the reproduction ratio of the machine thus being determined solely by the magnification ratio of the projecting optical system;

2.;In a copying machine, the combination of .a tool for operating on the work, a flat copy whose outlines are to be. reproduced on the work, rela- =zs tively movable {or the tool and the 1 and means for imparting relative movement to the supports in two dimensions at right angles to the optical axes of the projecting optical system and of the microscope, the reproduction ratio of the machine thus being determined solely by the magnification ratio of the projecting optical system.

3. In a copying machine, the combination of a tool for operating on the work, an optical system for projecting a focussed, scale image of the copy whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work, a microscope for viewing such image, four relatively movable supports respectively for the tool, for the work, for the image and for the microscope, such supports having datum points or origins two of which have normally fixed operative positions whilst the other two are movable, means for imparting relative movement to the image and microscope supports whereby the microscope can be caused to tracethe outlines of the image, and mechanism operating at unity ratio for interconnecting the image and microscope supports with the tool and work supports whereby the relative movement between the microscope and the image will cause equal relative movement between the tool and the work and the line joining the two movable datum points or origins will be maintained equal and parallel to. the line joining the normally fixed datum points or origins, the reproduction ratio of the machine thus being determined solely in accordance with the optical magnification ratio.

4. The combination with the features set forth in claim 3, of means whereby the two supports having movable datum points or origins can be synchronously rotated about parallel axes passing respectively through such datum points or origins."

5. In a copying machine, the combination of a tool for operating on the work, a flat copy whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work,.relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, arr-optical system for forming a iocussed scale image of the copy in a plane parallel to that of the copy, a microscope for viewing such image, means for imparting relative movement to the microscope and the image ingthus determined solely in accordance with the optical magnification ratio, and means for reciprocating the tool in a direction transverse to the planes'of the image and the copy.

6. The combination with the features of claim. 2. of means for reciprocating the tool on its sup-. 4 port in a direction transverse to the directions of.

the relative movement between the supports.

in two dimensions parallel to the plane oi the image whereby the "I. In a copying machine, the combination of a tool for operating on the work, a fiat copy whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work,

anopticalsystemiorformingarocuseedscale image of the copy in a plane parallel to that of the copy, a microscope for viewing such image, means for imparting relative movement to the microscope and the image in two dimensions parallel to the plane of the image whereby the microscope can be caused to trace the outlines of the image, and means whereby the relative movement between the microscope and the image causes equal relative movement between the tool and the work the reproduction ratio of the machine being thus determined solely in accordance with the optical magnification ratio, the tool being in the form of a grinding wheel rotatable about an axis parallel to the planes of the image and the copy,

8. The combination with the features of claim 2, the tool being in' the form of a grinding wheel, of means for rotating such grinding wheel about an axis lying in a plane perpendicular to the optical axes of the microscope and the projecting optical system, and means for reciprocating the grinding wheel in a direction transverse to such plane.

9. In a copying machine, in combination, a tool for operating on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, an optical system for forming an image of the copy whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work, a sighting device for viewing such image, supports for the image and the sighting device,

means for imparting relative movement ,to the nously rotatable about image and the sighting device supports whereby the sighting device can be caused to trace the outlines of the image, and mechanism interconnecting the image and sighting device supports with the tool and work supports, the said mechanism operating at unity ratio whereby relative movement of the tool and work supports causes equal relative movement .of the said image and sighting device supports the reproduction ratio of the machine being thus determined solely in accordance with the optical magnification ratio, the four supports for the tool, work, image and sighting device having datum points or origins, the sighting device and tool supports being normally fixed whilst the image and work supports areynot only movable under constraint which maintains a line joining their origins parallel to a line joining the origins of the tool and sighting device supports but are also syncroparallel axes through their datum points or origins.

10. In a' copying machine, in combination, a

' tool for operating on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, an optical system for forming an image of the copy whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work,

, a sighting device for viewing such image, supports for the image and sighting device, means for imparting relative movement to the image and sighting device supports whereby the sighting device can be caused to trace the outlines of the image, mechanism interconnecting the image and sighting device supports with the tool and work supports, the said mechanism operating at unity ratio whereby Trelative movement of the tool and work supports causes equal relative movement of the said imageand sighting devic e.

supports the reproduction-ratio 01' the machine beingthus determined; solely in accordance with the, optical magnification ratio, the four supports for the tool, work, image and sighting device' having datum points or origins, and a carrier for two of the-said supports and movable under constraint whichI mair tz'v'ins' alline. joining the passing .two supports, the first two supports being synchronously rotatable on the carrier about parallel axes passing throughthe datum points or origins of the first two supports. 7

11. In a copying-machine, in combination, a tool for operating on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, an optical system for forming an image of the copy whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work, a sighting device for viewing such image, supports for the image and the sighting device, means for imparting relative movement to the image and the sighting device supports whereby the sighting device can be caused to trace the outlines of the image, and mechanism interconnecting the image and sighting device supports with the tool and work supports, the saidmechanism operating at unity ratio whereby relative movement of the tool and work supports causes equal relativemovement of the said image and sighting device supports the reproduction ratio of the machine being thus determined solely in accordance with the optical magnification ratio, the four supports for the tool, work, image and sighting device having datum points or origins, the origins of the sighting device and tool supports being normally fixed whilst the image and work supports are mounted to turn on a carrier movable under constraint which maintains a line joining the origins of the image and work supports always parallel to a line joining the'two origins of the sighting device and tool supports,

the image and work supports being synchronously rotatable on the carrier about parallel axes passing through the datum points or origins of the image and work supports. I

12. In a copying machine, in combination, a tool for operating on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, an optical system for forming an image of the copy whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work, a I

sighting device for viewing such image, supports for the image and sighting device, means for imparting relative movement to the image and sighting device supports whereby the sighting device can be caused to trace the outlines of the image, mechanism interconnecting the image for the-, .toq work, image and sighting device having datum points or origins, a, movable carrier fortwoiofthe'said supports, and mutually perpendicular slideways controlling the movements of the, carrier and maintaining aline joining the origins of the two supports mounted on the carrier parallel to a line joining the two origins of the second two supports, the first two supports being synchronously rotatable on the carrier about parallel axes passing through the datum points or origins of the first two suppqrts.

13. In 9, copying machine, in combination, a

" tool for-operating on the work, relatively-movable supports for the-tool and the work, an optical system for forming an image of the copy. whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work, a sighting device for viewing such image, supports forthe image and the sighting device, means, for

' the sighting device supports whereby the sighting device can be caused to trace the outlines of the image, mechanism interconnecting the image and sighting device supports with the tool and work supports, the said mechanism operating at unity ratio whereby relative movement of the tool and work supports causes equal relative movement of the said image and sighting device supports the reproduction ratio of the machine being thus determined solely in accordance with the optical magnification ratio, the four supports for the tool, work, image and sighting device having datum points or origins, the origins of the sighting device and tool supports being normally fixed whilst the image and work supports are synchronously rotatable on a carrier about parallel axes passing through the'datum points or origins of the image and work supports, and mutually perpendicular slideways controlling the movements of the carrier and maintaining a line joining the origins of the image and work supports always parallel to a line joining the two origins of the sighting device and tool supports.

14. In a copying machine, in combination, a tool for operating on the work, relatively movable supports -for the tool and the work, an optical system for forming an image of the copy whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work, means for varying the optical magnification ratio, a sighting device for viewing such image, means for imparting relative and the sighting device whereby the sighting device canbe caused to trace the outlines of the image, and means whereby relative movement of the tool and work supports causes equal relative movement of the said image and sighting device the reproduction ratio of the machine being thus-determined solely in accordance with the optical magnification ratio.

15. In a copying machine, in combination, a tool for operating on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, an optical system for forming an image of the copy whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work, means for varying the optical magnification ratio, a sighting device for viewing such image, supports for the image and the sighting device, means for imparting relative movement to the image and the sighting device supports whereby the sighting device can be caused to trace the outlines of the image, mechanism interconnecting the image and sighting-device supports with the tool and work supports, the said mechanism operating at unity ratio whereby relative movement of the tool and work supports causes equal relative movement or the'said image and sighting device supports the reproduction ratio of the machine being thus determined solely in accordance with the optical magnification ratio, the tour supports for the tool, work, image and sighting device having datum points or origins, the origins oi the sighting device and tool supports beingnormally fixed whilst the image and work supports are synchronously rotatable on a carrier about parallel axes passing through the datum points or origins of the image and work supports,

and mutually perpendicular slideways controlling the movements of the carrier and maintaining a line joining the origins of the image and work supports always parallel to a line joining the two origins'of thesighting. device and tool supports.

16. In an engraving machine or the like, means for generating a straight line on the work, c om-,

in combination, 'a tool for operating on movement to the image the work having a datum point or origin normally lying in a primary plane, a work support, mechanism controlling movement of the work support respectively at right angles to and parallel to the said primary plane, means for rotationally adjusting the work support in accordance with a basic measurement into a determined orientation with respect to the primary plane, means for clamping the work support in the rotational position ofadjustment, means for adjusting the work support in accordance with another basic measurement in a direction at right angles to the primary plane and locking the support at a determined distance from the primary planeand means for moving the work support in a direction parallel to the primary plane relatively to the tool which is thus caused to generate a straight line on the work.

17. In a copying machine the combination with the features claimed in claim 3, of means for angularly adjusting the work support in accordance with a basic measurement into a determined orientation with respect to the line joining the origins of the tool and sighting device supports, means for clamping the work support in the rotational position of adjustment, means for adjusting the work support in accordance' -for generating a circular are on the work, comprising in combination, a tool for operating on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, a table carried by the work support, a third support, the tool, work and third supports having datum points or origins, a carrier upon which the work support and third support are mounted to rotate in synchronism about parallel axes passing through their datum points or origins, mechanism controlling the movement of the carrier respectively at right angles to and parallel to a primary plane containing the origin of the tool support, means for angularly adjusting the work table on its support in accordance with a basic measurement constituting one coordinate for locating the centre of the arc to be 19. In a copying mahine. the combination,

with the features claimed in claim 9, of a guide member which can-be mounted on the image support with the said guide member extending through the origin of the image support, a follower for engaging the guide member on the image support, means for turning the work support relatively to the image support in accordance with a basic measurement constituting one coordinate for locating the centre of the arc to be generatemmeans for moving the work support and image support towards or away from a primary plane containing the origin of the tool support, means for adjusting theiollower in the guide member at a distance from the primary plane in accordance with a second basic measurement constituting the second coordinate for locating the said centre, and means for locking the follower in the said position of adjustment.

20. In a copying machine, in combination, a tool for operating on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, an optical system for forming an image of the copy whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work, a sighting device for viewing such image, means for imparting relative movement to the image and the sighting device whereby the sighting device can be caused to trace the outlines of the image, means whereby relative movement of the tool and work supports causes equal relative movement of the said image and sighting device the reproduction ratio of the machine being thus determined solely in accordance with the optical magnification ratio, means whereby the relative movement between the tool and work supports can be constrained to take place in a straight line, means for effecting relative rotational adjustment through a measured angle between such straight line and the work, and means for efiecting relative translational adjustment through a measured distance between such straight line and the work, whereby the tool can be caused to generate a straight line on the work in accordance with basic measurements.

21. In a copying machine, in combination, a

tool for operating on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, an optical system for forming an image of the copy whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work, a sighting device for viewing such image, means for imparting relative movement to the image and the sighting device whereby the sighting device can be caused to trace the outlines of the image, means whereby relative movement of the tool and work supports causes equal relative movement of the said image and sighting device the reproduction ratio of the machine being thus determined solely in accordance with the optical magnification ratio, and means for causing the tool to generate a circular are on the work in accordance with basic measurements, such means comprising adjusting means for locating (in the work by coordinate measurement the point constituting the centre of the arc to be generated, and locking means for holding such point at a measured distance from a datum point on the tool support and thereby constraining the relative movement between the tool and work supports.

22. In .8. copying machine, in combination, a tool for operating on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, an optical system for formingan image of the copy whose outlines are to be reproduced on the work, a sighting device for viewing such image, supports for the image and sighting device, means forimparting relative movement to the image and sighting device supports whereby the sighting device can be caused to trace the outlines of the image, mechanism interconnecting the image and sighting device supports with thetool and work supports, the said mechanism operating at unity ratio whereby relative movement of the tool and worksupports causes equal relative movement of the image and sighting deviceisupports the reproduction ratio of the machine being thus determined solely in accordance. with the optical magnification ratio, the four supports for the tool, work, image and sighting device having datum points or origins, a movable carrier for two of the said supports and a parallel linkage controlling the movements of the carried and maintaining a line joining the origins of the two supports mounted on the carrier parallel to a line joining the two origins of the second two supports, the first two supports being synchronously rotatable on the carrier about parallel axes passing through the datum points or origins of the first two supports.

23. In an engraving machine or the like, means for generating a circular are on the work, comprising in combination, a tool for operating on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, a table carried by the work support, a third support, the tool, work and third supports having datum points or origins, a carrier upon which the work support and third support are mounted to rotate in synchronism about parallelaxes passing through their datum points or origins, two mutually perpendicular slideways controlling the movement oi! the carrier respectively at right angles to and parallel to a primary plane containing the origin of thetool support, means for angularly adjusting the work table on its support in accordance with a basic measurement constituting one coordinate for locating the centre of the arc to be generated on the work,

means for locking the work table on its support in the position of adjustment, means for adjusting the carrier to or from the primary plane in accordance with the radius of the arc to be generated, means for clamping the carrier in the said position of adjustment, a guide member carried by the third support, a follower adjustable along the guide member in accordance with a basic measurement constituting the second coordinate for locating the said centre, and means for locking the follower in the said position.

24. In an engraving machine or the like,,means for generating a circular are on the work, comprising in combination, a'tool for operating on the work, relatively movable supports for the tool and the work, a table carried by the work support, a third support, the tool, work and third supports having datum points or origins, a carrier upon which the work support and third support are mounted to rotate in synchronism about parallel axes passing through their datum points or origins, a parallel linkage controlling the movement of the carrier respectively at right angles to and parallel to a primary plane containing the origin of the tool support, means for angularly adjusting the worktable on its support in accordance with a basic measurement constituting one 00- ordinate for locating the centre of the arc to be generated on the work, means for locking the work table' on its support in the position of ad- ,justment, means for adjusting the carrier to or the said centre, and means for locking the 101- lower in the said position. I

MARK HERSOHEL TAYLOR.

CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION. Patent No. 2,206,587. July 2 19!;0.

I MARK HERSCHEL TAYLOR.

It is hereby certified that error BPiJears in the printedspecification of the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows: Page 14., first colmim, line l s, for the word "alternately" read k--alter natively--; page 5, first column, line 50-51, claim 9, for "syncrbnously" read --synchronous- 1y-; page 7, sec cnd column, line 7, claim 22, for "carried" read "carrier"; and that the said Letters Patent should be read with this correction therein that the same mas conform to. the record of the case 11'; the Patent Office.

Signed and sealed this 5rd day of September, A. D. 1914.0.

Henry Vai1 Arsdale,

(seal) Acting commissioner of Patents.

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