US2079601A - Detector for combustible gas - Google Patents

Detector for combustible gas Download PDF

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US2079601A
US2079601A US714655A US71465534A US2079601A US 2079601 A US2079601 A US 2079601A US 714655 A US714655 A US 714655A US 71465534 A US71465534 A US 71465534A US 2079601 A US2079601 A US 2079601A
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gases
gas
catalyst
conduit
combustible
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US714655A
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Robert H Canfield
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/20—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity
    • G01N25/22—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on combustion or catalytic oxidation, e.g. of components of gas mixtures
    • G01N25/28—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on combustion or catalytic oxidation, e.g. of components of gas mixtures the rise in temperature of the gases resulting from combustion being measured directly
    • G01N25/30—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on combustion or catalytic oxidation, e.g. of components of gas mixtures the rise in temperature of the gases resulting from combustion being measured directly using electric temperature-responsive elements
    • G01N25/32—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on combustion or catalytic oxidation, e.g. of components of gas mixtures the rise in temperature of the gases resulting from combustion being measured directly using electric temperature-responsive elements using thermoelectric elements

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a device for detecting the presence of combustible gases in air and indicating the percentage thereof.
  • a stream of the air to be tested is taken in through a pipe I to a porous element 2 that is constituted of such material that it will react chemically with any droplets of acid entrained by the air and so effect the removal of such acid from the air stream. It has been found that a roll of iron wire gauze serves very satisfactorily for this purpose.
  • the air is carried in a pipe or conduit 3 having a constricted portion 4 of known crosssectional area with the legs of a U-tube manometer 5 connected to the conduit 3 adjacent the opposite ends of constriction 4.
  • conduit 3 Connected to conduit 3 is an electrolytic cell having electrodes 1 connected by wires 8 to a source of direct current whereby known quantities of electric current may be passed through the cell 6 and thus a known volume of hydrogen be supplied to conduit 3.
  • electrolytic cell 6 Connected to conduit 3 is an electrolytic cell having electrodes 1 connected by wires 8 to a source of direct current whereby known quantities of electric current may be passed through the cell 6 and thus a known volume of hydrogen be supplied to conduit 3.
  • other means of supplying a known quantity of gas having a known heat of combustion per unit volume may be substituted for the electrolytic cell 6 which is shown for purpose of illustration only.
  • the gas passes from conduit 3 into a tortuous passage 9 in a massive body I! of heat conducting material, such as iron, which body is adapted to be heated and thereby transfer heat to the gas in the passage 9.
  • a satisfactory temperature for the body I is about 212 F.
  • a thin hollow cylinder H of brightly polished metal is suspended in cavity I2 in the body ID by having the upper end of the cylinder embedded in a mass I3 of heat insulating, non-combustible material which prevents transfer of appreciable quantities of heat to or from the cylinder II by conduction, and since the cylinder is brightly polished there will be practically no lossof heat through radiation.
  • a body M of catalyst having a large surface area which may be formed by coating a porous refractory material such as pumice with palladium black, the said material being supported on a piece of wire gauze secured against the end of the cylinder H.
  • the combustible constituent in the stream of gases having been heated while traversing the passage 9, is immediately ignited upon contacting the catalyst and as the stream of gases, heated by the burning of the combustible constituents thereof, emerges from the cylinder II, it passes over a thermopile l and the effect thereof is indicated by an electrical measuring instrument l6 which may be a millivolt meter or an ammeter.
  • a pump ll withdraws the gases from the cavity l2 but it may equally well be connected to the pipe I and force the gases through under pressure instead of withdrawing them by suction.
  • the electrolytic cell 6 is not operated when air containing an unknown percentage of combustible gas is being tested, the purpose of the cell being merely to supply a known quantity of combustible gas whereby the meter I6 is to be calibrated, or to be checked for accuracy after having been in use. It is evident that, the cross-sectional area of portion 4 and the pressure under which the air is flowing therethrough being known, the quantity of air taken into the apparatus in a given time is known and hence the percentage of combustible gas therein can be determined by measuring the heat developed when such gas is burned. If desired, the meter l6 can be calibrated to read percentage of hydrogen or any other gas of known heat of combustion instead of millivolts or milliamperes. It is to be understood that other means for measuring the temperature of the gases emitted from cylinder I I may be substituted for the thermopile and electric meter.
  • the cylinder H is made very thin so it will have negligible capacity for heat conduction longitudinally thereof and the thermopile elements are made thin and the weight of the catalyst is small, the readings of the instrument are, within permissible limits of error, independent of the rate of flow of the gases.
  • the uniform high temperature of the body l0 insures the activity of the catalyst by preventing condensation of water or other vapor and also raises the enclosing air to the same temperature as the thermopile elements which prevents the meter from giving an indication in case no combustible gas is present in the air stream.
  • the cylinder II is readily removable and may therefore be replaced with a minimum of trouble and delay.
  • a reticulated body of material that will unite chemically with acid entrained by a stream of gas, means to pass a stream of gas into said body, a conduit through which gases are carried away from said body, means connected to said conduit to measure the pressure of the gases flowing therein, means for introducing a known quantity of combustible gas of known thermal characteristics into said conduit, a member of heat conducting material having in it a tortuous passage in communication with said conduit, said member being heated when in use, a hollow element having surfaces that reflect radiant energy, said element being disposed within said member in communication with said passage, said element being insulated against conduction of heat from said member, a foraminous body coated with a combustion-initiating catalyst in said element, electro-thermal means disposed to be contacted solely by gases that have passed over said catalyst, and means to measure the electric quantities developed in said electro-thermal means.
  • a reticulated body of material that will unite chemically With acid entrained by a stream of gas, means to pass a stream of gas into said body, a conduit through which gases are carried away from said body, means connected to said conduit to measure the pressure of the gases flowing therein, a member of heat conducting material having in it a tortuous passage in communication with said conduit, said member being heated when in use, a hollow element having surfaces that reflect radiant energy, said element being disposed within said member in communication with said passage, said element being insulated against conduction of heat from said member, a foraminous body coated with a combustion-initiating catalyst in said element, electro-thermal means disposed to be contacted solely by gases'that have passed over said catalyst, and means to measure the electric quantities developed in said electro-thermal means.
  • a .conduit through which gases are carried, means connected thereto to measure the pressure of gases flowing therein, means for introducing known quantities of combustible gas of known thermal characteristics into said conduit, a member of heat conducting material having in it a tortuous passage in communication with said conduit, said member being heated when in use, a hollow element having surfaces that reflect radiant energy, said element being disposed within said member in communication with said passage, said element being insulated against conduction of heat from said member, a foraminous body coated with a combustion-initiating catalyst in said element, electro-thermal means disposed to be contacted solely by gases that have passed over said catalyst, and means to measure the electric quantities developed in said electro-thermal means.
  • a conduit through which gases are carried, means connected thereto to measure the pressure of gases flowing therein, a member of heat conducting material having in it a tortuous passage in communication with said conduit, said member being heated when in use, a hollow element having surfaces that reflect radiant energy, said element being disposed within said member in communication with said passage, said element being insulated against conduction of heat from said member, a foraminous body coated with a combustion-initiating catalyst in said element, electro-thermal means disposed to be contacted solely by gases that have passed over said catalyst, and means to measure the electric quantities developed in said electrothermal means.
  • means to remove entrained acid from a stream of gases means to determine the volume of gas passed in such stream, means to raise the temperature of the gas in said stream,
  • thermopile disposed in said temperature raising means to the adjacent boundry of said catalyst at which the gases leave the catalyst, but eX- teriorly thereof and in the path of gas that has traversed the catalyst, and means to measure the electric quantities developed by said thermopile.
  • means to remove entrained acid from a stream of gases means to determine the volume of gas passed in such stream, means to raise the temperature of the gas in said stream, a catalyst inclosed in the last mentioned means and disposed in the path of the said gas, a thermopile disposed in said temperature raising means adjacent to the boundary of said catalyst at which the gases leave the catalyst but exteriorly thereof and in the path of gas that has traversed the catalyst, and means to measure the temperature of gases that have passed over said catalyst.
  • thermo-electric means to determine the temperature of the gases after the burning of said combustible constituent
  • means to calibrate and to check the accuracy of the temperature determining means including an electrolytic cell connected to pass into the foregoing means a known quantity of combustible gas having a known heat of combustion per unit volume.
  • thermo-electric means to determine the temperature of the gases after the burning of said combustible constituent, and means to pass into the foregoing means a known quantity of combustible gas having a known heat of combustion per unit volume.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)

Description

1937- R. H. CANFIELD 2,079,601
DETECTOR FOR COMBUSTIBLE GAS Filed March 8, 1934 INVENTOR I? H. CANF/ELD BY M ML ATTORY Patented May 11, 1937 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 8 Claims.
(Granted under the act of March 3, 1883, as
amended April so, 1928; 370 o. G. 757) This invention relates to a device for detecting the presence of combustible gases in air and indicating the percentage thereof.
Among the objects of this invention are:
To provide a simple, reliable apparatus for detecting the presence, and measuring the percentage of, combustible gas in air;
To provide in such a device means for calibrating and checking the accuracy of the measuring elements thereof;
To provide a device of the type mentioned having means for removing from the air passing therethrough any droplets of acid that may be entrained by the air when this invention is used in connection with storage batteries or the like. The drawing shows schematically an apparatus adapted to the practice of my invention.
It is frequently desirable to detect the presence of combustible gases in air and to measure the percentage of such gases in order that steps may be taken to prevent the accumulation of the gases to an extent that the mixture thereof with air would be explosive. This is particularly true in rooms where storage batteries of large capacity are being charged and considerable quantities of evolved hydrogen are freed.
A stream of the air to be tested is taken in through a pipe I to a porous element 2 that is constituted of such material that it will react chemically with any droplets of acid entrained by the air and so effect the removal of such acid from the air stream. It has been found that a roll of iron wire gauze serves very satisfactorily for this purpose. After passing through the element 2, the air is carried in a pipe or conduit 3 having a constricted portion 4 of known crosssectional area with the legs of a U-tube manometer 5 connected to the conduit 3 adjacent the opposite ends of constriction 4. Connected to conduit 3 is an electrolytic cell having electrodes 1 connected by wires 8 to a source of direct current whereby known quantities of electric current may be passed through the cell 6 and thus a known volume of hydrogen be supplied to conduit 3. However, it is to be understood that other means of supplying a known quantity of gas having a known heat of combustion per unit volume may be substituted for the electrolytic cell 6 which is shown for purpose of illustration only.
The gas passes from conduit 3 into a tortuous passage 9 in a massive body I!) of heat conducting material, such as iron, which body is adapted to be heated and thereby transfer heat to the gas in the passage 9. A satisfactory temperature for the body I is about 212 F. A thin hollow cylinder H of brightly polished metal is suspended in cavity I2 in the body ID by having the upper end of the cylinder embedded in a mass I3 of heat insulating, non-combustible material which prevents transfer of appreciable quantities of heat to or from the cylinder II by conduction, and since the cylinder is brightly polished there will be practically no lossof heat through radiation. In the lower end of cylinder H is disposed a body M of catalyst having a large surface area which may be formed by coating a porous refractory material such as pumice with palladium black, the said material being supported on a piece of wire gauze secured against the end of the cylinder H.' The combustible constituent in the stream of gases, having been heated while traversing the passage 9, is immediately ignited upon contacting the catalyst and as the stream of gases, heated by the burning of the combustible constituents thereof, emerges from the cylinder II, it passes over a thermopile l and the effect thereof is indicated by an electrical measuring instrument l6 which may be a millivolt meter or an ammeter. The term electrical quantities as hereinafter used refers to both millivolts and milliamperes. A pump ll withdraws the gases from the cavity l2 but it may equally well be connected to the pipe I and force the gases through under pressure instead of withdrawing them by suction.
It is to be understood that the electrolytic cell 6 is not operated when air containing an unknown percentage of combustible gas is being tested, the purpose of the cell being merely to supply a known quantity of combustible gas whereby the meter I6 is to be calibrated, or to be checked for accuracy after having been in use. It is evident that, the cross-sectional area of portion 4 and the pressure under which the air is flowing therethrough being known, the quantity of air taken into the apparatus in a given time is known and hence the percentage of combustible gas therein can be determined by measuring the heat developed when such gas is burned. If desired, the meter l6 can be calibrated to read percentage of hydrogen or any other gas of known heat of combustion instead of millivolts or milliamperes. It is to be understood that other means for measuring the temperature of the gases emitted from cylinder I I may be substituted for the thermopile and electric meter.
If the cylinder H is made very thin so it will have negligible capacity for heat conduction longitudinally thereof and the thermopile elements are made thin and the weight of the catalyst is small, the readings of the instrument are, within permissible limits of error, independent of the rate of flow of the gases. The uniform high temperature of the body l0 insures the activity of the catalyst by preventing condensation of water or other vapor and also raises the enclosing air to the same temperature as the thermopile elements which prevents the meter from giving an indication in case no combustible gas is present in the air stream. The cylinder II is readily removable and may therefore be replaced with a minimum of trouble and delay.
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes, without the payment of any royalties thereon.
I claim:
1. In combination, a reticulated body of material that will unite chemically with acid entrained by a stream of gas, means to pass a stream of gas into said body, a conduit through which gases are carried away from said body, means connected to said conduit to measure the pressure of the gases flowing therein, means for introducing a known quantity of combustible gas of known thermal characteristics into said conduit, a member of heat conducting material having in it a tortuous passage in communication with said conduit, said member being heated when in use, a hollow element having surfaces that reflect radiant energy, said element being disposed within said member in communication with said passage, said element being insulated against conduction of heat from said member, a foraminous body coated with a combustion-initiating catalyst in said element, electro-thermal means disposed to be contacted solely by gases that have passed over said catalyst, and means to measure the electric quantities developed in said electro-thermal means.-
2. In combination, a reticulated body of material that will unite chemically With acid entrained by a stream of gas, means to pass a stream of gas into said body, a conduit through which gases are carried away from said body, means connected to said conduit to measure the pressure of the gases flowing therein, a member of heat conducting material having in it a tortuous passage in communication with said conduit, said member being heated when in use, a hollow element having surfaces that reflect radiant energy, said element being disposed within said member in communication with said passage, said element being insulated against conduction of heat from said member, a foraminous body coated with a combustion-initiating catalyst in said element, electro-thermal means disposed to be contacted solely by gases'that have passed over said catalyst, and means to measure the electric quantities developed in said electro-thermal means.
3. In combination, a .conduit through which gases are carried, means connected thereto to measure the pressure of gases flowing therein, means for introducing known quantities of combustible gas of known thermal characteristics into said conduit, a member of heat conducting material having in it a tortuous passage in communication with said conduit, said member being heated when in use, a hollow element having surfaces that reflect radiant energy, said element being disposed within said member in communication with said passage, said element being insulated against conduction of heat from said member, a foraminous body coated with a combustion-initiating catalyst in said element, electro-thermal means disposed to be contacted solely by gases that have passed over said catalyst, and means to measure the electric quantities developed in said electro-thermal means.
4.-In combination, a conduit through which gases are carried, means connected thereto to measure the pressure of gases flowing therein, a member of heat conducting material having in it a tortuous passage in communication with said conduit, said member being heated when in use, a hollow element having surfaces that reflect radiant energy, said element being disposed within said member in communication with said passage, said element being insulated against conduction of heat from said member, a foraminous body coated with a combustion-initiating catalyst in said element, electro-thermal means disposed to be contacted solely by gases that have passed over said catalyst, and means to measure the electric quantities developed in said electrothermal means.
5. In combination, means to remove entrained acid from a stream of gases, means to determine the volume of gas passed in such stream, means to raise the temperature of the gas in said stream,
a catalyst inclosed in the last mentioned means and disposed in the path of the said gas, a thermopile disposed in said temperature raising means to the adjacent boundry of said catalyst at which the gases leave the catalyst, but eX- teriorly thereof and in the path of gas that has traversed the catalyst, and means to measure the electric quantities developed by said thermopile.
6; In combination, means to remove entrained acid from a stream of gases, means to determine the volume of gas passed in such stream, means to raise the temperature of the gas in said stream, a catalyst inclosed in the last mentioned means and disposed in the path of the said gas, a thermopile disposed in said temperature raising means adjacent to the boundary of said catalyst at which the gases leave the catalyst but exteriorly thereof and in the path of gas that has traversed the catalyst, and means to measure the temperature of gases that have passed over said catalyst.
7. In combination, means to measure a volume of gas having a combustible constituent, catalytic means to ignite the said combustible constituent, thermo-electric means to determine the temperature of the gases after the burning of said combustible constituent, and means to calibrate and to check the accuracy of the temperature determining means including an electrolytic cell connected to pass into the foregoing means a known quantity of combustible gas having a known heat of combustion per unit volume.
8. In combination, means to measure a volume of gas having a combustible constituent, catalytic means to ignite the said combustible constituent, thermo-electric means to determine the temperature of the gases after the burning of said combustible constituent, and means to pass into the foregoing means a known quantity of combustible gas having a known heat of combustion per unit volume.
ROBERT H. CANFIELD.
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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2508238A (en) * 1945-03-21 1950-05-16 Stewart Warner Corp Gaseous acid anhydride detection apparatus
US2631925A (en) * 1947-02-14 1953-03-17 Baker & Co Inc Apparatus for the continuous analysis of oxygen and hydrogen
US2683793A (en) * 1951-03-15 1954-07-13 Benjamin Cooper Heating circuit for reaction cells
US2886478A (en) * 1953-06-29 1959-05-12 Honeywell Regulator Co Method and control apparatus for carburizing ferrous objects
US2928276A (en) * 1953-06-29 1960-03-15 Honeywell Regulator Co Means for measuring thermoelectrically a constituent of an atmosphere
US3384457A (en) * 1963-12-04 1968-05-21 Gen Am Transport Ionization detector and sampling system

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2508238A (en) * 1945-03-21 1950-05-16 Stewart Warner Corp Gaseous acid anhydride detection apparatus
US2631925A (en) * 1947-02-14 1953-03-17 Baker & Co Inc Apparatus for the continuous analysis of oxygen and hydrogen
US2683793A (en) * 1951-03-15 1954-07-13 Benjamin Cooper Heating circuit for reaction cells
US2886478A (en) * 1953-06-29 1959-05-12 Honeywell Regulator Co Method and control apparatus for carburizing ferrous objects
US2928276A (en) * 1953-06-29 1960-03-15 Honeywell Regulator Co Means for measuring thermoelectrically a constituent of an atmosphere
US3384457A (en) * 1963-12-04 1968-05-21 Gen Am Transport Ionization detector and sampling system

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