US20230369682A1 - Battery pack system with thermal runaway mitigation features - Google Patents
Battery pack system with thermal runaway mitigation features Download PDFInfo
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- US20230369682A1 US20230369682A1 US17/745,117 US202217745117A US2023369682A1 US 20230369682 A1 US20230369682 A1 US 20230369682A1 US 202217745117 A US202217745117 A US 202217745117A US 2023369682 A1 US2023369682 A1 US 2023369682A1
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Images
Classifications
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/249—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders specially adapted for aircraft or vehicles, e.g. cars or trains
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- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/6595—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by chemical reactions other than electrochemical reactions of the cells, e.g. catalytic heaters or burners
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- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/289—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by spacing elements or positioning means within frames, racks or packs
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/30—Arrangements for facilitating escape of gases
- H01M50/35—Gas exhaust passages comprising elongated, tortuous or labyrinth-shaped exhaust passages
- H01M50/367—Internal gas exhaust passages forming part of the battery cover or case; Double cover vent systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
- H01M2200/10—Temperature sensitive devices
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the subject disclosure relates to battery pack systems useful in electric vehicles and/or hybrid electric vehicles.
- Battery modules can comprise a plurality of battery cells (often called secondary batteries) that are rechargeable. Rechargeable battery cells render them useful in a variety of modern technical applications such as electronic devices, electric bicycles, hybrid cars, electric cars, and the like. Battery modules sometimes undergo unfavorable thermal runaway, where the heat generated by a source (e.g., a battery cell) is greater than the ability of the module to dissipate the heat to its surroundings. This can result in unfavorable temperature increases in the battery module. Thermal runaway can occur, for example, when the battery is short circuited or damaged.
- a source e.g., a battery cell
- the thermal runaway phenomenon in one battery cell in the battery module may trigger corresponding unfavorable thermal events in adjacent battery cells.
- a battery pack system including a stack of battery cells.
- Each battery cell has a first end, a second end opposite the first end, and side edges extending from the first end to the second end. At least one of the side edges of each battery cell are adjacent to at least one side edge of another of the battery cells.
- the battery pack system includes a thermochemical material located within the stack of cells and/or exterior to battery cells and/or adjacent to the stack. The thermochemical material undergoes endothermic reaction at temperatures above 50° C. The thermochemical material is located (a) within the stack of battery cells and exterior to the battery cells or (b) adjacent to the stack of battery cells.
- a battery pack system having a battery cell assembly.
- the system also includes one or more additional feature by which the thermochemical material is provided to the system.
- That additional feature can include a reservoir containing a thermochemical material and a valve that can release the thermochemical material toward the battery cell assembly upon reaching a threshold level of temperature, pressure or chemical composition.
- That additional feature can include a gap defined by a first edge of the battery assembly and an interior surface of a framework.
- That additional feature can include a gas manifold in the framework or adjacent to the framework.
- Gas from a thermal event in the battery assembly can vent into the gap and/or into the gas manifold and the thermochemical material can be in the framework, on the interior surface of the framework, on an interior surface of the gas manifold or in a region in fluid communication with the gap, or a combination of thereof.
- the battery pack system of the above exemplary embodiments can include one or more of the following features.
- the battery cells are pouch cells or prismatic cells.
- the thermochemical material is located between side edges of adjacent battery cells, potentially in a matrix material such as a foam.
- the battery pack system has a gap defined by the first end and an interior surface of a frame. An interior surface of the frame includes the thermochemical material.
- the battery pack system includes a reservoir of thermochemical material and one or more valves that can release the thermochemical material upon a predetermined threshold being reached.
- the predetermined threshold is a temperature, a pressure or a chemical composition of gasses venting from the cells.
- the stack is divided into two or more mitigation zones each zone having a plurality of the battery cells, a gap between the top end of those cells and the reservoir, and a thermally actuated valve in connection with the reservoir to release the thermochemical material into the zone wherein the two or more mitigation zones are divided from each other by a thermal runaway propagation suppression element.
- the gap is in fluid communication with a region where the thermochemical material is located.
- the thermochemical material includes a hydrated salt such as one or more of NaAl(SO4)2 ⁇ 10H2O, Na2B4O7 ⁇ 10H2O, Na2P2O7 ⁇ 10H2O, Al(NO3)2 ⁇ 9H2O, Ba(OH)—2 ⁇ 8H2O, Mg(NO3)2 ⁇ 6H2O, KAl(SO4)2 Al(NO3)2 ⁇ 12H2O, MgCl2 ⁇ 6H2O, and MgSO4 ⁇ 7H2O.
- the battery pack system further includes a cooling element.
- the battery pack system further includes a one way valve between the reservoir and a cooling system having a coolant, wherein the one way valve opens to release coolant into the reservoir after opening of the one or more valves.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross sectional view of an exemplary battery pack system including thermochemical material
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross sectional view of an exemplary battery pack system including a reservoir of thermochemical material
- FIG. 3 a - 3 d are schematic views showing exemplary arrangements of battery cells in a pack with venting to regions having thermochemical material.
- the present invention addresses the problem of thermal runaway in a battery pack system by inclusion of a thermochemical material in certain locations in the battery pack system.
- the battery pack system 1 disclosed herein can comprise battery cells 2 in a stack configuration.
- the battery cells 2 can be a pouch cell or a prismatic cell.
- the cells can be stacked such that their maximum dimension is perpendicular to a framework portion 7 and/or to a lower portion 3 as shown in FIG. 1 .
- Each cell can have a first end 21 , a second end 22 , and side edges 23 extending from the first end 21 to the second end 22 .
- Adjacent battery cells 2 can contact each other at their exterior edges 23 .
- the cells can be stacked such that the side edges are parallel to horizontal (see, e.g., FIG. 3 d ) or in a structure where the sides edges are parallel to vertical. (See, FIGS. 3 a and 3 b ).
- the battery pack system 1 can include a framework portion 7 .
- the framework portion 7 can provide structure and/or contain the cells.
- the framework portion 7 can comprise plastic, composite, or metal sheets or the like.
- the framework portion 7 can comprise an inner surface 8 .
- a gap 6 can be defined between the inner surface 8 and the first ends 21 of the battery cells 2 .
- the gap 6 can be in fluid communication (e.g., enable gas flow) to a gas manifold 13 .
- this gas manifold 13 can include an end portion 31 of the battery pack system 1 .
- the gas manifold 13 can be in or adjacent to the framework portion 7 .
- the inner surface 8 , the gas manifold 13 and/or the end portion 31 can comprise the thermochemical material 4 .
- the thermochemical material can be provided in or on inner surface 8 (e.g. a layer on the surface, deposited in specific regions of the surface or embedded in the surface) or in or on the end portion 31 .
- the thermochemical material can be provided on a solid, porous or lattice structure (not shown) inserted in one or more portions of the gap 6 , the gas manifold 13 , or end portion 31 .
- the battery pack system 1 can include a lower portion 3 .
- This lower portion 3 can provide support for the battery cells.
- the lower portion 3 can comprise a cooling element, such as a cooling plate 32 . Coolant 34 from a cooling system 15 can run through such cooling plate 32 .
- the battery pack system 1 can comprise thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 .
- the thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 can extend from the lower portion 3 to the framework portion 7 .
- the thermal runaway propagation suppression element can extend only to the first end 21 of the battery cells 2 .
- openings 25 may be added to facilitate venting gases to a gas manifold 13 including an end portion 31 (as shown in FIG. 3 b , 3 c , 3 d ) or out of the battery pack system.
- FIG. 3 c is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 3 b.
- a thermal runaway propagation mitigation zone 11 can be defined as a plurality of battery cells 2 located between two thermal runaway propagation suppression elements 5 or between a thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 and the end of the battery pack 1 .
- the thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 can comprise a thermally insulating layer.
- the thermal suppression element 5 can comprise a thermally conductive component extending to the gap 6 , the framework 7 , and/or the lower portion 3 to conduct heat away from the battery cells 2 .
- the thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 comprises both a thermally conductive component and a thermally insulating layer
- the thermally conductive component can be located between the thermally insulating layer and the battery cells 2 .
- the thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 could comprise a thermally insulating layer, a heat pipe, or a vapor column between two layers of metal (e.g., metal foil).
- one or more compression layers 38 can also be included in or adjacent to the thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 or elsewhere in the battery pack (as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 ).
- the thermally insulating layer could also serve as a compression layer.
- the thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 can further, optionally comprise the thermochemical material 4 dispersed in or on a surface of the thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 .
- the battery pack system 1 can comprise layers 38 between the side edges of two adjacent battery cells 2 , between a battery cell 2 and the suppression layer 5 , and/or between a battery cell 2 and the outer end framework of the battery pack system.
- the layers 38 can be compression layers.
- they can comprise a foamed material such as micro-cellular polyurethane.
- the layers 38 can comprise the thermochemical material 4 .
- the thermochemical material 4 can be dispersed within the foamed material of the compression layer 38 .
- the framework portion 7 can define a reservoir 10 for the thermochemical material 4 as well as defining the upper boundary of gap 6 .
- the reservoir 10 can hold the thermochemical material 4 .
- the reservoir can be at an elevated pressure (e.g., at least 300 or at least 400 kilopascals gauge pressure (kPag) up to 1500 or up to 1200 kPag), which can facilitate emptying of the reservoir upon opening of a valve 9 .
- the thermochemical material can be in the form of free (e.g. not adhered to or embedded in another layer) small particulate (e.g. powder) that can flow through the valves. Use of small particulates such as powder can maximize surface area to enhance heat absorption.
- a gas manifold could be adjacent to (e.g., above) the reservoir 10 .
- valves 9 Upon occurrence of a thermal event in a cell 36 (overheating cell) and upon reaching a threshold level of a property (e.g. temperature, pressure, chemical composition) one or more valves 9 open as illustrated in FIG. 2 releasing the thermochemical material onto the battery cells 2 and/or into the gap 6 .
- the valves 9 can comprise a material blocking an opening which material melts or deforms at a predetermined temperature (e.g. a temperature above normal battery assembly operating temperature, such as for example, above 50, above 55 or above 60° C. up to 100° C.) thereby releasing thermochemical material.
- the valves 9 can comprise wax pellets congealed inside spigots, or a contained wax-actuated valve similar to current IC engine flow control thermostats.
- valves 9 may comprise a bimetallic strip that bends out of the path of the opening when heated.
- the valves 9 can be actuated by the pressure released during a thermal runaway event.
- the valves could be actuated by detection of chemical components indicating a thermal runaway event.
- a control unit can be used to actuate the valve.
- An optional one way valve 12 can connect to the coolant system 15 .
- the coolant system includes a coolant 34 such as a dielectric heat transfer fluid.
- a valve 9 closest to the overheating cell 36 opens, pressure in the reservoir releases thermochemical material 4 into that thermal runaway propagation mitigation zone 11 towards the overheating cell 36 .
- Coolant 34 can then flow into the reservoir 10 , dissolve remaining thermochemical material 4 , and can also flow through the open valve 9 towards the overheating cell 36 . This can further assist in controlling the thermal runaway due to both the thermochemical material absorbing the heat, and the heat of vaporization of the coolant in the mitigation zone 11 .
- valve 9 is actively controlled and sensitive to current conditions (like a thermostat valve) instead of maximum conditions (like a wax plug), it can close and prevent further leakage of coolant to enable some minimal level of continued cooling of the remainder of the battery pack system 1 .
- the thermochemical material 4 reacts endothermically absorbing energy thereby inhibiting the energy available for the propagation of a thermal runaway in the neighboring cells or module.
- the thermochemical material 4 can be on or in a layer between or adjacent to the battery cells (such as layer 38 , or thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 ), on surfaces of a gap 6 adjacent to the battery cells (such as surface 8 ), on a mesh or screen structure in a gap region, in a gas manifold 13 , or in an end region 31 , in a reservoir 10 or in a combination of two or more of these locations.
- the thermochemical material 4 can be a material that is suitable to be provided in these locations.
- thermochemical material 4 should not react at normal operating temperatures for the battery pack system.
- the thermochemical material 4 preferably has a reaction initiation temperature of at least 50, at least 60 or at least 70° C., but is thermally stable below those temperatures.
- the thermochemical material preferably has a reaction initiation temperature of no more than about 120, no more than 105, or no more than 100, or no more than 90° C.
- the desired reaction initiation temperature can vary depending upon placement of the thermochemical material 4 .
- a thermochemical material 4 placed only at the end regions of the battery pack system may desirably have a lower reaction initiation temperature as it is further from the thermal event.
- a thermochemical material 4 placed immediately adjacent e.g., between side edges of battery cells
- a thermochemical material 4 disposed on a porous matrix exposed directly to thermal runaway vent gasses may have a higher reaction temperature to be effective due to the temperature of these products of combustion.
- thermochemical material 4 can be, for example, a hydrated salt, hydrated zeolites or metal hydroxides. Hydrated salts can be effective due to high heat storage capability.
- hydrated salts with temperatures of dehydration of greater than 50, greater than 55, greater than 60° C. can be used.
- the temperature of dehydration of exemplary hydrated salt can be for example, less than 105, less than 100, less than 90° C.
- Salts with a large change of heat in dehydration can enable more energy absorption per unit mass.
- the ⁇ H dehydration can be at least 150, at least 175, or at least 200 kilojoules/kilogram.
- Non-binding examples of hydrated salts include NaAl(SO 4 ) 2 ⁇ 10H 2 O, Na 2 B 4 O 7 ⁇ 10H 2 O, Na 2 P 2 O 7 ⁇ 10H 2 O, Al(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 9H 2 O, Ba(OH) 2 ⁇ 8H 2 O, Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O, KAl(SO 4 ) 2 Al(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 12H 2 O, MgCl 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O, and MgSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O.
- the thermochemical material 4 preferably, is not reactive with other components in the battery pack system to which the thermochemical material is exposed.
- a thermochemical material 4 with a substantially neutral pH e.g. pH of 6-8) can be used.
- the thermochemical material 4 can be non-conductive or minimally-conductive.
- the thermochemical material 4 desirably does not make the coolant significantly more conductive.
- the thermochemical material 4 desirably does not reduce into compounds more toxic than the electrolyte and other battery internals during a thermal event, and contains minimal oxygen to limit additional oxidation interactions during a thermal runaway event.
- the battery pack system 1 can include other features beyond the enclosure, physical structure, thermal runaway mitigation features, and the cells themselves. These can include a thermal management and cooling system for normal operation to keep the battery cells in their ideal temperature range and to remove excess heat, electrical bussing to combine the cells in parallel and series to meet the voltage and current demands of a vehicle, voltage management systems to maintain overall pack capability by balancing the voltage and capacity across parallel cell groups, and a battery disconnect unit that provides control over the battery system charge, discharge, and electrical connections to propulsion, charging, and other vehicle subsystems. As shown in FIG. 3 a - 3 d , the battery packs 1 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 can be combined in an assembly structure 14 in either vertical ( FIGS. 3 b and 3 c ) or horizontal ( FIG. 3 d ) orientation.
Abstract
A battery pack system for inhibiting thermal runaway includes a stack of battery cells wherein each battery cell has a first end, a second end opposite the first end, and side edges extending from the first end to the second end and wherein at least one of the side edges of each battery cell are adjacent to at least one side edge of another of the battery cells, a thermochemical material that undergoes endothermic reaction at temperatures above 50° C., the thermochemical material being located (a) within the stack of battery cells and exterior to battery cells or (b) adjacent to the stack of battery cells, or (c) both.
Description
- The subject disclosure relates to battery pack systems useful in electric vehicles and/or hybrid electric vehicles.
- Battery modules can comprise a plurality of battery cells (often called secondary batteries) that are rechargeable. Rechargeable battery cells render them useful in a variety of modern technical applications such as electronic devices, electric bicycles, hybrid cars, electric cars, and the like. Battery modules sometimes undergo unfavorable thermal runaway, where the heat generated by a source (e.g., a battery cell) is greater than the ability of the module to dissipate the heat to its surroundings. This can result in unfavorable temperature increases in the battery module. Thermal runaway can occur, for example, when the battery is short circuited or damaged.
- The thermal runaway phenomenon in one battery cell in the battery module may trigger corresponding unfavorable thermal events in adjacent battery cells.
- Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a mitigation system to inhibit the spread or propagation of thermal runaway, or quickly quench any thermal runaway.
- In one exemplary embodiment disclosed herein is a battery pack system including a stack of battery cells. Each battery cell has a first end, a second end opposite the first end, and side edges extending from the first end to the second end. At least one of the side edges of each battery cell are adjacent to at least one side edge of another of the battery cells. The battery pack system includes a thermochemical material located within the stack of cells and/or exterior to battery cells and/or adjacent to the stack. The thermochemical material undergoes endothermic reaction at temperatures above 50° C. The thermochemical material is located (a) within the stack of battery cells and exterior to the battery cells or (b) adjacent to the stack of battery cells.
- In another exemplary embodiment, disclosed herein is a battery pack system having a battery cell assembly. The system also includes one or more additional feature by which the thermochemical material is provided to the system. That additional feature can include a reservoir containing a thermochemical material and a valve that can release the thermochemical material toward the battery cell assembly upon reaching a threshold level of temperature, pressure or chemical composition. That additional feature can include a gap defined by a first edge of the battery assembly and an interior surface of a framework. That additional feature can include a gas manifold in the framework or adjacent to the framework. Gas from a thermal event in the battery assembly can vent into the gap and/or into the gas manifold and the thermochemical material can be in the framework, on the interior surface of the framework, on an interior surface of the gas manifold or in a region in fluid communication with the gap, or a combination of thereof.
- In addition, the battery pack system of the above exemplary embodiments can include one or more of the following features. The battery cells are pouch cells or prismatic cells. The thermochemical material is located between side edges of adjacent battery cells, potentially in a matrix material such as a foam. The battery pack system has a gap defined by the first end and an interior surface of a frame. An interior surface of the frame includes the thermochemical material. The battery pack system includes a reservoir of thermochemical material and one or more valves that can release the thermochemical material upon a predetermined threshold being reached. The predetermined threshold is a temperature, a pressure or a chemical composition of gasses venting from the cells. The stack is divided into two or more mitigation zones each zone having a plurality of the battery cells, a gap between the top end of those cells and the reservoir, and a thermally actuated valve in connection with the reservoir to release the thermochemical material into the zone wherein the two or more mitigation zones are divided from each other by a thermal runaway propagation suppression element. The gap is in fluid communication with a region where the thermochemical material is located. The thermochemical material includes a hydrated salt such as one or more of NaAl(SO4)2·10H2O, Na2B4O7·10H2O, Na2P2O7·10H2O, Al(NO3)2·9H2O, Ba(OH)—2·8H2O, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, KAl(SO4)2 Al(NO3)2·12H2O, MgCl2·6H2O, and MgSO4·7H2O. The battery pack system further includes a cooling element. The battery pack system further includes a one way valve between the reservoir and a cooling system having a coolant, wherein the one way valve opens to release coolant into the reservoir after opening of the one or more valves.
- The above features and advantages, and other features and advantages of the disclosure are readily apparent from the following detailed description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
- Other features, advantages and details appear, by way of example only, in the following detailed description, the detailed description referring to the drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross sectional view of an exemplary battery pack system including thermochemical material; -
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross sectional view of an exemplary battery pack system including a reservoir of thermochemical material; and -
FIG. 3 a-3 d are schematic views showing exemplary arrangements of battery cells in a pack with venting to regions having thermochemical material. - The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, its application or uses. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features.
- The present invention addresses the problem of thermal runaway in a battery pack system by inclusion of a thermochemical material in certain locations in the battery pack system.
- In accordance with exemplary aspects and as shown in
FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 , the battery pack system 1 disclosed herein can comprisebattery cells 2 in a stack configuration. For example, thebattery cells 2 can be a pouch cell or a prismatic cell. The cells can be stacked such that their maximum dimension is perpendicular to a framework portion 7 and/or to a lower portion 3 as shown inFIG. 1 . Each cell can have afirst end 21, asecond end 22, andside edges 23 extending from thefirst end 21 to thesecond end 22.Adjacent battery cells 2 can contact each other at theirexterior edges 23. The cells can be stacked such that the side edges are parallel to horizontal (see, e.g.,FIG. 3 d ) or in a structure where the sides edges are parallel to vertical. (See,FIGS. 3 a and 3 b ). - Referring to
FIG. 1 , the battery pack system 1 can include a framework portion 7. The framework portion 7 can provide structure and/or contain the cells. The framework portion 7 can comprise plastic, composite, or metal sheets or the like. The framework portion 7 can comprise aninner surface 8. A gap 6 can be defined between theinner surface 8 and thefirst ends 21 of thebattery cells 2. The gap 6 can be in fluid communication (e.g., enable gas flow) to agas manifold 13. As shown, for example inFIG. 3 b, 3 c, 3 d ) thisgas manifold 13 can include anend portion 31 of the battery pack system 1. Thegas manifold 13 can be in or adjacent to the framework portion 7. Note that in an alternative embodiment (not shown in the Figures) there is no gap between the framework portion 7 and thefirst end 21 of thebattery cells 2. Theinner surface 8, thegas manifold 13 and/or theend portion 31 can comprise thethermochemical material 4. For example, the thermochemical material can be provided in or on inner surface 8 (e.g. a layer on the surface, deposited in specific regions of the surface or embedded in the surface) or in or on theend portion 31. The thermochemical material can be provided on a solid, porous or lattice structure (not shown) inserted in one or more portions of the gap 6, thegas manifold 13, orend portion 31. - The battery pack system 1 can include a lower portion 3. This lower portion 3 can provide support for the battery cells. In one exemplary aspect, shown in
FIG. 2 , the lower portion 3 can comprise a cooling element, such as acooling plate 32.Coolant 34 from a cooling system 15 can run throughsuch cooling plate 32. - The battery pack system 1 can comprise thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5. As shown if
FIGS. 1 and 2 , the thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 can extend from the lower portion 3 to the framework portion 7. Alternatively, the thermal runaway propagation suppression element can extend only to thefirst end 21 of thebattery cells 2. Where a solid, continuous thermal runaway propagation suppression element extends to the framework portion 7,openings 25 may be added to facilitate venting gases to agas manifold 13 including an end portion 31 (as shown inFIG. 3 b, 3 c, 3 d ) or out of the battery pack system.FIG. 3 c is a cross-sectional view ofFIG. 3 b. - A thermal runaway propagation mitigation zone 11 can be defined as a plurality of
battery cells 2 located between two thermal runaway propagation suppression elements 5 or between a thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 and the end of the battery pack 1. The thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 can comprise a thermally insulating layer. The thermal suppression element 5 can comprise a thermally conductive component extending to the gap 6, the framework 7, and/or the lower portion 3 to conduct heat away from thebattery cells 2. When the thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 comprises both a thermally conductive component and a thermally insulating layer, the thermally conductive component can be located between the thermally insulating layer and thebattery cells 2. For example the thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 could comprise a thermally insulating layer, a heat pipe, or a vapor column between two layers of metal (e.g., metal foil). Optionally, one or more compression layers 38 can also be included in or adjacent to the thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 or elsewhere in the battery pack (as shown inFIGS. 1 and 2 ). For example, the thermally insulating layer could also serve as a compression layer. The thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5 can further, optionally comprise thethermochemical material 4 dispersed in or on a surface of the thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5. - The battery pack system 1 can comprise
layers 38 between the side edges of twoadjacent battery cells 2, between abattery cell 2 and the suppression layer 5, and/or between abattery cell 2 and the outer end framework of the battery pack system. Thelayers 38 can be compression layers. For example, they can comprise a foamed material such as micro-cellular polyurethane. Alternatively, or in addition to serving as compression layers, thelayers 38 can comprise thethermochemical material 4. For example, thethermochemical material 4 can be dispersed within the foamed material of thecompression layer 38. - Referring to
FIG. 2 , the framework portion 7 can define areservoir 10 for thethermochemical material 4 as well as defining the upper boundary of gap 6. (Again the gap 6 is optional). Thereservoir 10 can hold thethermochemical material 4. The reservoir can be at an elevated pressure (e.g., at least 300 or at least 400 kilopascals gauge pressure (kPag) up to 1500 or up to 1200 kPag), which can facilitate emptying of the reservoir upon opening of a valve 9. In this case, the thermochemical material can be in the form of free (e.g. not adhered to or embedded in another layer) small particulate (e.g. powder) that can flow through the valves. Use of small particulates such as powder can maximize surface area to enhance heat absorption. In an alternative embodiment a gas manifold could be adjacent to (e.g., above) thereservoir 10. - Upon occurrence of a thermal event in a cell 36 (overheating cell) and upon reaching a threshold level of a property (e.g. temperature, pressure, chemical composition) one or more valves 9 open as illustrated in
FIG. 2 releasing the thermochemical material onto thebattery cells 2 and/or into the gap 6. The valves 9 can comprise a material blocking an opening which material melts or deforms at a predetermined temperature (e.g. a temperature above normal battery assembly operating temperature, such as for example, above 50, above 55 or above 60° C. up to 100° C.) thereby releasing thermochemical material. For example, the valves 9 can comprise wax pellets congealed inside spigots, or a contained wax-actuated valve similar to current IC engine flow control thermostats. In another example, the valves 9 may comprise a bimetallic strip that bends out of the path of the opening when heated. Alternatively, the valves 9 can be actuated by the pressure released during a thermal runaway event. As yet another alternative, if gases are released from the cell module, the valves could be actuated by detection of chemical components indicating a thermal runaway event. In this latter alternative, a control unit can be used to actuate the valve. - An optional one
way valve 12 can connect to the coolant system 15. The coolant system includes acoolant 34 such as a dielectric heat transfer fluid. During a thermal runaway event, a valve 9 closest to the overheatingcell 36 opens, pressure in the reservoir releasesthermochemical material 4 into that thermal runaway propagation mitigation zone 11 towards the overheatingcell 36. This drops the pressure in thereservoir 10 to near-atmospheric (for example, less than 10 kPag, or 0.1-0.2 kPag) such that pressure in the coolant system 15 will open the one-way valve 12.Coolant 34 can then flow into thereservoir 10, dissolve remainingthermochemical material 4, and can also flow through the open valve 9 towards the overheatingcell 36. This can further assist in controlling the thermal runaway due to both the thermochemical material absorbing the heat, and the heat of vaporization of the coolant in the mitigation zone 11. - Once the temperature falls, if valve 9 is actively controlled and sensitive to current conditions (like a thermostat valve) instead of maximum conditions (like a wax plug), it can close and prevent further leakage of coolant to enable some minimal level of continued cooling of the remainder of the battery pack system 1.
- The
thermochemical material 4 reacts endothermically absorbing energy thereby inhibiting the energy available for the propagation of a thermal runaway in the neighboring cells or module. Thethermochemical material 4 can be on or in a layer between or adjacent to the battery cells (such aslayer 38, or thermal runaway propagation suppression element 5), on surfaces of a gap 6 adjacent to the battery cells (such as surface 8), on a mesh or screen structure in a gap region, in agas manifold 13, or in anend region 31, in areservoir 10 or in a combination of two or more of these locations. Thethermochemical material 4 can be a material that is suitable to be provided in these locations. - A reaction that is highly endothermic is more effective at inhibiting thermal runaway by absorbing the energy that would otherwise trigger further events. The
thermochemical material 4 should not react at normal operating temperatures for the battery pack system. Thus, thethermochemical material 4 preferably has a reaction initiation temperature of at least 50, at least 60 or at least 70° C., but is thermally stable below those temperatures. At the same time, if the temperature at which the endothermic reaction is initiated is too high, too much damage can occur to the battery pack system 1 before thethermochemical material 4 can function to inhibit the thermal runaway. Thus, the thermochemical material preferably has a reaction initiation temperature of no more than about 120, no more than 105, or no more than 100, or no more than 90° C. - The desired reaction initiation temperature can vary depending upon placement of the
thermochemical material 4. For example, athermochemical material 4 placed only at the end regions of the battery pack system, may desirably have a lower reaction initiation temperature as it is further from the thermal event. Similarly, athermochemical material 4 placed immediately adjacent (e.g., between side edges of battery cells) may desirably have a higher reaction initiation temperature. Similarly, athermochemical material 4 disposed on a porous matrix exposed directly to thermal runaway vent gasses may have a higher reaction temperature to be effective due to the temperature of these products of combustion. - The
thermochemical material 4 can be, for example, a hydrated salt, hydrated zeolites or metal hydroxides. Hydrated salts can be effective due to high heat storage capability. - For example, hydrated salts with temperatures of dehydration of greater than 50, greater than 55, greater than 60° C. can be used. At the same time, the temperature of dehydration of exemplary hydrated salt can be for example, less than 105, less than 100, less than 90° C. Salts with a large change of heat in dehydration (ΔHdehydration) can enable more energy absorption per unit mass. For example, the ΔHdehydration can be at least 150, at least 175, or at least 200 kilojoules/kilogram.
- Non-binding examples of hydrated salts include NaAl(SO4)2·10H2O, Na2B4O7·10H2O, Na2P2O7·10H2O, Al(NO3)2·9H2O, Ba(OH)2·8H2O, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, KAl(SO4)2 Al(NO3)2·12H2O, MgCl2·6H2O, and MgSO4·7H2O.
- The
thermochemical material 4, preferably, is not reactive with other components in the battery pack system to which the thermochemical material is exposed. For example, athermochemical material 4 with a substantially neutral pH (e.g. pH of 6-8) can be used. Thethermochemical material 4 can be non-conductive or minimally-conductive. Where areservoir 10 is used andcoolant 34 is combined with thethermochemical material 4, thethermochemical material 4 desirably does not make the coolant significantly more conductive. Also, thethermochemical material 4 desirably does not reduce into compounds more toxic than the electrolyte and other battery internals during a thermal event, and contains minimal oxygen to limit additional oxidation interactions during a thermal runaway event. - The battery pack system 1 can include other features beyond the enclosure, physical structure, thermal runaway mitigation features, and the cells themselves. These can include a thermal management and cooling system for normal operation to keep the battery cells in their ideal temperature range and to remove excess heat, electrical bussing to combine the cells in parallel and series to meet the voltage and current demands of a vehicle, voltage management systems to maintain overall pack capability by balancing the voltage and capacity across parallel cell groups, and a battery disconnect unit that provides control over the battery system charge, discharge, and electrical connections to propulsion, charging, and other vehicle subsystems. As shown in
FIG. 3 a-3 d , the battery packs 1 as shown inFIGS. 1 and 2 can be combined in anassembly structure 14 in either vertical (FIGS. 3 b and 3 c ) or horizontal (FIG. 3 d ) orientation. - While the above disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from its scope. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but will include all embodiments falling within the scope thereof
Claims (20)
1. A battery pack system comprising
a stack of battery cells wherein each battery cell has a first end, a second end opposite the first end, and side edges extending from the first end to the second end and wherein at least one of the side edges of each battery cell are adjacent to at least one side edge of another of the battery cells,
a thermochemical material that undergoes endothermic reaction at temperatures above 50° C., and
the thermochemical material being located (a) within the stack of battery cells and exterior to battery cells or (b) adjacent to the stack of battery cells, or (c) both.
2. The battery pack system of claim 1 wherein the thermochemical material undergoes endothermic reaction at temperatures between 60 and 100° C.
3. The battery pack system of claim 1 wherein the battery cells are pouch cells or prismatic cells.
4. The battery pack system of claim 1 wherein the stack comprises one or more layers located between side edges of adjacent battery cells wherein the one or more layers comprise the thermochemical material.
5. The battery pack system of claim 4 wherein the thermochemical material in the one or more layers is dispersed in a matrix material.
6. The battery pack system of claim 5 wherein the matrix material is a foam.
7. The battery pack system of claim 1 further comprising a gap defined by the first end and an interior surface of a frame.
8. The battery pack system of claim 7 wherein the interior surface of the frame comprises the thermochemical material.
9. The battery pack system of claim 1 comprising a reservoir of thermochemical material and one or more valves that can release the thermochemical material upon a predetermined threshold being reached.
10. The battery pack system of claim 9 wherein the predetermined threshold is a temperature, a pressure or a chemical composition of gasses venting from the cells.
11. The battery pack system of claim 9 wherein the stack is divided into two or more mitigation zones each zone comprising a plurality of the battery cells, a gap between the first end of the cells and the reservoir, and a thermally actuated valve in connection with the reservoir to release the thermochemical material into the zone wherein the two or more mitigation zones are divided from each other by a thermal runaway propagation suppression element.
12. The battery pack system of claim 7 wherein the gap is in fluid communication with a region comprising the thermochemical material.
13. The battery pack system of claim 1 wherein the thermochemical material comprises a hydrated salt.
14. The battery pack system of claim 13 wherein the hydrated salt comprises one or more of NaAl(SO4)2·10H2O, Na2B4O7·10H2O, Na2P2O7·10H2O, Al(NO3)2·9H2O, Ba(OH)2·8H2O, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, KAl(SO4)2 Al(NO3)2·12H2O, MgCl2·6H2O, and MgSO4·7H2O.
15. The battery pack system of claim 1 further comprising a cooling element.
16. The battery pack system of claim 9 further comprises a one way valve between the reservoir and a cooling system comprising a coolant, wherein the one way valve opens to release coolant into the reservoir after opening of the one or more valves.
17. The battery pack system of claim 4 further comprising a gap defined by the first end and an interior surface of a frame wherein the interior surface of the frame comprises the thermochemical material.
18. The battery pack system of claim 4 further comprising a reservoir of thermochemical material and valves that can release the thermochemical material toward the cells upon a predetermined threshold being reached.
19. The battery pack system of claim 4 further comprising a gap defined by the first end and an interior surface of a frame wherein the gap is in fluid communication with a region comprising the thermochemical material.
20. A battery pack system comprising a battery cell assembly and one or more of the following:
a reservoir containing a thermochemical material and a valve that can release the thermochemical material toward the battery cell assembly upon reaching a threshold level of temperature, pressure or chemical composition;
a first edge of the battery assembly and a framework having an interior surface wherein the first edge and the interior surface define a gap into which gas from a thermal event in the battery assembly can vent wherein the framework comprises the thermochemical material in the framework or on the interior surface of the framework; and
a gas manifold in or adjacent to the framework and in fluid communication with the gap wherein the gas manifold includes a surface comprising the thermochemical material, is in fluid communication with a region comprising the thermochemical material, or a combination of thereof.
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US17/745,117 US20230369682A1 (en) | 2022-05-16 | 2022-05-16 | Battery pack system with thermal runaway mitigation features |
DE102022127463.2A DE102022127463A1 (en) | 2022-05-16 | 2022-10-19 | BATTERY PACK SYSTEM WITH FEATURES TO PREVENT THERMAL RUNWAY |
CN202211325588.9A CN117117418A (en) | 2022-05-16 | 2022-10-27 | Battery system with thermal runaway mitigation feature |
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