US20190089593A1 - Method And System For Service Group Management In A Cable Network - Google Patents
Method And System For Service Group Management In A Cable Network Download PDFInfo
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- US20190089593A1 US20190089593A1 US16/195,053 US201816195053A US2019089593A1 US 20190089593 A1 US20190089593 A1 US 20190089593A1 US 201816195053 A US201816195053 A US 201816195053A US 2019089593 A1 US2019089593 A1 US 2019089593A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
- H04L41/08—Configuration management of networks or network elements
- H04L41/0803—Configuration setting
- H04L41/0823—Configuration setting characterised by the purposes of a change of settings, e.g. optimising configuration for enhancing reliability
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
- H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
- H04B17/309—Measuring or estimating channel quality parameters
- H04B17/318—Received signal strength
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
- H04L1/0009—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the channel coding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
- H04L1/0023—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the signalling
- H04L1/0026—Transmission of channel quality indication
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
- H04L12/2801—Broadband local area networks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2602—Signal structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
- H04L43/08—Monitoring or testing based on specific metrics, e.g. QoS, energy consumption or environmental parameters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
- H04L43/12—Network monitoring probes
Definitions
- Certain embodiments of the invention relate to cable television networks. More specifically, certain embodiments of the invention relate to a method and system for service group management in a cable television network.
- a system and/or method is provided for service group management in a cable television network, substantially as shown in and/or described in connection with at least one of the figures, as set forth more completely in the claims.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example cable/DOCSIS network.
- FIG. 2A depicts an example method of determining locations of CMs within the HFC network.
- FIGS. 2B and 2C depict signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) versus frequency profiles for an example cable/DOCSIS network.
- FIG. 3A is a flowchart illustrating an example process for configuring a cable/DOCSIS HFC network based on measured performance metrics.
- FIG. 3B is a flowchart illustrating an example process for configuring a cable/DOCSIS HFC network based on location of CMs within the network.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the network of FIG. 1 , with different groupings of CMs based on one or both of: measured performance metric(s) and location within the HFC network.
- circuits and circuitry refer to physical electronic components (i.e. hardware) and any software and/or firmware (“code”) which may configure the hardware, be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware.
- code software and/or firmware
- a particular processor and memory may comprise a first “circuit” when executing a first one or more lines of code and may comprise a second “circuit” when executing a second one or more lines of code.
- and/or means any one or more of the items in the list joined by “and/or”.
- x and/or y means any element of the three-element set ⁇ (x), (y), (x, y) ⁇ .
- x, y, and/or z means any element of the seven-element set ⁇ (x), (y), (z), (x, y), (x, z), (y, z), (x, y, z) ⁇ .
- exemplary means serving as a non-limiting example, instance, or illustration.
- e.g. and “for example” set off lists of one or more non-limiting examples, instances, or illustrations.
- circuitry is “operable” to perform a function whenever the circuitry comprises the necessary hardware and code (if any is necessary) to perform the function, regardless of whether performance of the function is disabled, or not enabled, by some user-configurable setting.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example cable/DOCSIS network.
- the example network comprises a cable modem termination system (CMTS) 102 , a fiber node 104 , amplifiers 106 1 - 106 3 , a directional coupler 108 , splitters 110 1 - 110 3 , and cable modems (CMs) 112 1 - 112 5 .
- CMTS cable modem termination system
- CMs cable modems
- the CMTS 102 may comprise circuitry operable to manage connections to the CMs 112 1 - 112 5 . This may include, for example: participating in ranging operations to determine physical layer parameters used for communications between the CMTS 102 and CMs 112 1 - 112 5 ; forwarding of dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) messages between a DHCP server and the CMs 112 1 - 112 5 ; forwarding of time of day messages between a time of day server and the CMs 112 1 - 112 5 ; directing traffic between the CMs 112 1 - 112 5 other network devices (e.g., Ethernet interfaces of the CMTS 102 may face the Internet, Optical RF interfaces of the CMTS 102 may face the CMs, and the CMTS may direct traffic between and among the Ethernet and Optical RF interfaces); and managing registration of the CMs 112 1 - 112 5 to grant the cable modems network (e.g., Internet) access.
- the registration process for a CM 112 X may comprise the CM 112 sending a registration request along with its configuration settings, and the CMTS 102 accepting or rejecting the cable modem based on the configuration settings.
- the registration process may additionally comprise an exchange of security keys, certificates, or other authentication information.
- the fiber node 104 may comprise circuitry operable to convert between optical signals conveyed via the fiber optic cable 103 and electrical signals conveyed via coaxial cable 105 .
- Each of the amplifiers 106 1 - 106 3 may comprise a bidirectional amplifier which may amplify downstream signals and upstream signals, where downstream signals are input via upstream interface 107 a and output via downstream interface 107 b , and upstream signals are input via downstream interface 107 b and output via upstream interface 107 a .
- the amplifiers 106 1 which amplifies signals along the main coaxial “trunk” may be referred to as a “trunk amplifier.”
- the amplifiers 1062 and 1063 which amplify signals along “branches” split off from the trunk may be referred to as “branch” or “distribution” amplifiers.
- the directional coupler 108 may comprise circuitry operable to direct downstream traffic incident on interface 109 a onto interfaces 109 b and 109 c , and to direct upstream traffic incident on interfaces 109 b and 109 c onto interface 109 a .
- the directional coupler 108 may be a passive device.
- Each of the splitters 110 1 - 110 3 may comprise circuitry operable to output signals incident on each of its interfaces onto each of its other interfaces.
- Each of the splitters 110 1 - 110 3 may be a passive device.
- Each of the cable modems (CMs) 112 1 - 112 5 may comprise circuitry operable to communicate with, and be managed by, the CMTS 1102 in accordance with one or more standards (e.g., DOCSIS). Each of the CMs 112 1 - 112 5 may reside at the premises of a cable subscriber.
- CMs cable modems
- the components including, fiber optic cables, coaxial cables, amplifiers, directional couplers, splitters, and/or other devices
- CMTS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
- CMs complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
- HFC hybrid fiber coaxial
- Any of the amplifiers, directional coupler, and splitters may be referred to generically as a coupling device.
- FIG. 2A depicts an example method of determining locations of CMs within the HFC network.
- the CMTS 102 may transmit, at time 1 , a message 202 that is destined (unicast, multicast, or broadcast) for the CM 112 X and that functions as a probe to enable determination of the metric(s) for the CM 112 X .
- the message 202 may be sent on multiple channels spanning multiple frequencies.
- the message 202 may be transmitted on each subcarrier, or may be sent on a subset of subcarriers and then interpolation may be used for determining the SNR of subcarriers on which the message 202 was not sent.
- the message 202 may be transmitted with such encoding, modulation, and transmit power such that even a CM 112 X with a worst-case performance metric(s) can receive the message and accurately measure the metric(s).
- FIG. 2B shows a SNR versus frequency graph for an example HFC network that uses eight channels/subcarriers.
- the line 222 in FIG. 2B represents a composite worst-case SNR profile for one or more CM(s) in the HFC network to which the message 202 is destined.
- line 222 may be a SNR profile for a single CM 112 X to which the message 202 is to be unicast.
- the line 222 may be a composite worst-case SNR profile for a plurality of CMs 112 of a particular service group to which the message 202 is to be multicast.
- the line 222 may be a composite worst-case SNR profile for all CMs of an HFC network handled by the CMTS 102 to which the message 202 is to be broadcast.
- the message 202 may be transmitted such that the minimum SNR needed to receive and accurately measure the SNR profile is below the line 222 (e.g., SNR needed for receiving the message 202 may be the line 224 ).
- a CM 112 X may measure, over the channels/subbands on which the message was sent, one or more metrics (e.g., SNR versus frequency profile) for the transmission 202 .
- the CM 112 X may then report the metrics(s) back to the CMTS 102 via a message 204 .
- the message 202 may contain information about when and/or how the CM(s) are supposed to report their metric(s) (e.g., SNR profiles) back to the CMTS 102 .
- the message 202 may contain information that is the same as and/or or analogous to what may be found in a MAP, UCD, and/or other MAC management message defined in a DOCSIS standard. Accordingly, the message 202 may have specified a format of the message 204 and that the message 204 is to be transmitted at time T + ⁇ .
- physical layer communication parameters to be used for communications between the CMTS 102 and the CMs 112 may be determined based on the metric(s).
- physical layer communication parameters may be determined per-CM based on each CM's respective metric(s) (e.g., each CM's SNR profile), per-service-group based on a composite metric(s) of the CM(s) assigned to that service group (e.g., composite SNR profile for the CM(s) of that service group), per physical region of the HFC network based on a composite metric of the CMs located in that physical region (e.g., composite SNR profile for the CM(s) in that physical region), and/or the like.
- Example physical layer parameters include: encoding parameters, modulation parameters, transmit power, receive sensitivity, timeslot duration, channel(s) or subcarrier(s) on which to listen, channel(s) or subcarrier(s) on which to transmit, and/or the like.
- Example encoding parameters include: type of forward error correction (FEC) to be used (e.g., Reed-Solomon, LDPC, etc.), FEC block size, FEC code rate, etc.
- FEC forward error correction
- modulation parameters include: type of modulation (e.g., frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), etc.), modulation depth, modulation order, etc.
- the transmission of messages 202 may take place in parallel with other operations performed during the registration/ranging process.
- the calculation of metrics such as SNR profile, by the CM(s), the transmission 204 , and subsequent configuration of physical layer parameters based on the metric(s) may take place in parallel with other operations performed during the registration/ranging process.
- the line 222 which represents the applicable SNR profile (e.g., an individual SNR profile if configuring physical layer parameters per CM, a composite SNR profile for a service group if configuring physical layer parameters per service group, or a composite SNR profile for a particular physical region). Also shown is a line 226 corresponding to SNR utilization for communications with the CM(s) associated with the profile 222 .
- the physical layer communication parameters resulting in line 226 are nearly optimal in the sense that there is minimal headroom on each of channels/subbands 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , and only slightly more than minimal headroom on channels/subbands 2 and 5 .
- Physical layer parameters may be configured/coordinated using upstream and/or downstream MAP messages, upstream channel descriptors (UCDs), other MAC management messages defined in DOCSIS protocols, and/or purpose-specific messages tailored to configuring the parameters based on measured performance metrics such as SNR profiles as described in this disclosure.
- upstream channel descriptors UCDs
- purpose-specific messages tailored to configuring the parameters based on measured performance metrics such as SNR profiles as described in this disclosure.
- FIG. 3A is a flowchart illustrating an example process for configuring a cable/DOCSIS HFC network based on SNR profiles. For clarity of illustration the process is described with reference to the network of FIG. 1 and the messages of FIG. 2A .
- the process begins with block 302 in which the CMTS 102 sends one or more probe messages 202 to the CMs 112 1 - 112 5 .
- each of the CMs 112 1 - 112 5 determines its respective SNR profile based on a received one of the messages 202 , and reports the SNR profile back to the CMTS 102 in the form of a message 204 .
- the CMTS 102 assigns the CMs to service groups based on the SNR profiles.
- physical layer communication parameters are determined per service group and per channel/subcarrier.
- the modulation order and FEC code rate to be used on a particular subcarrier may be determined based on the worst case SNR for that subcarrier among the CMs in that particular service group.
- grouping CMs based on SNR profiles may enable configuring physical layer communications parameters to such that one or more communication parameters (throughput, reliability, etc.) is optimal, or near-optimal, for all of the CMs in the service group.
- one CM in a particular service group may have substantially lower SNR on one or more channels/subcarriers.
- all CMs in that particular service group may be forced to use physical layer parameters supported by this “lowest common denominator” CM. This may result in a lot of wasted capacity for the remaining CMs.
- CMs 112 1 , 112 4 , and 112 5 of FIG. 1 have sufficient SNR on channel z to support 64-QAM on channel z, but that CMs 112 2 and 112 3 only have sufficient SNR on channel z to support 16-QAM. If 112 1 is assigned to the same service group as 112 2 or 112 3 , then 112 1 may be forced to use 16-QAM on channel z.
- 112 1 , 112 4 , and 112 5 are assigned to a first service group and 112 2 and 112 3 are assigned to a second service group, then the first service group consisting of 112 1 , 112 4 , and 112 5 can use 64-QAM on channel z while the second service group consisting of 112 2 and 112 3 uses 16-QAM on channel z.
- communications between the CMTS 102 and any particular service group use the per-service-group and per-subcarrier/channel physical layer parameters determined in block 308 .
- FIG. 3B is a flowchart illustrating an example process for configuring a cable/DOCSIS HFC network based on location of CMs within the network. For clarity of illustration, and as a non-limiting example, the process is described with reference to the network of FIG. 1 and the messages of FIG. 2B .
- the process begins with block 322 in which the CMTS 102 determines a location of each of the CMs 112 1 - 112 5 in the network.
- CM 112 X Location of a CM 112 X may be characterized in a variety of ways including, for example: total distance of fiber and/or coaxial cable between the CMTS 102 and the CM 112 X , total attenuation between the CMTS 102 and the CM 112 X , which trunk amplifier(s) are upstream of the CM 112 X , how many coupling elements (amplifiers, splitters, directional couplers, etc.) are between the CMTS 102 and the CM 112 X , GPS coordinates, and street address.
- the CMTS 102 assigns the CMs 112 1 - 112 5 to service groups based on their determined locations.
- Blocks 326 and 328 are substantially similar to blocks 308 and 310 , respectively, of FIG. 3A .
- the locations of the CMs 112 1 - 112 5 may be determined by, for example, transmitting sounding signals into the network.
- the channel sounding signal may be sent repeatedly over an interval of time and the CMs may average multiple measurements over the time interval until they can resolve identifying characteristics in the signal which indicate, for example, how many branch amplifiers and/or other coupling elements that the signal traveled through to reach the CM.
- the CMTS may communicate with a server that stores subscriber information that associates the CMs with their geographic location (e.g., street address).
- FIGS. 3A and 3B depict SNR profiles and location as two separate bases on which to assign CMs to service groups, the two may be used in combination.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the network of FIG. 1 , with different groupings of CMs based on one or both of: measured performance metric(s) and location within the HFC network.
- CMs 112 1 , 112 4 , and 112 5 are assigned to service group 402 and CMs 112 2 and 112 3 are assigned to service group 404 .
- the assignment of FIG. 4A may result from, for example, assigning CMs based on the number of coupling elements between the CMTS 102 and the CMs—four each for CMs 112 1 , 112 4 , and 112 5 ; five each for CMs 112 2 and 112 3 .
- the number of coupling elements may be determined based on, for example, measured performance metrics (e.g., SNR profile) of the CMs and/or address or GPS information associated with the CMs.
- measured performance metrics e.g., SNR profile
- CMs 112 2 and 112 3A may result from, for example, assigning the CMs to service groups based directly on their respective measured performance metric(s) (e.g., the extra device in the path between CMTS 102 and CMs 1112 and 112 3 may cause CMs 112 2 and 112 3 to have significantly poorer SNR).
- CMs 112 1 , 112 2 , and 112 3 are assigned to service group 406 and CMs 112 4 and 112 5 are assigned to service group 408 .
- the assignment of FIG. 4B may result from, for example, assigning CMs based on which trunk amplifiers are downstream of the CMs. Alternatively, the assignment of FIG.
- 3A may result from, for example, assigning the CMs to service groups based directly on their respective measured performance metric(s) (e.g., the distance between CMTS 102 and CMs 112 4 and 112 5 may be substantially greater than the distance between the CMTS 102 and the CMs 112 1 , 112 2 , and 112 3 , thus resulting in poorer SNR in CMs 112 4 and 112 5 ).
- the distance between CMTS 102 and CMs 112 4 and 112 5 may be substantially greater than the distance between the CMTS 102 and the CMs 112 1 , 112 2 , and 112 3 , thus resulting in poorer SNR in CMs 112 4 and 112 5 ).
- Grouping CMs according to which trunk or distribution amplifiers are upstream of them may enable duty cycling power branch and/or distribution amplifiers. For example, when a CM in service group 406 is the talker, the upstream path through amplifier 1062 may be disabled such that noise from group 408 does not interfere with transmissions from the talker of service group 406 . Grouping CMs according to which trunk or distribution amplifier(s) serve(s) them may enable using more efficient physical layer parameters.
- grouping the CMs by geography/distance to the CMTS may enable a lower transmit power to be used by the CMTS 102 when talking to service group 406 as compared to when talking to service group 408 .
- inventions may provide a non-transitory computer readable medium and/or storage medium, and/or a non-transitory machine readable medium and/or storage medium, having stored thereon, a machine code and/or a computer program having at least one code section executable by a machine and/or a computer, thereby causing the machine and/or computer to perform processes described.
- the present invention may be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.
- the present invention may be realized in a centralized fashion in at least one computing system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computing systems. Any kind of computing system or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein is suited.
- a typical combination of hardware and software may be a general-purpose computing system with a program or other code that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computing system such that it carries out the methods described herein.
- Another typical implementation may comprise an application specific integrated circuit or chip.
- the present invention may also be embedded in a computer program product, which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and which when loaded in a computer system is able to carry out these methods.
- Computer program in the present context means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following: a) conversion to another language, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different material form.
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Abstract
Description
- This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/866,106 filed on Jan. 9, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/434,673 filed on Feb. 16, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,866,438, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/228,703 filed on Aug. 4, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,577,886, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/948,444 filed on Jul. 23, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,419,858, which makes reference to, claims priority to and claims benefit from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/674,742 titled “Method and System for Service Group Management in a Cable Television Network” and filed on Jul. 23, 2012.
- The entirety of each of the above-mentioned applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
- This application also makes reference to:
- U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/553,328 titled “Method and System for Client-Side Message Handling in a Low-Power Wide Area Network,” and filed on Jul. 19, 2012;
- U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/485,034 titled “Method and System for Server-Side Message Handling in a Low-Power Wide Area Network,” and filed on May 31, 2012;
- U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/553,175 titled “Method and System for a Low-Power Client in a Wide Area Network,” and filed on Jul. 19, 2012;
- U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/553,195 titled “Method and System for Server-Side Handling of a Low-Power Client in a Wide Area Network,” and filed on Jul. 19, 2012;
- U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/948,401 titled “Method and System for a High Capacity Cable Network,” and filed on the same date as this application; and
- U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/948,417 titled “Method and System for Noise Suppression in a Cable Network,” and filed on the same date as this application.
- The entirety of each of the above-mentioned applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
- Certain embodiments of the invention relate to cable television networks. More specifically, certain embodiments of the invention relate to a method and system for service group management in a cable television network.
- Convention cable television networks can be inefficient and have insufficient capacity. Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with some aspects of the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.
- A system and/or method is provided for service group management in a cable television network, substantially as shown in and/or described in connection with at least one of the figures, as set forth more completely in the claims.
- These and other advantages, aspects and novel features of the present invention, as well as details of an illustrated embodiment thereof, will be more fully understood from the following description and drawings.
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FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example cable/DOCSIS network. -
FIG. 2A depicts an example method of determining locations of CMs within the HFC network. -
FIGS. 2B and 2C depict signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) versus frequency profiles for an example cable/DOCSIS network. -
FIG. 3A is a flowchart illustrating an example process for configuring a cable/DOCSIS HFC network based on measured performance metrics. -
FIG. 3B is a flowchart illustrating an example process for configuring a cable/DOCSIS HFC network based on location of CMs within the network. -
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the network ofFIG. 1 , with different groupings of CMs based on one or both of: measured performance metric(s) and location within the HFC network. - As utilized herein the terms “circuits” and “circuitry” refer to physical electronic components (i.e. hardware) and any software and/or firmware (“code”) which may configure the hardware, be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware. As used herein, for example, a particular processor and memory may comprise a first “circuit” when executing a first one or more lines of code and may comprise a second “circuit” when executing a second one or more lines of code. As utilized herein, “and/or” means any one or more of the items in the list joined by “and/or”. As an example, “x and/or y” means any element of the three-element set {(x), (y), (x, y)}. As another example, “x, y, and/or z” means any element of the seven-element set {(x), (y), (z), (x, y), (x, z), (y, z), (x, y, z)}. As utilized herein, the term “exemplary” means serving as a non-limiting example, instance, or illustration. As utilized herein, the terms “e.g.,” and “for example” set off lists of one or more non-limiting examples, instances, or illustrations. As utilized herein, circuitry is “operable” to perform a function whenever the circuitry comprises the necessary hardware and code (if any is necessary) to perform the function, regardless of whether performance of the function is disabled, or not enabled, by some user-configurable setting.
-
FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example cable/DOCSIS network. The example network comprises a cable modem termination system (CMTS) 102, afiber node 104, amplifiers 106 1-106 3, adirectional coupler 108, splitters 110 1-110 3, and cable modems (CMs) 112 1-112 5. - The CMTS 102 may comprise circuitry operable to manage connections to the CMs 112 1-112 5. This may include, for example: participating in ranging operations to determine physical layer parameters used for communications between the
CMTS 102 and CMs 112 1-112 5; forwarding of dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) messages between a DHCP server and the CMs 112 1-112 5; forwarding of time of day messages between a time of day server and the CMs 112 1-112 5; directing traffic between the CMs 112 1-112 5 other network devices (e.g., Ethernet interfaces of theCMTS 102 may face the Internet, Optical RF interfaces of theCMTS 102 may face the CMs, and the CMTS may direct traffic between and among the Ethernet and Optical RF interfaces); and managing registration of the CMs 112 1-112 5 to grant the cable modems network (e.g., Internet) access. The registration process for a CM 112 X (X between 1 and 5 for the example network ofFIG. 1 ) may comprise the CM 112 sending a registration request along with its configuration settings, and theCMTS 102 accepting or rejecting the cable modem based on the configuration settings. The registration process may additionally comprise an exchange of security keys, certificates, or other authentication information. - The
fiber node 104 may comprise circuitry operable to convert between optical signals conveyed via the fiberoptic cable 103 and electrical signals conveyed viacoaxial cable 105. - Each of the amplifiers 106 1-106 3 may comprise a bidirectional amplifier which may amplify downstream signals and upstream signals, where downstream signals are input via
upstream interface 107 a and output viadownstream interface 107 b, and upstream signals are input viadownstream interface 107 b and output viaupstream interface 107 a. The amplifiers 106 1, which amplifies signals along the main coaxial “trunk” may be referred to as a “trunk amplifier.” Theamplifiers - The
directional coupler 108 may comprise circuitry operable to direct downstream traffic incident oninterface 109 a ontointerfaces interfaces interface 109 a. Thedirectional coupler 108 may be a passive device. - Each of the splitters 110 1-110 3 may comprise circuitry operable to output signals incident on each of its interfaces onto each of its other interfaces. Each of the splitters 110 1-110 3 may be a passive device.
- Each of the cable modems (CMs) 112 1-112 5 may comprise circuitry operable to communicate with, and be managed by, the
CMTS 1102 in accordance with one or more standards (e.g., DOCSIS). Each of the CMs 112 1-112 5 may reside at the premises of a cable subscriber. - The components (including, fiber optic cables, coaxial cables, amplifiers, directional couplers, splitters, and/or other devices) between the CMTS and the CMs may be referred to as a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) network. Any of the amplifiers, directional coupler, and splitters may be referred to generically as a coupling device.
-
FIG. 2A depicts an example method of determining locations of CMs within the HFC network. As shown inFIG. 2A , to determine one or more measured performance metric(s) (e.g., an SNR-related metric such as SNR at a particular frequency or SNR over a range of frequencies (an SNR profile), noise levels, strength of desired signals, and/or the like) for any particular CM 112 X, theCMTS 102 may transmit, attime 1, amessage 202 that is destined (unicast, multicast, or broadcast) for the CM 112 X and that functions as a probe to enable determination of the metric(s) for the CM 112 X. Themessage 202 may be sent on multiple channels spanning multiple frequencies. Similarly, where OFDM is used for communications between theCMTS 102 and the CM 112 X, themessage 202 may be transmitted on each subcarrier, or may be sent on a subset of subcarriers and then interpolation may be used for determining the SNR of subcarriers on which themessage 202 was not sent. - The
message 202 may be transmitted with such encoding, modulation, and transmit power such that even a CM 112 X with a worst-case performance metric(s) can receive the message and accurately measure the metric(s). In this regard,FIG. 2B shows a SNR versus frequency graph for an example HFC network that uses eight channels/subcarriers. Theline 222 inFIG. 2B represents a composite worst-case SNR profile for one or more CM(s) in the HFC network to which themessage 202 is destined. For example,line 222 may be a SNR profile for a single CM 112 X to which themessage 202 is to be unicast. As another example, theline 222 may be a composite worst-case SNR profile for a plurality of CMs 112 of a particular service group to which themessage 202 is to be multicast. As another example, theline 222 may be a composite worst-case SNR profile for all CMs of an HFC network handled by theCMTS 102 to which themessage 202 is to be broadcast. Themessage 202 may be transmitted such that the minimum SNR needed to receive and accurately measure the SNR profile is below the line 222 (e.g., SNR needed for receiving themessage 202 may be the line 224). - Upon receipt of the
message 202, a CM 112 X may measure, over the channels/subbands on which the message was sent, one or more metrics (e.g., SNR versus frequency profile) for thetransmission 202. The CM 112 X may then report the metrics(s) back to theCMTS 102 via amessage 204. In an example implementation, themessage 202 may contain information about when and/or how the CM(s) are supposed to report their metric(s) (e.g., SNR profiles) back to theCMTS 102. In this regard, themessage 202 may contain information that is the same as and/or or analogous to what may be found in a MAP, UCD, and/or other MAC management message defined in a DOCSIS standard. Accordingly, themessage 202 may have specified a format of themessage 204 and that themessage 204 is to be transmitted at time T+□. - Once the metric(s) of one or more CMs are known to the
CMTS 102, physical layer communication parameters to be used for communications between theCMTS 102 and the CMs 112 may be determined based on the metric(s). In this regard, physical layer communication parameters may be determined per-CM based on each CM's respective metric(s) (e.g., each CM's SNR profile), per-service-group based on a composite metric(s) of the CM(s) assigned to that service group (e.g., composite SNR profile for the CM(s) of that service group), per physical region of the HFC network based on a composite metric of the CMs located in that physical region (e.g., composite SNR profile for the CM(s) in that physical region), and/or the like. Furthermore, once the metric(s) of a CM 112 X is determined, theCMTS 102 may assign that CM 112 X to one or more service groups based on its metric(s), as, for example, described below with reference toFIG. 4A . Example physical layer parameters include: encoding parameters, modulation parameters, transmit power, receive sensitivity, timeslot duration, channel(s) or subcarrier(s) on which to listen, channel(s) or subcarrier(s) on which to transmit, and/or the like. Example encoding parameters include: type of forward error correction (FEC) to be used (e.g., Reed-Solomon, LDPC, etc.), FEC block size, FEC code rate, etc. Example modulation parameters include: type of modulation (e.g., frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), etc.), modulation depth, modulation order, etc. - In an example implementation, the transmission of
messages 202, the calculation of metrics, such as SNR profile, by the CM(s), thetransmission 204, and subsequent configuration of physical layer parameters based on the metric(s) may take place in parallel with other operations performed during the registration/ranging process. - Referring now to
FIG. 2C , there is again shown theline 222 which represents the applicable SNR profile (e.g., an individual SNR profile if configuring physical layer parameters per CM, a composite SNR profile for a service group if configuring physical layer parameters per service group, or a composite SNR profile for a particular physical region). Also shown is aline 226 corresponding to SNR utilization for communications with the CM(s) associated with theprofile 222. Assuming thedistance 228 is the minimum desired headroom, then the physical layer communication parameters resulting inline 226 are nearly optimal in the sense that there is minimal headroom on each of channels/subbands 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and only slightly more than minimal headroom on channels/subbands 2 and 5. - Physical layer parameters may be configured/coordinated using upstream and/or downstream MAP messages, upstream channel descriptors (UCDs), other MAC management messages defined in DOCSIS protocols, and/or purpose-specific messages tailored to configuring the parameters based on measured performance metrics such as SNR profiles as described in this disclosure.
-
FIG. 3A is a flowchart illustrating an example process for configuring a cable/DOCSIS HFC network based on SNR profiles. For clarity of illustration the process is described with reference to the network ofFIG. 1 and the messages ofFIG. 2A . The process begins withblock 302 in which theCMTS 102 sends one ormore probe messages 202 to the CMs 112 1-112 5. Inblock 304, each of the CMs 112 1-112 5 determines its respective SNR profile based on a received one of themessages 202, and reports the SNR profile back to theCMTS 102 in the form of amessage 204. Inblock 306, theCMTS 102 assigns the CMs to service groups based on the SNR profiles. - In
block 308, physical layer communication parameters are determined per service group and per channel/subcarrier. For example, for any particular service group, the modulation order and FEC code rate to be used on a particular subcarrier may be determined based on the worst case SNR for that subcarrier among the CMs in that particular service group. Thus, it can be seen that grouping CMs based on SNR profiles may enable configuring physical layer communications parameters to such that one or more communication parameters (throughput, reliability, etc.) is optimal, or near-optimal, for all of the CMs in the service group. For example, without such grouping by SNR profile, one CM in a particular service group may have substantially lower SNR on one or more channels/subcarriers. As a result, all CMs in that particular service group may be forced to use physical layer parameters supported by this “lowest common denominator” CM. This may result in a lot of wasted capacity for the remaining CMs. - To illustrate with a specific example: assume that CMs 112 1, 112 4, and 112 5 of
FIG. 1 have sufficient SNR on channel z to support 64-QAM on channel z, but that CMs 112 2 and 112 3 only have sufficient SNR on channel z to support 16-QAM. If 112 1 is assigned to the same service group as 112 2 or 112 3, then 112 1 may be forced to use 16-QAM on channel z. Conversely, if 112 1, 112 4, and 112 5 are assigned to a first service group and 112 2 and 112 3 are assigned to a second service group, then the first service group consisting of 112 1, 112 4, and 112 5 can use 64-QAM on channel z while the second service group consisting of 112 2 and 112 3 uses 16-QAM on channel z. - In
block 310, communications between theCMTS 102 and any particular service group use the per-service-group and per-subcarrier/channel physical layer parameters determined inblock 308. -
FIG. 3B is a flowchart illustrating an example process for configuring a cable/DOCSIS HFC network based on location of CMs within the network. For clarity of illustration, and as a non-limiting example, the process is described with reference to the network ofFIG. 1 and the messages ofFIG. 2B . The process begins withblock 322 in which theCMTS 102 determines a location of each of the CMs 112 1-112 5 in the network. Location of a CM 112 X may be characterized in a variety of ways including, for example: total distance of fiber and/or coaxial cable between theCMTS 102 and the CM 112 X, total attenuation between theCMTS 102 and the CM 112 X, which trunk amplifier(s) are upstream of the CM 112 X, how many coupling elements (amplifiers, splitters, directional couplers, etc.) are between theCMTS 102 and the CM 112 X, GPS coordinates, and street address. Inblock 324, theCMTS 102 assigns the CMs 112 1-112 5 to service groups based on their determined locations.Blocks blocks FIG. 3A . - The locations of the CMs 112 1-112 5 may be determined by, for example, transmitting sounding signals into the network. In order to characterize the channel with more precision, the channel sounding signal may be sent repeatedly over an interval of time and the CMs may average multiple measurements over the time interval until they can resolve identifying characteristics in the signal which indicate, for example, how many branch amplifiers and/or other coupling elements that the signal traveled through to reach the CM. In another example implementation, the CMTS may communicate with a server that stores subscriber information that associates the CMs with their geographic location (e.g., street address).
- While
FIGS. 3A and 3B depict SNR profiles and location as two separate bases on which to assign CMs to service groups, the two may be used in combination. -
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the network ofFIG. 1 , with different groupings of CMs based on one or both of: measured performance metric(s) and location within the HFC network. - In the example of
FIG. 4A , CMs 112 1, 112 4, and 112 5 are assigned toservice group 402 and CMs 112 2 and 112 3 are assigned to service group 404. The assignment ofFIG. 4A may result from, for example, assigning CMs based on the number of coupling elements between theCMTS 102 and the CMs—four each for CMs 112 1, 112 4, and 112 5; five each for CMs 112 2 and 112 3. The number of coupling elements may be determined based on, for example, measured performance metrics (e.g., SNR profile) of the CMs and/or address or GPS information associated with the CMs. Alternatively, the assignment ofFIG. 3A may result from, for example, assigning the CMs to service groups based directly on their respective measured performance metric(s) (e.g., the extra device in the path betweenCMTS 102 and CMs 1112 and 112 3 may cause CMs 112 2 and 112 3 to have significantly poorer SNR). - In the example of
FIG. 4B , CMs 112 1, 112 2, and 112 3 are assigned toservice group 406 and CMs 112 4 and 112 5 are assigned toservice group 408. The assignment ofFIG. 4B may result from, for example, assigning CMs based on which trunk amplifiers are downstream of the CMs. Alternatively, the assignment ofFIG. 3A may result from, for example, assigning the CMs to service groups based directly on their respective measured performance metric(s) (e.g., the distance betweenCMTS 102 and CMs 112 4 and 112 5 may be substantially greater than the distance between theCMTS 102 and the CMs 112 1, 112 2, and 112 3, thus resulting in poorer SNR in CMs 112 4 and 112 5). - Grouping CMs according to which trunk or distribution amplifiers are upstream of them may enable duty cycling power branch and/or distribution amplifiers. For example, when a CM in
service group 406 is the talker, the upstream path throughamplifier 1062 may be disabled such that noise fromgroup 408 does not interfere with transmissions from the talker ofservice group 406. Grouping CMs according to which trunk or distribution amplifier(s) serve(s) them may enable using more efficient physical layer parameters. For example, where there is a relatively long distance of cable between amplifier 106 1 and 106 2 but relatively short distance of cable between amplifiers 106 1 and 106 3, grouping the CMs by geography/distance to the CMTS may enable a lower transmit power to be used by theCMTS 102 when talking toservice group 406 as compared to when talking toservice group 408. - Other embodiments of the invention may provide a non-transitory computer readable medium and/or storage medium, and/or a non-transitory machine readable medium and/or storage medium, having stored thereon, a machine code and/or a computer program having at least one code section executable by a machine and/or a computer, thereby causing the machine and/or computer to perform processes described.
- Accordingly, the present invention may be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. The present invention may be realized in a centralized fashion in at least one computing system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computing systems. Any kind of computing system or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein is suited. A typical combination of hardware and software may be a general-purpose computing system with a program or other code that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computing system such that it carries out the methods described herein. Another typical implementation may comprise an application specific integrated circuit or chip.
- The present invention may also be embedded in a computer program product, which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and which when loaded in a computer system is able to carry out these methods. Computer program in the present context means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following: a) conversion to another language, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different material form.
- While the present invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the present invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present invention without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the present invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but that the present invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
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US9237085B2 (en) * | 2012-11-09 | 2016-01-12 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Apparatus, system, and method for providing energy management, profiles, and message blocks in a cable service environment |
US8938041B2 (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2015-01-20 | Intel Corporation | Techniques for managing interference in multiple channel communications system |
US9379837B2 (en) * | 2013-03-24 | 2016-06-28 | Broadcom Corporation | Channel sharing within wireless communications |
US9301163B2 (en) * | 2013-09-09 | 2016-03-29 | King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals | Amplify and forward relay method |
US20150288498A1 (en) * | 2014-04-03 | 2015-10-08 | Broadcom Corporation | Upstream Transmission Burst Configuration |
-
2013
- 2013-07-23 US US13/948,444 patent/US9419858B2/en active Active
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2016
- 2016-08-04 US US15/228,703 patent/US9577886B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2017
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2018
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- 2018-11-19 US US16/195,053 patent/US20190089593A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US20160344589A1 (en) | 2016-11-24 |
US20180131567A1 (en) | 2018-05-10 |
US9577886B2 (en) | 2017-02-21 |
US9419858B2 (en) | 2016-08-16 |
US20140022943A1 (en) | 2014-01-23 |
US9866438B2 (en) | 2018-01-09 |
US10135682B2 (en) | 2018-11-20 |
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