US20180123480A1 - Enhanced flyback converter - Google Patents
Enhanced flyback converter Download PDFInfo
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- US20180123480A1 US20180123480A1 US15/851,899 US201715851899A US2018123480A1 US 20180123480 A1 US20180123480 A1 US 20180123480A1 US 201715851899 A US201715851899 A US 201715851899A US 2018123480 A1 US2018123480 A1 US 2018123480A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/66—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal
- H02M7/68—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/14—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0048—Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
- H02M1/0054—Transistor switching losses
- H02M1/0058—Transistor switching losses by employing soft switching techniques, i.e. commutation of transistors when applied voltage is zero or when current flow is zero
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/01—Resonant DC/DC converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
- H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
- H02M3/33592—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer having a synchronous rectifier circuit or a synchronous freewheeling circuit at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/66—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal
- H02M7/68—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/72—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to a flyback DC/DC converter, which may also be used to drive any load composed of paralleling inductors and resistors.
- Flyback converters are generally known.
- the topology of a traditional flyback converter can be seen in FIG. 1 , and includes a transformer with a primary and secondary winding, and an output capacitor that supplies energy to a load.
- the primary winding of the transformer is directly connected to the input voltage source when the switch S is on, which causes an increase in the current and magnetic flux in the transformer and results in energy storage by the transformer. This also induces a negative voltage in the secondary winding. In this mode, the voltage stress across the transformer is V in .
- the switch S When the switch S is off, the energy stored in the transformer is transferred to the output of the converter. In this mode, the voltage stress across the switch S is V in +N1 ⁇ V out /N2, and the voltage stress across the transformer is N1 ⁇ V out /N2.
- the flyback converter circuit of FIG. 1 is simple, it has a number of disadvantages. For example, high voltage stresses are placed on the components; the transformer has a high turns ratio; and there is unidirectional transformer flux, which not only results in large core size, but can also easily lead to core saturation. Furthermore, an additional snubber circuit is required to deal with transformer leakage inductance. DC offset current in the mutual inductance of the transformer also causes transformer core loss that cannot be reduced.
- Exemplary embodiments of flyback converters according to the invention include a primary winding (high-voltage) side and a secondary winding (low-voltage) side, such as may be observed in FIG. 2 .
- the primary winding side includes several capacitors C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , of which the capacitors C 2 and C 3 may be identical capacitors.
- the primary winding side also includes a number of switches S 1 , S 2 , in the form of active power devices such as, for example, MOSFETs or IGBTs.
- the secondary winding side includes an output capacitor C 4 , a number of switches S 3 , S 4 , also in the form of active power devices such as, for example, MOSFETs or IGBTs, and a pair of inductors L 1 , L 2 .
- a coupled inductor with two windings could take the place of the inductors L 1 , L 2 .
- the inductor L i stores energy.
- the inductor L 1 releases its energy to the load R.
- switching modes where switch S 2 is turned on the inductor L 2 stores energy.
- switching modes where switch S 2 is turned off the inductor L 2 releases its energy to the load R.
- the output voltage of a flyback converter of the invention may be regulated by changing the switch duty ratio and deadband of the switches S 1 , S 2 on the primary winding side.
- the primary side switches S 1 , S 2 may be driven with a symmetrical duty ratio.
- the secondary side switches S 3 , S 4 may be operated in synchronous rectification.
- the primary side switch S 1 and the secondary side switch S 4 may be driven complementarily and the primary side switch S 2 and the secondary side switch S 3 may be driven complementarily.
- Flyback converter embodiments according to the invention are improvements over known converters in a multitude of ways.
- flyback converters according to the invention exhibit switch and transformer voltage stresses that are less than the switch and transformer stresses present in known flyback converters. Consequently, switches with a lower rated breakdown voltage may be used, a lower number of transformer turns may be used to gain the same output voltage of a typical known flyback converter, and the flux may be lowered, thereby resulting in reduced core loss.
- the transformer flux of a flyback converter according to the invention is also bidirectional (instead of unidirectional), which allows for improved core utilization or a reduction of the core size and, is beneficial to core saturation prevention. Furthermore, natural current routes exist, which permit the release of energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance when the switches are turned off and eliminates the need for snubber circuits.
- Flyback converters according to the invention also employ zero-current switching, which results in a natural, soft switching, that reduces switching losses and increases efficiency.
- Very low DC offset current in the transformer mutual inductance additionally reduces transformer core loss and allows for the use of a smaller transformer core and a reduced transformer profile.
- the use of a post-stage circuit cancels the ripple current typically seen at the output capacitor of such a flyback converter, so a smaller output capacitor can be employed.
- only two low-side gate drivers are used, which eliminates the need for a high-side gate driver and the more complex design associated therewith.
- FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a known flyback converter
- FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram that schematically depicts an exemplary DC/DC flyback converter according to the invention
- FIG. 3 is a graphical (waveform) representation of the eight operation modes within a switching period of the flyback converter of FIG. 1 when operating in steady state;
- FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit representation of the first (Mode 1) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3 ;
- FIG. 5 is an equivalent circuit representation of the second (Mode 2) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3 ;
- FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit representation of the third (Mode 3) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3 ;
- FIG. 7 is an equivalent circuit representation of the fourth (Mode 4) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3 ;
- FIG. 8 is an equivalent circuit representation of the fifth (Mode 5) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3 ;
- FIG. 9 is an equivalent circuit representation of the sixth (Mode 6) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3 ;
- FIG. 10 is an equivalent circuit representation of the seventh (Mode 7) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3 ;
- FIG. 11 is an equivalent circuit representation of the eighth (Mode 8) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3 ;
- FIG. 12 graphically illustrates output voltage vs. deadband ratio for a flyback converter as shown in FIG. 1 having a particular transformer turns ratio and operating at a particular input voltage;
- FIG. 13 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents the front-stage (primary side) of the flyback converter depicted in FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 14 is a graphical (waveform) representation of the four operation modes within a switching period of the flyback converter front-stage shown in FIG. 13 when operating in steady state;
- FIG. 15 is an equivalent circuit representation of the first (Mode 1) of the four operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 14 ;
- FIG. 16 is an equivalent circuit representation of the second (Mode 2) of the four operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 14 ;
- FIG. 17 is an equivalent circuit representation of the third (Mode 3) of the four operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 14 ;
- FIG. 18 is an equivalent circuit representation of the fourth (Mode 4) of the four operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 14 ;
- FIGS. 19-20 are steady-state simulation waveforms for a 1.5 kW simulation model of a power converter circuit of the invention.
- FIGS. 21A and 21B depict the steady-state waveforms of another simulated power converter circuit of the invention.
- FIG. 1 A traditional flyback converter 5 can be observed in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 2 the topology of an exemplary flyback converter 10 according to the invention is depicted in FIG. 2 .
- the improved flyback converter 10 includes a primary winding (high voltage) side and a secondary winding (low voltage) side.
- the primary winding side includes several capacitors C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , of which the capacitors C 2 and C 3 are identical capacitors.
- the primary winding side also includes a number of switches S 1 , S 2 , in the form of active power devices such as, for example, MOSFETs or IGBTs.
- the secondary winding side includes an output capacitor C 4 , a pair of switches S 3 , S 4 , also in the form of active power devices such as, for example, MOSFETs or IGBTs, and a pair of inductors L 1 , L 2 .
- a coupled inductor with two windings may be substituted for the inductors L 1 , L 2 .
- the circuits of the primary and secondary winding sides are separated by a transformer.
- the primary winding side circuit is a DC/AC circuit with a 3:1 voltage step-down ratio, which reduces voltage stresses on the primary winding side switches, and on the transformer.
- the secondary winding side circuit may be a traditional rectifying circuit or a ripple current cancelling circuit. Synchronous rectification may be applied in the secondary winding circuit.
- inductor L 1 In switching modes where switch S 1 is turned on, inductor L 1 stores energy. In switching modes where switch S 1 is turned off, inductor L 1 releases its energy to the load R. In switching modes where switch S 2 is turned on, inductor L 2 stores energy. In switching modes where switch S 2 is turned off, inductor L 2 releases its energy to the load R.
- the output voltage of a flyback converter of the invention may be regulated by changing the switch duty ratio and deadband of the switches S 1 , S 2 on the primary winding side.
- the primary side switches S 1 , S 2 are preferably driven with a symmetrical duty ratio, and the secondary side switches S 3 , S 4 are preferably operated in synchronous rectification in order to reduce power loss on the secondary side.
- the primary side switch S 1 and the secondary side switch S 4 are preferably complementarily driven and the primary side switch S 2 and the secondary side switch S 3 are preferably complementarily driven, in order to obtain high efficiency on both the primary and secondary sides of the transformer.
- FIG. 3 graphically represents steady state operation of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 1 .
- the waveforms shown in FIG. 3 are illustrative of the performance of the flyback converter 10 when operating with a fixed duty ratio (50% in this example), but a varying deadband ratio.
- the converter 10 is shown to have 8 operation modes (i.e., Modes 1-8) within a switching period, including 4 active modes and 4 deadband modes.
- V in ⁇ 2 V c ⁇ V LS ⁇ T ⁇ ( D ⁇ 3 ) ( V C ⁇ V LS ′) ⁇ T ⁇ ( D ⁇ 4 )
- V c can be simplified as:
- V c V in 3
- the output voltage may be expressed as in the following equation, where N is the transformer turns ratio:
- V out L 2 ⁇ ( D - ⁇ ) ( L 1 + L 2 ) ⁇ ( 1 - D + ⁇ ) + L 2 ⁇ ( D - ⁇ ) ⁇ V in 3 ⁇ N
- FIGS. 4-12 are equivalent circuit representations of the first (Mode 1) through eighth (Mode 8) operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3 . It should be noted with respect to FIGS. 4-12 that the transformer mutual inductance is much larger than the inductance of the inductors L 1 , L 2 . Therefore, the transformer mutual inductance is not dominating inductor in this circuit, and it has been ignored in the equivalent circuit for purposes of simplified (but accurate) illustration.
- Reference character L S in FIGS. 4-12 represents transformer leakage inductance.
- FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 1 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2 .
- Mode 1 which is representative of the time interval designated as t 1 -t 2 in FIG. 3
- the primary side switch S 1 and secondary side switch S 3 are ON, while the primary side switches S 2 and secondary side switch S 4 are OFF.
- the body diode of switch S 4 is open, and switch S 3 operates in synchronous rectification therewith, conducting to release the energy stored in inductor L 2 to the load R.
- the input voltage source V in , capacitor C 2 , inductor L 1 , inductor L 2 and capacitor C 3 are connected in series.
- Capacitors C 2 and C 3 are being charged in this mode, but the voltage of the capacitors C 2 , C 3 remains about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in . Also, the voltage stress on switch S 2 is about 2 ⁇ 3 of V in , and the voltage stress on the transformer is about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- FIG. 5 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 2 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2 .
- Mode 2 which is representative of the time interval designated as t 2 -t 3 in FIG. 3
- the primary side switches S 1 and S 2 are OFF, while the secondary side switches S 3 and S 4 are ON and operate in synchronous rectification.
- the transformer leakage inductance L S begins to release its energy via the body diode of switch S 2 back to the capacitors C 2 and C 3 .
- Switches S 3 and S 4 also conduct to release the energy stored in the inductors L 1 , L 2 to the load R.
- Capacitors C 2 and C 3 are being charged in this mode, but the voltage of the capacitors C 2 , C 3 remains about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- the voltage stress on switch S 1 is about 2 ⁇ 3 of V in
- the voltage stress on the transformer is about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 3 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2 .
- Mode 3 which is representative of the time interval designated as t 3 -t 4 in FIG. 3
- the primary side switches S 1 and S 2 are OFF, while the secondary side switches S 3 and S 4 are ON and continue to operate in synchronous rectification and to release the energy stored in the inductors L 1 , L 2 to the load R.
- the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance L S is completely released.
- the voltage of the capacitors C 2 , C 3 remains about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in
- the voltage stress on switches S 1 and S 2 is about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- the voltage stress on the transformer is 0.
- FIG. 7 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 4 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2 .
- Mode 4 which is representative of the time interval designated as t 4 -t 5 in FIG. 3
- the primary side switch S 1 and secondary side switch S 3 are OFF, while the primary side switches S 2 and secondary side switch S 4 are ON and continue to operate in synchronous rectification.
- the body diode of switch S 3 is forward biased and the current of switch S 3 is transferred to switch S 4 .
- Switch S 4 and the body diode of switch S 3 conduct to release the energy stored in the inductors L 1 , L 2 to the load R.
- Capacitors C 2 and C 3 are being discharged in Mode 4, but the voltage of the capacitors C 2 , C 3 remains about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- the voltage stress on switch S 1 is about 2 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- the voltage stress on the transformer is about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- FIG. 8 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 5 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2 .
- Mode 5 which is representative of the time interval designated as t 5 -t 6 in FIG. 3
- the primary side switch S 1 and secondary side switch S 3 are OFF, while the primary side switches S 2 and secondary side switch S 4 are ON and continue to operate in synchronous rectification.
- t 5 the current i S3 through switch S 3 reaches 0, so in this mode the body diode of switch S 3 is open.
- Switch S 4 conducts to release the energy stored in inductor L 1 to the load R.
- Capacitors C 2 and C 3 are again being charged, but the voltage of the capacitors C 2 , C 3 remains about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- the voltage stress on switch S 1 is about 2 ⁇ 3 of V in
- the voltage stress on the transformer is about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- FIG. 9 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 6 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2 .
- Mode 6 which is representative of the time interval designated as t 6 -t 7 in FIG. 3
- the primary side switches S 1 and S 2 are OFF, while the secondary side switches S 3 and S 4 are ON and operate in synchronous rectification.
- the transformer leakage inductance L s begins to release its energy, via the body diode of switch S 1 , back to the input voltage source V in and to capacitor C 1 .
- Switches S 3 and S 4 conduct to release the energy stored in inductors L 1 and L 2 to the load R.
- the capacitors C 2 and C 3 are being discharged in this mode, but the voltage of the capacitors C 2 , C 3 remains about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- the voltage stress on switch S 2 is about 2 ⁇ 3 of V in
- the voltage stress on the transformer is about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- FIG. 10 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 7 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2 .
- Mode 7 which is representative of the time interval designated as t 7 -t 8 in FIG. 3
- the primary side switches S 1 and S 2 are OFF, while the secondary side switches S 3 and S 4 are ON.
- Switches S 3 and S 4 continue to operate in synchronous rectification and conduct to release the energy stored in the inductors L 1 and L 2 to the load R.
- the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance L S is again completely released.
- the voltage of the capacitors C 1 and C 2 remains about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- the voltage stress on switches S 1 and S 2 is about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in , while the voltage stress on the transformer is again 0.
- FIG. 11 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 8 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2 .
- Mode 8 which is representative of the time interval designated as t 8 -t 9 in FIG. 3
- the primary side switch S 1 and secondary side switch S 3 are ON, while the primary side switches S 2 and secondary side switch S 4 are OFF.
- the body diode of switch S 4 is forward biased and switch S 3 and switch S 4 continue to operate in synchronous rectification.
- the current of switch S 4 is transferred to switch S 3 which, along with the body diode of switch S 4 , conduct to release the energy stored in inductors L 2 and L 1 to the load R.
- Capacitors C 2 and C 3 are being charged in Mode 8, but the voltage of the capacitors C 2 , C 3 remains about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- the voltage stress on switch S 2 is about 2 ⁇ 3 of V in
- the voltage stress on the transformer is about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- the duty ratio was fixed at 50%.
- the output voltage can be changed by regulating the deadband ratio since the output voltage can be generally represented as:
- V out ( 0.5 - ⁇ ) ⁇ V in 3 ⁇ N
- N is the transformer turns ratio and ⁇ is the deadband ratio.
- FIG. 12 graphically represents the curve of output ratio vs. deadband ratio of a flyback converter.
- the DC/DC flyback converter of FIG. 2 includes a primary winding side and a secondary winding side.
- the primary winding side of the circuit may be considered to be a high voltage front-stage circuit.
- the front-stage circuit itself may have applications other than its use in a flyback converter of the invention. The operation of the front-stage circuit is explained in more detail below and in corresponding FIGS. 13-18 .
- the front-stage circuit is a step-down DC/AC circuit, the output of which is AC, and the peak value of which is 1 ⁇ 3 of the input DC voltage.
- the equivalent front-stage circuit is shown to include the capacitors C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , and the switches S 1 , S 2 , in the form of active power devices, as shown in FIG. 2 and described above.
- the equivalent front-stage circuit 15 is also shown to include an inductor L. The circuit is again connected to a load R.
- the switches S 1 , S 2 are preferably symmetrically driven.
- the driving signals of switches S 1 and S 2 are still symmetrical.
- the output power can be regulated by changing the switch duty ratio and deadband ratio of switches S 1 and S 2 .
- deadband modes where switches S 1 and S 2 are both turned off, the inductor L releases its energy to the load R.
- FIG. 14 graphically represents steady state operation of the front-stage circuit 15 of FIG. 13 .
- the waveforms shown in FIG. 14 are illustrative of the performance of the front-stage circuit 15 when operating with a fixed duty ratio (50% in this example), but a varying deadband ratio.
- the front-stage circuit 15 is shown to have 4 operation modes (i.e., Modes 1-4) within a switching period.
- FIGS. 15-18 are equivalent circuit representations of the first (Mode 1) through fourth (Mode 4) front-stage circuit operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 14 .
- FIG. 15 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents front-stage circuit operation Mode 1.
- Mode 1 which is representative of the time interval designated as t 0 -t 1 in FIG. 14 .
- switches S 1 and S 2 are OFF.
- the input voltage source V in and the capacitors C 2 , C 3 and the load R are connected in series. Capacitors C 2 and C 3 are charged.
- the voltage across the load R is negative, and the peak value is about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- FIG. 16 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents front-stage circuit operation Mode 2.
- Mode 2 which is representative of the time interval designated as t 1 -t 2 in FIG. 14 , switches S 1 and S 2 are OFF.
- the inductor L releases its energy to the load R.
- FIG. 17 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents front-stage circuit operation Mode 3.
- Mode 3 which is representative of the time interval designated as t 2 -t 3 in FIG. 14
- switch S 1 is OFF and switch S 2 is ON.
- Capacitors C 2 and C 3 are load connected in parallel, and are discharged.
- the voltage across the load R is positive, and the peak value is about 1 ⁇ 3 of V in .
- FIG. 18 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents front-stage circuit operation Mode 4.
- Mode 4 which is representative of the time interval designated as t 3 -t 4 in FIG. 14 , switches S 1 and S 2 are OFF, and the inductor L again releases its energy to the load R.
- a 1.5 kW simulation model was built using Powersim PSIM simulation software to verify the analysis.
- the particulars of the model were:
- FIGS. 19-20 Steady-state simulation waveforms for the 1.5 kW simulation model with a 200 V input voltage are shown in FIGS. 19-20 . It can be seen from FIG. 20 that a stable 12 V output voltage was produced. The voltage stresses on switches S 1 and S 2 were reduced to 213 of V in , and the voltage stress on the transformer was reduced to 1 ⁇ 3 of W. Soft-switching was achieved for the turning on of switches S 1 and S 2 , and both the turning on and turning off of switches S 3 and S 4 . Output ripple current was cancelled.
- the mutual inductance was set as 20 pH and the low-voltage side inductors were set as 2 pH/each.
- the output capacitor was set as 20 ⁇ F and the two capacitors C 2 , C 3 in the quasi-switched capacitor circuit were both set at 2 ⁇ F.
- the load was set to 90 W at 20 V.
- the optimum turns ratio of the transformer is 1:1, which simplifies the transformer design and minimizes the winding loss.
- the turns ratio of the transformer was set as 5:4 in the simulation.
- the results of the simulation at an input voltage V in of 150 V and 300V are shown in FIGS. 21A-21B , respectively.
- the switches in the circuit are operating at a 50% duty ratio.
- the voltage stresses of the switching devices are 2 ⁇ 3 of the input voltage (100 V).
- the peak value of the input voltage to the primary winding side of the transformer is 50V.
- the duty ratio of the switches is no longer 50%.
- the energy stored in the mutual inductance will be freely transferred into the secondary winding side of the transformer. If the energy in the mutual inductance is fully released before the next switching cycle, the voltage stress on the switches will have stair-waveforms, as shown in FIG. 21 . It can also be observed in FIG. 21 that the maximum voltage stress on the switches is slightly lower than 200 V (2 ⁇ 3 of the input voltage), and the voltage on the two capacitors in the primary winding side of the circuit is slightly higher than 100 V (1 ⁇ 3 of the input voltage). There is a small DC offset in the mutual inductance current.
- the simulated circuit of this particular example may be generally summarized as follows.
- the primary side of the circuit has a quasi-switched capacitor (QSC) structure.
- the QSC circuit has three switches and two capacitors.
- the capacitors are not resonant link capacitors. At 500 kHz and 90 W, each capacitor can be as small as 2 ⁇ F.
- an input filter capacitor may be required.
- the voltage stress on the switches and capacitors is lower than the input voltage, with the voltage stress on the switches being smaller than 2 ⁇ 3 of the input voltage.
- the secondary side of the circuit may be a traditional synchronous current doubler circuit.
- the filter inductor in the circuit may be as small as approximately 2 pH.
- the transformer input voltage is much less than the input voltage of the simulated circuit.
- the transformer input voltage is about 1 ⁇ 3 of the input voltage.
- a smaller input voltage means a possible reduction in transformer core size.
- the transformer of the simulated circuit exhibits bi-directional excitation. Therefore, in comparison to a traditional flyback converter, the circuit has a reduced DC current in the mutual inductance. For example, at about a 50% duty ratio, the current has no DC component.
- the results of this simulation reveal that the transformer used in this circuit can be smaller and more efficient than that of a traditional flyback converter.
- the transformer turns ratio can be set as 1:1 because the final output voltage can be controlled by varying the duty ratio of the primary winding side switches when the input voltage changed from 150 V to 300 V.
- the duty ratio range was about 0.11 (300 V) to about 0.4 (150 V).
- a duty ratio of 0.5 produces a square wave on the primary winding side of the transformer.
- One exemplary embodiment of a DC/DC power converter employing such a circuit may have the following characteristics:
- the efficiency of the exemplary converter is estimated.
- the rationale behind the efficiency estimate considers that the measured turn off loss of a 200 V, 12 A rated GaN device at 100 V and 5 A during a double pulse test is 1.7 ⁇ J.
- the switching devices in the exemplary quasi-switched capacitor circuit (QSC) have zero current at turn on and 4 A at turn off.
- the maximum voltage stress of the devices is 200 V.
- the overall switching loss of the QSC circuit can be estimated to be 4.08 W.
- the conduction loss of the GaN devices in this case is less than 0.1 W.
- the major conduction loss of the circuits will be in the transformer and the traces on the circuit board. Therefore, assuming that the transformer's efficiency is 96% (3 W of loss), then the estimated secondary side switching loss is 3 W, conduction loss is 0.5 W, and the estimated power consumption from gate drive and control circuits is 1.2 W. Consequently, the total power loss of the circuit will be about 8.88 W and the efficiency is approximately 90.1%. All of the above-estimated switching and conduction losses of the devices are based on double tests and Rds on measurements of EPC 1010.
- Flyback converters of the invention include any application where an isolated DC/DC converter is required. Such applications may include, but are not limited to, hybrid electric vehicles and laptop and desktop computers.
- a DC/DC converter is required to deliver power from a high voltage (HV) DC bus to 12 V loads, such as head lamps, radio system, etc., of the vehicle, as well as to provide a bias voltage to various electronic control modules.
- the converter must incorporate electrical isolation to protect the low voltage (LV) electronic system from potentially hazardous high voltage.
- LV low voltage
- Various full-bridge or half-bridge based DC/DC converters have been proposed for this purpose, however, the associated topologies cause the HV-side switches and the transformer to suffer from voltages stresses that are equal to the HV DC bus voltage.
- a traditional flyback converter which is usually employed in low power applications, is likewise not a suitable topology.
- flyback converters according to the invention are highly suitable for delivering power from a high voltage DC bus to 12 V loads in EV and HEV applications.
- the magnetic components store energy when corresponding HV-side switches are turned on, and release energy to the load in certain switching modes when corresponding HV-side switches are turned off. Consequently, HV-side switch voltage stresses are reduced to 2 ⁇ 3 of the input voltage, transformer voltage stress is reduced to 1 ⁇ 3 of the input voltage, low soft-switching occurs, and the converter operates with high efficiency and simple control.
- the front-stage circuit may also be separately used in non-isolated DC/DC converters that may be employed in, without limitation, data centers and telecom and datacom systems. More broadly, the front-stage circuit may be used in any converter that drives any load composed of a paralleling inductor and resistor. Examples of such applications may include, for example, inductive heating, wireless charging for hybrid electric vehicles, and wireless energy. Applications for the front-stage circuit of the flyback converter invention also include the use thereof in virtually any application where an isolated DC/DC converter is required, such as without limitation, electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and laptop and desktop computers.
- EVs electric vehicles
- HEVs hybrid electric vehicles
- flyback converters according to the invention improve upon known flyback converter design in a number of ways.
- the flyback converter circuit according to the invention is friendlier toward high switching frequency, wide band gap, devices than are traditional circuits.
- the voltage stress on the components of a flyback converter of the invention are also reduced in comparison to a traditional flyback converter. More specifically, the voltage stress on the switches is V in +N 1 ⁇ V out /N 2 in a traditional flyback converter, whereas voltage stress on the switches is reduced to 2 ⁇ 3 of the input voltage in a flyback converter according to the invention. This allows for the use of switches with a lower rated breakdown voltage. Also, in a traditional flyback converter, the voltage stress on transformer is V in , whereas the voltage stress on the transformer is only 1 ⁇ 3 of V in in a flyback converter of the invention. This allows, on the one hand, for the transformer turns ratio to be lowered while providing the same output voltage of a traditional flyback converter, and on the other hand, for the flux to be lowered, which results in a reduction of the core loss.
- the transformer flux is bidirectional instead of unidirectional as in a traditional flyback converter. This allows for either a reduction of the transformer core size or for a better utilization of an existing core, and also helps to prevent core saturation.
- a flyback converter when the switch is off, the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance has no release path and, therefore, snubber circuits are needed to protect the switch from voltage overshoot.
- natural current routes exist in a flyback converter according to the invention when all the switches are off, thereby facilitating a release of the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance. Consequently, a flyback converter according to the invention does not require a snubber circuit.
- a flyback converter of the invention exhibits natural soft switching at switch turn on because the transformer inductances limit the changing rate of the current. This results in zero-current switching and reduces switching losses (the turn on loss is almost zero) and increases efficiency.
- the turn-on process is zero voltage switching with respect to the secondary winding side switches S 3 and S 4 because the transformer leakage inductance L s limits the switch current increasing rate while the voltage across the switch drops instantly.
- the turn-off process of switches S 3 and S 4 are zero current switching because a decreasing current is conducting in the switch body diode, and the process is completed after the current reaches zero.
- the turn-on process is zero voltage switching for the switches S 1 and S 2 because L 1 , L 2 and L s limits the switch current increasing rate while the voltage across the switch drops instantly.
- the turn-off processes of switches S 1 and S 2 are hard switching. However, these processes can be improved to achieve soft switching by paralleling capacitors to the switches to slow down the rising of the voltages across the switches.
- a flyback converter of the invention there is very low DC offset current in the transformer mutual inductance, thereby reducing transformer core loss and shrinking the transformer profile.
- the branch composed of series-connected inductors L 1 and L 2 are connected in parallel with the transformer mutual inductance. Because the sum of the inductances of inductors L 1 and L 2 is much smaller than the transformer mutual inductance, the DC offset current in the transformer mutual inductance is highly reduced. Therefore, it is possible to choose a smaller transformer magnetic core and the transformer profile can be reduced.
- the secondary winding (post-stage) circuit may be traditional rectifying circuit or ripple current canceling circuit. Synchronous rectification may be applied in the post-stage circuit.
- the secondary winding side (post-stage) circuit of a flyback converter of the invention also cancels ripple current seen at the output capacitor. More particularly, the post-stage circuit can be thought of as two interleaving buck converters. Since there is a 180 degree phase shift between the current waveforms of inductors L 1 and L 2 , the flux thereof will be mutually cancelled if inductors L 1 and L 2 are made into coupled inductors. This results in cancelled output capacitor ripple current and allows for the use of a transformer with a reduced profile. This also allows for a smaller capacitor to be used.
- the two active switches S 3 and S 4 can share the same ground, which is also the ground of the output voltage. Consequently, only two low-side switch gate drivers are needed for switches S 3 and S 4 , which avoids the need for a more complex high-side switch gate driver.
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Abstract
A DC/DC flyback converter that exhibits reduced switch and transformer voltage stresses in comparison to known flyback converters. The flyback converter also employs soft switching. Embodiments of such flyback converters may be used, without limitation, in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. A front-stage of the flyback converter comprises a DC/AC step-down circuit that may be separately used for various purposes.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/213,953, filed Jul. 19, 2016, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,866,146, which claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/747,428, filed Jan. 22, 2013, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,413,257, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/589,055, filed Jan. 20, 2012. The entire contents of each of the above-identified applications are incorporated herein by reference.
- The present invention is directed to a flyback DC/DC converter, which may also be used to drive any load composed of paralleling inductors and resistors.
- Flyback converters are generally known. For example, the topology of a traditional flyback converter can be seen in
FIG. 1 , and includes a transformer with a primary and secondary winding, and an output capacitor that supplies energy to a load. The primary winding of the transformer is directly connected to the input voltage source when the switch S is on, which causes an increase in the current and magnetic flux in the transformer and results in energy storage by the transformer. This also induces a negative voltage in the secondary winding. In this mode, the voltage stress across the transformer is Vin. - When the switch S is off, the energy stored in the transformer is transferred to the output of the converter. In this mode, the voltage stress across the switch S is Vin+N1·Vout/N2, and the voltage stress across the transformer is N1·Vout/N2.
- Even though the flyback converter circuit of
FIG. 1 is simple, it has a number of disadvantages. For example, high voltage stresses are placed on the components; the transformer has a high turns ratio; and there is unidirectional transformer flux, which not only results in large core size, but can also easily lead to core saturation. Furthermore, an additional snubber circuit is required to deal with transformer leakage inductance. DC offset current in the mutual inductance of the transformer also causes transformer core loss that cannot be reduced. - For at least these reasons, there is a need for an improved flyback converter. Embodiments of such improved flyback converters are contemplated by the invention, and various examples thereof are illustrated and described herein.
- Exemplary embodiments of flyback converters according to the invention include a primary winding (high-voltage) side and a secondary winding (low-voltage) side, such as may be observed in
FIG. 2 . The primary winding side includes several capacitors C1, C2, C3, of which the capacitors C2 and C3 may be identical capacitors. The primary winding side also includes a number of switches S1, S2, in the form of active power devices such as, for example, MOSFETs or IGBTs. - The secondary winding side includes an output capacitor C4, a number of switches S3, S4, also in the form of active power devices such as, for example, MOSFETs or IGBTs, and a pair of inductors L1, L2. Alternatively, a coupled inductor with two windings could take the place of the inductors L1, L2. In switching modes where switch S1 is turned on, the inductor Li stores energy. In switching modes where switch S1 is turned off, the inductor L1 releases its energy to the load R. In switching modes where switch S2 is turned on, the inductor L2 stores energy. In switching modes where switch S2 is turned off, the inductor L2 releases its energy to the load R. The output voltage of a flyback converter of the invention may be regulated by changing the switch duty ratio and deadband of the switches S1, S2 on the primary winding side.
- In operation, the primary side switches S1, S2 may be driven with a symmetrical duty ratio. In order to reduce power loss on the secondary side, the secondary side switches S3, S4 may be operated in synchronous rectification. In order to obtain high efficiency on both the primary and secondary sides of the transformer when deadband is applied, the primary side switch S1 and the secondary side switch S4 may be driven complementarily and the primary side switch S2 and the secondary side switch S3 may be driven complementarily.
- Flyback converter embodiments according to the invention are improvements over known converters in a multitude of ways. For example, and without limitation, flyback converters according to the invention exhibit switch and transformer voltage stresses that are less than the switch and transformer stresses present in known flyback converters. Consequently, switches with a lower rated breakdown voltage may be used, a lower number of transformer turns may be used to gain the same output voltage of a typical known flyback converter, and the flux may be lowered, thereby resulting in reduced core loss.
- The transformer flux of a flyback converter according to the invention is also bidirectional (instead of unidirectional), which allows for improved core utilization or a reduction of the core size and, is beneficial to core saturation prevention. Furthermore, natural current routes exist, which permit the release of energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance when the switches are turned off and eliminates the need for snubber circuits.
- Flyback converters according to the invention also employ zero-current switching, which results in a natural, soft switching, that reduces switching losses and increases efficiency. Very low DC offset current in the transformer mutual inductance additionally reduces transformer core loss and allows for the use of a smaller transformer core and a reduced transformer profile. Further, the use of a post-stage circuit cancels the ripple current typically seen at the output capacitor of such a flyback converter, so a smaller output capacitor can be employed. Further yet, on the low-voltage side, only two low-side gate drivers are used, which eliminates the need for a high-side gate driver and the more complex design associated therewith.
- In addition to the features mentioned above, other aspects of the present invention will be readily apparent from the following descriptions of the drawings and exemplary embodiments, wherein like reference numerals across the several views refer to identical or equivalent features, and wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a known flyback converter; -
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram that schematically depicts an exemplary DC/DC flyback converter according to the invention; -
FIG. 3 is a graphical (waveform) representation of the eight operation modes within a switching period of the flyback converter ofFIG. 1 when operating in steady state; -
FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit representation of the first (Mode 1) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 3 ; -
FIG. 5 is an equivalent circuit representation of the second (Mode 2) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 3 ; -
FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit representation of the third (Mode 3) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 3 ; -
FIG. 7 is an equivalent circuit representation of the fourth (Mode 4) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 3 ; -
FIG. 8 is an equivalent circuit representation of the fifth (Mode 5) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 3 ; -
FIG. 9 is an equivalent circuit representation of the sixth (Mode 6) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 3 ; -
FIG. 10 is an equivalent circuit representation of the seventh (Mode 7) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 3 ; -
FIG. 11 is an equivalent circuit representation of the eighth (Mode 8) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 3 ; -
FIG. 12 graphically illustrates output voltage vs. deadband ratio for a flyback converter as shown inFIG. 1 having a particular transformer turns ratio and operating at a particular input voltage; -
FIG. 13 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents the front-stage (primary side) of the flyback converter depicted inFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 14 is a graphical (waveform) representation of the four operation modes within a switching period of the flyback converter front-stage shown inFIG. 13 when operating in steady state; -
FIG. 15 is an equivalent circuit representation of the first (Mode 1) of the four operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 14 ; -
FIG. 16 is an equivalent circuit representation of the second (Mode 2) of the four operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 14 ; -
FIG. 17 is an equivalent circuit representation of the third (Mode 3) of the four operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 14 ; -
FIG. 18 is an equivalent circuit representation of the fourth (Mode 4) of the four operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 14 ; -
FIGS. 19-20 are steady-state simulation waveforms for a 1.5 kW simulation model of a power converter circuit of the invention; and -
FIGS. 21A and 21B depict the steady-state waveforms of another simulated power converter circuit of the invention. - A
traditional flyback converter 5 can be observed inFIG. 1 . In contrast, the topology of anexemplary flyback converter 10 according to the invention is depicted inFIG. 2 . - As shown in
FIG. 2 , theimproved flyback converter 10 includes a primary winding (high voltage) side and a secondary winding (low voltage) side. The primary winding side includes several capacitors C1, C2, C3, of which the capacitors C2 and C3 are identical capacitors. The primary winding side also includes a number of switches S1, S2, in the form of active power devices such as, for example, MOSFETs or IGBTs. The secondary winding side includes an output capacitor C4, a pair of switches S3, S4, also in the form of active power devices such as, for example, MOSFETs or IGBTs, and a pair of inductors L1, L2. In an alternative embodiment, a coupled inductor with two windings may be substituted for the inductors L1, L2. The circuits of the primary and secondary winding sides are separated by a transformer. - The primary winding side circuit is a DC/AC circuit with a 3:1 voltage step-down ratio, which reduces voltage stresses on the primary winding side switches, and on the transformer. The secondary winding side circuit may be a traditional rectifying circuit or a ripple current cancelling circuit. Synchronous rectification may be applied in the secondary winding circuit.
- In switching modes where switch S1 is turned on, inductor L1 stores energy. In switching modes where switch S1 is turned off, inductor L1 releases its energy to the load R. In switching modes where switch S2 is turned on, inductor L2 stores energy. In switching modes where switch S2 is turned off, inductor L2 releases its energy to the load R. The output voltage of a flyback converter of the invention may be regulated by changing the switch duty ratio and deadband of the switches S1, S2 on the primary winding side.
- In operation, the primary side switches S1, S2 are preferably driven with a symmetrical duty ratio, and the secondary side switches S3, S4 are preferably operated in synchronous rectification in order to reduce power loss on the secondary side. When deadband is applied, the primary side switch S1 and the secondary side switch S4 are preferably complementarily driven and the primary side switch S2 and the secondary side switch S3 are preferably complementarily driven, in order to obtain high efficiency on both the primary and secondary sides of the transformer.
-
FIG. 3 graphically represents steady state operation of theflyback converter 10 ofFIG. 1 . The waveforms shown inFIG. 3 are illustrative of the performance of theflyback converter 10 when operating with a fixed duty ratio (50% in this example), but a varying deadband ratio. In steady state operation, theconverter 10 is shown to have 8 operation modes (i.e., Modes 1-8) within a switching period, including 4 active modes and 4 deadband modes. - In steady state operation, there is voltage-second balance for the inductors L1 and L2 in a switching cycle. Therefore, the voltage-second balance for inductors L1 and L2 can be expressed as in the following equation, where Vc is the voltage of the capacitors C2 and C3 and VLS and VLS 1 are the voltages of LS (transformer leakage inductance) in
Mode 1 and Mode 5: -
V in−2V c −V LS ·T·(D−δ−δ 3)=(V C −V LS′)·T·(D−δ−δ 4) - Because LS is much smaller than L1 and L2, VLS and VLS 1 can be ignored. Also, because δ3 and δ4 are transient time ratios that are much smaller than transient time δ, they too can be ignored. Therefore, Vc can be simplified as:
-
- Accordingly, the voltage stresses of the primary winding side switches are:
-
- In steady state, there is also a voltage-second balance for the inductor L2. As a result, the output voltage may be expressed as in the following equation, where N is the transformer turns ratio:
-
-
FIGS. 4-12 are equivalent circuit representations of the first (Mode 1) through eighth (Mode 8) operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 3 . It should be noted with respect toFIGS. 4-12 that the transformer mutual inductance is much larger than the inductance of the inductors L1, L2. Therefore, the transformer mutual inductance is not dominating inductor in this circuit, and it has been ignored in the equivalent circuit for purposes of simplified (but accurate) illustration. Reference character LS inFIGS. 4-12 represents transformer leakage inductance. -
FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically representsoperation Mode 1 of theflyback converter 10 ofFIG. 2 . InMode 1, which is representative of the time interval designated as t1-t2 inFIG. 3 , the primary side switch S1 and secondary side switch S3 are ON, while the primary side switches S2 and secondary side switch S4 are OFF. The body diode of switch S4 is open, and switch S3 operates in synchronous rectification therewith, conducting to release the energy stored in inductor L2 to the load R. The input voltage source Vin, capacitor C2, inductor L1, inductor L2 and capacitor C3 are connected in series. Capacitors C2 and C3 are being charged in this mode, but the voltage of the capacitors C2, C3 remains about ⅓ of Vin. Also, the voltage stress on switch S2 is about ⅔ of Vin, and the voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of Vin. -
FIG. 5 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically representsoperation Mode 2 of theflyback converter 10 ofFIG. 2 . InMode 2, which is representative of the time interval designated as t2-t3 inFIG. 3 , the primary side switches S1 and S2 are OFF, while the secondary side switches S3 and S4 are ON and operate in synchronous rectification. The transformer leakage inductance LS begins to release its energy via the body diode of switch S2 back to the capacitors C2 and C3. Switches S3 and S4 also conduct to release the energy stored in the inductors L1, L2 to the load R. Capacitors C2 and C3 are being charged in this mode, but the voltage of the capacitors C2, C3 remains about ⅓ of Vin. Also, the voltage stress on switch S1 is about ⅔ of Vin, and the voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of Vin. -
FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically representsoperation Mode 3 of theflyback converter 10 ofFIG. 2 . InMode 3, which is representative of the time interval designated as t3-t4 inFIG. 3 , the primary side switches S1 and S2 are OFF, while the secondary side switches S3 and S4 are ON and continue to operate in synchronous rectification and to release the energy stored in the inductors L1, L2 to the load R. DuringMode 3, the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance LS is completely released. The voltage of the capacitors C2, C3 remains about ⅓ of Vin, and the voltage stress on switches S1 and S2 is about ⅓ of Vin. The voltage stress on the transformer is 0. -
FIG. 7 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically representsoperation Mode 4 of theflyback converter 10 ofFIG. 2 . InMode 4, which is representative of the time interval designated as t4-t5 inFIG. 3 , the primary side switch S1 and secondary side switch S3 are OFF, while the primary side switches S2 and secondary side switch S4 are ON and continue to operate in synchronous rectification. The body diode of switch S3 is forward biased and the current of switch S3 is transferred to switch S4. Switch S4 and the body diode of switch S3 conduct to release the energy stored in the inductors L1, L2 to the load R. Capacitors C2 and C3 are being discharged inMode 4, but the voltage of the capacitors C2, C3 remains about ⅓ of Vin. The voltage stress on switch S1 is about ⅔ of Vin. The voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of Vin. -
FIG. 8 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically representsoperation Mode 5 of theflyback converter 10 ofFIG. 2 . InMode 5, which is representative of the time interval designated as t5-t6 inFIG. 3 , the primary side switch S1 and secondary side switch S3 are OFF, while the primary side switches S2 and secondary side switch S4 are ON and continue to operate in synchronous rectification. At, t5 the current iS3 through switch S3 reaches 0, so in this mode the body diode of switch S3 is open. Switch S4 conducts to release the energy stored in inductor L1 to the load R. Capacitors C2 and C3 are again being charged, but the voltage of the capacitors C2, C3 remains about ⅓ of Vin. The voltage stress on switch S1 is about ⅔ of Vin, while the voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of Vin. -
FIG. 9 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically representsoperation Mode 6 of theflyback converter 10 ofFIG. 2 . InMode 6, which is representative of the time interval designated as t6-t7 inFIG. 3 , the primary side switches S1 and S2 are OFF, while the secondary side switches S3 and S4 are ON and operate in synchronous rectification. At this point, the transformer leakage inductance Ls begins to release its energy, via the body diode of switch S1, back to the input voltage source Vin and to capacitor C1. Switches S3 and S4 conduct to release the energy stored in inductors L1 and L2 to the load R. The capacitors C2 and C3 are being discharged in this mode, but the voltage of the capacitors C2, C3 remains about ⅓ of Vin. The voltage stress on switch S2 is about ⅔ of Vin, while the voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of Vin. -
FIG. 10 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically representsoperation Mode 7 of theflyback converter 10 ofFIG. 2 . InMode 7, which is representative of the time interval designated as t7-t8 inFIG. 3 , the primary side switches S1 and S2 are OFF, while the secondary side switches S3 and S4 are ON. Switches S3 and S4 continue to operate in synchronous rectification and conduct to release the energy stored in the inductors L1 and L2 to the load R. InMode 7, the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance LS is again completely released. The voltage of the capacitors C1 and C2 remains about ⅓ of Vin. The voltage stress on switches S1 and S2 is about ⅓ of Vin, while the voltage stress on the transformer is again 0. -
FIG. 11 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically representsoperation Mode 8 of theflyback converter 10 ofFIG. 2 . InMode 8, which is representative of the time interval designated as t8-t9 inFIG. 3 , the primary side switch S1 and secondary side switch S3 are ON, while the primary side switches S2 and secondary side switch S4 are OFF. The body diode of switch S4 is forward biased and switch S3 and switch S4 continue to operate in synchronous rectification. The current of switch S4 is transferred to switch S3 which, along with the body diode of switch S4, conduct to release the energy stored in inductors L2 and L1 to the load R. Capacitors C2 and C3 are being charged inMode 8, but the voltage of the capacitors C2, C3 remains about ⅓ of Vin. The voltage stress on switch S2 is about ⅔ of Vin, while the voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of Vin. - During operation of the
exemplary flyback converter 10 ofFIG. 2 , as represented in the waveforms ofFIG. 3 and the equivalent circuits ofFIGS. 4-11 , the duty ratio was fixed at 50%. However, even with a fixed duty ratio, the output voltage can be changed by regulating the deadband ratio since the output voltage can be generally represented as: -
- where N is the transformer turns ratio and δ is the deadband ratio.
-
FIG. 12 graphically represents the curve of output ratio vs. deadband ratio of a flyback converter. In this example, Vin=400 V and N=4.7. - As described above, the DC/DC flyback converter of
FIG. 2 includes a primary winding side and a secondary winding side. The primary winding side of the circuit may be considered to be a high voltage front-stage circuit. The front-stage circuit itself may have applications other than its use in a flyback converter of the invention. The operation of the front-stage circuit is explained in more detail below and in correspondingFIGS. 13-18 . - An equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents the front-
stage circuit 15 appears inFIG. 13 . The front-stage circuit is a step-down DC/AC circuit, the output of which is AC, and the peak value of which is ⅓ of the input DC voltage. The equivalent front-stage circuit is shown to include the capacitors C1, C2, C3, and the switches S1, S2, in the form of active power devices, as shown inFIG. 2 and described above. The equivalent front-stage circuit 15 is also shown to include an inductor L. The circuit is again connected to a load R. - In operation, the switches S1, S2 are preferably symmetrically driven. When deadband is applied, the driving signals of switches S1 and S2 are still symmetrical. The output power can be regulated by changing the switch duty ratio and deadband ratio of switches S1 and S2. In deadband modes, where switches S1 and S2 are both turned off, the inductor L releases its energy to the load R.
-
FIG. 14 graphically represents steady state operation of the front-stage circuit 15 ofFIG. 13 . The waveforms shown inFIG. 14 are illustrative of the performance of the front-stage circuit 15 when operating with a fixed duty ratio (50% in this example), but a varying deadband ratio. In steady state operation, the front-stage circuit 15 is shown to have 4 operation modes (i.e., Modes 1-4) within a switching period.FIGS. 15-18 are equivalent circuit representations of the first (Mode 1) through fourth (Mode 4) front-stage circuit operation modes graphically depicted inFIG. 14 . -
FIG. 15 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents front-stagecircuit operation Mode 1. InMode 1, which is representative of the time interval designated as t0-t1 inFIG. 14 , switches S1 and S2 are OFF. The input voltage source Vin, and the capacitors C2, C3 and the load R are connected in series. Capacitors C2 and C3 are charged. The voltage across the load R is negative, and the peak value is about ⅓ of Vin. -
FIG. 16 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents front-stagecircuit operation Mode 2. InMode 2, which is representative of the time interval designated as t1-t2 inFIG. 14 , switches S1 and S2 are OFF. The inductor L releases its energy to the load R. -
FIG. 17 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents front-stagecircuit operation Mode 3. InMode 3, which is representative of the time interval designated as t2-t3 inFIG. 14 , switch S1 is OFF and switch S2 is ON. Capacitors C2 and C3 are load connected in parallel, and are discharged. The voltage across the load R is positive, and the peak value is about ⅓ of Vin. -
FIG. 18 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents front-stagecircuit operation Mode 4. InMode 4, which is representative of the time interval designated as t3-t4 inFIG. 14 , switches S1 and S2 are OFF, and the inductor L again releases its energy to the load R. - A 1.5 kW simulation model was built using Powersim PSIM simulation software to verify the analysis. The particulars of the model were:
-
- Input voltage range=200 V to 400 V;
- Transformer turns ratio (N)=2;
- Switching frequency (Fe)=300 kHz;
- Inductors L1=L2=1 pH;
- Capacitors C2=C3=5 μF;
- D=0.5;
- δ=0.07; and
- Capacitor C4=10 μF.
- Steady-state simulation waveforms for the 1.5 kW simulation model with a 200 V input voltage are shown in
FIGS. 19-20 . It can be seen fromFIG. 20 that a stable 12 V output voltage was produced. The voltage stresses on switches S1 and S2 were reduced to 213 of Vin, and the voltage stress on the transformer was reduced to ⅓ of W. Soft-switching was achieved for the turning on of switches S1 and S2, and both the turning on and turning off of switches S3 and S4. Output ripple current was cancelled. - In a further simulation of a circuit according to the invention, the mutual inductance was set as 20 pH and the low-voltage side inductors were set as 2 pH/each. The output capacitor was set as 20 μF and the two capacitors C2, C3 in the quasi-switched capacitor circuit were both set at 2 μF. The load was set to 90 W at 20 V. The optimum turns ratio of the transformer is 1:1, which simplifies the transformer design and minimizes the winding loss. However, to demonstrate the operating principle of the circuit, the turns ratio of the transformer was set as 5:4 in the simulation. The results of the simulation at an input voltage Vin of 150 V and 300V are shown in
FIGS. 21A-21B , respectively. - As shown in the simulation results, when the input voltage is 150 V, the switches in the circuit are operating at a 50% duty ratio. The voltage stresses of the switching devices are ⅔ of the input voltage (100 V). There is no DC component in the mutual inductance. The peak value of the input voltage to the primary winding side of the transformer is 50V.
- When the input voltage is 300 V, the duty ratio of the switches is no longer 50%. At the point when the three switches on the primary winding side are all turned off (a necessary state of the circuit), the energy stored in the mutual inductance will be freely transferred into the secondary winding side of the transformer. If the energy in the mutual inductance is fully released before the next switching cycle, the voltage stress on the switches will have stair-waveforms, as shown in
FIG. 21 . It can also be observed inFIG. 21 that the maximum voltage stress on the switches is slightly lower than 200 V (⅔ of the input voltage), and the voltage on the two capacitors in the primary winding side of the circuit is slightly higher than 100 V (⅓ of the input voltage). There is a small DC offset in the mutual inductance current. - The simulated circuit of this particular example may be generally summarized as follows. The primary side of the circuit has a quasi-switched capacitor (QSC) structure. The QSC circuit has three switches and two capacitors. The capacitors are not resonant link capacitors. At 500 kHz and 90 W, each capacitor can be as small as 2 μF. Based on the characteristics of the voltage source, an input filter capacitor may be required. The voltage stress on the switches and capacitors is lower than the input voltage, with the voltage stress on the switches being smaller than ⅔ of the input voltage. The secondary side of the circuit may be a traditional synchronous current doubler circuit. The filter inductor in the circuit may be as small as approximately 2 pH.
- It can also be understood from this simulation that the exact value of the switch voltage stresses will change with the duty ratio of the switches. However, in comparison to traditional flyback and forward converters, the switching devices of the simulated circuit are subjected to much smaller voltage stresses, which is very useful with respect to GaN devices.
- Furthermore, the transformer input voltage is much less than the input voltage of the simulated circuit. For example, when the duty ratio is 50%, the transformer input voltage is about ⅓ of the input voltage. A smaller input voltage means a possible reduction in transformer core size.
- The transformer of the simulated circuit exhibits bi-directional excitation. Therefore, in comparison to a traditional flyback converter, the circuit has a reduced DC current in the mutual inductance. For example, at about a 50% duty ratio, the current has no DC component.
- The results of this simulation reveal that the transformer used in this circuit can be smaller and more efficient than that of a traditional flyback converter. The transformer turns ratio can be set as 1:1 because the final output voltage can be controlled by varying the duty ratio of the primary winding side switches when the input voltage changed from 150 V to 300 V. The duty ratio range was about 0.11 (300 V) to about 0.4 (150 V). A duty ratio of 0.5 produces a square wave on the primary winding side of the transformer.
- The results of this simulation additionally reveal that the circuit is extremely easy to control. Two of the three switches on the primary winding side shared the same control command and were symmetric with the other switch. The two secondary side switches shared the exact same control signals as the primary side.
- One exemplary embodiment of a DC/DC power converter employing such a circuit may have the following characteristics:
-
- Input Voltage: (150, 300) V
- Output power: (45-90) W
- Switching frequency: (500) kHz
- Insulation between primary side and secondary side: (Yes/No)
- Conversion efficiency: (>90.1% estimated)
- As noted above, the efficiency of the exemplary converter is estimated. The rationale behind the efficiency estimate considers that the measured turn off loss of a 200 V, 12 A rated GaN device at 100 V and 5 A during a double pulse test is 1.7 μJ. The switching devices in the exemplary quasi-switched capacitor circuit (QSC) have zero current at turn on and 4 A at turn off. The maximum voltage stress of the devices is 200 V. Thus, the overall switching loss of the QSC circuit can be estimated to be 4.08 W.
- Furthermore, the conduction loss of the GaN devices in this case is less than 0.1 W. The major conduction loss of the circuits will be in the transformer and the traces on the circuit board. Therefore, assuming that the transformer's efficiency is 96% (3 W of loss), then the estimated secondary side switching loss is 3 W, conduction loss is 0.5 W, and the estimated power consumption from gate drive and control circuits is 1.2 W. Consequently, the total power loss of the circuit will be about 8.88 W and the efficiency is approximately 90.1%. All of the above-estimated switching and conduction losses of the devices are based on double tests and Rds on measurements of EPC 1010.
- Flyback converters of the invention include any application where an isolated DC/DC converter is required. Such applications may include, but are not limited to, hybrid electric vehicles and laptop and desktop computers.
- In the case of EVs and HEVs, for example, a DC/DC converter is required to deliver power from a high voltage (HV) DC bus to 12 V loads, such as head lamps, radio system, etc., of the vehicle, as well as to provide a bias voltage to various electronic control modules. The converter must incorporate electrical isolation to protect the low voltage (LV) electronic system from potentially hazardous high voltage. Various full-bridge or half-bridge based DC/DC converters have been proposed for this purpose, however, the associated topologies cause the HV-side switches and the transformer to suffer from voltages stresses that are equal to the HV DC bus voltage. A traditional flyback converter, which is usually employed in low power applications, is likewise not a suitable topology.
- In contrast to the aforementioned full-bridge and half-bridge DC/DC converters, and even to more recently proposed flyback topology-based DC/DC converters, flyback converters according to the invention are highly suitable for delivering power from a high voltage DC bus to 12 V loads in EV and HEV applications. In a flyback converter of the invention, the magnetic components store energy when corresponding HV-side switches are turned on, and release energy to the load in certain switching modes when corresponding HV-side switches are turned off. Consequently, HV-side switch voltage stresses are reduced to ⅔ of the input voltage, transformer voltage stress is reduced to ⅓ of the input voltage, low soft-switching occurs, and the converter operates with high efficiency and simple control.
- The front-stage circuit may also be separately used in non-isolated DC/DC converters that may be employed in, without limitation, data centers and telecom and datacom systems. More broadly, the front-stage circuit may be used in any converter that drives any load composed of a paralleling inductor and resistor. Examples of such applications may include, for example, inductive heating, wireless charging for hybrid electric vehicles, and wireless energy. Applications for the front-stage circuit of the flyback converter invention also include the use thereof in virtually any application where an isolated DC/DC converter is required, such as without limitation, electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and laptop and desktop computers.
- Flyback converters according to the invention improve upon known flyback converter design in a number of ways. For example, generally speaking, the flyback converter circuit according to the invention is friendlier toward high switching frequency, wide band gap, devices than are traditional circuits.
- Importantly, the voltage stress on the components of a flyback converter of the invention are also reduced in comparison to a traditional flyback converter. More specifically, the voltage stress on the switches is Vin+N1·Vout/N2 in a traditional flyback converter, whereas voltage stress on the switches is reduced to ⅔ of the input voltage in a flyback converter according to the invention. This allows for the use of switches with a lower rated breakdown voltage. Also, in a traditional flyback converter, the voltage stress on transformer is Vin, whereas the voltage stress on the transformer is only ⅓ of Vin in a flyback converter of the invention. This allows, on the one hand, for the transformer turns ratio to be lowered while providing the same output voltage of a traditional flyback converter, and on the other hand, for the flux to be lowered, which results in a reduction of the core loss.
- In a flyback converter according to the invention, the transformer flux is bidirectional instead of unidirectional as in a traditional flyback converter. This allows for either a reduction of the transformer core size or for a better utilization of an existing core, and also helps to prevent core saturation.
- In a traditional flyback converter, when the switch is off, the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance has no release path and, therefore, snubber circuits are needed to protect the switch from voltage overshoot. In contrast, natural current routes exist in a flyback converter according to the invention when all the switches are off, thereby facilitating a release of the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance. Consequently, a flyback converter according to the invention does not require a snubber circuit.
- A flyback converter of the invention exhibits natural soft switching at switch turn on because the transformer inductances limit the changing rate of the current. This results in zero-current switching and reduces switching losses (the turn on loss is almost zero) and increases efficiency.
- More specifically, the turn-on process is zero voltage switching with respect to the secondary winding side switches S3 and S4 because the transformer leakage inductance Ls limits the switch current increasing rate while the voltage across the switch drops instantly. Likewise, the turn-off process of switches S3 and S4 are zero current switching because a decreasing current is conducting in the switch body diode, and the process is completed after the current reaches zero. On the primary winding side, the turn-on process is zero voltage switching for the switches S1 and S2 because L1, L2 and Ls limits the switch current increasing rate while the voltage across the switch drops instantly. The turn-off processes of switches S1 and S2 are hard switching. However, these processes can be improved to achieve soft switching by paralleling capacitors to the switches to slow down the rising of the voltages across the switches.
- In a flyback converter of the invention, there is very low DC offset current in the transformer mutual inductance, thereby reducing transformer core loss and shrinking the transformer profile. More specifically, on the secondary winding side, the branch composed of series-connected inductors L1 and L2 are connected in parallel with the transformer mutual inductance. Because the sum of the inductances of inductors L1 and L2 is much smaller than the transformer mutual inductance, the DC offset current in the transformer mutual inductance is highly reduced. Therefore, it is possible to choose a smaller transformer magnetic core and the transformer profile can be reduced.
- The secondary winding (post-stage) circuit may be traditional rectifying circuit or ripple current canceling circuit. Synchronous rectification may be applied in the post-stage circuit. In the case of a ripple current cancelling circuit, the secondary winding side (post-stage) circuit of a flyback converter of the invention also cancels ripple current seen at the output capacitor. More particularly, the post-stage circuit can be thought of as two interleaving buck converters. Since there is a 180 degree phase shift between the current waveforms of inductors L1 and L2, the flux thereof will be mutually cancelled if inductors L1 and L2 are made into coupled inductors. This results in cancelled output capacitor ripple current and allows for the use of a transformer with a reduced profile. This also allows for a smaller capacitor to be used.
- In the post-stage circuit of a flyback converter according to the invention, the two active switches S3 and S4 can share the same ground, which is also the ground of the output voltage. Consequently, only two low-side switch gate drivers are needed for switches S3 and S4, which avoids the need for a more complex high-side switch gate driver.
- While certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above, the scope of the invention is not to be considered limited by such disclosure, and modifications are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention as evidenced by the following claims.
Claims (24)
1. A flyback DC/DC converter, comprising:
a circuit having a high-voltage side and a low-voltage side separated by a transformer;
a plurality of switches on the high-voltage side and a plurality of switches on the low-voltage side;
a plurality of components that are adapted to store energy in an electric field on the high-voltage side, and at least one such component on the low-voltage side;
at least one component that is adapted to store energy in a magnetic field on the low-voltage side;
wherein, the switches are actuatable in various combinations at a selected switching frequency to produce both active modes and deadband modes of operation within a given switching period; and
wherein the at least one component that stores energy in a magnetic field is adapted to store energy only in active modes when an associated high-voltage side switch is turned on, and to release energy to a load only in deadband modes when the associated high-voltage side switch is turned off.
2. The flyback converter of claim 1 , wherein the switches are passive and active power devices.
3. The flyback converter of claim 1 , wherein:
a pair of components adapted to store energy in a magnetic field are present on the low-voltage side;
a pair of switches are located on the high-voltage side, each of the switches corresponding to a given one of the components adapted to store energy in a magnetic field;
wherein, when one of the switches is on, a corresponding one of the magnetic field energy storing components is adapted to store energy, and when the same switch is off, the same magnetic field energy storing component is adapted to release energy to a load; and
wherein, when the other of the switches is on, the other of the magnetic field energy storing components is adapted to store energy, and when the same switch is off, the same magnetic field energy storing component is adapted to release energy to the load.
4. The flyback converter of claim 1 , wherein:
a component adapted to store energy in a magnetic field is present on the low-voltage side, the component having two coupled windings;
a pair of switches are located on the high-voltage side, each of the switches corresponding to a given one of the components adapted to store energy in a magnetic field;
wherein, when one of the switches is on, a corresponding one of the windings of the magnetic field energy storing component is adapted to store energy, and when the same switch is off, the same winding of the magnetic field energy storing component is adapted to release energy to a load; and
wherein, when the other of the switches is on, the other of the windings of the magnetic field energy storing component is adapted to store energy, and when the same switch is off, the same winding of the magnetic field energy storing component is adapted to release energy to the load.
5. The flyback converter of claim 1 , wherein the converter is adapted to operate with a symmetrical duty ratio and a variable deadband ratio.
6. The flyback converter of claim 1 , wherein the high-voltage side is a step-down DC/AC circuit having a step-down ratio of approximately 3:1, and an AC output voltage having a peak value that is approximately ⅓ of the input voltage supplied to the converter.
7. The flyback converter of claim 1 , wherein an output voltage of the converter is regulatable by changing the switch duty ratio and deadband of the high-voltage side switches.
8. The flyback converter of claim 1 , wherein the high-voltage side switches are adapted to be driven with a symmetrical duty ratio and the low-voltage side switches are adapted to operate in synchronous rectification.
9. The flyback converter of claim 1 , wherein the low-voltage side circuit is selected from the group consisting of a traditional rectifying circuit and a ripple cancelling circuit.
10. The flyback converter of claim 1 , wherein the circuit is adapted such that the voltage stress on the switches is approximately ⅔ of the input voltage supplied to the converter and the voltage stress on the transformer is approximately ⅓ of the input voltage supplied to the converter when the converter is in operation.
11. The flyback converter of claim 1 , wherein the low-voltage side switches exhibit zero current switching during both turn-on and turn-off thereof, and the high-voltage side switches exhibit zero current switching during turn-on thereof.
12. The flyback converter of claim 1 , wherein the circuit is adapted such that there will be four active modes and four deadband modes within a given switching period when the converter is operated in steady state.
13. A flyback DC/DC converter, comprising:
a circuit having a front-stage side and a post-stage side separated by a transformer, the front-stage side adapted for connection to an input voltage source;
a plurality of components that store energy in an electric field on the front-stage side, and at least one such component on the post-stage side;
at least one component that stores energy in a magnetic field on the post-stage side; and
a plurality of switches located on both the front-stage side and the post-stage side, the switches being actuatable in various combinations and at a selected switching frequency within a given switching period;
wherein, in steady-state operation, the voltage stress on the switches is about ⅔ of the input voltage and the voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of the input voltage; and
wherein the post-stage side switches exhibit zero current switching during both turn-on and turn-off thereof, and the front-stage side switches exhibit zero current switching during turn-on thereof.
14. The flyback converter of claim 13 , wherein the converter is adapted to operate with a symmetrical duty ratio and a variable deadband ratio.
15. The flyback converter of claim 13 , wherein the front-stage side is a step-down DC/AC circuit having a step-down ratio of approximately 3:1 and an AC output voltage having a peak value that is approximately ⅓ of the input voltage.
16. The flyback converter of claim 13 , wherein an output voltage of the converter is regulatable by changing the switch duty ratio and deadband of the high-voltage side switches.
17. The flyback converter of claim 13 , wherein the front-stage side switches are adapted to be driven with a symmetrical duty ratio and the post-stage side switches are adapted to operate in synchronous rectification.
18. The flyback converter of claim 13 , wherein the post-stage side circuit is selected from the group consisting of a traditional rectifying circuit and a ripple cancelling circuit.
19. A method of performing DC/DC power conversion, comprising:
(a) providing a flyback DC/DC converter circuit, comprising:
a high-voltage side in the form of a step-down DC/AC circuit that is adapted for connection to an input voltage source and has a step-down ratio of approximately 3:1, and a low-voltage side selected from the group consisting of a traditional rectifying circuit and a ripple cancelling circuit, the high-voltage side and the low-voltage side separated by a transformer,
a plurality of switches on the high-voltage side and a plurality of switches on the low-voltage side,
a plurality of components that are adapted to store energy in an electric field on the high-voltage side, and at least one such component on the low-voltage side, and
at least one component that is adapted to store energy in a magnetic field on the low-voltage side;
(b) actuating the switches in various combinations at a selected switching frequency to produce both active modes and deadband modes of operation within a given switching period; and
(c) causing the at least one component that stores energy in a magnetic field to store energy only in active modes when an associated high-voltage side switch is turned on, and to release energy to a load only in deadband modes when the associated high-voltage side switch is turned off;
such that, in steady-state operation, the voltage stress on the switches is about ⅔ of the input voltage and the voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of the input voltage.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the converter is operated with a symmetrical duty ratio and a variable deadband ratio.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein an output voltage of the converter is regulated by changing the switch duty ratio and deadband of the high-voltage side switches.
22. The method of claim 19 , wherein the high-voltage side switches are driven with a symmetrical duty ratio and the low-voltage side switches are operated in synchronous rectification.
23. The method of claim 19 , wherein:
a pair of components adapted to store energy in a magnetic field are provided on the low-voltage side;
a pair of switches are provided on the high-voltage side, with each of the switches corresponding to a given one of the components adapted to store energy in a magnetic field;
wherein, when one of the switches is turned on, a corresponding one of the magnetic field energy storing components stores energy, and when the same switch is turned off, the same magnetic field energy storing component releases energy to a load; and
wherein, when the other of the switches is turned on, the other of the magnetic field energy storing components stores energy, and when the same switch is turned off, the same magnetic field energy storing component releases energy to the load.
24. The method of claim 19 , wherein:
a component adapted to store energy in a magnetic field is provided on the low-voltage side, the component having two coupled windings;
a pair of switches are provided on the high-voltage side, each of the switches corresponding to a given one of the components adapted to store energy in a magnetic field;
wherein, when one of the switches is turned on, a corresponding one of the windings of the magnetic field energy storing component stores energy, and when the same switch is turned off, the same winding of the magnetic field energy storing component releases energy to a load; and
wherein, when the other of the switches is turned on, the other of the windings of the magnetic field energy storing component stores energy, and when the same switch is turned off, the same winding of the magnetic field energy storing component releases energy to the load.
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US20180131285A1 (en) * | 2016-05-06 | 2018-05-10 | Semiconductor Components Industries, Llc | Hybrid control technique for power converters |
US10122286B2 (en) * | 2016-05-06 | 2018-11-06 | Semiconductor Components Industries, Llc | Hybrid control technique for power converters |
CN111293884A (en) * | 2020-03-25 | 2020-06-16 | 西安交通大学 | Non-isolated bidirectional direct current converter oriented to energy application |
WO2022050630A1 (en) * | 2020-09-02 | 2022-03-10 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | Protection circuit, dc-dc converter, battery charger and electric vehicle |
WO2022265854A1 (en) * | 2021-06-14 | 2022-12-22 | Apple Inc. | Flyback converters with improved magnetic configurations |
US11695345B2 (en) | 2021-06-14 | 2023-07-04 | Apple Inc. | Power converter magnetic configurations |
US11728740B2 (en) | 2021-06-14 | 2023-08-15 | Apple Inc. | Flyback converters with improved magnetic configurations |
CN117501599A (en) * | 2021-06-14 | 2024-02-02 | 苹果公司 | Flyback converter with improved magnetic configuration |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20160344305A1 (en) | 2016-11-24 |
US20130188400A1 (en) | 2013-07-25 |
US9413257B2 (en) | 2016-08-09 |
US9866146B2 (en) | 2018-01-09 |
WO2013110090A1 (en) | 2013-07-25 |
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