US20170107762A1

US20170107762A1 - Pulsating Rotary Steerable System

Info

Publication number: US20170107762A1
Application number: US14/918,281
Authority: US
Inventors: Daniel A. Marson
Original assignee: Weatherford Technology Holdings LLC
Current assignee: Weatherford Technology Holdings LLC
Priority date: 2015-10-20
Filing date: 2015-10-20
Publication date: 2017-04-20

Abstract

A drilling assembly disposed on a drillstring can deviate a borehole advanced by a drill bit. A housing coupled between the drillstring and the bit transfers rotation of the drillstring to the bit. A mandrel in the housing's axial bore has a least one inclined surface on at least one side. The mandrel is subject to pressure in the housing and can be displaced longitudinally. A biasing element biases the mandrel toward one position. At least one piston disposed on the housing's side can be moved by the at least one inclined surface and can be displaced transversely in response to the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel. To vary the transverse displacement of the piston and change a trajectory of the borehole, changes to the differential pressure across the mandrel longitudinally displaces the mandrel and moves the piston.

Description

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The subject matter of the present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for controlling a downhole assembly. The subject matter is likely to find its greatest utility in controlling a steering mechanism of a downhole assembly to steer a drill bit in a chosen direction, and most of the following description will relate to steering applications. It will be understood, however, that the disclosed subject matter may be used to control other parts of a downhole assembly.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

When drilling for oil and gas, it is desirable to maintain maximum control over the drilling operation, even when the drilling operation may be several kilometers below the surface. Steerable drill bits can be used for directional drilling and are often used when drilling complex borehole trajectories that require accurate control of the path of the drill bit during the drilling operation.
Directional drilling is complicated because the steerable drill bit must operate in harsh borehole conditions. The steering mechanism is typically disposed near the drill bit, and the desired real-time directional control of the steering mechanism is remotely controlled from the surface. Regardless of its depth within the borehole, the steering mechanism must maintain the desired path and direction and must also maintain practical drilling speeds. Finally, the steering mechanism must reliably operate under exceptional heat, pressure, and vibration conditions that will typically be encountered during the drilling operation.
Many types of steering mechanism are used in the industry. A common type of steering mechanism has a motor disposed in a housing with a longitudinal axis that is offset or displaced from the axis of the borehole. The motor can be of a variety of types including electric and hydraulic. Hydraulic motors that operate using the circulating drilling fluid are commonly known as a “mud” motors.
The drill bit is attached to the output shaft of the motor and is rotated by the action of the motor. The laterally offset motor housing, commonly referred to as a bent housing or “bent sub”, provides lateral displacement that can be used to change the trajectory of the borehole. By rotating the drill bit with the motor and simultaneously rotating the motor housing with the drillstring, the orientation of the housing offset continuously changes, and the path of the advancing borehole is maintained substantially parallel to the axis of the drillstring. By only rotating the drill bit with the motor without rotating the drillstring, the path of the borehole is deviated from the axis of the non-rotating drillstring in the direction of the offset on the bent housing. By alternating these two methodologies of drill bit rotation, the path of the borehole can be controlled. A more detailed description of directional drilling using the bent housing concept is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,260,318, and 3,841,420.
UK patent applications 2435060 and 2440024 also describe methods of steering a drill bit using a bent housing of a downhole motor. The drillstring is rotated, and there is a rotatable connection between the drillstring and the housing of the downhole motor. A clutch mechanism provided within the rotatable connection controls the orientation of the housing and consequently the orientation of the bend.
Another method for steering a drill bit uses a steering mechanism such as described in EP 1024245. This steering mechanism allows the drill bit to be moved in any chosen direction—i.e., the direction (and degree) of curvature of the borehole can be determined during the drilling operation, and can be chosen based on the measured drilling conditions at a particular borehole depth. U.S. Pat. No. 4,416,339 discloses another mechanism that can cause a (variable) lateral offset and can thereby deviate the drill bit in a desired direction and by a desired amount.
A mechanism and method for steering a drill bit described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,766,098, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, periodically varies the rotational rate of the drill bit. The mechanism takes advantage of the fact that the rate at which the drill bit removes borehole material is dependent upon its rate of rotation. By varying the rate of rotation of the drill bit cyclically during the 360° rotation of the drillstring, the drill bit can remove more material from one side of the borehole than the other to cause the drill bit to deviate from a linear path.
Although such steering mechanisms are effective, operators are continually looking for faster, more powerful and reliable, and cost effective directional drilling mechanisms and techniques. The subject matter of the present disclosure is directed to such an endeavor.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

According to the present disclosure, a drilling assembly disposed on a drillstring deviates a borehole (i.e., changes the trajectory of the borehole) advanced by a drill bit. The assembly includes a housing, a mandrel, and at least one piston. The housing is coupled between the drillstring and the drill bit and transfers rotation of the drillstring to rotation of the drill bit. The housing has an axial bore along a longitudinal axis communicating the drillstring with the drill bit.
The mandrel is disposed in the axial bore of the housing and has a least one inclined surface disposed on a side thereof. The mandrel being subject to first pressure in the housing and second pressure in the borehole and being displaceable in the axial bore along the longitudinal axis. A biasing element can be disposed in the housing and can bias the mandrel toward a first position.
The at least one piston is disposed on a side of the housing relative to the at least one inclined surface of the mandrel. The at least one piston can be displaced on the housing transverse to the longitudinal axis in response to the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel. Accordingly, the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel responds to a pressure differential across the mandrel between the first and second pressures and varies the transverse displacement of the at least one piston.
To control the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel and in turn control the transverse displacement of the at least one piston, the assembly can include a flow control controlling the flow of fluid through the housing. In operation, the flow control creates a change in the pressure differential across the mandrel and periodically varies the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel, which in turn periodically varies the transverse displacement of the at least one piston. In one example, the flow control can bypass at least a portion of the flow of fluid away from the housing. In another example, the flow control can be disposed within the flow of fluid. For instance, the flow control can be a valve movable relative to a seat communicating the fluid flow.
Accordingly, the flow control operated in a first condition produces a first of the pressure differential across the mandrel, whereas the flow control in a second condition produces a second of the pressure differential across the mandrel. The second pressure differential is greater than the first differential pressure so that the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel in the housing varies with the control of the fluid flow by the flow control operated in the first and second conditions.
To deviate the advancing borehole, the assembly changes the trajectory of the drilling assembly as the transverse displacement of the at least one piston displaces the longitudinal axis of the housing relative to the advancing borehole. The at least one piston disposed on the side of the housing can have an external portion exposed externally on the housing and can have an internal portion disposed in the axial bore of the housing. The internal portion of the at least one piston engages with the at least one inclined surface of the mandrel. When the inclined surface of the mandrel is moved with the longitudinal displacement, the at least one piston can be comparably displaced transverse on the side of the housing relative to the longitudinal axis of the housing.
As noted above, the assembly can have a biasing element biasing in the mandrel in the housing. For example, the biasing element can include one or more springs having one portion fixed in the axial bore of the housing and having another portion engaged with the mandrel. Also, the biasing element is loaded with an axial force equating to a transverse force of the at least one piston displaced transversely on the housing when the mandrel is longitudinally displaced toward a given position in the housing. To communicate the fluid flow through the assembly and to subject to the mandrel to the pressure differentials, the mandrel can define an internal passage communicating the fluid flow therethrough from adjacent the drillstring to adjacent the drill bit.
A first portion of the mandrel is sealably engaged in the axial bore of the housing and defines a first piston area relative to the fluid flow and subject to the first pressure in the housing. Meanwhile, a second portion of the mandrel is sealably engaged in the axial bore of the housing and defines a second piston area subject to the second pressure of the borehole. For example, the housing can have at least one port communicating the annulus of the borehole with the second piston area of the mandrel. The at least one port can use a nozzle to restrict fluid communication between the annulus and a chamber in the housing to which the second piston area is exposed.
As the housing rotates with the rotation of the drillstring and transfers the rotation to the drill bit, the mandrel disposed in the housing rotates with it. For fluid isolation in the assembly, seals of the mandrel can sealably engage the axial bore of the housing and seal the space between the mandrel and the housing adjacent the at least one inclined surface. The at least one piston can also be sealed in an external opening in the side of the housing.
According to one form of operation, the at least one piston can extend from the side of the housing in response to a first of the pressure differential across the mandrel longitudinally displacing the mandrel toward a first position. By contrast, the at least one piston can retract from the side of the housing in response to a second of the pressure differential across the mandrel longitudinally displacing the mandrel toward a second position. To do this, a first state of the fluid flow through the housing can produce the first pressure differential, while a second state of the fluid flow through the housing can produce the second pressure differential. The states of the fluid flow can be produced by a flow control (i.e., at least one of a pump and a valve) controlling the fluid flow either at surface or in the drillstring, such as near the housing.
Different arrangements of pistons can be used. For example, the at least one piston can include more than one piston disposed along the same side of the housing. Also, pistons can be disposed on other sides of the housing. In one particular example, first and second pistons can be disposed on opposing sides of the housing. With the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel, the opposing pistons can be oppositely retracted and extended relative to one another on the opposing sides of the housing. During one revolution of the housing, the opposing pistons can produce two comparable deflections of the longitudinal axis of the housing relative to the borehole.
According to the present disclosure, a drilling system has a drill bit on a drillstring to advance a borehole. The system includes a drive, a pump, a flow control, and a steering mechanism. The drive rotates the drillstring to rotate the drill bit, and the pump pumps fluid flow along the drillstring to the drill bit. The flow valve is operable to control the fluid flow.
The steering mechanism is disposed on the drillstring upstream of the drill bit and downstream of the flow control. The steering mechanism has an inner mandrel and at least one piston. The inner mandrel is displaceable along a longitudinal axis of the steering mechanism in response to a pressure differential across the mandrel from the controlled fluid flow. The inner manner longitudinally displaced then varys a transverse displacement of the at least one piston relative to a side of the advancing borehole.
According to the present disclosure, a drilling method involves advancing a borehole with a drill bit on a drilling assembly coupled to a drillstring by rotating the drilling assembly and the drill bit with rotation of the drillstring. The drilling assembly is deviated in the advancing borehole by controlling fluid flow through the drilling assembly; varying a pressure differential across a mandrel inside the drilling assembly with the controlled fluid flow; displacing the mandrel along a longitudinal axis in the drilling assembly with the varied pressure differential; and alternating, relative to the rotation of the drilling assembly, transverse displacement of at least one piston on at least one side of the drilling assembly with the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel.
To control the fluid flow through the drilling assembly, a steering direction can be determined for the drilling assembly, and an angular orientation of the drilling assembly can be sensed. The fluid flow through the drilling assembly can then be varied based upon the determined steering direction and the sensed angular orientation.
The foregoing summary is not intended to summarize each potential embodiment or every aspect of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a downhole assembly incorporating a steering mechanism according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of the downhole assembly incorporating the steering mechanism according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of one steering mechanism according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 3A-1 illustrates an end-sectional view of the steering mechanism of FIG. 3A.

FIGS. 3B-3C illustrate cross-sectional views of other steering mechanisms according to the present disclosure.

FIGS. 4A-4B conceptually illustrate components of flow controls for the disclosed steering mechanism during operation.

FIG. 5A illustrates a cross-sectional view of the steering mechanism in a first state according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 5B illustrate a cross-sectional view of the steering mechanism in a second state according to the present disclosure.

FIGS. 6A-6B are end views of the steering mechanism during operation.

FIGS. 7A-7C are end views of the steering mechanism during operation using a pair of opposing pistons.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a drilling system 10 incorporating a steering mechanism 100 according to the present disclosure. As shown, a downhole drilling assembly 20 drills a borehole 12 penetrating an earth formation. The assembly 20 is operationally connected to a drillstring 22 using a suitable connector 21. In turn, the drillstring 22 is operationally connected to a rotary drilling rig 24, which is well known in the art.
The downhole assembly 20 includes a control assembly 30 having a sensor section 32, a power supply section 34, an electronics section 36, and a downhole telemetry section 38. The sensor section 32 has directional sensors, such as accelerometers, magnetometers, and inclinometers, which can be used to indicate the orientation, movement, and other parameters of the assembly 20 within the borehole 12. This information, in turn, can be used to define the borehole's trajectory for steering purposes. The sensor section 32 can also have any other type of sensors used in Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) and Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) operations including, but not limited to, sensors responsive to gamma radiation, neutron radiation, and electromagnetic fields, such as available on Weatherford's HEL system.
The electronics section 36 has electronic circuitry to operate and control other elements within the assembly 20. For example, the electronics section 46 has a downhole processor (not shown) and downhole memory (not shown). The memory can store directional drilling parameters, measurements made with the sensor section 32, and directional drilling operating systems. The downhole processor can process the measurement data and telemetry data for the various purposes disclosed herein.
Elements within the assembly 20 communicate with surface equipment 28 using the downhole telemetry section 28. Components of this telemetry section 38 receive and transmit data to an uphole telemetry unit (not shown) within the surface equipment 38. Various types of borehole telemetry systems can be used, including mud pulse systems, mud siren systems, electromagnetic systems, angular velocity encoding, and acoustic systems.
The power supply section 34 supplies electrical power necessary to operate the other elements within the assembly 20. The power is typically supplied by batteries, but the batteries can be supplemented by power extracted from the drilling fluid by way of a power turbine, for example.
During operation, a drill bit 40 is rotated, as conceptually illustrated by the arrow R_B. The rotation of the drill bit 40 is imparted by rotation R_Dof the drillstring 22 at the rotary rig 24. The speed (RPM) of the drillstring rotation R_Dis typically controlled from the surface using the surface equipment 28. Additional rotation to the drill bit 40 could also be imparted by a drilling motor (not shown) on the drilling assembly 20.
During operation, the drilling fluid system 26 pumps drilling fluid or “mud” from the surface downward and through the drillstring 22 to the assembly 20. The mud exits through the drill bit 40 and returns to the surface via the borehole annulus. Circulation is illustrated conceptually by the arrows 14.
To directionally drill the advancing borehole 12 with the downhole assembly 20, a flow control 50 is operated to change pressure of the flow of the fluid (circulated drilling mud) from the drillstring 22, through the drilling assembly 20, and out the bit 40. The pressure change then alters the operation of the steering mechanism 100. The flow control 50 is controlled using orientation information measured by the sensor section 32 cooperating with control information stored in the downhole processor of the electronics section 36 to direct the trajectory of the advancing borehole 12.
In particular, the flow control 50 can be a fluid flow restriction, a fluid release element, a pulser, a flow bypass, etc., which can be disposed anywhere within the flow of fluid (i.e., within the mud system 26, the drillstring 22, the drilling assembly 20, or elsewhere). For the purposes of discussion, reference is made to the flow control 50 as a “pulser.” In a particular embodiment as disclosed herein, the “pulser” 50 is disposed in or associated with the drilling assembly 20 upstream of the steering mechanism 100.
The steering mechanism 100 steers the assembly 20 using active deflection of the assembly 20. During operation of the assembly 20, for example, the pulser 50 controls the flow of fluid through the assembly 20 and creates a change in differential pressure in the steering mechanism 100. The steering mechanism 100 then uses the varied pressure differential to periodically extend/retract one or more piston(s) 150 relative to the drill bit's rotation R_Bto define the trajectory of the advancing borehole 12. In the end, the extension disproportionately engages the drill bit 40 against a certain side in the advancing borehole 12 for directional drilling. (Reference to disproportionate engagement at least means that the engagement in advancing the borehole 14 is periodic, varied, repetitive, selective, modulated, changing over time, etc.) In the end, the extension of the pistons 150 can be coordinated with the orientation of the drilling assembly 20 in the advancing borehole 10 to control the trajectory of drilling.
The operation of the pulser 50 not only extends/retracts the piston(s) 150, but also advantageously alters the thrust load of the drilling assembly 20 along its longitudinal axis, which alters the weight-on-bit/rate of penetration of the assembly 20. In this way, the steering mechanism 100 provides active deflection of the downhole assembly 20 and can operate the deflection in conjunction with the thrust load along the assembly's longitudinal axis. For instance, deflection in one direction or another can be timed toward or away from a desired trajectory and can be timed in conjunction with an increase or a decrease in thrust load of the assembly 20.
Moreover, the resultant rotational speed R_Bof the drill bit 40 can be periodically varied by periodically varying the rotational speed of a mud motor (not shown) and/or by periodically varying the rotational speed R_Dof the drillstring 22. Such periodic bit speed rotation R_B(referred to herein as a “bit speed effect”) results in preferential cutting of material from a predetermined arc of the borehole's wall, which in turn results in deviation of the borehole 10. Further details of the bit speed effect are disclosed in incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,766,098.
Given the above description of the drilling system 10, discussion now turns to embodiments of the drilling assembly 20 having the steering mechanism 100 to achieve directional drilling.
FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of the drilling assembly 20 incorporating the steering mechanism 100 according to the present disclosure. As already noted, the steering mechanism 100 of the drilling assembly 20 is disposed on a drillstring (not shown) for deviating a borehole advanced by the drill bit 40. The control assembly 30 of the drilling assembly 20 extends from the drillstring (not shown). As shown, a stabilized direction sonde tool 35, such as Weatherford's Integrated Direction Sonde tool, can be part of the control assembly 30. The steering mechanism 100 extends from this tool 35 and has the drill bit 40 connected to its distal end.
One or more of the pistons 150 are disposed on the steering mechanism 100 near the drill bit 40. The pistons 150 can be arranged on one or more sides of the mechanism 100 and can be disposed at stabilizer ribs or other features 115. The overall length of the drilling assembly 20 can vary. In one arrangement, the steering mechanism 100 extends about 20-ft or so from the stabilizer tool 35 to the drill bit 40. Other configurations are possible.
Further details of the steering mechanism 100 are provided in the cross-sectional views of FIGS. 3A-3C. FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the steering mechanism 100 according to the present disclosure, and FIG. 3A-1 illustrates an end view of the steering mechanism 100 of FIG. 3A. As alternatives, FIGS. 3B-3C illustrate cross-sectional views of other embodiments of the steering mechanism 100 according to the present disclosure.
As shown in each of the embodiments, the steering mechanism 100 includes a housing 110, an inner mandrel 120, and a biasing element 130. The housing 110 couples at one end 114 toward the drilling assembly's other components and the drillstring (not shown). The other end of the housing 116 couples toward the drill bit (not shown), such as by coupling to a bit sub 106 for the drill bit. As the drillstring rotates, the housing 100 thereby transfers the drillstring's rotation to the drill bit 40.
The housing 110 has an axial bore 112 along the housing's longitudinal axis (L) communicating the drillstring with the drill bit. The mandrel 120 is disposed in the axial bore 112 of the housing 110 and is displaceable therein along the longitudinal axis (L) between a first position (FIGS. 3A-3C) and a second position (discussed below).
The mandrel 120 has an internal passage 122 communicating therethrough from adjacent the drillstring at the housing's proximal end 114 to adjacent the drill bit at the housing's distal end 116. The mandrel 120 is generally tubular and includes a first seal 125 disposed thereon. This first seal 125 is sealably engaged with the housing's bore 112 and defines a first piston area A₁exposed to flow of fluid through the housing 110 from the drillstring to the drill bit.
The biasing element 130 is disposed in the housing 110 and biases the mandrel 120 toward the first position (FIG. 3A-3C). For example, the biasing element 130 can include one or more coil springs 132 or the like disposed in the annular space between the mandrel 120 and the housing's bore 112. Several of these springs 132 can be stacked along a length of the mandrel 120 and can be separated by spacer rings 133. One portion 136 of the biasing element 130 is fixed in the axial bore 112 of the housing 110, and another portion 134 of the biasing element 130 is engaged with the mandrel 120. In this way, longitudinal displacement of the mandrel 120 is biased in the housing 110 by the biasing element 130.
An intermediate section 140 of the mandrel 120 extends through the housing's bore 112. This section 140 can be a separate component with a passage 142 and can be attached to the rest of the mandrel 120, which can facilitate manufacture, although an integral construction can be used. The intermediate section 140 has a least one inclined surface 145 disposed on at least one side of the section 140. As shown here in FIGS. 3A-3C, the section 140 includes a plurality of inclined surfaces 145, although more or less could be used depending on the implementation. As shown in FIG. 3A, the inclined surfaces 145 can be disposed along more than one side of the mandrel 120, such as on opposing sides. Alternatively as shown in FIGS. 3B-3C, the inclined surfaces 145 can be disposed on one side or the other of the mandrel 120.
The mandrel 120 also has a distal section 160 extending through the housing's bore 112. This distal section 160 can be a separate component with a passage 162 and can be attached to the rest of the mandrel 120 (i.e., to the intermediate section 140), which can facilitate manufacture, although an integral construction can be used. The distal section 160 is generally tubular and includes a second seal 165 disposed thereon. The second seal 165 is sealably engaged with the housing's bore 112 and defines a second piston area A₂exposed to a fluid chamber 118 of the housing 110.
The housing 110 has at least one port 107 communicating with the fluid chamber 118. In the present example, the bit sub 106 has the port 107, although other configurations are possible. In one embodiment, the fluid chamber 118 can be exposed to the borehole annulus so that the chamber 118 holds the annular pressure, which acts against the second piston area A₂of the mandrel 120. This pressure is in contrast to the bore pressure in the housing 110 that acts against the first piston area A₂of the mandrel 120.
In further embodiments, the port 107 for the chamber 118 may include a nozzle or restriction 108 to control the flow of fluid through the port 107 between the chamber 118 and the surrounding annulus. Such a nozzle 108 can have an orifice or the like configured in size to provide a dampening effect to the mechanism's operation. In an alternative embodiment, the chamber 118 can be sealed with a cap 108 and can be pre-charged to a desired pressure to match an expected annular pressure or some other pressure.
At least one piston 150 is disposed on at least one side of the housing 110 relative to the at least one inclined surface 145 of the mandrel 120. As shown in FIG. 3A, sets of pistons 150 a-c/ 150 a′-c′ can be disposed along more than one side of the housing 110, such as on opposing sides. Alternatively as shown in FIGS. 3B-3C, one set of pistons 150 a-c or 150 a′-c′ can be disposed only along one side of the housing 110. These and other configurations can be used.
The at least one piston 150 disposed on the side of the housing 110 has an external portion exposed externally on the housing 100 and has an internal portion disposed in the axial bore 112 of the housing 110. The internal portion of at least one piston 150 is inclined and is engageable with the at least one inclined surface 145 of the mandrel 120. In this way, the at least one piston 150 is alternatingly displaceable on the housing 110 between extended and retracted conditions transverse to the longitudinal axis (L) of the mandrel 120 in response to longitudinal displacement of the mandrel 120.
As shown in the end view of FIG. 3A-1, the at least one piston 150 can be disposed at a raised pad or stabilizer rib 115 on the circumference of the housing 110. In fact, several of such raised stabilizer ribs 115 can be provided.
The mandrel 120 has first and second seals 144 a-b sealably engaging the axial bore 112 of the housing 110 on both ends of the intermediate section 140. These seals 144 a-b seal the annular space between the mandrel 120 and the housing 110 around the inclined surface(s) 145 and piston(s) 150 to prevent fluid leakage therebetween. Each piston(s) 150 is likewise sealed in an external opening 114 in the side of the housing 100 to prevent fluid leakage.
For further isolation, an intermediate chamber 164 can be sealed in the housing 110 around the mandrel 120 between the distal seal 144 b and the second mandrel seal 165. This intermediate chamber 164 can be filled with oil or the like.
As discussed in more detail below, the flow control (i.e., pulser 50) of the drilling assembly 20 controls the flow of fluid through the housing 110 and creates a change in the differential pressure across the mandrel 120. In turn, the differential pressure across the mandrel 120 longitudinally displaces the mandrel 120, which then either extends or retracts the piston(s) 150 on the housing 100 to change the trajectory of the assembly 20. In this way, periodically varying the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel 120 can periodically vary the transverse displacement of the piston(s) 150 to control the drilling trajectory.
FIGS. 4A-4B conceptually illustrate components of the flow control 50 for the steering mechanism 100. As already noted, the flow control 50 can be disposed anywhere in the fluid flow from the surface to the steering mechanism 100, and the flow control 50 can be a pulser disposed in the fluid flow upstream of the steering mechanism 100—the actual placement can vary depending on the implementation. The pulser 50 is preferably housed in proximity to the control components in the drilling assembly 20. As indicated here, for example, the pulser 50 may be disposed in a tubular member 25, which can be part of the drilling assembly 20.
As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 4A, the pulser 50 can control communication of the fluid flow through drilling assembly (20) and eventually to the steering mechanism (100) downstream by selectively moving a plunger or valve element 51 relative to one or more bypass ports 27 in the tubular member 25. An actuator 58 (under control of the control components at the surface or downhole) moves the plunger 51 relative to the bypass ports 27 to vary fluid communication to the steering mechanism (100).
When the pulser 50 is in a “closed” condition as shown in FIG. 4A, downhole flowing drilling fluid may be prevented from flowing out the bypass ports 27 so that the fluid passes further downstream to the steering mechanism (100). When the pulser 50 is in an “opened” condition, the plunger 51 is extended further in the tubular member 25. At least some of the flow of fluid exits through the bypass ports 27, which starves flow downstream to the steering mechanism (100). In this way, the pulser 50 can bypass at least a portion of the flow of fluid away from the steering mechanism (100). Accordingly, opening and closing of the pulser 50 affects or changes the differential pressure in the steering mechanism (100) and affects the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel (120) and extension of the piston(s) (150).
As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 4B, the pulser 50 can control fluid communication through the tubular member 25 by selectively moving a valve element 54 relative to a seat 56 in the tubular member 25. An actuator 52 (under control of a control components at the surface or downhole) moves the valve element 54 relative to the seat 56 to vary fluid communication to the steering mechanism (100).
The pulser's actuator 52 controls the valve element 54 and can be connected to other components within the assembly (20), which may or may not be in the control section (40). During operation, the actuator 58 can control the valve element 54 to move between an open condition as shown (in which drilling fluid can pass to the mechanism 100) and a closed condition (not shown) (in which drilling fluid cannot pass downhole to the mechanism 100).
Having an understanding of the steering mechanism 100 and the flow control or pulser 50, discussion now turns to operation of the drilling assembly 20. FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate cross-sectional views of the steering mechanism 100 in two states of operation. Because the steering mechanism 100 can have one or more piston(s) 150 disposed along one or more sides of the housing 100, FIGS. 5A-5B are visually divided so that all of the various arrangements, such as discussed in FIGS. 3A-3C, can be shown and described together. For instance, for the embodiment in FIG. 3A having pistons 150 a-c and 150 a′-c′ on opposing sides of the housing 110, the entire steering mechanism 100 in FIGS. 5A-5B would be representative of the operation of the opposing sets of the pistons 150 a-c and 150 a′-c′. By contrast, for the embodiment in FIG. 3B having the one set of pistons 150 a-c on one side of the housing 110, the upper half of the steering mechanism 100 in FIGS. 5A-5B would be representative of the operation of the pistons 150 a-c, while the other sides of the housing 110 would lack pistons. Finally, for the embodiment in FIG. 3C having the one set of pistons 150 a-c′ on the opposing side of the housing 110, the lower half of the steering mechanism 100 in FIGS. 5A-5B would be representative of the operation of the pistons 150 a-c′, while the other sides of the housing 110 would lack pistons.
As shown in FIG. 5A, for example, a first state of operation occurs when a first level of the pressure differential across the mandrel 120 longitudinally displaces the mandrel 150 toward the first position (i.e., uphole “to the left” away from the end 116 to which the drill bit couples). In response to the displacement of the mandrel 120, first of the pistons 150 a-c on a first side of the housing 110 are extended (i.e., on the upper half of FIG. 5A). This would be the case for the arrangement of the mechanism 100 in FIGS. 3A-3B. Meanwhile, the pistons 150 a-c′ on the second, opposing side of the housing 110 are retracted (i.e., on the lower half of FIG. 5A). This would be the case for the arrangement of the mechanism 100 in FIGS. 3A and 3C.
The first level of the pressure differential across the mandrel 120 is generally given by the bore pressure acting against the first piston area A₁minus the annular pressure acting against the second piston area A₂in conjunction with the spring force of the biasing element 130. For example, the first level of the pressure differential in the first state of FIG. 5A can be produced by an unenergized flow state. In other words, the pulser 50 can be (fully or at least partially) closed, or the pump(s) used in pumping the fluid through the assembly 20 can be off or at a low pump rate.
The biasing element 130 may be preloaded with a certain axial force that produces a particular transverse force of the extended pistons 150 a-c on the housing 110. This may prevent at least some of the counterforce from the borehole wall against the extended pistons 150 a-c from displacing the mandrel 120.
As shown in FIG. 5B, by contrast, a second state of operation occurs when a second level of the pressure differential across the mandrel 120 longitudinally displaces the mandrel 120 toward the second position (i.e., downhole “to the right” toward the end 116 to which the drill bit couples). In response to the displacement of the mandrel 150, first of the pistons 150 a-c on the first side of the housing 110 are retracted (i.e., on the upper half of FIG. 5A). This would be the case for the arrangement of the mechanism 100 in FIGS. 3A-3B. Meanwhile, the pistons 150 a′-c′ on the second, opposing side of the housing 110 are extended (i.e., on the lower half of FIG. 5A). This would be the case for the arrangement of the mechanism 100 in FIGS. 3A and 3C.
The second level of the pressure differential across the mandrel 120 is generally given by the bore pressure acting against the first piston area A₁minus the annular pressure acting against the second piston area A₂in conjunction with the spring force of the biasing element 130. The second level of the pressure differential in the second state of FIG. 5B can be produced by an energized flow state. In other words, the pulser 50 can be (fully or mostly) opened, and the pump(s) can be actively pumping.
As expressed herein, the mandrel 120 rotates with the housing 110, and the housing 110 rotate with the drillstring. As the drill bit rotates with the housing 110 and the drillstring, the transverse displacement of the piston(s) 150 can then displace the longitudinal axis of the housing 110 relative to the advancing borehole. This, in turn, tends to change the trajectory of the advancing borehole. To do this, the extension/retraction of the piston(s) 150 is timed relative to a desired direction to deviate the drilling assembly 20 during drilling. For example, FIG. 6A-6B show end views of the steering mechanism 100 with one movable piston 150 extended therefrom. Because the steering mechanism 100 is rotated along with the drillstring (22), the operation of the steering mechanism 100 is cyclical to substantially match the period of rotation of the drillstring (22).
If it is desired to deviate the drill bit in a direction towards the direction given by arrow D, it is necessary to extend the movable piston 150 as it faces the opposite direction O. The steering mechanism 100 rotates with the assembly (20), which in turn rotates with the drillstring (22). The orientation of the movable piston 150 can therefore be determined by the sensor section (32) of the assembly (20). When it is desired to deviate the borehole in the chosen direction (the direction of the arrow D), the control assembly (30) can calculate the orientation of the diametrically opposed position O and can instruct the pulser (50) to operate accordingly. Specifically, the pulser (50) may produce the displacement of the mandrel (120) so the piston 150 extends at a first angular orientationα relative to the desired direction D and then retracts at a second angular orientation β for the rotation of the steering mechanism 100.
Because the movable piston 150 does not move instantaneously to its extended condition, it may be necessary that the active deflection functions before the piston 150 reaches the opposite position O and that the active deflection remains active for a proportion of each rotation. If desired, it can be arranged that the angles α and β are equally-spaced to either side of the position O, but because it is likely that the movable piston 150 will extend gradually (and in particular more slowly than it will retract) it may be preferable that the angle β is closer to the position O than is the angle α.
Of course, the steering mechanism 100 as disclosed herein can have additional piston(s) arranged at different angular orientations about the mechanism's circumference. Extension and retraction of the additional piston(s) can be comparably controlled in conjunction with what has been discussed with reference to FIGS. 6A-6B so that the control assembly (30) can coordinate multiple retractions and extensions of serval pistons 150 during the rotations. Thus, the displacement of the mandrel 120 and piston(s) 150 can be timed with the rotation of the drillstring (22) and the assembly 20 based on the orientation of the steering mechanism 100 in the advancing borehole and can be timed to direct the drill bit (40) in a desired drilling direction. Because the drillstring (22) rotates, the timing of the displacement can be performed with each rotation or any subset of the rotations.
For example, FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate end views of the steering mechanism having opposing pistons 150 a and 150 a′ during operation. As shown in FIG. 7A, an intermediate state of operation can have the opposing pistons 150 a and 150 a′ both partially extended from the housing 110. During one revolution of the housing 110 from FIGS. 7B-7C, the opposing pistons 150 a and 150 a′ can produce two pushing actions of the steering mechanism 100 toward a desired direction D.
As shown first in FIG. 7A as the housing 110 rotates, a first of the piston 150 a is fully extend to engage the borehole wall starting at some angular orientation opposite the desired direction D. This extension produces a first pushing action that continues further throughout the rotation beyond FIG. 7B. At some point, the first piston 150 a is retracted while a second of the pistons 150 a′ then fully extends to engage the borehole wall, as shown in FIG. 7C. This second extension occurs at some angular orientation opposite the desired direction D and produces a second push that continues further throughout the single rotation beyond FIG. 7C.
A control system, such as disclosed in incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,766,098, can be used to extend and retract the pistons 150 a-c. When the pulser 50 is open, the pistons 150 a-c can attain an active state being extend, retracted, or both, depending on the number and arrangement of the pistons 150 a-c about the circumference of the housing 110. When the pulser 50 is closed, the pistons 150 a-c can attain a default state as the mandrel 120 returns by the bias of the spring 130. Again, depending on the number and arrangement of the pistons 150 a-c about the circumference of the housing 110, the pistons 150 can be extend, retracted, or both in this default state, but in a different configuration from the active state. Any number of intermediate states can also be achieved in which pistons 150 on more than one side of the housing 110 are extended (at partially) at the same time.
The pistons 150 can have surface treatment, such as Tungsten Carbide hard facing, or other feature to resist wear. The housing 100 can be configured for more than one borehole size. For example, the housing can be used for drilling 8⅜, 8½, and 8¾ in. hole sizes. However, different pistons 150 of different lengths can be used with the housing 110 for the different hole sizes. This gives some versatility and modularity to the assembly.
In exchange for disclosing the inventive concepts contained herein, the Applicants desire all patent rights afforded by the disclosed subject matter. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosed subject matter include all modifications and alterations to the full extent that they come within the scope of the disclosed embodiments or the equivalents thereof.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A drilling assembly disposed on a drillstring for deviating a borehole advanced by a drill bit, the assembly comprising:

a housing coupled between the drillstring and the drill bit and transferring rotation of the drillstring to rotation of the drill bit, the housing having an axial bore along a longitudinal axis communicating fluid flow from the drillstring to the drill bit;

a mandrel disposed in the axial bore of the housing and having a least one inclined surface disposed on at least one side thereof, the mandrel being subject to first pressure in the housing and second pressure in the borehole and being displaceable in the axial bore along the longitudinal axis; and

at least one piston disposed on a side of the housing relative to the at least one inclined surface of the mandrel, the at least one piston being displaceable on the housing transverse to the longitudinal axis in response to the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel,

wherein the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel responds to a pressure differential between the first and second pressures across the mandrel and varies the transverse displacement of the at least one piston.

2. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising a flow control controlling the fluid flow through the housing, the flow control creating a change in the pressure differential across the mandrel and periodically varying the transverse displacement of the at least one piston with the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel.

3. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the flow control bypasses at least a portion of the fluid flow away from the housing.

4. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the flow control comprises a valve disposed within the fluid flow to the housing.

5. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the flow control in a first condition produces a first of the pressure differential across the mandrel; and wherein the flow control in a second condition produces a second of the pressure differential across the mandrel, the second pressure differential being greater than the first differential pressure.

6. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the transverse displacement of the at least one piston displaces the longitudinal axis of the housing relative to the advancing borehole.

7. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one piston disposed on the side of the housing comprises an external portion exposed externally on the housing and comprises an internal portion disposed in the axial bore of the housing, the internal portion of the at least one piston engageable with the at least one inclined surface of the mandrel.

8. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising a biasing element disposed in the housing and biasing the mandrel toward a first position in the housing.

9. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the biasing element comprises one or more springs having one portion fixed in the axial bore of the housing and having another portion engaged with the mandrel.

10. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the biasing element is loaded with an axial force equating to a transverse force of the at least one piston displaced transversely on the housing when the mandrel is longitudinally displaced toward the first position.

11. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the mandrel defines an internal passage communicating the fluid flow therethrough from adjacent the drillstring to adjacent the drill bit.

12. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the mandrel comprises a first portion sealably engaged in the axial bore of the housing and defining a first piston area subject to the first pressure.

13. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the mandrel comprises a second portion sealably engaged in the axial bore of the housing and defining a second piston area subject to the second pressure.

14. The assembly of claim 13, wherein the housing comprises at least one port communicating the second pressure in the borehole with the second piston area of the mandrel.

15. The assembly of claim 14, wherein the at least one port comprises a nozzle restricting communication between the borehole and a chamber in the housing to which the second piston area is exposed.

16. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the mandrel rotates with the housing.

17. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the mandrel comprises first and second seals sealably engaging the axial bore of the housing and sealing a space between the mandrel and the housing adjacent the at least one inclined surface.

18. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one piston is sealed in an external opening in the side of the housing.

19. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one piston is extended from the side of the housing in response to a first of the pressure differential across the mandrel longitudinally displacing the mandrel toward a first position.

20. The assembly of claim 19, wherein the at least one piston is retracted from the side of the housing in response to a second of the pressure differential across the mandrel longitudinally displacing the mandrel toward a second position.

21. The assembly of claim 20, wherein a first state of the fluid flow through the housing produces the first pressure differential, and wherein a second state of the fluid flow through the housing produces the second pressure differential, the first and second states of the fluid flow being produced by at least one of a pump and a valve.

22. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one piston comprises more than one piston disposed along a same side of the housing.

23. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one piston comprises first and second pistons disposed on first and second opposing sides of the housing, the first and second pistons being oppositely retracted and extended relative to one another on the first and second opposing sides of the housing.

24. The assembly of claim 23, wherein the first and second pistons produce two comparable deflections of the longitudinal axis of the housing relative to the borehole within one revolution of the housing.

25. A drilling system having a drill bit on a drillstring to advance a borehole, the system comprising:

a drive rotating the drillstring to rotate the drill bit;

a pump pumping fluid flow along the drillstring to the drill bit;

a flow valve operable to control the fluid flow; and

a steering mechanism disposed on the drillstring upstream of the drill bit and downstream of the flow valve, the steering mechanism having an inner mandrel and at least one piston, the inner mandrel being displaceable along a longitudinal axis of the steering mechanism in response to a pressure differential across the mandrel from the controlled fluid flow, the inner manner longitudinally displaced varying a transverse displacement of the at least one piston relative to a side of the advancing borehole.

26. A drilling method, comprising:

advancing a borehole with a drill bit on a drilling assembly coupled to a drillstring by rotating the drilling assembly and the drill bit with rotation of the drillstring; and

deviating the drilling assembly in the advancing borehole by:

controlling fluid flow through the drilling assembly;

varying a pressure differential across a mandrel inside the drilling assembly with the controlled fluid flow;

displacing the mandrel along a longitudinal axis in the drilling assembly with the varied pressure differential; and

alternating, relative to the rotation of the drilling assembly, transverse displacement of at least one piston on at least one side of the drilling assembly with the longitudinal displacement of the mandrel.

27. The method of 26, wherein controlling the fluid flow through the drilling assembly comprises:

determining a steering direction for the drilling assembly;

sensing an angular orientation of the drilling assembly; and

varying the fluid flow through the drilling assembly based upon the determined steering direction and the sensed angular orientation.