US20160168659A1 - Method for producing composite materials based on platinum or on platinum-rhodium alloys - Google Patents
Method for producing composite materials based on platinum or on platinum-rhodium alloys Download PDFInfo
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- US20160168659A1 US20160168659A1 US14/888,944 US201314888944A US2016168659A1 US 20160168659 A1 US20160168659 A1 US 20160168659A1 US 201314888944 A US201314888944 A US 201314888944A US 2016168659 A1 US2016168659 A1 US 2016168659A1
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- platinum
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- zirconium
- oxygen
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- PXXKQOPKNFECSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum rhodium Chemical compound [Rh].[Pt] PXXKQOPKNFECSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 229910000629 Rh alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920002748 Basalt fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004484 Briquette Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052728 basic metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003818 basic metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006060 molten glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KSTGRXUONRWIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum zirconium Chemical compound [Zr].[Pt].[Pt].[Pt] KSTGRXUONRWIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007712 rapid solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009489 vacuum treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C5/00—Alloys based on noble metals
- C22C5/04—Alloys based on a platinum group metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
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- B22F1/0003—
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/14—Treatment of metallic powder
- B22F1/145—Chemical treatment, e.g. passivation or decarburisation
- B22F1/147—Making a dispersion
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/16—Both compacting and sintering in successive or repeated steps
- B22F3/162—Machining, working after consolidation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/17—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by forging
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0466—Alloys based on noble metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/06—Making non-ferrous alloys with the use of special agents for refining or deoxidising
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
- C22C32/001—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides
- C22C32/0015—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides with only single oxides as main non-metallic constituents
- C22C32/0021—Matrix based on noble metals, Cu or alloys thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/14—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of noble metals or alloys based thereon
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/248—Thermal after-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2201/00—Treatment under specific atmosphere
- B22F2201/03—Oxygen
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2201/00—Treatment under specific atmosphere
- B22F2201/20—Use of vacuum
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2202/00—Treatment under specific physical conditions
- B22F2202/07—Treatment under specific physical conditions by induction
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/25—Noble metals, i.e. Ag Au, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/02—Compacting only
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of noble metal metallurgy, and specifically to the production of platinum or of platinum-rhodium alloys, reinforced using dispersed oxide particles.
- Such composite materials are widely utilized in preparing glass melting apparatuses (GMA) and bushing assemblies (BA) used in harsh, high-temperature environments.
- GMA and BA devices for production thereof
- PMMA and BA are made, in most cases, of platinum or of platinum-rhodium alloys. It is extremely important to extend the service life of GMA and BA with regard to the cost of the latters and the number thereof involved in these productions.
- GMA and BA The service life of GMA and BA is determined by many factors, including chemical inertness towards aggressive molten glass, heat resistance and high-temperature creep of the materials, of which they are made.
- the state of the art comprises the following technical solution that allows obtaining dispersion-stabilized platinum or platinum-rhodium alloys having enhanced heat resistance and thermostability.
- the known method for producing composite materials based on platinum or on platinum-rhodium alloys includes melting of platinum or platinum-rhodium alloys doped with a zirconium additive, grinding of the resulting alloy to a fine powder by the electro-physical dispersion method, oxidative annealing of the powder, processing thereof into a compact material by the methods of powder metallurgy, and deformation-thermal treatment. [Rytvin Ye. I., Tykochinskiy D. S., Yastrebov V. A./Dispersion strengthened platinum and its alloys. Production, properties, application.—M., 2001, 148 p. (see pp. 47-63)].
- the prior art method allows producing such composite materials as dispersion-stabilized platinum or platinum-rhodium alloys, which are used in the manufacture of GMA and BA by a number of national and foreign companies.
- Compacting of the powder, following the oxidative annealing, is carried out by pressing into briquettes, sintering of briquettes, forging thereof using forgings for producing rolled product.
- the disadvantages of the prior art method include a need for a prolonged oxidative annealing of the powder obtained by the electro-physical dispersion method, that is caused by great incompleteness of the process of oxidation thereof on the stage of electro-physical dispersion. It was established that the dopant of zirconium dissolved in a platinum-based alloy is oxidized to a zirconium oxide under the electro-physical dispersion at most by 40%. The remaining portion of zirconium is subjected to a slow further oxidation in the process of oxidative annealing of the resulting powder continuing from 20 to 150 hours at a temperature of about 1000° C. that bears an increase in cost of the process.
- Another disadvantage of the prototype method is an insufficient degassing level of the produced composite materials based on platinum or on platinum-rhodium alloys that may adversely affect quality of GMA and BA manufactured therefrom.
- the reason is a large amount of gases adsorbed by the developed surface of fine powder in the process of prolonged oxidative annealing.
- Subsequent processing of the powder into a compact material by briquetting, sintering and forging not always allows for deeply degassing the resulting material that leads to formation of pores, and negatively affects quality of articles manufactured therefrom, especially quality of welds.
- the task to be solved by the technical solution as claimed is to develop a method allowing to eliminate the noted disadvantages or to reduce the adverse effects of their manifestation.
- the electro-physical dispersion of the alloy is carried out in a distilled water environment while sparging the same using an oxygen-containing gas mixture containing from 20 to 50% by volume of oxygen, and the sintering of briquettes obtained by pressing is carried out in a vacuum at a temperature of 1200-1600° C. for 2-4 hours.
- the essence of the technical solution as claimed lies in that the electro-physical dispersion of platinum-based zirconium-containing alloys in a distilled water environment, while sparging the same using an oxygen-containing gas mixture containing from 20 to 50% by volume of oxygen, is accompanied by a more thorough oxidation of the zirconium than in the prototype method. This is due to a possibility of an accelerated transport of oxygen deep into the liquid microdroplets of the alloy, formed when dispersing. As a result, a fraction of zirconium oxidized at the stage of electro-physical dispersion of the alloy in water, while sparging the same using an oxygen-containing gas mixture, increases from 40% to 50-65%, that simplifies subsequent process of oxidative annealing, reduces duration thereof and energy consumption.
- the lower limit of oxygen content in the gas mixture (20% by volume) is close to the oxygen content in the air and provides some intensification of the process of zirconium oxidation in microdroplets of the melt at minimum expenses.
- Exceeding of the upper limit of oxygen content in the gas mixture (50%) is not reasonable, as it does not lead to increase of the oxidized zirconium fraction due to the extremely rapid solidification of microdroplets in the water environment, and it is accompanied by a useless consumption of oxygen at elevated risk of using thereof.
- the second disadvantage of the prior art method associated with an insufficient degassing level of the produced composite materials is suggested to eliminate in the method as claimed by conducting the sintering of briquettes in vacuum at a temperature of 1200-1600° C. for 2-4 hours.
- Vacuum treatment of the briquettes under said conditions allows for providing not only a required degree of sintering of particles of the material, but also a behavior of desorption of the absorbed gases, as well as removal thereof from the composite materials.
- the first step in production of a composite material is to produce a 90-10 platinum-rhodium alloy (PtRh) doped with metallic zirconium (0.3%).
- PtRh platinum-rhodium alloy
- metallic zirconium 0.3%).
- the unit was closed with a lid, the furnace chamber was evacuated to a residual pressure of 100 Pa and then filled with an inert gas of argon. The charge was melted in an atmosphere of argon. After complete melting of the charge the temperature of the melt was brought to 1950° C., and it was poured into a massive copper mold.
- the ingot of master alloy was removed from the mold in the form of a bar (5436.7 g in weight or 98.85% of the load). The resulting ingot was tested, the sample was analyzed. Chemical analysis showed that the resulting master alloy contained 2.9% of zirconium, the rest was platinum.
- the resulting ingot of master alloy was cut into parts and used for the second step of producing platinum-rhodium alloy doped with zirconium.
- the charge was loaded into the crucible: the ingot of master alloy—to the bottom, mixed powders of platinum and rhodium—to the top, platinum ingot—over the powders.
- the unit was evacuated to a residual pressure of 100 Pa, and filled with an inert gas of argon. The charge was melted in an atmosphere of argon. After complete melting of the components, the resulting melt was sustained for 5 minutes, and then it was poured into a massive copper mold at a melt temperature of 1950° C.
- the resulting ingot was tested, the sample was subjected to chemical analysis. Chemical analysis of the sample showed that the resulting industrial alloy contains, in %: 89.70 of platinum; 9.99 of rhodium; 0.29 of zirconium; 0.009 of palladium, iridium, gold (in total); 0.010 of iron, silicon, lead, antimony and zinc (in total).
- the produced 90-10-0.3 PtRhZr alloy was grinded to a fine powder by the electro-physical dispersion in a distilled water environment while sparging the same using an oxygen-containing gas mixture.
- the ingot of alloy obtained by melting was first forged into a rod of a square section of 15 mm ⁇ 15 mm. The latter was rolled on rolling mills in several steps (with interim annealings) to a section of 1,75 mm ⁇ 1,75 mm and was chopped into pellets using an automatic press PS-1.
- the granules were loaded into the reactor of the unit for dispersion of noble metals by pulsed electric discharge.
- the electro-physical dispersion of alloy pellets was conducted in a distilled water environment while sparging the same using an oxygen-containing gas mixture containing 30% by volume of oxygen.
- the gas mixture was sparged to the reactor using a membrane pump enabling to pump gas mixtures and to provide pressure of up to 7 bars, at a rate of 40-50 l/min.
- Flow rate of the feed gases was controlled by a rotameter. Electricity was supplied to the reactor from a pulse power supply (1000 pulses/sec. at a current of up to 180 A).
- the produced fine powder of the alloy after drying was formed into tablets and subjected to the oxidative annealing in Nabertherm LVT9 furnace in air at a temperature of 1000° C. for 16 hours. It was experimentally found that the oxidation of zirconium in a fine powder was almost completed in such conditions.
- the material resulting from the oxidizing annealing was further processed by the methods of powder metallurgy: briquetting tablets in a press die using the PST 200 S hydraulic press, at a force of 80 tons, for 15-20 seconds, sintering the briquettes in a vacuum at a temperature of 1450° C. for 3 hours.
- a vacuum induction furnace was used, that allowed not only for obtaining a sufficiently strong sintered composite material, but also for deeply degassing it from gases contained in the original briquette.
- the sintered briquettes of a composite material were subjected to forging followed by deformation-thermal treatment, for using in manufacture of the GMA or BA.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
A method includes melting of platinum or platinum-rhodium alloys doped with a zirconium additive, grinding of the resulting alloy to a fine powder by the electro-physical dispersion method, oxidative annealing of the powder, processing thereof into a compact material by the methods of powder metallurgy, and deformation-thermal treatment, wherein the electro-physical dispersion is carried out in a distilled water environment while sparging the same using an oxygen-containing gas mixture containing from 20 to 50% by volume of oxygen, and the sintering of briquettes is carried out in a vacuum at a temperature of 1200-1600° C. for 2-4 hours. It provides shortening operational duration of the prolonged oxidative annealing of a powder which is produced by electro-physically dispersing a zirconium-doped alloy, and also increasing the level of degassing of semi-finished products, which are produced by compressing the powder and are subsequently used in preparing glass melting apparatuses and bushing assemblies.
Description
- The invention relates to the field of noble metal metallurgy, and specifically to the production of platinum or of platinum-rhodium alloys, reinforced using dispersed oxide particles. Such composite materials are widely utilized in preparing glass melting apparatuses (GMA) and bushing assemblies (BA) used in harsh, high-temperature environments.
- Manufacture of glass fiber and basalt fiber has been rapidly increasing in many countries in recent years. This also entails an increasing demand for devices for production thereof (GMA and BA), which are made, in most cases, of platinum or of platinum-rhodium alloys. It is extremely important to extend the service life of GMA and BA with regard to the cost of the latters and the number thereof involved in these productions.
- The service life of GMA and BA is determined by many factors, including chemical inertness towards aggressive molten glass, heat resistance and high-temperature creep of the materials, of which they are made.
- There are known several methods for hardening platinum and its alloys: 1) inclusion of disperse particles of a refractory oxide; 2) formation of a fiber structure in the metal; 3) doping with small additives of elements having high melting point [I. F. Beliayev, V. M. Karbolin, P. N. Prokopiev et al./High-strength platinum and its properties at high temperatures./Collected works of the Institute of Metal Physics, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Noble metals and application thereof Edition 28, Sverdlovsk,—1971, 360 p., pp. 272-277].
- The most widespread practical use has been received by the methods for hardening platinum and its alloys by forming within a volume of basic metal (so-called “matrix”) an additional stabilizing phase that is a dispersed phase of a uniformly distributed refractory oxide.
- The state of the art comprises the following technical solution that allows obtaining dispersion-stabilized platinum or platinum-rhodium alloys having enhanced heat resistance and thermostability. The known method for producing composite materials based on platinum or on platinum-rhodium alloys includes melting of platinum or platinum-rhodium alloys doped with a zirconium additive, grinding of the resulting alloy to a fine powder by the electro-physical dispersion method, oxidative annealing of the powder, processing thereof into a compact material by the methods of powder metallurgy, and deformation-thermal treatment. [Rytvin Ye. I., Tykochinskiy D. S., Yastrebov V. A./Dispersion strengthened platinum and its alloys. Production, properties, application.—M., 2001, 148 p. (see pp. 47-63)].
- This method in its physical-technical essence is the closest one to the method as claimed and it can be adopted as the closest prior art.
- The prior art method allows producing such composite materials as dispersion-stabilized platinum or platinum-rhodium alloys, which are used in the manufacture of GMA and BA by a number of national and foreign companies. Compacting of the powder, following the oxidative annealing, is carried out by pressing into briquettes, sintering of briquettes, forging thereof using forgings for producing rolled product.
- The disadvantages of the prior art method include a need for a prolonged oxidative annealing of the powder obtained by the electro-physical dispersion method, that is caused by great incompleteness of the process of oxidation thereof on the stage of electro-physical dispersion. It was established that the dopant of zirconium dissolved in a platinum-based alloy is oxidized to a zirconium oxide under the electro-physical dispersion at most by 40%. The remaining portion of zirconium is subjected to a slow further oxidation in the process of oxidative annealing of the resulting powder continuing from 20 to 150 hours at a temperature of about 1000° C. that bears an increase in cost of the process. Slow process of zirconium oxidation in the powder particles is caused by diffusion limitations of oxygen transport on the intragranular borders of a platinum-based hard alloy. Efforts to intensify the process of oxidative annealing of a solid powder by increasing the oxygen pressure in a gas phase to the range of 0.021-21 MPa were not successful. [Rytvin Ye. I., Tykochinsky D. S., Yastrebov V. A./Dispersion strengthened platinum and its alloys. Production, properties, application.—M., 2001, 148 p. (see pp. 52-63)].
- Another disadvantage of the prototype method is an insufficient degassing level of the produced composite materials based on platinum or on platinum-rhodium alloys that may adversely affect quality of GMA and BA manufactured therefrom. The reason is a large amount of gases adsorbed by the developed surface of fine powder in the process of prolonged oxidative annealing. Subsequent processing of the powder into a compact material by briquetting, sintering and forging not always allows for deeply degassing the resulting material that leads to formation of pores, and negatively affects quality of articles manufactured therefrom, especially quality of welds.
- The task to be solved by the technical solution as claimed is to develop a method allowing to eliminate the noted disadvantages or to reduce the adverse effects of their manifestation.
- The technical effect is achieved due to that in the prior art method for producing composite materials based on platinum or on platinum-rhodium alloys, the electro-physical dispersion of the alloy is carried out in a distilled water environment while sparging the same using an oxygen-containing gas mixture containing from 20 to 50% by volume of oxygen, and the sintering of briquettes obtained by pressing is carried out in a vacuum at a temperature of 1200-1600° C. for 2-4 hours.
- The essence of the technical solution as claimed lies in that the electro-physical dispersion of platinum-based zirconium-containing alloys in a distilled water environment, while sparging the same using an oxygen-containing gas mixture containing from 20 to 50% by volume of oxygen, is accompanied by a more thorough oxidation of the zirconium than in the prototype method. This is due to a possibility of an accelerated transport of oxygen deep into the liquid microdroplets of the alloy, formed when dispersing. As a result, a fraction of zirconium oxidized at the stage of electro-physical dispersion of the alloy in water, while sparging the same using an oxygen-containing gas mixture, increases from 40% to 50-65%, that simplifies subsequent process of oxidative annealing, reduces duration thereof and energy consumption. The lower limit of oxygen content in the gas mixture (20% by volume) is close to the oxygen content in the air and provides some intensification of the process of zirconium oxidation in microdroplets of the melt at minimum expenses. Exceeding of the upper limit of oxygen content in the gas mixture (50%) is not reasonable, as it does not lead to increase of the oxidized zirconium fraction due to the extremely rapid solidification of microdroplets in the water environment, and it is accompanied by a useless consumption of oxygen at elevated risk of using thereof.
- The second disadvantage of the prior art method associated with an insufficient degassing level of the produced composite materials is suggested to eliminate in the method as claimed by conducting the sintering of briquettes in vacuum at a temperature of 1200-1600° C. for 2-4 hours. Vacuum treatment of the briquettes under said conditions allows for providing not only a required degree of sintering of particles of the material, but also a behavior of desorption of the absorbed gases, as well as removal thereof from the composite materials.
- As an example of use of the method as claimed, it is described a production of a composite material based on a 90-10 platinum-rhodium (PtRh) alloy stabilized by zirconium oxide.
- The first step in production of a composite material is to produce a 90-10 platinum-rhodium alloy (PtRh) doped with metallic zirconium (0.3%). In order to reduce an uncontrolled loss of zirconium in the melting process, this procedure was conducted in two steps: 1) producing zirconium master alloy; 2) producing 90-10-0.3 PtRhZr alloy.
- 1. Producing <<platinum—zirconium>> master alloy.
- An estimated amount of platinum and zirconium was loaded into the melting crucible, made of zirconium dioxide, of UIPV-63-10-0,1 vacuum induction unit available from <<RELTEK>>. Refined platinum was used as powder and ingot (with Pt content of not less than 99.95%), 4501.1 g in weight of powder and 832.9 g in weight of ingot; zirconium was used as ingot (with Zr content of no less than 99.0%) in the form of pieces of less than 8 mm in size, 166.0 g in weight. The charge was loaded into the crucible: platinum powder mixed with pieces of zirconium—to the bottom; platinum ingot—to the top.
- The unit was closed with a lid, the furnace chamber was evacuated to a residual pressure of 100 Pa and then filled with an inert gas of argon. The charge was melted in an atmosphere of argon. After complete melting of the charge the temperature of the melt was brought to 1950° C., and it was poured into a massive copper mold.
- After cooling, the ingot of master alloy was removed from the mold in the form of a bar (5436.7 g in weight or 98.85% of the load). The resulting ingot was tested, the sample was analyzed. Chemical analysis showed that the resulting master alloy contained 2.9% of zirconium, the rest was platinum.
- The resulting ingot of master alloy was cut into parts and used for the second step of producing platinum-rhodium alloy doped with zirconium.
- 2. Producing 90-10-0.3 PtRhZr alloy.
- The following was loaded into the melting crucible of the vacuum induction unit: an estimated amount of the previously obtained master alloy, 569.0 g; the refined platinum as powder and ingot (with Pt content of no less than 99.95%) of 780.0 g and 3601.0 g in weight, respectively; the refined rhodium as powder (with Rh content of not less than 99.95%) of 550.0 g in weight.
- The charge was loaded into the crucible: the ingot of master alloy—to the bottom, mixed powders of platinum and rhodium—to the top, platinum ingot—over the powders.
- The unit was evacuated to a residual pressure of 100 Pa, and filled with an inert gas of argon. The charge was melted in an atmosphere of argon. After complete melting of the components, the resulting melt was sustained for 5 minutes, and then it was poured into a massive copper mold at a melt temperature of 1950° C.
- After cooling, the ingot of alloy of 5497.3 g in weight (or 99.95% of the load) was removed from the mold.
- After mechanical cleaning of the surface, the resulting ingot was tested, the sample was subjected to chemical analysis. Chemical analysis of the sample showed that the resulting industrial alloy contains, in %: 89.70 of platinum; 9.99 of rhodium; 0.29 of zirconium; 0.009 of palladium, iridium, gold (in total); 0.010 of iron, silicon, lead, antimony and zinc (in total).
- The produced 90-10-0.3 PtRhZr alloy was grinded to a fine powder by the electro-physical dispersion in a distilled water environment while sparging the same using an oxygen-containing gas mixture. To do this, the ingot of alloy obtained by melting was first forged into a rod of a square section of 15 mm×15 mm. The latter was rolled on rolling mills in several steps (with interim annealings) to a section of 1,75 mm×1,75 mm and was chopped into pellets using an automatic press PS-1. The granules were loaded into the reactor of the unit for dispersion of noble metals by pulsed electric discharge. The electro-physical dispersion of alloy pellets was conducted in a distilled water environment while sparging the same using an oxygen-containing gas mixture containing 30% by volume of oxygen. The gas mixture was sparged to the reactor using a membrane pump enabling to pump gas mixtures and to provide pressure of up to 7 bars, at a rate of 40-50 l/min. Flow rate of the feed gases was controlled by a rotameter. Electricity was supplied to the reactor from a pulse power supply (1000 pulses/sec. at a current of up to 180 A).
- The produced fine powder of the alloy after drying was formed into tablets and subjected to the oxidative annealing in Nabertherm LVT9 furnace in air at a temperature of 1000° C. for 16 hours. It was experimentally found that the oxidation of zirconium in a fine powder was almost completed in such conditions.
- The material resulting from the oxidizing annealing was further processed by the methods of powder metallurgy: briquetting tablets in a press die using the PST 200 S hydraulic press, at a force of 80 tons, for 15-20 seconds, sintering the briquettes in a vacuum at a temperature of 1450° C. for 3 hours. For sintering, a vacuum induction furnace was used, that allowed not only for obtaining a sufficiently strong sintered composite material, but also for deeply degassing it from gases contained in the original briquette. After sintering in vacuum, the sintered briquettes of a composite material were subjected to forging followed by deformation-thermal treatment, for using in manufacture of the GMA or BA.
Claims (1)
1. A method for producing composite materials based on platinum or on platinum-rhodium alloys comprising:
melting of platinum or platinum-rhodium alloys doped with a zirconium additive;
grinding of the resulting alloy to a fine powder by the electro-physical dispersion method;
oxidative annealing of the powder;
processing thereof into a compact material by the methods of powder metallurgy; and
deformation-thermal treatment;
wherein the electro-physical dispersion is carried out in a distilled water environment while sparging the same using an oxygen-containing gas mixture containing from 20% to 50% by volume of oxygen, and the sintering of briquettes is carried out in a vacuum at a temperature of 1200° C.-1600° C. for 2-4 hours.
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PCT/RU2013/000779 WO2015034387A1 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2013-09-06 | Method for producing composite materials based on platinum or on platinum-rhodium alloys |
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CN113073224A (en) * | 2021-03-19 | 2021-07-06 | 泓武科技材料(苏州)有限公司 | Preparation method of platinum group metal dispersion strengthening material |
GB2610378A (en) * | 2021-08-20 | 2023-03-08 | Cookson Precious Metals Ltd | Additive manufacturing of platinum group metal oxide dispersion strengthened alloys |
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CN107338366B (en) * | 2017-07-27 | 2019-03-05 | 成都光明派特贵金属有限公司 | Dispersion intensifying platinum and platinum composite material and preparation method |
CN107354339B (en) * | 2017-07-27 | 2019-03-05 | 成都光明派特贵金属有限公司 | Dispersion intensifying platinum rhodium and platinum composite material and preparation method |
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US2987352A (en) * | 1958-02-10 | 1961-06-06 | Ca Atomic Energy Ltd | Zirconium bearings and process of producing same |
US20060153727A1 (en) * | 2003-11-28 | 2006-07-13 | Haruki Yamasaki | Method for producing reinforced platinum material |
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RU2017584C1 (en) * | 1991-05-05 | 1994-08-15 | Свердловский завод по обработке цветных металлов | Method of preparing of dispersed-strengthened platinum- base alloys |
JP4280215B2 (en) * | 2004-08-23 | 2009-06-17 | 田中貴金属工業株式会社 | Manufacturing method of oxide dispersion type alloy |
CN100478468C (en) * | 2007-05-24 | 2009-04-15 | 昆明贵金属研究所 | Method for preparing oxide dispersion intensifying platinum-base composite material |
JP5408605B2 (en) * | 2008-11-21 | 2014-02-05 | 国立大学法人 東京大学 | Nanoparticle production apparatus and nanoparticle production method |
CN101956093B (en) * | 2010-11-03 | 2012-05-30 | 重庆国际复合材料有限公司 | Oxide dispersion reinforced platinum-based alloy and preparation method thereof |
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2013
- 2013-09-06 CN CN201380076057.3A patent/CN105814218B/en active Active
- 2013-09-06 US US14/888,944 patent/US20160168659A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-09-06 JP JP2016540843A patent/JP6147439B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-09-06 WO PCT/RU2013/000779 patent/WO2015034387A1/en active Application Filing
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Patent Citations (2)
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US2987352A (en) * | 1958-02-10 | 1961-06-06 | Ca Atomic Energy Ltd | Zirconium bearings and process of producing same |
US20060153727A1 (en) * | 2003-11-28 | 2006-07-13 | Haruki Yamasaki | Method for producing reinforced platinum material |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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Rytvin et al. Dispersion strengthened platinum and its alloys. Production, properties, application, M., 2001, 148 p. (see pp. 47-63) * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN113073224A (en) * | 2021-03-19 | 2021-07-06 | 泓武科技材料(苏州)有限公司 | Preparation method of platinum group metal dispersion strengthening material |
GB2610378A (en) * | 2021-08-20 | 2023-03-08 | Cookson Precious Metals Ltd | Additive manufacturing of platinum group metal oxide dispersion strengthened alloys |
GB2610378B (en) * | 2021-08-20 | 2023-11-01 | Cookson Precious Metals Ltd | Additive manufacturing of platinum group metal oxide dispersion strengthened alloys |
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WO2015034387A1 (en) | 2015-03-12 |
RU2563913C1 (en) | 2015-09-27 |
CN105814218B (en) | 2017-07-07 |
WO2015034387A8 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
CN105814218A (en) | 2016-07-27 |
JP6147439B2 (en) | 2017-06-14 |
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