US20160146542A1 - Shell and tube heat exchanger - Google Patents
Shell and tube heat exchanger Download PDFInfo
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- US20160146542A1 US20160146542A1 US14/552,748 US201414552748A US2016146542A1 US 20160146542 A1 US20160146542 A1 US 20160146542A1 US 201414552748 A US201414552748 A US 201414552748A US 2016146542 A1 US2016146542 A1 US 2016146542A1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/10—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically
- F28D7/106—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically consisting of two coaxial conduits or modules of two coaxial conduits
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
- F28D7/163—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation with conduit assemblies having a particular shape, e.g. square or annular; with assemblies of conduits having different geometrical features; with multiple groups of conduits connected in series or parallel and arranged inside common casing
- F28D7/1669—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation with conduit assemblies having a particular shape, e.g. square or annular; with assemblies of conduits having different geometrical features; with multiple groups of conduits connected in series or parallel and arranged inside common casing the conduit assemblies having an annular shape; the conduits being assembled around a central distribution tube
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28B—STEAM OR VAPOUR CONDENSERS
- F28B1/00—Condensers in which the steam or vapour is separate from the cooling medium by walls, e.g. surface condenser
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
- F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/10—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/22—Arrangements for directing heat-exchange media into successive compartments, e.g. arrangements of guide plates
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
- F28D2021/0021—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for aircrafts or cosmonautics
Definitions
- the embodiments herein generally relate to heat exchangers and more particularly to shell and tube heat exchangers.
- Numerous heat exchangers have been devised for transferring heat stored in a first medium or fluid to a second medium or fluid.
- a heat exchanger for high temperature/high pressure applications is a shell and tube heat exchanger.
- Several features are essential for efficient heat transfer in shell and tube type heat exchangers.
- a large tube surface area is necessary for effective heat transfer, wherein the surface area increases with tube length and tube diameter.
- the advantage gained from a larger tube diameter is offset by a decreased thermal energy exchange which results from the medium inside of the large tubes tending to flow through the middle area of the tube where thermal energy transfer is lowest rather than adjacent the peripheral tube wall where thermal energy exchange is greatest.
- a long tube length poses a problem with longitudinal expansion.
- the tube temperature increases resulting in thermal expansion of the tubes, which can lead to damage and/or leaks between the mediums.
- thermal energy transfer between mediums Another factor affecting the thermal energy transfer between mediums is the flow of the fluids in relation to each other.
- Optimum thermal energy transfer is achieved when the shell fluid and tube fluid are in a contraflow, or counter-flow, configuration allowing for small heat exchangers that are efficient.
- a counter-flow configuration may not be sufficient to warm a cold fluid at the point where the cold fluid enters the heat exchanger. If the cold fluid is not warmed sufficiently, icing or other impacts on fluid flow may occur.
- a heat exchanger includes a shell defining a first fluid space and one or more tubes within the first fluid space having interiors fluidly isolated therefrom.
- the tubes define a second fluid space and are configured to permit thermal energy transfer between the first fluid space and the second fluid space.
- One or more heat pipes are disposed within one of the first fluid space and the second fluid space and are configured to transfer thermal energy within the respective fluid space.
- a method of transferring thermal energy between two mediums includes providing a heat exchanger defining a first fluid space and a second fluid space that is fluidly isolated from the first fluid space, the heat exchanger configured to allow thermal energy transfer between the first fluid space and the second fluid space, and providing one or more heat pipes within one of the first fluid space and the second fluid space, the heat pipes configured to transfer thermal energy within the respective first fluid space or second fluid space.
- embodiments of the invention include providing an improved heat exchanger that enables efficient thermal energy transfer between mediums, or fluids, in a shell and tube heat exchanger that is configured for high pressure applications. Further, thermal energy transfer for a given heat exchanger size can be optimized in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional illustration of an exemplary shell and tube heat exchanger
- FIG. 2A is a schematic view of a heat exchanger showing a parallel-flow configuration
- FIG. 2B is a relative temperature plot of the temperatures of the mediums within the parallel-flow heat exchanger of FIG. 2A as they flow therethrough;
- FIG. 3A is a schematic view of a heat exchanger showing a counter-flow configuration
- FIG. 3B is a relative temperature plot of the temperatures of the fluids within the counter-flow heat exchanger of FIG. 3A as they flow therethrough;
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional illustration of a heat exchanger in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 5 is a relative temperature plot of the temperatures of the fluids within the heat exchanger of FIG. 4 as they flow therethrough.
- the heat exchanger 100 includes a shell 102 and one or more tubes 104 located within the shell 102 .
- Shell 102 defines a domed pressure vessel having a cylindrical body 106 , a domed first end 108 , and a domed second end 110 .
- the first and second domed ends 108 , 110 could take on other shapes and/or geometries.
- the cylindrical body 106 defines a first fluid space, labeled as interior shell space 112 , located in the center of the shell 102 and bounded at a first end by a first tube sheet 114 and at a second end by a second tube sheet 116 .
- the first end tube sheet 114 and the second end tube sheet 116 fluidly isolate the shell space 112 from a first end cavity 128 and a second end cavity 130 .
- the first end cavity 128 and the second end cavity 130 are fluidly connected by the interior(s) of the one or more tubes 104 .
- a second fluid space may be defined as the volume within the tubes 104 , and may further include the first and second end cavities 128 , 130 . It shall be understood that in order for the first and second end cavities 128 , 130 to fluid connect to the tubes 104 , at least one tube 104 may pass completely through each tube sheet 114 , 116 .
- a first medium 101 flows through the shell space 112 by entering the shell space 112 at a point 103 through first port 118 and exiting the shell space 112 at a point 105 through second port 120 .
- the first medium in the shell space 112 is in contact with the exterior surfaces of the tubes 104 . This allows for thermal energy transfer between a medium within the shell space 112 (first medium 101 ) and a medium within the tubes 104 (second medium 107 ), without mixing of the two mediums.
- the flow path of the first fluid within the shell space 112 can be controlled or directed by the inclusion of one or more baffles 122 , 124 . As shown in FIG.
- the first medium enters the first port 118 and flows downward, around the first baffle 122 , upward and around the second baffle 124 , and then downward and out the second port 120 , as indicated by the arrows within the shell space 112 .
- the first medium generally flows from left to right in FIG. 1 , and defines a first fluid path.
- a second medium 107 flows through the heat exchanger 100 along a second fluid path.
- the second medium 107 enters the heat exchanger 100 at point 109 through a third port 126 and enters the first end cavity 128 .
- the second medium 107 then flows through the tubes 104 and into the second end cavity 130 .
- the second medium 107 will then exit the heat exchanger 100 at point 111 by way of a fourth port 132 . Similar to the first medium 101 , the second medium 107 also flows generally from left to right through heat exchanger 100 in FIG. 1 .
- first tube sheet 114 , the second tube sheet 116 , and the tubes 104 fluidly isolate the first medium 101 and the second medium 107 from each other to prevent mixing. This allows for the first medium 101 and the second medium 107 to be of different compositions and, more importantly, of different temperatures.
- the tubes 104 are formed from thermally conductive material(s) in order to transfer thermal energy from the first medium 101 to the second medium 107 , or vice versa. For example, thermal energy from a relatively warm or hot medium can be transferred to a relatively cool or cold medium when passing through the heat exchanger 100 .
- the cold medium is passed through the heat exchanger 100 in one of the shell space 112 and the tubes 104 , such as shown in FIG. 1 .
- a hot medium is passed through the heat exchanger 100 in the other of the shell space 112 and the tubes 104 .
- the cold medium may be a fuel for an aircraft and the hot medium may be oil of an aircraft. Due to the low temperatures and other conditions of flight, the fuel may chill to temperatures that are sufficient to cause icing. The icing results from water that is in the fuel freezing and forming ice crystals that may clog lines through which the fuel flows and either reduces the fuel flow or, in extreme cases, may prevent fuel flow entirely.
- the cold fuel is passed through the tubes 104 and the hot medium, e.g., hot oil, is passed through the shell space 112 .
- the hot medium surrounds the tubes 104 and transfers heat through the surfaces of the tubes 104 , thus heating the fuel.
- the first fluid path and the second fluid path flow generally in the same direction, i.e., generally from left to right.
- This fluid flow configuration is a parallel-flow configuration (see FIG. 2A ).
- the two mediums may enter the heat exchanger 100 generally at the same end ( 118 , 126 ) and flow in the same general direction, relatively parallel to one another (arrows of FIG. 1 ), to the other end ( 120 , 132 ) of the heat exchanger 100 .
- An advantage of a parallel-flow configuration is that the hottest point of the hot medium is adjacent to the coldest point of the cold medium. Accordingly, the two mediums start at the highest temperature difference and approach the same temperature when they exit the heat exchanger.
- a parallel-flow configuration can prevent icing at the point that the fuel is at it coldest by locating the hottest temperature oil in proximity to the coldest fuel.
- one of the mediums flows from right to left in FIG. 1 , i.e., the fluids flow opposite to each other.
- This is an example of a counter-flow, or contraflow, configuration (see FIG. 3A ).
- counter-flow heat exchangers the mediums enter the heat exchanger from opposite ends, for example, and flow in opposite directions. This results in the temperature at the outlet/exit of each medium approaching the temperature at the inlet/entry of the other medium.
- An advantage of counter-flow heat exchangers is that they can optimize the thermal energy transfer efficiency between the mediums for given heat exchanger sizes. Thus, a counter-flow configuration is preferred when size is a constraint or factor.
- FIGS. 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B illustrate the differences between parallel-flow and counter-flow configurations.
- a parallel-flow heat exchanger 200 is shown. Although schematically shown, elements of heat exchanger 200 are substantially similar to heat exchanger 100 of FIG. 1 ; thus like features are preceded with a “2” rather than a “1.”
- a first medium 201 is a relatively hot fluid that enters on the left side of FIG. 2A at point 203 , cools off as it transfers thermal energy to the second medium 207 while passing through the shell space 212 , and exits the heat exchanger 200 on the right side at point 205 .
- the medium fluid 207 is a relatively cold fluid that enters on the left side of FIG.
- FIG. 2B A relative temperature gradient representative of the first and second mediums 201 , 207 passing through the parallel-flow heat exchanger 200 is shown in FIG. 2B .
- the solid line represents a relative temperature of the first medium 201 as it passes through the heat exchanger 200 , from point 203 (inlet/entry) to point 205 (outlet/exit).
- the dashed line represents the temperature of the second medium 207 as it passes from point 209 (inlet/entry) to point 211 (outlet/exit).
- the arrows indicate relative direction of flow of the two mediums 201 , 207 through heat exchanger 200 .
- the first medium 201 starts at a relatively high temperature at point 203 and then decreases in temperature to point 205 as thermal energy is transferred away from the first medium 201 .
- the temperature of the second medium 207 increases from point 209 to point 211 .
- the parallel fluid flow enables a high transfer rate of energy from the hot medium to the cold medium quickly, and thus prevents icing, e.g., the hot medium is provided at the coldest location in the heat exchanger to prevent icing in the cold medium.
- the hot medium is provided at the coldest location in the heat exchanger to prevent icing in the cold medium.
- the hottest temperature of the first medium 201 at point 203 is adjacent to the coldest temperature of the second medium 207 at point 209 . This presents the highest temperature gradient between the two mediums, and thus the best solution to counter icing.
- FIG. 3A a counter-flow heat exchanger 300 is shown. Although schematically shown, elements of heat exchanger 300 are substantially similar to heat exchanger 100 of FIG. 1 ; thus like features are preceded with a “3” rather than a “1.”
- a first medium 301 is a relatively hot fluid that enters on the left side of FIG. 3A at point 303 , cools off as it transfers thermal energy to the second medium 307 while passing through the shell space 312 , and exits the heat exchanger 300 on the right side at point 305 .
- the second medium 307 is a relatively cold fluid that enters on the right side of FIG.
- FIG. 3B A relative temperature gradient representative of the first and second mediums passing through the counter-flow heat exchanger 300 is shown in FIG. 3B .
- the solid line represents a relative temperature of the first medium 301 as it passes through the heat exchanger 300 , from point 303 (inlet/entry) to point 305 (outlet/exit).
- the dashed line represents the temperature of the second medium 307 as it passes from point 309 (inlet/entry) to point 311 (outlet/exit).
- the arrows indicate relative direction of flow of the two mediums 301 , 307 through heat exchanger 300 .
- the first medium 301 starts at a relatively high temperature at point 303 and then decreases in temperature to point 305 as thermal energy is transferred away from the first medium 301 .
- the second medium 307 flows in the opposite direction, as indicated by the arrows, and is at the coldest temperature at point 309 and the warmest temperature at point 311 .
- the counter fluid flow enables a consistent thermal energy transfer that is efficient and enables the heat exchanger 300 to be optimized for sizing.
- the principle of operation is to have two mediums of different temperatures brought into close contact but prevent the mediums from mixing. This allows for cold mediums to be warmed and warm mediums to be cooled without energy being added or removed from the system; it is merely an exchange of thermal energy between the mediums. Further, there is also a change in pressure in the mediums, as the temperature changes, which transfers energy, e.g., a pressure drop occurs as each fluid moves from the entrance of the heat exchanger to the exit of the heat exchanger, transferring energy.
- size and weight constraints apply, in additional to the requirement of providing a vessel for high pressure mediums. Due to the size and weight constraints, a counter-flow shell and tube heat exchanger provides the best advantage, but due to icing problems during flight, parallel flow may be preferred.
- Heat exchanger 400 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention is shown.
- Heat exchanger 400 includes similar features as heat exchanger 100 of FIG. 1 ; thus like features are preceded with a “4” rather than a “1.”
- heat exchanger 400 includes a shell and tube assembly, with similar components as described above and is arranged as a parallel-flow configuration.
- the primary difference between heat exchanger 400 and the embodiments described above is the inclusion of heat pipes 450 , 452 , which may be dimpled heat pipes.
- Heat pipes as used herein refer to thermal-transfer devices that combine the principles of both thermal conductivity and phase transition to efficiently manage the transfer of thermal energy between two solid interfaces.
- a liquid in contact with a thermally conductive solid surface turns into a vapor by absorbing heat from that surface.
- the vapor then travels along the heat pipe to the cold interface and condenses back into a liquid—releasing the latent thermal energy.
- the liquid then returns to the hot interface through capillary action, centrifugal force, gravity, or other process, and the cycle repeats.
- heat pipes 450 , 452 allows for a parallel-flow heat exchanger to include the benefits of a counter-flow heat exchanger, i.e., optimization of thermal energy transfer efficiency, and thus the size of the heat exchanger can be optimized with the benefits/advantages of both parallel-flow and counter-flow heat exchanger configurations.
- the materials and mediums of the heat pipes are configured such that the mediums of the heat exchanger will cause a phase transition of the heat pipe medium, thus enabling efficient intra-medium thermal transfer.
- heat pipes 450 are included within the tubes 404 of the heat exchanger 400 .
- the heat pipes 450 allow for thermal energy transfer within the fluid that passes through the tubes 404 .
- heat pipes 452 are included within the shell space 412 and allow for thermal energy transfer within the fluid that passes through the shell space 412 .
- thermal energy transfer occurs between the first and second mediums through the tubes 404 without mixing of the first and second mediums, similar to that described above (inter-medium thermal transfer).
- the temperature extremes of the two mediums occur at the entry point to the heat exchanger 400 , which are adjacent.
- the first medium enters at the first port 418 at a high temperature (hot fluid), and the second medium enters at the third port 426 at a low temperature (cold fluid).
- the hottest temperature of the first medium is adjacent to the coldest temperature of the second medium, which prevents icing, as discussed above with respect to a parallel-flow configuration.
- the heat pipes 452 located in shell space 412
- the high temperature of the first medium within the shell space 412 is transferred toward the portions of the shell space 412 where the first medium is cooler.
- the heat pipes 450 allow for the warm thermal conditions of the second medium located toward the second cavity 430 to be carried back toward the first cavity 428 , thus providing additional heat to the cold second medium.
- a relative temperature plot representative of the temperatures of the first and second mediums 401 , 407 as they flow through heat exchanger 400 is shown.
- the entry points of first port 418 and third port 426 are shown on the left side of the plot and indicate the largest temperature difference between the two mediums.
- the heat pipes 450 and 452 are included, the temperature difference between the first medium 401 and the second medium 407 equalizes very quickly, and provides a relatively constant temperature gradient between the first and second mediums 401 , 407 throughout heat exchanger 400 . This enables an optimized thermal energy transfer similar to a counter-flow configuration, but also includes the inlet temperature advantages of a parallel-flow configuration.
- embodiments of the invention provide maximum thermal energy transfer and maximum absolute pressure capability for a given volume. Furthermore, advantageously, icing within a fuel line, such as on an aircraft, can be efficiently prevented. Moreover, heat pipes added to a shell and tube heat exchanger provide a uniform temperature gradient and thermal energy transfer throughout the heat exchanger while maintaining the benefit of icing prevention and optimizing the heat exchanger size.
- shell and tube heat exchangers may employ heat pipes without departing from the scope of the invention.
- One such alternative configuration is a U-shaped shell and tube heat exchanger, with heat pipes located within the U-shaped tubes and within the shell space of the heat exchanger.
- variations of shell and tube heat exchangers may include any number of tubes, shapes, sizes, and/or configurations without departing from the scope of the invention.
- alternative embodiments may include heat pipes in only one of the tube space and the shell space.
- heat pipes may be used in each of the tube space and the shell space of the heat exchanger.
- the mediums discussed above are also not limiting, and other mediums beside fuels and oils may be employed, either as the hot medium or as the cold medium, and the type or composition of the medium is not intended to be limiting.
- different types of heat exchangers that are not tube and shell may employ similar heat pipes or heat transfer devices without departing from the scope of the invention.
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Abstract
A heat exchanger is provided that includes a shell defining a first fluid space and one or more tubes within the first fluid space having interiors fluidly isolated therefrom. The tubes define a second fluid space and are configured to permit thermal energy transfer between the first fluid space and the second fluid space. One or more heat pipes are disposed within one of the first fluid space and the second fluid space and are configured to transfer thermal energy within the respective fluid space.
Description
- The embodiments herein generally relate to heat exchangers and more particularly to shell and tube heat exchangers.
- Numerous heat exchangers have been devised for transferring heat stored in a first medium or fluid to a second medium or fluid. One example of a heat exchanger for high temperature/high pressure applications is a shell and tube heat exchanger. Several features are essential for efficient heat transfer in shell and tube type heat exchangers.
- A large tube surface area is necessary for effective heat transfer, wherein the surface area increases with tube length and tube diameter. However, the advantage gained from a larger tube diameter is offset by a decreased thermal energy exchange which results from the medium inside of the large tubes tending to flow through the middle area of the tube where thermal energy transfer is lowest rather than adjacent the peripheral tube wall where thermal energy exchange is greatest. Further, a long tube length poses a problem with longitudinal expansion. When a high temperature shell fluid is employed, the tube temperature increases resulting in thermal expansion of the tubes, which can lead to damage and/or leaks between the mediums. Thus, there are size constraints that impact the efficiency of tube and shell heat exchangers, resulting in smaller heat exchangers.
- Another factor affecting the thermal energy transfer between mediums is the flow of the fluids in relation to each other. Optimum thermal energy transfer is achieved when the shell fluid and tube fluid are in a contraflow, or counter-flow, configuration allowing for small heat exchangers that are efficient. However, in extreme temperature conditions, a counter-flow configuration may not be sufficient to warm a cold fluid at the point where the cold fluid enters the heat exchanger. If the cold fluid is not warmed sufficiently, icing or other impacts on fluid flow may occur.
- According to one embodiment, a heat exchanger is provided that includes a shell defining a first fluid space and one or more tubes within the first fluid space having interiors fluidly isolated therefrom. The tubes define a second fluid space and are configured to permit thermal energy transfer between the first fluid space and the second fluid space. One or more heat pipes are disposed within one of the first fluid space and the second fluid space and are configured to transfer thermal energy within the respective fluid space.
- According to another embodiment, a method of transferring thermal energy between two mediums is provided. The method includes providing a heat exchanger defining a first fluid space and a second fluid space that is fluidly isolated from the first fluid space, the heat exchanger configured to allow thermal energy transfer between the first fluid space and the second fluid space, and providing one or more heat pipes within one of the first fluid space and the second fluid space, the heat pipes configured to transfer thermal energy within the respective first fluid space or second fluid space.
- Technical effects of embodiments of the invention include providing an improved heat exchanger that enables efficient thermal energy transfer between mediums, or fluids, in a shell and tube heat exchanger that is configured for high pressure applications. Further, thermal energy transfer for a given heat exchanger size can be optimized in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein.
- The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional illustration of an exemplary shell and tube heat exchanger; -
FIG. 2A is a schematic view of a heat exchanger showing a parallel-flow configuration; -
FIG. 2B is a relative temperature plot of the temperatures of the mediums within the parallel-flow heat exchanger ofFIG. 2A as they flow therethrough; -
FIG. 3A is a schematic view of a heat exchanger showing a counter-flow configuration; -
FIG. 3B is a relative temperature plot of the temperatures of the fluids within the counter-flow heat exchanger ofFIG. 3A as they flow therethrough; -
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional illustration of a heat exchanger in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 5 is a relative temperature plot of the temperatures of the fluids within the heat exchanger ofFIG. 4 as they flow therethrough. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , a cross-sectional illustration of an exemplary shell andtube heat exchanger 100 is shown. Theheat exchanger 100 includes ashell 102 and one ormore tubes 104 located within theshell 102. Shell 102 defines a domed pressure vessel having acylindrical body 106, a domedfirst end 108, and a domedsecond end 110. Of course, the first and second domed ends 108, 110 could take on other shapes and/or geometries. - The
cylindrical body 106 defines a first fluid space, labeled asinterior shell space 112, located in the center of theshell 102 and bounded at a first end by afirst tube sheet 114 and at a second end by asecond tube sheet 116. The firstend tube sheet 114 and the secondend tube sheet 116 fluidly isolate theshell space 112 from afirst end cavity 128 and asecond end cavity 130. Thefirst end cavity 128 and thesecond end cavity 130 are fluidly connected by the interior(s) of the one ormore tubes 104. A second fluid space may be defined as the volume within thetubes 104, and may further include the first andsecond end cavities second end cavities tubes 104, at least onetube 104 may pass completely through eachtube sheet - A
first medium 101, such as a fluid, flows through theshell space 112 by entering theshell space 112 at apoint 103 throughfirst port 118 and exiting theshell space 112 at apoint 105 throughsecond port 120. The first medium in theshell space 112 is in contact with the exterior surfaces of thetubes 104. This allows for thermal energy transfer between a medium within the shell space 112 (first medium 101) and a medium within the tubes 104 (second medium 107), without mixing of the two mediums. The flow path of the first fluid within theshell space 112 can be controlled or directed by the inclusion of one ormore baffles FIG. 1 , the first medium enters thefirst port 118 and flows downward, around thefirst baffle 122, upward and around thesecond baffle 124, and then downward and out thesecond port 120, as indicated by the arrows within theshell space 112. The first medium generally flows from left to right inFIG. 1 , and defines a first fluid path. - A
second medium 107 flows through theheat exchanger 100 along a second fluid path. Thesecond medium 107 enters theheat exchanger 100 atpoint 109 through athird port 126 and enters thefirst end cavity 128. Thesecond medium 107 then flows through thetubes 104 and into thesecond end cavity 130. Thesecond medium 107 will then exit theheat exchanger 100 atpoint 111 by way of afourth port 132. Similar to thefirst medium 101, thesecond medium 107 also flows generally from left to right throughheat exchanger 100 inFIG. 1 . - As noted, the
first tube sheet 114, thesecond tube sheet 116, and thetubes 104 fluidly isolate thefirst medium 101 and thesecond medium 107 from each other to prevent mixing. This allows for thefirst medium 101 and thesecond medium 107 to be of different compositions and, more importantly, of different temperatures. Thetubes 104 are formed from thermally conductive material(s) in order to transfer thermal energy from thefirst medium 101 to thesecond medium 107, or vice versa. For example, thermal energy from a relatively warm or hot medium can be transferred to a relatively cool or cold medium when passing through theheat exchanger 100. - In order to facilitate heating of a cold medium (or cooling of a hot medium), the cold medium is passed through the
heat exchanger 100 in one of theshell space 112 and thetubes 104, such as shown inFIG. 1 . At the same time a hot medium is passed through theheat exchanger 100 in the other of theshell space 112 and thetubes 104. For example, the cold medium may be a fuel for an aircraft and the hot medium may be oil of an aircraft. Due to the low temperatures and other conditions of flight, the fuel may chill to temperatures that are sufficient to cause icing. The icing results from water that is in the fuel freezing and forming ice crystals that may clog lines through which the fuel flows and either reduces the fuel flow or, in extreme cases, may prevent fuel flow entirely. To heat the cold fuel and prevent icing, the cold fuel is passed through thetubes 104 and the hot medium, e.g., hot oil, is passed through theshell space 112. The hot medium surrounds thetubes 104 and transfers heat through the surfaces of thetubes 104, thus heating the fuel. - As shown in
FIG. 1 , the first fluid path and the second fluid path flow generally in the same direction, i.e., generally from left to right. This fluid flow configuration is a parallel-flow configuration (seeFIG. 2A ). As an example, in parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two mediums may enter theheat exchanger 100 generally at the same end (118, 126) and flow in the same general direction, relatively parallel to one another (arrows ofFIG. 1 ), to the other end (120, 132) of theheat exchanger 100. An advantage of a parallel-flow configuration is that the hottest point of the hot medium is adjacent to the coldest point of the cold medium. Accordingly, the two mediums start at the highest temperature difference and approach the same temperature when they exit the heat exchanger. Advantageously, in the case of aircraft fuel, a parallel-flow configuration can prevent icing at the point that the fuel is at it coldest by locating the hottest temperature oil in proximity to the coldest fuel. - In an alternative configuration, one of the mediums flows from right to left in
FIG. 1 , i.e., the fluids flow opposite to each other. This is an example of a counter-flow, or contraflow, configuration (seeFIG. 3A ). In counter-flow heat exchangers the mediums enter the heat exchanger from opposite ends, for example, and flow in opposite directions. This results in the temperature at the outlet/exit of each medium approaching the temperature at the inlet/entry of the other medium. An advantage of counter-flow heat exchangers is that they can optimize the thermal energy transfer efficiency between the mediums for given heat exchanger sizes. Thus, a counter-flow configuration is preferred when size is a constraint or factor. -
FIGS. 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B illustrate the differences between parallel-flow and counter-flow configurations. - Turning to
FIG. 2A , a parallel-flow heat exchanger 200 is shown. Although schematically shown, elements ofheat exchanger 200 are substantially similar toheat exchanger 100 ofFIG. 1 ; thus like features are preceded with a “2” rather than a “1.” In the parallel-flow heat exchanger 200, afirst medium 201 is a relatively hot fluid that enters on the left side ofFIG. 2A atpoint 203, cools off as it transfers thermal energy to thesecond medium 207 while passing through theshell space 212, and exits theheat exchanger 200 on the right side atpoint 205. Themedium fluid 207 is a relatively cold fluid that enters on the left side ofFIG. 2A atpoint 209, warms up as thermal energy is transferred to it from the relatively hot first medium 201 while passing throughtubes 204, and exits theheat exchanger 200 on the right side atpoint 211. This configuration enables the hottest point of the hot fluid to be in thermal contact with the coldest point of the cold fluid. As themediums heat exchanger 200, they will approach the same temperature, as shown inFIG. 2B . - A relative temperature gradient representative of the first and
second mediums flow heat exchanger 200 is shown inFIG. 2B . The solid line represents a relative temperature of thefirst medium 201 as it passes through theheat exchanger 200, from point 203 (inlet/entry) to point 205 (outlet/exit). The dashed line represents the temperature of thesecond medium 207 as it passes from point 209 (inlet/entry) to point 211 (outlet/exit). The arrows indicate relative direction of flow of the twomediums heat exchanger 200. As shown, the first medium 201 starts at a relatively high temperature atpoint 203 and then decreases in temperature to point 205 as thermal energy is transferred away from thefirst medium 201. In contrast, as thermal energy is transferred to thesecond medium 207, the temperature of thesecond medium 207 increases frompoint 209 topoint 211. The parallel fluid flow enables a high transfer rate of energy from the hot medium to the cold medium quickly, and thus prevents icing, e.g., the hot medium is provided at the coldest location in the heat exchanger to prevent icing in the cold medium. Specifically, when both mediums enter the heat exchanger, the hottest temperature of thefirst medium 201 atpoint 203 is adjacent to the coldest temperature of thesecond medium 207 atpoint 209. This presents the highest temperature gradient between the two mediums, and thus the best solution to counter icing. - Turning now to
FIG. 3A , acounter-flow heat exchanger 300 is shown. Although schematically shown, elements ofheat exchanger 300 are substantially similar toheat exchanger 100 ofFIG. 1 ; thus like features are preceded with a “3” rather than a “1.” In thecounter-flow heat exchanger 300, afirst medium 301 is a relatively hot fluid that enters on the left side ofFIG. 3A atpoint 303, cools off as it transfers thermal energy to thesecond medium 307 while passing through theshell space 312, and exits theheat exchanger 300 on the right side atpoint 305. Thesecond medium 307 is a relatively cold fluid that enters on the right side ofFIG. 3A atpoint 309, warms up as thermal energy is transferred to it from the relatively hot first medium 301 while passing throughtubes 304, and exits theheat exchanger 300 on the left side atpoint 311. This configuration enables the mediums to maintain a relatively constant temperature gradient as they pass through theheat exchanger 300, as shown inFIG. 3B . - A relative temperature gradient representative of the first and second mediums passing through the
counter-flow heat exchanger 300 is shown inFIG. 3B . The solid line represents a relative temperature of thefirst medium 301 as it passes through theheat exchanger 300, from point 303 (inlet/entry) to point 305 (outlet/exit). The dashed line represents the temperature of thesecond medium 307 as it passes from point 309 (inlet/entry) to point 311 (outlet/exit). The arrows indicate relative direction of flow of the twomediums heat exchanger 300. As shown, the first medium 301 starts at a relatively high temperature atpoint 303 and then decreases in temperature to point 305 as thermal energy is transferred away from thefirst medium 301. In contrast, thesecond medium 307 flows in the opposite direction, as indicated by the arrows, and is at the coldest temperature atpoint 309 and the warmest temperature atpoint 311. The counter fluid flow enables a consistent thermal energy transfer that is efficient and enables theheat exchanger 300 to be optimized for sizing. - Regardless of the type of heat exchanger, the principle of operation is to have two mediums of different temperatures brought into close contact but prevent the mediums from mixing. This allows for cold mediums to be warmed and warm mediums to be cooled without energy being added or removed from the system; it is merely an exchange of thermal energy between the mediums. Further, there is also a change in pressure in the mediums, as the temperature changes, which transfers energy, e.g., a pressure drop occurs as each fluid moves from the entrance of the heat exchanger to the exit of the heat exchanger, transferring energy. In the example of heat exchangers employed in aircraft, size and weight constraints apply, in additional to the requirement of providing a vessel for high pressure mediums. Due to the size and weight constraints, a counter-flow shell and tube heat exchanger provides the best advantage, but due to icing problems during flight, parallel flow may be preferred.
- Turning now to
FIG. 4 , aheat exchanger 400 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention is shown.Heat exchanger 400 includes similar features asheat exchanger 100 ofFIG. 1 ; thus like features are preceded with a “4” rather than a “1.” Similar toheat exchanger 100 ofFIG. 1 ,heat exchanger 400 includes a shell and tube assembly, with similar components as described above and is arranged as a parallel-flow configuration. The primary difference betweenheat exchanger 400 and the embodiments described above is the inclusion ofheat pipes - The addition of
heat pipes - As shown in
FIG. 4 ,heat pipes 450 are included within thetubes 404 of theheat exchanger 400. Theheat pipes 450 allow for thermal energy transfer within the fluid that passes through thetubes 404. Similarly,heat pipes 452 are included within theshell space 412 and allow for thermal energy transfer within the fluid that passes through theshell space 412. Accordingly, inheat exchanger 400, there are two types of thermal energy transfer. First, thermal energy transfer occurs between the first and second mediums through thetubes 404 without mixing of the first and second mediums, similar to that described above (inter-medium thermal transfer). Second, thermal energy transfer occurs within the first medium and within the second medium because of theheat pipes 450, 452 (intra-medium thermal transfer). - In operation, in the parallel-
flow heat exchanger 400 ofFIG. 4 , the temperature extremes of the two mediums occur at the entry point to theheat exchanger 400, which are adjacent. The first medium enters at thefirst port 418 at a high temperature (hot fluid), and the second medium enters at thethird port 426 at a low temperature (cold fluid). Thus, the hottest temperature of the first medium is adjacent to the coldest temperature of the second medium, which prevents icing, as discussed above with respect to a parallel-flow configuration. With the addition of theheat pipes 452, located inshell space 412, the high temperature of the first medium within theshell space 412 is transferred toward the portions of theshell space 412 where the first medium is cooler. Similarly, in thetubes 404, theheat pipes 450 allow for the warm thermal conditions of the second medium located toward thesecond cavity 430 to be carried back toward thefirst cavity 428, thus providing additional heat to the cold second medium. - As shown in
FIG. 5 , a relative temperature plot representative of the temperatures of the first andsecond mediums heat exchanger 400 is shown. The entry points offirst port 418 andthird port 426 are shown on the left side of the plot and indicate the largest temperature difference between the two mediums. However, because theheat pipes first medium 401 and thesecond medium 407 equalizes very quickly, and provides a relatively constant temperature gradient between the first andsecond mediums heat exchanger 400. This enables an optimized thermal energy transfer similar to a counter-flow configuration, but also includes the inlet temperature advantages of a parallel-flow configuration. - Advantageously, embodiments of the invention provide maximum thermal energy transfer and maximum absolute pressure capability for a given volume. Furthermore, advantageously, icing within a fuel line, such as on an aircraft, can be efficiently prevented. Moreover, heat pipes added to a shell and tube heat exchanger provide a uniform temperature gradient and thermal energy transfer throughout the heat exchanger while maintaining the benefit of icing prevention and optimizing the heat exchanger size.
- While the invention has been described in detail in connection with only a limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood that the invention is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the invention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions, combination, sub-combination, or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, while various embodiments of the invention have been described, it is to be understood that aspects of the invention may include only some of the described embodiments.
- For example, although described herein as a particular shell and tube heat exchanger in each of the embodiments, other types of shell and tube heat exchangers may employ heat pipes without departing from the scope of the invention. One such alternative configuration is a U-shaped shell and tube heat exchanger, with heat pipes located within the U-shaped tubes and within the shell space of the heat exchanger. Furthermore, variations of shell and tube heat exchangers may include any number of tubes, shapes, sizes, and/or configurations without departing from the scope of the invention. Moreover, although described above in
FIG. 4 with heat pipes located within both the tube space and the shell space, alternative embodiments may include heat pipes in only one of the tube space and the shell space. Further, although shown as having a heat pipe in each tube, this is merely an example, and any number of heat pipes may be used in each of the tube space and the shell space of the heat exchanger. The mediums discussed above are also not limiting, and other mediums beside fuels and oils may be employed, either as the hot medium or as the cold medium, and the type or composition of the medium is not intended to be limiting. Moreover, different types of heat exchangers that are not tube and shell may employ similar heat pipes or heat transfer devices without departing from the scope of the invention. - Accordingly, the invention is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (14)
1. A heat exchanger comprising:
a shell defining a first fluid space;
one or more tubes within the first fluid space having interiors fluidly isolated therefrom, the tubes defining a second fluid space and configured to permit thermal energy transfer between the first fluid space and the second fluid space; and
one or more heat pipes disposed within one of the first fluid space and the second fluid space and configured to transfer thermal energy within the respective fluid space.
2. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , further comprising a first medium configured to flow through the first fluid space, and a second medium configured to flow through the second fluid space.
3. The heat exchanger of claim 2 , wherein the first medium is a relatively hot oil and the second medium is a relatively cold fuel.
4. The heat exchanger of claim 2 , wherein the first medium and the second medium flow in generally parallel directions through the respective fluid spaces.
5. The heat exchanger of claim 2 , wherein the first medium and the second medium flow in generally opposite directions through the respective fluid spaces.
6. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the one or more heat pipes define at least one first heat pipe disposed within the first fluid space, the heat exchanger further comprising at least one second heat pipe disposed within the second fluid space.
7. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , configured to be installed on an aircraft.
8. A method of transferring thermal energy between two mediums, the method comprising:
providing a heat exchanger defining a first fluid space and a second fluid space that is fluidly isolated from the first fluid space, the heat exchanger configured to allow thermal energy transfer between the first fluid space and the second fluid space; and
providing one or more heat pipes within one of the first fluid space and the second fluid space, the heat pipes configured to transfer thermal energy within the respective first fluid space or second fluid space.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising providing one or more additional heat pipes within the other of the first fluid space and the second fluid space, the one or more additional heat pipes configured to transfer thermal energy within the respective first fluid space or second fluid space.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first fluid space is defined by a shell and the second fluid space is defined by one or more tubes that pass through the shell.
11. The method of claim 8 , further comprising providing a first medium within the first fluid space and a second medium within the second fluid space.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first medium is a relatively hot oil and the second medium is a relatively cold fuel.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first fluid and the second fluid flow in generally parallel directions through the respective fluid spaces.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first fluid and the second fluid flow in generally opposite directions through the respective fluid spaces.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US14/552,748 US20160146542A1 (en) | 2014-11-25 | 2014-11-25 | Shell and tube heat exchanger |
GB1520800.2A GB2536755B (en) | 2014-11-25 | 2015-11-25 | Shell and tube heat exchanger |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US14/552,748 US20160146542A1 (en) | 2014-11-25 | 2014-11-25 | Shell and tube heat exchanger |
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US20160146542A1 true US20160146542A1 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
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US14/552,748 Abandoned US20160146542A1 (en) | 2014-11-25 | 2014-11-25 | Shell and tube heat exchanger |
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US (1) | US20160146542A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2536755B (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20230028896A1 (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2023-01-26 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Water heating system |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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GB798708A (en) * | 1955-03-25 | 1958-07-23 | United Aircraft Prod | Heat transfer method and apparatus |
US20110272124A1 (en) * | 2010-05-07 | 2011-11-10 | Perez Orlando G | Shell And Tube Heat Exchangers |
US20130058042A1 (en) * | 2011-09-03 | 2013-03-07 | Todd Richard Salamon | Laminated heat sinks |
US20130269907A1 (en) * | 2012-03-17 | 2013-10-17 | Econotherm Uk Limited | Steam-to-gas heat exchanger |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2829121A1 (en) * | 1978-07-03 | 1980-01-17 | Funke Waerme Apparate Kg | HEAT EXCHANGER |
GB2472849B (en) * | 2009-08-21 | 2014-08-13 | ECONOTHERM UK Ltd | Heat exchanger |
GB2490704A (en) * | 2011-05-11 | 2012-11-14 | ECONOTHERM UK Ltd | Heat exchanger having two chambers in thermal communication through an array of heat pipes |
US20130269912A1 (en) * | 2012-03-17 | 2013-10-17 | Econotherm Uk Limited | Gas-to-water heat exchanger |
-
2014
- 2014-11-25 US US14/552,748 patent/US20160146542A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2015
- 2015-11-25 GB GB1520800.2A patent/GB2536755B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB798708A (en) * | 1955-03-25 | 1958-07-23 | United Aircraft Prod | Heat transfer method and apparatus |
US20110272124A1 (en) * | 2010-05-07 | 2011-11-10 | Perez Orlando G | Shell And Tube Heat Exchangers |
US20130058042A1 (en) * | 2011-09-03 | 2013-03-07 | Todd Richard Salamon | Laminated heat sinks |
US20130269907A1 (en) * | 2012-03-17 | 2013-10-17 | Econotherm Uk Limited | Steam-to-gas heat exchanger |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20230028896A1 (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2023-01-26 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Water heating system |
US11852379B2 (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2023-12-26 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Water heating system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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GB201520800D0 (en) | 2016-01-06 |
GB2536755B (en) | 2020-11-25 |
GB2536755A (en) | 2016-09-28 |
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