US20160107432A1 - Method of manufacturing a variable-radius laminated radius filler - Google Patents
Method of manufacturing a variable-radius laminated radius filler Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20160107432A1 US20160107432A1 US14/975,829 US201514975829A US2016107432A1 US 20160107432 A1 US20160107432 A1 US 20160107432A1 US 201514975829 A US201514975829 A US 201514975829A US 2016107432 A1 US2016107432 A1 US 2016107432A1
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- Prior art keywords
- base portion
- radius filler
- stack
- composite plies
- composite
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- B29D99/0003—Producing profiled members, e.g. beams
- B29D99/0005—Producing noodles, i.e. composite gap fillers, characterised by their construction
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
- B26D1/00—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
- B26D1/00—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor
- B26D1/0006—Cutting members therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
- B26D1/00—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor
- B26D1/01—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor involving a cutting member which does not travel with the work
- B26D1/04—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor involving a cutting member which does not travel with the work having a linearly-movable cutting member
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
- B26D1/00—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor
- B26D1/01—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor involving a cutting member which does not travel with the work
- B26D1/04—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor involving a cutting member which does not travel with the work having a linearly-movable cutting member
- B26D1/045—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor involving a cutting member which does not travel with the work having a linearly-movable cutting member for thin material, e.g. for sheets, strips or the like
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
- B26D1/00—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor
- B26D1/01—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor involving a cutting member which does not travel with the work
- B26D1/04—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor involving a cutting member which does not travel with the work having a linearly-movable cutting member
- B26D1/06—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor involving a cutting member which does not travel with the work having a linearly-movable cutting member wherein the cutting member reciprocates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/30—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- B29D99/001—Producing wall or panel-like structures, e.g. for hulls, fuselages, or buildings
- B29D99/0014—Producing wall or panel-like structures, e.g. for hulls, fuselages, or buildings provided with ridges or ribs, e.g. joined ribs
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
- B32B3/02—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions
- B32B3/08—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions characterised by added members at particular parts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
- B32B37/14—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
- B26D1/00—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor
- B26D1/0006—Cutting members therefor
- B26D2001/0033—Cutting members therefor assembled from multiple blades
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
- B26D7/00—Details of apparatus for cutting, cutting-out, stamping-out, punching, perforating, or severing by means other than cutting
- B26D7/01—Means for holding or positioning work
- B26D7/018—Holding the work by suction
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/30—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
- B29C70/34—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core and shaping or impregnating by compression, i.e. combined with compressing after the lay-up operation
- B29C70/342—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core and shaping or impregnating by compression, i.e. combined with compressing after the lay-up operation using isostatic pressure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/54—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
- B29C70/545—Perforating, cutting or machining during or after moulding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/30—Vehicles, e.g. ships or aircraft, or body parts thereof
- B29L2031/3076—Aircrafts
- B29L2031/3085—Wings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2605/00—Vehicles
- B32B2605/18—Aircraft
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24058—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including grain, strips, or filamentary elements in respective layers or components in angular relation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24058—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including grain, strips, or filamentary elements in respective layers or components in angular relation
- Y10T428/24074—Strand or strand-portions
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24058—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including grain, strips, or filamentary elements in respective layers or components in angular relation
- Y10T428/24074—Strand or strand-portions
- Y10T428/24116—Oblique to direction of web
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24058—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including grain, strips, or filamentary elements in respective layers or components in angular relation
- Y10T428/24124—Fibers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24174—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including sheet or component perpendicular to plane of web or sheet
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
- Y10T428/24281—Struck out portion type
- Y10T428/24289—Embedded or interlocked
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates generally to composite structures and, more particularly, to composite radius fillers for composite structures, and methods for manufacturing the same.
- Composite structures are used in a wide variety of applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and other favorable properties.
- composites are used in increasing quantities to form the fuselage, wings, horizontal and vertical stabilizer, and other components.
- the horizontal stabilizer of an aircraft may be formed of composite skin panels co-bonded to internal composite structures such as composite stiffeners or spars.
- the composite spars may extend from the root to the tip of the horizontal stabilizer and may generally taper in thickness along a spanwise direction to improve the stiffness characteristics of the horizontal stabilizer and reduce weight.
- Composite spars may also include localized increases in the composite thickness such as where the spar attaches to other structures or components.
- Composite stiffeners or spars may be provided in a variety of cross-sectional shapes.
- a composite spar or stiffener may be formed in an I-beam shape by bonding together the vertical webs of two “C” composite channels in back-to-back arrangement.
- Each one of the “C” channels may have horizontal flanges extending outwardly from the upper and lower ends of the web.
- Each horizontal flange may transition into the web at a radiused web-flange transition.
- the lengthwise notches may be referred to as radius filler regions or noodle regions.
- radius filler regions may be filled with radius fillers or noodles formed of composite material.
- existing radius fillers suffer from several drawbacks that detract from their utility. For example, existing radius fillers may exhibit cracking due to residual stress that may occur during the manufacturing process. In addition, certain radius fillers may result in relatively low pull-off strength at the bond between the I-beam and the skin panel. Furthermore, radius fillers formed of unidirectional fibers may prevent non-destructive inspection (NDI) of the inner radii at the web-flange transitions in the I-beam.
- NDI non-destructive inspection
- the geometry of the radius fillers may prevent inspection of the inner radii using conventional acoustic inspection methods due to adverse effects on acoustic transmissions. Further in this regard, localized changes in the composite thickness along the length of the I-beam may result in variations in the contour of the inner radii of the I-beam which may complicate acoustic inspection of the inner radii.
- the radius filler can be manufactured in a low-cost and relatively rapid manner with a minimal amount of touch labor.
- variable-radius laminated composite radius filler may include a base portion, a keyway portion, and a tip portion.
- the base portion may be formed of a plurality of variable width composite plies defining a variable cross-sectional shape of the base portion.
- the keyway portion may be stacked on the base portion and may be formed of a plurality of substantially constant width composite plies defining a substantially constant cross-sectional shape of the keyway portion.
- the tip portion may be stacked on the keyway portion and may be formed of composite plies.
- the method may include providing an upper portion having substantially constant width composite plies.
- the method may further include providing a base portion as a stack of variable width composite plies.
- the method may include stacking the upper portion onto the base portion to form a radius filler stack, and applying heat and pressure to the radius filler stack to form a final radius filler having a variable cross-sectional shape.
- a system for manufacturing a composite radius filler may include a cutting head having a plurality of cutters arranged in a side-by-side configuration.
- the cutters may be movable along a lengthwise direction of a laminated stack of composite plies.
- the cutters may have blades that may be positionable at different heights for cutting the laminated stack into a base portion having a stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape.
- the cutters may be individually movable along a lateral direction for cutting the composite plies into variable cross-sectional shapes.
- a method of manufacturing a composite radius filler including the step of assembling a laminated stack of composite plies.
- the method may further include cutting, using a cutting head, the laminated stack along a lengthwise direction in a manner forming a base portion having a stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape.
- the method may include forming the composite plies in a variable width when cutting the laminated stack along the lengthwise direction.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an aircraft
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a horizontal stabilizer taken along line 2 of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a side view of a composite stiffener bonded to upper and lower skin panels and taken along line 3 of FIG. 2 ;
- FIG. 4 is a side view of a final radius filler taken along line 4 of FIG. 3 ;
- FIG. 5 is an embodiment of a radius filler stack from which the final radius filler of FIG. 4 may be formed
- FIG. 6 is an exploded side view of an embodiment of a radius filler stack comprised of a tip portion, a keyway portion, and a base portion;
- FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an inverted radius filler stack prior to installation in a forming die
- FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of the application of heat and pressure to the radius filler stack within the forming die
- FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of the final radius filler after removal from the forming die.
- FIG. 10 is a perspective illustration of an embodiment of a tip portion having a substantially constant cross-sectional shape
- FIG. 11 is a perspective illustration of an embodiment of a keyway portion having a substantially constant cross-sectional shape
- FIG. 12 is a perspective illustration of the keyway portion formed from a laminated charge wherein each laminated charge is comprised of a plurality of composite plies having a predetermined fiber orientation angle sequence;
- FIG. 13 is a end view of an embodiment of a base portion
- FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a base portion having a variable cross-sectional shape and including a plurality of mid layers, the mid layers terminating at different locations along a lengthwise direction of the base portion;
- FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a base portion having a continuous top layer overlapping the terminating ends of the mid layers;
- FIG. 16 is a side view of the base portion of FIG. 15 illustrating the continuous top layer overlapping the terminating mid layers;
- FIG. 17 is a sectional view of the base portion taken along line 15 of FIG. 14 and illustrating the base portion, the keyway portion, and the tip portion collectively forming the radius filler stack having a first radius being formable on opposing sides of the filler radius;
- FIG. 18 is a sectional view of the base portion taken along line 16 of FIG. 14 and illustrating a reduced cross-sectional area base portion resulting in the radius filler stack having a second radius being formable on opposing sides of the filler radius and wherein the second radius is smaller than the first radius of FIG. 15 ;
- FIG. 19 is a perspective view of a part of the base portion illustrating a termination of a mid layer to achieve a reduction in the base portion height and in the cross-sectional area;
- FIG. 20 is a perspective view of a portion of an I-beam composite structure illustrating a radius filler region on a top side of the I-beam and further illustrating localized ply additions and ply drops in the I-beam which are accommodated by transition zones in the cross-sectional area of the base portion as a means to maintain a substantially constant stiffener inner radius along the I-beam;
- FIG. 21 is a schematic top view of an embodiment of a layer profile shape of one or more composite plies of a base portion having transition zones that are offset from the start of a ply drop or a ply addition in a composite structure into which the radius filler is installed;
- FIG. 22 is a flow chart illustrating one or more operations that may be included in a method of forming a radius filler
- FIG. 23 is a schematic top view of an embodiment of a system for manufacturing radius filler
- FIG. 24 is a schematic top view of an embodiment of a laminating station and a cutting station for laminating and cutting a laminated stack of composite plies into a base portion of a radius filler stack;
- FIG. 25 is schematic top view of an embodiment of a cutting head for cutting the laminated stack into a stepped pyramidal cross sectional shape
- FIG. 26 is a side view of the cutting head cutting through layers of composite plies in the laminated stack
- FIG. 27 is an end view of an embodiment of a cutting head taken along line 24 of FIG. 23 and illustrating the cutting head cutting through a laminated stack;
- FIG. 28 is a side schematic view of a stacking station
- FIG. 29 is a top view of the stacking station having a pair of individual multi-ply layers supported on a vacuum table prior to translating the multi-ply layers onto a layup table;
- FIG. 30 is a schematic end view of a vacuum rail translating a base portion from a vacuum table onto a layup table
- FIG. 31 is a schematic end view of the vacuum rail lifting the base portion off of a cutting table prior to translating the base portion onto the layup table;
- FIG. 32 is a schematic end view of the vacuum rail stacking an upper portion onto the base portion to form a radius filler stack
- FIG. 33 is a schematic side view of an embodiment of a pressing station for forming each one of a pair of radius filler stacks into a final radius filler;
- FIG. 34 is a schematic side view of the pressing station illustrating the application of heat and pressure to the pair of radius filler stacks to form the final radius fillers into a variable cross-sectional shape that may be contoured complementary to the corresponding radius filler regions of a composite structure;
- FIG. 35 is a flow diagram illustrating one or more operations that may be included in a method for automated manufacturing of one or more radius fillers
- FIG. 36 is a flow diagram of an aircraft manufacturing and service methodology
- FIG. 37 is a block diagram of an aircraft.
- FIG. 1 shown in FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an aircraft 100 having a fuselage 102 extending from a forward end of the aircraft 100 to an aft end of the aircraft 100 .
- the aft end may include an empennage 112 having one or more tail surfaces for directional control of the aircraft 100 such as a vertical stabilizer 114 and a pair of horizontal stabilizers 116 .
- the aircraft 100 may further include a pair of wings 110 extending outwardly from the fuselage 102 and one or more propulsion units 104 that may be mounted to the wings 110 .
- the fuselage 102 , the wings 110 , the vertical stabilizer 114 , the horizontal stabilizers 116 , and other aircraft components may be formed as composite structures 106 .
- the horizontal stabilizer 116 may have a stabilizer leading edge 124 and a stabilizer trailing edge 126 ( FIG. 1 ) and may extend along an outboard direction 122 from a stabilizer root 118 to a stabilizer tip 120 .
- the horizontal stabilizer 116 may be formed of composite skin panels 130 that may be co-bonded to one or more composite stiffeners or spars 132 .
- the composite stiffeners or spars 132 may have a generally tapered or reduced thickness along a spanwise direction 128 of the horizontal stabilizer 116 .
- the composite spars 132 or stiffeners 134 may include localized changes in the composite thickness ( FIG. 20 ) along the length of the spars 132 or stiffeners.
- the composite spar 132 or stiffener 134 is provided in an I-beam 142 shape although the composite stiffener 134 may be provided in a variety of cross-sectional shapes.
- the composite stiffener 134 may include horizontal flanges 148 that transition from the web 146 at a radiused web-flange transition 150 as indicated above. Each one of the web-flange transition 150 defines a stiffener outer radius 138 and a stiffener inner radius 136 .
- Each composite stiffener 134 may further include a base laminate 152 that may enclose a radius filler region 140 on upper and lower ends of the composite stiffener. The radius filler region 140 may extend along a lengthwise direction of the composite stiffener 134 .
- the present disclosure provides a laminated composite radius filler 200 having a variable cross-sectional shape 322 (e.g., a generally reducing cross-sectional area) along an outboard direction 122 of a composite stiffener 134 to accommodate a tapering or reducing thickness of the composite stiffener 134 .
- a variable cross-sectional shape 322 radius filler 200 disclosed herein has opposing sides that are contoured to accommodate localized increases and decreases 218 in the thickness of the composites stiffener 134 along a spanwise direction 128 , as described in greater detail below.
- the stiffener inner radius 136 may be generally constant along a length thereof which may significantly improve the inspectability of the stiffener inner radius 136 relative to the significant amount of time and complexity required for inspecting a stiffener inner radius that varies (not shown) along a lengthwise direction.
- a substantially constant stiffener inner radius 136 may allow for forming the stiffener tooling with a constant radius which may significantly reduce tooling costs relative to the cost of tooling having variable radii.
- the variable cross-sectional shape laminated composite radius filler 200 disclosed herein may advantageously reduce cracking during the manufacturing process relative to existing radius fillers such as unidirectional radius fillers.
- the variable cross-sectional shape 322 laminated composite radius filler 200 disclosed herein may result in improved pull-off strength at the bond between the composite stiffener 134 and a skin panel 130 .
- the composite stiffener 134 is comprised of a pair of channels 144 positioned in back-to-back relationship to form the I-beam 142 shape.
- Each channel 144 includes a web 146 having horizontal flanges 148 at the upper and lower ends of the channel 144 .
- the radiused web-flange transitions in each channel 144 result in a lengthwise notch or radius filler region 140 at the upper and lower ends of the I-beam 142 .
- the radius filler regions 140 are filled with the variable cross-sectional shape 322 laminated upper radius filler 202 and lower radius filler 204 .
- each radius filler 202 , 204 is formed with a variable cross-sectional shape 322 that matches the changing contour of the outer stiffener 134 radii in the radius filler region 140 along a length of the stiffener.
- the composite structure 106 advantageously has a substantially constant stiffener inner radius 136 along a lengthwise direction.
- the final radius filler 206 has opposing radius filler sides 208 . Each one of the radius filler sides 208 may have a variable radius along a lengthwise direction.
- the radius filler sides 208 are preferably contoured complementary to the radius filler region 140 of a composite structure 106 such as a composite stiffener 134 .
- the final profile shape may be applied to the radius filler sides 208 using a forming die 230 as described below.
- each radius filler 200 may be formed of a laminated stack 422 of composite plies 276 .
- the composite plies 276 may comprise pre-preg composite plies 276 such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) plies.
- the base portion 320 may be formed as a plurality of variable width composite plies 346 defining a variable cross-sectional shape 322 of the base portion 320 .
- the variable cross-sectional shape 322 of the base portion 320 may extend along a lengthwise direction 324 or along at least a portion of the length of the base portion 320 .
- the radius filler 200 may also include an upper portion 212 stacked on top of the base portion 320 .
- the upper portion 212 may comprise a tip portion 250 and a keyway portion 300 .
- the upper portion 212 may advantageously have a substantially constant cross-sectional shape along a lengthwise direction which may simplify manufacturing of the radius filler 200 .
- FIG. 6 shown is an exploded view of a radius filler 200 wherein the upper portion 212 is shown comprised of a separate tip portion 250 and a separate keyway portion 300 .
- the tip portion 250 and the keyway portion 300 may be formed as a unitary upper portion 212 to simplify manufacturing.
- the tip portion 250 may be comprised of a plurality of substantially constant width composite plies 310 defined by a tip portion width 254 .
- the tip portion 250 may have a triangular cross-sectional shape 264 with tip portion sides 260 terminating at a tip portion apex 262 .
- the tip portion 250 may have a substantially constant cross-sectional area along a lengthwise direction.
- the tip portion may have a variable cross-sectional shape.
- the triangular cross-sectional shape 264 may vary along the lengthwise direction.
- the tip portion width 254 may vary in correspondence with the changing radii of the radius filler region 140 ( FIG. 2 ) of a composite structure 106 .
- the tip portion 250 may be configured such that at a location of a relatively large radius in the radius filler region 140 (e.g., at the root 118 of the horizontal stabilizer 116 — FIG. 1 ), the tip portion 250 may have a narrower tip portion width 254 and a taller tip portion height 256 relative to a location of a smaller radius in the radius filler region 140 (e.g., at the tip 120 of the horizontal stabilizer 116 — FIG. 1 ) where the tip portion 250 may have a wider tip portion width 254 and a shorter tip portion height 256 .
- the tip portion 250 may also be configured with a substantially constant tip portion height 256 and/or a substantially constant tip portion width 254 along a lengthwise direction 252 of the tip portion 250 . Furthermore, in an embodiment not shown, the tip portion 250 may be eliminated from the upper portion 212 where the volume of the radius filler region 140 filled by the tip portion 250 is relatively small, such that the upper portion may be comprised solely of the keyway portion 300 .
- the keyway portion 300 may have a substantially constant cross-sectional shape along the lengthwise direction 302 .
- the keyway portion 300 may also be formed of a plurality of substantially constant width composite plies 310 defined by a keyway portion width 304 .
- the keyway portion 300 may have a stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape 312 along the lengthwise direction 302 .
- the keyway portion 300 may have angled sides and (not shown) such that the keyway portion 300 may have a trapezoidal shape (not shown).
- the keyway portion height 306 may be a constant height 308 along a lengthwise direction 302 .
- the upper portion 212 may be stacked onto the base portion 320 to form a radius filler stack 210 .
- the cost of manufacturing radius fillers 200 may be significantly reduced by eliminating the need to build a relatively narrow, uniquely-tailored, upper portion 212 (e.g., a uniquely-tailored tip portion 250 and a uniquely-tailored keyway portion 300 ) for each radius filler region in a composite structure 106 .
- a common upper portion 212 may be paired with different base portion 320 configurations for use in different composite stiffeners such as the different composite stiffener 134 I-beams 142 of the horizontal stabilizer 116 of FIG. 2 .
- the upper portion 212 (e.g., a tip portion 250 and a keyway portion 300 ) may be built in batches at relatively low cost for pre-kitting with base portions 320 . Costs may further be reduced by purchasing pre-manufactured upper portions 212 from an outside supplier.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an inverted radius filler stack 210 prior to installation in a forming die 230 .
- the forming die 230 may have a die cavity 232 that may substantially duplicate the radius filler region 140 of a composite structure 106 .
- the die cavity 232 may be contoured complementary to the changing stiffener outer radii 138 of the radius filler region 140 of a composite structure 106 .
- the radius filler stack 210 may be sized and configured to provide a design overfill volume (not shown) that is a larger than the volume of the die cavity 232 ( FIGS. 7-9 ) and/or the volume of a corresponding radius filler region 140 of a composite structure 106 .
- the cross-sectional area of the radius filler 200 may be larger than the cross-sectional area of the radius filler region 140 .
- the die cavity 232 may be sized and configured to provide a tooling overfill volume (not shown) that may be larger than the volume of the corresponding radius filler region 140 .
- FIG. 8 shows the application of heat 238 and pressure 236 to the radius filler stack 210 within the forming die 230 .
- a pressure plate 234 may be applied over the base portion 320 .
- Heat 238 and pressure 236 may be applied to the radius filler stack 210 in a predetermined heat-pressure cycle to debulk and/or consolidate the radius filler 200 .
- the heat 238 may reduce the viscosity of the resin in the pre-preg composite plies 276 allowing the resin to soften so that the radius filler 200 can conform to the cross-sectional shape of the die cavity 232 .
- FIG. 9 illustrates the removal of a final radius filler 206 from the forming die 230 .
- the final radius filler 206 may be in a green state wherein the resin in the composite plies 276 is uncured.
- the final radius filler 206 may be installed into a radius filler region 140 of a composite structure 106 for final co-curing and/or co-bonding with the composite structure 106 and/or skin panels 130 .
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a tip portion 250 having a generally constant cross-sectional shape 268 along the lengthwise direction 252 .
- the tip portion 250 is shown having a generally constant triangular cross-sectional shape 264 along the lengthwise direction 252 .
- the tip portion 250 may be provided in any cross-sectional shape and is not limited to the triangular cross-sectional shape 264 shown in FIG. 10 .
- the tip portion 250 may be formed of a relatively small quantity of composite plies 276 .
- the tip portion 250 may be formed of three (3) composite plies 276 each comprising approximately 0.25 inch wide CFRP tape each having a thickness of approx me 0.0075 inch.
- the tip portion 250 may have a maximum tip portion width 254 of approximately 0.25 inch and a tip portion height 256 of approximately 0.023 inch.
- the tip portion 250 may be formed in any tip portion width 254 or tip portion height 256 and may be comprised of any type of composite material 108 and is not limited to CFRP tape.
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a keyway portion 300 having a generally constant cross-sectional shape along a lengthwise direction 302 .
- the keyway portion 300 is shown having a stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape 312 formed of substantially constant width composite plies 310 .
- the keyway portion 300 may have a maximum width of less than approximately 0.25 inch although the keyway portion 300 may be provided in any keyway portion width 304 .
- the quantity of composite plies 276 of the keyway portion 300 may be substantially constant such that the keyway portion 300 has a substantially constant height 308 along a lengthwise direction 302 .
- the keyway portion 300 may contain in the range of approximately eight (8) to 20 composite plies 276 or more. However, the keyway portion 300 may contain less than eight (8) composite plies 276 .
- FIG. 12 is a perspective illustration of an embodiment of the keyway portion 300 formed from a plurality of layers 272 .
- Each one of the layers 272 may comprise a pre-manufactured laminated charge 270 containing a predetermined quantity of composite plies 276 .
- Each one of the layers 272 in the keyway portion 300 may be manufactured from the same laminated charge 270 or from a laminated charge 270 having the same composite material 108 as the remaining layers 272 of the keyway portion 300 .
- the base portion 320 may also be formed from one or more laminated charges 270 and which may be substantially similar to the laminated charges 270 used in forming the keyway portion 300 .
- the composite plies 276 in a laminated charge 270 may have a predetermined fiber orientation stacking sequence.
- FIG. 12 illustrates each layer 272 being formed as a 4-ply charge 274 containing a pair of +45 degree and ⁇ 45 degree composite plies 282 , 284 sandwiched between a pair of 0 degree composite plies 276 with one 0-degree composite ply 280 on each side of the +/ ⁇ 45 degree composite plies 282 , 284 .
- a laminated charge 270 may be formed of any quantity of composite plies 276 and in any fiber orientation stacking sequence in any range from a 0 degree fiber orientation angle to a 90 degree fiber orientation angle.
- the fiber orientation angle 278 stacking sequence may be selected to provide the radius filler 200 with a stiffness that is compatible with the stiffness of the composite structure 106 into which the radius filler 200 is installed.
- the fiber orientation stacking sequence in the tip portion 250 , the keyway portion 300 , and/or the base portion 320 may be selected to be compatible with the stiffness characteristics of the composite structure 106 .
- the composite material 108 in the tip portion, the keyway portion 300 , and/or the base portion 320 may be selected to be thermally compatible with the composite material 108 of the composite structure 106 .
- the base portion 320 may be provided in a stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape 312 along the lengthwise direction 324 . As indicated above, the base portion 320 may have a variable height 334 along the lengthwise direction 324 and may be formed of variable width composite plies 346 .
- the base portion 320 may be formed of a plurality or stack of layers 272 including a base portion top layer 340 , a base portion bottom layer 342 , and one or more base portion mid layers 344 .
- each layer 272 may comprise a laminated charge 270 containing a predetermined quantity of composite plies 276 arranged in a predetermined fiber orientation stacking sequence.
- the base portion 320 is comprised of eight (8) layers 272 wherein each layer 272 comprises a 4-ply charge 274 containing +/ ⁇ 45 degree composite plies 282 , 284 sandwiched between 0 degree composite plies 276 for a total of 32 composite plies 276 in the base portion 320 of FIG. 13 .
- the base portion 320 may be provided with any quantity of composite plies 276 .
- the base portion 320 may contain up to 52 composite plies 276 (e.g. 13 layers of 4-ply charge 274 ), although the base portion 320 may contain more than 52 composite plies 276 .
- FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the base portion 320 having a variable cross sectional shape along a lengthwise direction 324 .
- the base portion 320 has a stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape 312 which has a variable height 334 and which includes variable width composite plies 346 in each one of the layers 272 .
- Each one of the composite plies 276 may have a layer profile shape 348 that varies along the lengthwise direction 324 .
- the layer profile shape 348 may include transition zones 356 that correspond to ply drops 154 or ply additions 160 in the composite structure 106 as described in greater detail below.
- the base portion shown in FIG. 14 may be comprised of a bottom layer 342 , one or more mid layers 344 , and a top layer (not shown).
- the mid layers 345 may periodically terminate along a lengthwise direction and may be covered by a substantially continuous top layer 340 as shown in FIG. 15 .
- the base portion 320 may be provided in an embodiment where the top layer is omitted as shown in FIG. 14 .
- FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a base portion 320 having a substantially continuous top layer 340 extending along a length of the base portion 320 .
- the top layer 340 is shown in FIG. 15 in a planar condition prior to conforming the top layer 340 to the stair-step shape of the terminating mid layers 345 as shown in FIG. 16 .
- the cured radius filler 200 may have reduced porosity.
- the top layer 340 may be provided in a top layer width 341 that may vary with ply drops 154 ( FIG. 20 ) and/or ply additions 160 ( FIG. 20 ) in the composite structure 106 .
- the top layer width 341 may be sized to provide the radius filler 200 with a desired amount of design overfill along the length of the radius filler 200 and which may improve the strength properties of the cured composite structure 106 as mentioned above.
- FIG. 16 is a side view of a part of the base portion 320 of FIG. 15 and illustrating the overlapping of the top layer 340 over the mid layers 345 .
- the top layer 340 may generally follow the stair-step shape formed by the termination of the mid layers 345 . In this manner, the top layer 340 may generally cover or encapsulate the mid layers 345 which may improve processing and resulting in improved properties of the cured radius filler 200 .
- FIG. 17 is a sectional view taken along the left hand side of the base portion 320 of FIG. 14 and illustrating the keyway portion 300 and the tip portion 250 (shown in phantom lines) stacked on top of the base portion 320 .
- the tip portion 250 and the keyway portion 300 have a constant height 258 , 308 and may have substantially constant width composite plies 310 along their lengthwise directions 252 , 302 .
- the base portion 320 may have a relatively large quantity of layers 272 or composite plies 276 (e.g., 8 layers or 32 composite plies or more) defining a first height 336 and a first width 328 .
- the relatively large cross sectional area of the base portion 320 in FIG. 17 facilitates a relatively large first radius 214 on opposing sides of the radius filler 200 .
- FIG. 18 is a sectional view taken along the right hand side of the base portion 320 of FIG. 14 .
- the tip portion 250 and the keyway portion 300 in FIG. 18 maintain the substantially constant width composite plies 310 and the same height as the tip portion 250 and the keyway portion 300 in FIG. 17 .
- the base portion 320 in FIG. 18 has a reduced quantity of layers 272 or composite plies 276 (e.g., 4 layers or 16 composite pies) which results in a second height 338 of the base portion 320 in FIG. 18 that is reduced relative to the first height 336 of the base portion 320 in FIG. 17 .
- FIG. 19 illustrates the termination of a mid layer 345 of the base portion 320 to achieve a reduction in the base portion height 332 and resulting in a reduction in the cross-sectional area of the radius filler 200 .
- the terminating end 350 of the mid layer 345 may have a non-square shape 352 which may improve the ability of the radius filler 200 to fill the volume of the radius filler region 140 and which may increase the strength and stiffness characteristics of the final composite structure 106 .
- the terminating end 350 of a mid layer 345 may have a generally pointed shape or the terminating end 350 may have a generally rounded shape (not shown).
- the composite structure 106 may have a generally tapered or reducing thickness facilitated by one or more ply drops 154 along a lengthwise direction of the composite structure 106 .
- the composite structure 106 may have localized increases in thickness due to one or more ply additions 160 in the composite structure 106 .
- the base portion 320 may include one or more constant zones 354 comprising regions wherein the base portion 320 has a relatively constant cross-sectional shape and which may be separated by transition zones 356 comprising regions of change in the cross sectional shape of the base portion 320 .
- the transition zones 356 may be positioned adjacent to ply drops 154 and/or ply additions 160 in the composite structure 106 .
- Each transition zone 356 may comprise a change in the base portion width 326 and/or a change in the base portion height 332 in correspondence with the ply drop(s) 154 and/or the ply addition(s) 160 in the composite structure 106 .
- FIG. 20 shows a composite structure 106 having a changing thickness along a lengthwise direction.
- the changing thickness may include a stiffener ply drop 154 wherein one or more composite plies 276 of the composite structure 106 may be terminated.
- the changing thickness of a composite structure 106 may also include a stiffener ply addition 160 wherein one or more composite plies 276 of the composite structure 106 may be added.
- the stiffener ply drops 154 and stiffener ply additions 160 may result in variation in the stiffener outer radii 138 ( FIG. 3 ) along the length of the flanges 148 .
- variable cross-sectional shape 322 of the radius filler 200 disclosed herein may be contoured complementary to the variation in stiffener outer radii 138 .
- the stiffener inner radii 136 of the composite structure 106 may be substantially constant along a lengthwise direction and which may improve the inspectability of the composite structure 106 and may additionally reduce tooling costs associated with manufacturing the composite stiffener 134 .
- FIG. 21 is a plan view of a layer profile shape 348 of one or more composite plies 276 of the base portion 320 .
- the base portion 320 may be configured with transition zones 356 corresponding to ply drops 154 and ply additions 160 in the composite structure 106 .
- Each transition zone 356 may be offset 358 from the start 156 of a ply drop 154 or the start 162 of a ply addition 160 .
- a ply drop 154 may comprise a region along which one or more composite plies 276 may be terminated from the composite structure 106 .
- a ply addition 160 may comprise a region along which one or more composite plies 276 may be added to the composite structure 106 .
- the base portion 320 may be configured such that for ply drops 154 in the composite structure, the start of a transition zone 356 in the base portion 320 may be positioned after the start 156 of a stiffener ply drop 154 .
- the end of a transition zone 356 in the base portion 320 may be positioned after the end 158 of a stiffener ply drop 154 .
- transition zones 356 may be offset 358 from the start 156 and of the stiffener ply drops 154 and ply additions 160 by a distance of approximately 0.10 inch 0.50 inch or larger. In a further embodiment, the offset 358 distance may be approximately 0.25 inch.
- the method may include Step 502 comprising providing an upper portion 212 of the radius filler 200 as a stack of substantially constant width composite plies 310 as shown in FIG. 6 .
- the upper portion 212 may comprise a tip portion 250 and a keyway portion 300 .
- the tip portion 250 and the keyway portion 300 may each have a substantially constant cross-sectional shape along a lengthwise direction 252 , 302 .
- the method may include forming the upper portion 212 in a stepped pyramidal variable cross-sectional shape 322 as shown in FIG. 6 .
- Step 502 of the method 500 of FIG. 22 may further include forming the tip portion 250 as a stack of less than five (5) composite plies 276 (e.g., three composite plies).
- the tip portion 250 may be formed with in a generally triangular cross-sectional shape 264 .
- the tip portion 250 may have a substantially constant cross-sectional area 266 ( FIG. 10 ) along the lengthwise direction 252 even though the cross-sectional shape of the tip portion 250 may change along the lengthwise direction 252 .
- the method may further include forming the keyway portion 300 as a stack of substantially constant width composite plies 310 ( FIG.
- the keyway portion 300 may have a substantially constant stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape 312 ( FIG. 11 ) along the lengthwise direction 302 .
- the upper portion 212 may be formed by stacking the tip portion 250 onto the keyway portion 300 ( FIG. 5 ).
- Step 504 of the method 500 of FIG. 22 may include providing the base portion 320 ( FIG. 13 ) as a stack of variable width composite plies 346 defining a variable cross-sectional shape 322 of the base portion 320 along the lengthwise direction 324 as illustrated in FIGS. 14 and 17 .
- the method may include forming the base portion 320 in a stepped pyramidal variable cross-sectional shape 322 by providing the layers 272 in successively narrower widths from the bottom layer 342 ( FIG. 13 ) of the base portion 320 toward the top layer 340 of the base portion 320 .
- Step 506 of the method 500 of FIG. 22 may include stacking the upper portion 212 onto the base portion 320 to form a radius filler stack 210 as shown in FIGS. 15-16 .
- Step 506 may include forming one or more transition zones 356 in the base portion 320 wherein the transition zone 356 comprises the location of a change in the base portion width 326 and/or a change in the base portion height 332 as shown in FIGS. 14 and 17 .
- the method may further include locating each transition zone 356 in correspondence with a ply drop 154 of a composite structure 106 or a ply addition 160 of the composite structure 106 as shown in FIG. 21 .
- Step 506 may include positioning the transition zone 356 before a ply drop 154 and after a ply addition 160 .
- Changing the base portion width 326 may include terminating one or more mid layers 345 of the base portion 320 at the location of a ply drop 154 in the composite structure 106 and providing the terminating end 350 in a non-square shape 352 such as in a generally rounded shape or in pointed shape as shown in FIG. 19 .
- Step 508 of the method 500 of FIG. 22 may include applying heat 238 and pressure 236 to the radius filler stack 210 in a forming die 230 to form a final radius filler 206 having a variable cross-sectional shape 322 .
- Step 508 may include providing the forming die 230 with a die cavity 232 that may be configured complementary to the changing contour of the stiffener outer radii 138 of a radius filler region 140 of a composite structure 106 .
- the stiffener inner radii 136 may be generally constant along a lengthwise direction which may improve inspectability and reduce tooling costs associated with the composite stiffener.
- FIG. 23 shown is top schematic view of an embodiment of a system 400 that may be implemented for automated manufacturing of a composite laminated radius filler 200 having a variable cross-sectional shape 322 .
- the system 400 may include a laminating station 402 , a cutting station 404 , a stacking station 446 , and a pressing station 466 .
- the laminating station 402 and the cutting station 404 may be combined into a single location.
- the stacking station 446 and the pressing station 466 may be combined into a single location.
- any one of the stations disclosed herein may be combined with any one of the other stations into a single location in order to simplify manufacturing and minimize the requirement for translating or moving the radius filler from station to station.
- the system 400 advantageously provides a means for automated or semi-automated laminating, cutting, stacking, and pressing of radius fillers 200 such as for use in radius filler regions 140 of structural composite components such as the I-beam composite stiffener 134 shown in FIGS. 2-3 .
- the system 400 may minimize or eliminate the need for hand layup of radius fillers and may result in a significant improvement in the consistency and quality of radius fillers 200 .
- the laminating station 402 may include a laminating head 406 that may be coupled to a laminating head drive system 408 .
- the laminating head 406 may be configured as a tape laying machine for applying tape or composite plies 276 onto a lamination/cutting table 416 .
- the lamination/cutting table 416 may be configured as a vacuum table 418 having a vacuum pump 420 ( FIG. 29 ) for applying a suction force on the laminated composite plies 276 to prevent movement thereof during the laminating and cutting process.
- the laminating head 406 may be configured to apply single composite plies 276 of any fiber angle orientation, or the laminating head 406 may be configured to apply individual multi-ply layers onto the cutting table 416 .
- Each individual multi-ply layer 272 may comprise a laminating charge 270 (e.g., a 4-ply charge 274 — FIG. 12 ) comprising a pre-manufactured stack of composite plies 276 having a predetermined fiber orientation angle 278 sequence as described above.
- the laminating head 406 may be configured to lay-up a laminated stack 422 in any thickness such as in a thickness of up to 0.75 inch or more, and in any width such as in widths of up to 18 inches or more.
- a laminated stack 422 is comprised of a stack of composite plies 276 of any quantity and may include an individual composite ply 276 , an individual multi-ply layer 272 (e.g., a laminated charge 270 ), or a stack of multi-ply layers 272 .
- FIG. 22 illustrates a direction of movement 410 of the laminating head 406 along a laminating direction 442 to apply composite plies 276 or layers 272 of a laminated charge 270 onto the lamination/cutting table 416 to form a laminated stack 422 .
- a cutting head 424 having a plurality of blades 432 for cutting the laminated stack 422 positioned on the lamination/cutting table 416 .
- the cutting head 424 may be operatively coupled to a cutting head drive system 426 for moving the cutting head 424 lengthwise along the length of the laminated stack 422 .
- the lamination/cutting table 416 may have a cutting surface such as self-healing surface to allow cutting into the surface without damaging the blades 432 of the cutting head 424 .
- the laminating head 406 may be moved to a home position 412 when the cutting head 424 is an in active position 414 cutting the laminated stack 422 along a cutting direction 440 .
- the lamination/cutting table 416 may be translated into a stacking station 446 where a lifting mechanism 454 may lift each individual multi-ply layer 272 (e.g., laminated charge 270 ) onto a layup table for stacking with other multi-ply layers 272 to form a base portion 320 and/or a radius filler stack 210 .
- the cutting head 424 may also cut a laminated stack 422 into a stepped pyramidal base portion 320 which may then be moved into the stacking station 446 .
- the lifting mechanism may lift and translate the base portion 320 onto the layup table 450 for stacking with the remaining components of the radius filler 200 .
- the radius filler stack 210 may then be transferred into a pressing station 466 for forming into a final radius filler 206 as described below.
- a cutting head 424 which may include one or more cutters 428 .
- the cutting head 424 is shown having twelve (12) cutters 428 , any number of cutters 428 may be provided.
- the cutters 428 may be arranged in staggered, side-by-side configuration 430 , although the cutters 428 may be arranged in other configurations not shown.
- the cutters 428 may be movable along a lengthwise direction of the laminated stack 422 supported on the lamination/cutting table 416 .
- the cutting head 424 may be configured to cut individual multi-ply layers 272 in on or more passes.
- the cutting head 424 may be configured to cut a laminated stack 422 of multi-ply layers 272 in a single pass or in multiple passes.
- the one or more cutters 428 may be individually movable along a lateral 438 direction during movement of the cutting head 424 along the lengthwise direction. In this manner, the cutters 428 may cut the laminated stack 422 into a variable cross-sectional shape 322 of the base portion 320 . More specifically, each one of the cutters 428 may be configured to cut one or more composite plies 276 into a predetermined layer profile shape 348 such as the layer profile shapes 348 of the base portion 320 shown in FIG. 14 .
- FIG. 26 shown is a side view of a cutting head 424 having cutters 428 arranged in a staggered formation and moving along a cutting direction 440 .
- Each one of the cutters 428 may have a cutting means for cutting one or more composite plies 276 or multi-ply layers 272 , or a laminated stack 422 comprising a plurality of multi-ply layers 272 .
- the cutting means may comprise an excited cutting means or the cutting means may comprise a non-excited cutting means.
- An excited cutting means may comprise an ultrasonic 434 knife or blade for cutting one or more composite plies 276 (e.g., approximately 0.0075 inch thick) at a relatively small depth tolerance (e.g., approximately 0.0005 inch).
- ultrasonic 434 blades may be easily plunged into the composite plies 276 without significant downward force.
- Non-excited cutting means may comprise a rotary cutter such as a disk cutter, a rolling cutter, or other cutter configurations.
- FIG. 26 illustrates traces in dashed lines illustrating the cutting path of each blade 432 passing through a laminated stack 422 .
- the blades 432 may be arranged in a staggered formation as shown in FIGS. 23-25 wherein the uppermost blades 432 may be located furthest forward along the cutting direction 440 and furthest inboard (e.g., nearest a center of the laminated stack 422 or nearest a centerline of a base portion 320 ).
- the lowermost blades 432 may be located furthest aft and furthest outboard.
- Each one of the blades 432 may be individually adjustable along a vertical direction 436 to correspond to a ply depth of the composite ply to be cut by a blade 432 .
- the cutting head 424 may also comprise a single (not shown) blade 432 that may be movable along a lengthwise direction and along a vertical direction 436 and a lateral direction 438 .
- the cutting head 424 may include any number of blades 432 to cut an individual multi-ply layer 272 into a desired layer profile shape of a base portion 320 , or to cut a stack of multi-ply layers 272 .
- Individual multi-ply layers 272 may be moved into the stacking station 446 after cutting. The individual multi-ply layers 272 may then be stacked on top of one another at the stacking station to form a base portion 320 of the radius filler 200 as described below.
- FIG. 27 shows an end view of an embodiment of a cutting head 424 cutting through a laminated stack 422 of multi-ply layers 272 such as to form a base portion 320 of a radius filler 200 .
- the blades 432 may be positionable in a vertical orientation at different ply depths corresponding to one of the composite plies 276 to be cut. Depending on a thickness of the laminated stack 422 and the depth of each cut, the cutting head 424 may make 1 to 3 or more cutting passes along the laminated stack 422 .
- the blades 432 may be configured to form vertical cuts in the laminated stack 422 to produce a base portion 320 having the stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape 312 . Scrap (shown in cross-hatch) may be removed during or following the cutting of the laminated stack 422 .
- one or more of the blades 432 may be positionable in an angled orientation (not shown) to form angled cuts (not shown) in the laminated stack 422 such as to form a base portion 320 having a trapezoidal cross-sectional shape (not shown).
- the blades 432 may be individually movable along a lateral 438 direction during movement of the cutting head 424 along the lengthwise direction so that the composite plies 276 are cut into a predetermined layer profile shape 348 to provide a variable cross-sectional shape 322 to the base portion 320 .
- the cutters 428 may also be configured to terminate one or more mid layers 340 of the base portion 320 in a manner described above and illustrated in FIGS. 14, 15, and 17 .
- the cutting head 424 may also be implemented for cutting the keyway portion 300 and/or the tip portion 250 of the radius filler 200 .
- FIG. 28 a side view of an embodiment of a stacking station 446 .
- Individual multi-ply layers 272 or a stepped pyramidal base portion 320 that was cut from the laminated stack 422 at the cutting station 404 may be moved into the stacking station 446 such as by rolling the lamination/cutting table 416 into position at the stacking station 446 .
- the stacking station 446 may include a stacking table 448 such as a vacuum table 418 for receiving individual multi-ply layers 272 or for receiving the stepped pyramidal base portion 320 and/or other components of the radius filler 200 .
- One or more layup tables 450 may also be positioned on one or both sides of the vacuum table 418 at the stacking station 446 .
- the layup tables 450 may have a table surface 452 upon which the radius filler components may be stacked in an automated manner or by manual stacking.
- the cutting table 416 may include supports for supporting the layup table 450 .
- a lifting mechanism 454 may be included at the stacking station 446 to assist in translating 444 individual multi-ply layers 272 or a base portion 320 from the stacking table 448 onto a layup table 450 .
- the layup table 450 may be positionable adjacent to the stacking table 448 .
- the lifting mechanism 454 may be vertically 462 movable for picking up an individual multi-ply layer 272 or a base portion 320 and placing the individual multi-ply layers 272 or the base portion 320 onto the layup table 450 .
- the lifting mechanism 454 may comprise a pick-and-place mechanism having a vacuum rail 456 with a plurality of spaced-apart vacuum pads 458 connected to a vacuum source (not shown).
- the vacuum pads 458 may apply a suction force to a top surface of an individual multi-ply layer 272 or base portion 320 for lifting the individual multi-ply layers 272 or base portion 320 off of the cutting table 416 or stacking table 448 and placing an individual multi-ply layer 272 or base portion 320 onto the layup table 450 or into a stacking fixture (not shown).
- FIG. 29 is a top view of an embodiment of a stacking station 446 having a vacuum table 418 .
- the vacuum table is shown supporting an individual multi-ply layer 272 for an upper radius filler 202 ( FIG. 3 ) and an individual multi-ply layer 272 for a lower radius filler 204 ( FIG. 3 ) of a composite structure 106 .
- the stacking station 446 may include one or more vacuum rails 456 that may be aligned to the centerline of the top ply of one of the base portions 320 such as by using a laser alignment system (not shown) or other alignment device.
- An individual multi-ply layer 272 or a base portion 320 may be lifted by the vacuum rail 456 and laterally 464 moved or translated over to an adjacently-positioned layup table 450 .
- FIG. 30 shows a vacuum rail 456 aligned over the center of a top layer 340 of a base portion 320 .
- the vacuum rail 456 may be lowered into the vacuum pads 458 into contact with the top layer 340 .
- a suction force may be applied to the vacuum pads 458 so that the vacuum pad may be secured to the upper surface of the base portion 320 .
- FIG. 31 illustrates the base portion 320 of FIG. 30 lifted by the vacuum rail 456 and translated over to the layup table 450 .
- the stacking station 446 may include an indexing device 460 to control the positioning of the vacuum rail 456 .
- the indexing device 460 may comprise a mechanical stop, a machine vision system, a laser system, or any other indexing device 460 for controlling the position of the vacuum rail 456 .
- the base portion 320 may be lowered onto the layup table 450 and suction force may be removed from the vacuum pads 458 to release the base portion 320 .
- Individual multi-ply layers 272 may be stacked onto the layup table 450 in the same manner.
- FIG. 32 illustrates a vacuum rail 456 being used to stack an upper portion 212 of composite plies 276 (e.g., a keyway portion 300 and/or tip portion 250 ) onto a base portion 320 to form a radius filler stack 210 .
- a radius filler stack 210 may also be formed by staking up a plurality of multi-ply layers 272 that may be individually cut by the cutting head 424 .
- the radius filler stack 210 may be moved to the pressing station 466 .
- the vacuum rail 456 and the indexing device 460 may be employed for stacking any number of composite plies 276 or layers 272 onto layup table 450 until all composite plies 276 are stacked. For example, FIG. 32 .
- FIG. 33 is a side view of a pressing station 466 for forming a pair of radius filler stacks 210 into final radius fillers 206 .
- the pressing station 466 may include one or more presses 468 having at least one forming die 230 .
- Each forming die 230 may be configured to receive a radius filler stack 210 comprising an upper portion 212 stacked onto the base portion 320 .
- the forming die cavity 232 may be configured to receive the radius filler stack 210 in an upright configuration (not shown).
- Each press 468 may include a heating device (not shown) for heating the radius filler stack 210 .
- the heating device may comprise a resistance heating heat plate 470 and/or a heating die, or the press 468 may be positioned within an autoclave or a convection oven for heating the press 468 and the radius filler stack(s) 210 .
- FIG. 34 illustrates the press 468 in an activated state for applying heat and pressure to the pair of radius filler stacks 210 mounted within the dye cavities 476 .
- the press 468 may include one or more actuators 472 configured to apply pressure to the radius filler stacks 210 during heating thereof.
- the forming dies 474 may be sized and configured complementary to the radius filler regions 140 of a composite structure 106 .
- each forming die 474 may have a die cavity 476 that may be contoured complementary to the radius filler region 140 of a composite structure 106 for forming each radius filler stack 210 into a final radius filler 206 having a variable cross-sectional shape 322 that substantially matches a radius filler region 140 ( FIG. 20 ).
- FIG. 35 is a flowchart of a method 600 that may be implemented for automated manufacturing of one or more radius fillers 200 such as by using the system 400 illustrated in FIGS. 23-34 and described above.
- Step 602 of the method 600 may include assembling a laminated stack 422 onto a cutting table 416 such as the cutting table 416 illustrated in FIG. 23 .
- a laminated stack 422 may comprise an individual multi-ply layer 272 (e.g., a laminated charge 270 ) or a stack of multi-ply layers 272 .
- a laminated stack 422 may be formed by laminating a plurality of composite plies 276 or layers 272 onto the cutting table 416 using a laminating head 406 ( FIG. 23 ).
- Step 604 of the method 600 of FIG. 35 may include cutting the laminated stack 422 along a lengthwise direction using a cutting head 424 .
- the cutting head 424 may cut individual multi-ply layers 272 or a stack of multi-ply layers 272 .
- the individual multi-ply layers 272 may be used to form a base portion 320 having a stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape 312 as illustrated in FIGS. 22-25 .
- the method may include passing a plurality of blades 432 (e.g., ultrasonic blades 434 ) of the cutting head 424 through a laminated stack 422 to ultrasonically cut the composite plies 276 .
- a plurality of blades 432 e.g., ultrasonic blades 434
- the blades 432 may be arranged in a side-by-side configuration 430 and positioned at different heights and different lateral 438 positions relative to one another.
- the method may further include varying the lateral position of the blades 432 while passing the blades 432 through the laminated stack 422 along the lengthwise direction as shown in FIG. 27 .
- Step 606 of the method 600 of FIG. 35 may include removing scrap from the laminated stack 422 .
- the scrap e.g., shown in cross-hath in FIG. 27
- the scrap may be removed during the cutting of the laminated stack 422 .
- the cutting head 424 may make several passes along the laminated stack 422 and the scrap may be removed following each pass.
- Step 608 of the method 600 of FIG. 35 may be performed in the stacking station 446 and may include stacking individual multi-ply layers 272 to form a base portion 320 having a stepped pyramidal shape.
- An upper portion 212 of composite plies 276 may be stacked onto the base portion 320 to form the radius filler stack 210 .
- the cutting table 416 may be translated (e.g., rolled) into the stacking station 446 as shown in FIG. 23 .
- a lifting mechanism 454 may be activated for stacking the individual multi-ply layers 272 to form a radius filler stack 210 .
- the method may include picking up the base portion 320 using a vacuum-type lifting mechanism 454 such as a vacuum rail 456 having vacuum pads 458 as shown in FIGS. 30-32 .
- the vacuum rail 456 may be laterally moved 464 or translated from the cutting table 416 over to a layup table 450 .
- One or more layup tables 450 may be positioned alongside the cutting table 416 at the stacking station 446 .
- the vacuum rail 456 may be indexed using an indexing device 460 for placement of the individual multi-ply layers 272 or placement of a cut base portion 320 into a desired location onto the layup table 450 .
- the indexing device 460 may also facilitate the aligning of the upper portion 212 with the individual multi-ply layers 272 or the base portion 320 .
- the method may further include stacking the upper portion 212 onto the base portion 320 using the vacuum rail 456 to form the radius filler stack 210 as shown in FIGS. 28-30 .
- the method may include stacking the radius filler stack 210 in an inverted position such as in a fixture having a V-shape along a lengthwise direction.
- Step 610 of the method 600 of FIG. 35 may include positioning the radius filler stack 210 within a forming die 474 located within a pressing station 466 as shown in FIGS. 30-31 .
- the radius filler stack 210 may be transferred from the stacking station 446 to the pressing station 466 by using a transporting fixture (not shown) for supporting the length of the radius filler stack 210 .
- the pressing station 466 may be located adjacent to the stacking station 446 such that the lifting mechanism 454 may stack the base portion 320 and the upper portion 212 directly into the forming die 474 .
- Step 612 of the method 600 of FIG. 35 may include applying heat and pressure to the radius filler stack 210 to form a final radius filler 206 having a variable cross-sectional shape 322 .
- FIGS. 33-34 illustrate a press 468 having a pair of forming dies 474 with die cavities 476 that may be shaped complementary to the filler radius regions of a composite structure 106 .
- the press 468 may have a heat plate 470 for heating and softening the resin in the pre-preg composite plies 276 of the radius filler stacks 210 .
- the press 468 may include actuators 472 in FIG. 33 to apply pressure to the heated and softened composite plies 276 such that the stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape 312 of the radius filler stacks 210 is formed into a relatively smooth radius of the final radius filler 206 .
- Step 614 of the method 600 of FIG. 35 may include removing the final radius filler 206 from the forming die 474 .
- the radius filler 200 may have radius filler sides 208 that are formed into a non-radial shape (e.g., a parabolic shape, an elliptical shape, rounded flats—not shown) on the opposing radius filler sides 208 ( FIG. 4 ).
- the radius filler 200 may be formed in any shape that substantially matches the shape or contour of a radius filler region of a composite structure 106 .
- exemplary method 700 may include specification and design 704 of the aircraft 702 and material procurement 706 .
- component and subassembly manufacturing 708 and system integration 710 of the aircraft 702 takes place.
- the aircraft 702 may go through certification and delivery 712 in order to be placed in service 714 .
- routine maintenance and service 716 which may also include modification, reconfiguration, refurbishment, and so on).
- a system integrator may include without limitation any number of aircraft manufacturers and major-system subcontractors; a third party may include without limitation any number of vendors, subcontractors, and suppliers; and an operator may be an airline, leasing company, military entity, service organization, and so on.
- the aircraft 702 produced by exemplary method 700 may include an airframe 718 with a plurality of systems 720 and an interior 722 .
- high-level systems 720 include one or more of a propulsion system 724 , an electrical system 726 , a hydraulic system 728 , and an environmental system 730 . Any number of other systems may be included.
- an aerospace example is shown, the principles of the disclosed embodiments may be applied to other industries, such as the automotive industry.
- the radius filler 200 and system and methods embodied herein may be employed during any one or more of the stages of the production and service method 700 .
- components or subassemblies corresponding to production process 708 may be fabricated or manufactured in a manner similar to components or subassemblies produced while the aircraft 702 is in service.
- one or more radius filler 200 embodiments, system embodiment, method embodiments, or combinations thereof may be utilized during the production stages 708 and 710 , for example, by substantially expediting assembly of or reducing the cost of an aircraft 702 .
- apparatus embodiments, method embodiments, or a combination thereof may be utilized while the aircraft 702 is in service, for example and without limitation, to maintenance and service 716 .
Abstract
Description
- The present application is a divisional application of and claims priority to pending U.S. application Ser. No. 13/705,800 filed on Dec. 5, 2012, and entitled VARIABLE-RADIUS LAMINATED RADIUS FILLER AND SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME, the entire contents of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.
- The present disclosure relates generally to composite structures and, more particularly, to composite radius fillers for composite structures, and methods for manufacturing the same.
- Composite structures are used in a wide variety of applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and other favorable properties. In aircraft construction, composites are used in increasing quantities to form the fuselage, wings, horizontal and vertical stabilizer, and other components. For example, the horizontal stabilizer of an aircraft may be formed of composite skin panels co-bonded to internal composite structures such as composite stiffeners or spars. The composite spars may extend from the root to the tip of the horizontal stabilizer and may generally taper in thickness along a spanwise direction to improve the stiffness characteristics of the horizontal stabilizer and reduce weight. Composite spars may also include localized increases in the composite thickness such as where the spar attaches to other structures or components.
- Composite stiffeners or spars may be provided in a variety of cross-sectional shapes. For example, a composite spar or stiffener may be formed in an I-beam shape by bonding together the vertical webs of two “C” composite channels in back-to-back arrangement. Each one of the “C” channels may have horizontal flanges extending outwardly from the upper and lower ends of the web. Each horizontal flange may transition into the web at a radiused web-flange transition. When the “C” channels are joined back-to-back to form the I-beam shape, the radiused web-flange transitions result in a lengthwise notch along the upper and lower ends of the I-beam. The lengthwise notches may be referred to as radius filler regions or noodle regions. To improve the strength, stiffness, and durability of a composite structure, radius filler regions may be filled with radius fillers or noodles formed of composite material.
- Unfortunately, existing radius fillers suffer from several drawbacks that detract from their utility. For example, existing radius fillers may exhibit cracking due to residual stress that may occur during the manufacturing process. In addition, certain radius fillers may result in relatively low pull-off strength at the bond between the I-beam and the skin panel. Furthermore, radius fillers formed of unidirectional fibers may prevent non-destructive inspection (NDI) of the inner radii at the web-flange transitions in the I-beam. For example, the geometry of the radius fillers may prevent inspection of the inner radii using conventional acoustic inspection methods due to adverse effects on acoustic transmissions. Further in this regard, localized changes in the composite thickness along the length of the I-beam may result in variations in the contour of the inner radii of the I-beam which may complicate acoustic inspection of the inner radii.
- As can be seen, there exists a need in the art for a radius filler that minimizes cracking during the composite manufacturing process and which provides favorable pull-off strength. Furthermore, there exists a need in the art for a radius filler that improves the inspectability of the inner radius of a composite structure. Preferably, the radius filler can be manufactured in a low-cost and relatively rapid manner with a minimal amount of touch labor.
- The above-noted needs associated with radius fillers for composite structures are specifically addressed and alleviated by the present disclosure which provides a variable-radius laminated composite radius filler that may include a base portion, a keyway portion, and a tip portion. The base portion may be formed of a plurality of variable width composite plies defining a variable cross-sectional shape of the base portion. The keyway portion may be stacked on the base portion and may be formed of a plurality of substantially constant width composite plies defining a substantially constant cross-sectional shape of the keyway portion. The tip portion may be stacked on the keyway portion and may be formed of composite plies.
- Also disclosed is a method of forming a radius filler. The method may include providing an upper portion having substantially constant width composite plies. The method may further include providing a base portion as a stack of variable width composite plies. In addition, the method may include stacking the upper portion onto the base portion to form a radius filler stack, and applying heat and pressure to the radius filler stack to form a final radius filler having a variable cross-sectional shape.
- In a further embodiment, disclosed is a system for manufacturing a composite radius filler. The system may include a cutting head having a plurality of cutters arranged in a side-by-side configuration. The cutters may be movable along a lengthwise direction of a laminated stack of composite plies. The cutters may have blades that may be positionable at different heights for cutting the laminated stack into a base portion having a stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape. The cutters may be individually movable along a lateral direction for cutting the composite plies into variable cross-sectional shapes.
- Also disclosed is a method of manufacturing a composite radius filler including the step of assembling a laminated stack of composite plies. The method may further include cutting, using a cutting head, the laminated stack along a lengthwise direction in a manner forming a base portion having a stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape. In addition, the method may include forming the composite plies in a variable width when cutting the laminated stack along the lengthwise direction.
- The features, functions and advantages that have been discussed can be achieved independently in various embodiments of the present disclosure or may be combined in yet other embodiments, further details of which can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings below.
- These and other features of the present disclosure will become more apparent upon reference to the drawings wherein like numbers refer to like parts throughout and wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an aircraft; -
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a horizontal stabilizer taken alongline 2 ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a side view of a composite stiffener bonded to upper and lower skin panels and taken alongline 3 ofFIG. 2 ; -
FIG. 4 is a side view of a final radius filler taken alongline 4 ofFIG. 3 ; -
FIG. 5 is an embodiment of a radius filler stack from which the final radius filler ofFIG. 4 may be formed; -
FIG. 6 is an exploded side view of an embodiment of a radius filler stack comprised of a tip portion, a keyway portion, and a base portion; -
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an inverted radius filler stack prior to installation in a forming die; -
FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of the application of heat and pressure to the radius filler stack within the forming die; -
FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of the final radius filler after removal from the forming die; -
FIG. 10 is a perspective illustration of an embodiment of a tip portion having a substantially constant cross-sectional shape; -
FIG. 11 is a perspective illustration of an embodiment of a keyway portion having a substantially constant cross-sectional shape; -
FIG. 12 is a perspective illustration of the keyway portion formed from a laminated charge wherein each laminated charge is comprised of a plurality of composite plies having a predetermined fiber orientation angle sequence; -
FIG. 13 is a end view of an embodiment of a base portion; -
FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a base portion having a variable cross-sectional shape and including a plurality of mid layers, the mid layers terminating at different locations along a lengthwise direction of the base portion; -
FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a base portion having a continuous top layer overlapping the terminating ends of the mid layers; -
FIG. 16 is a side view of the base portion ofFIG. 15 illustrating the continuous top layer overlapping the terminating mid layers; -
FIG. 17 is a sectional view of the base portion taken along line 15 ofFIG. 14 and illustrating the base portion, the keyway portion, and the tip portion collectively forming the radius filler stack having a first radius being formable on opposing sides of the filler radius; -
FIG. 18 is a sectional view of the base portion taken alongline 16 ofFIG. 14 and illustrating a reduced cross-sectional area base portion resulting in the radius filler stack having a second radius being formable on opposing sides of the filler radius and wherein the second radius is smaller than the first radius ofFIG. 15 ; -
FIG. 19 is a perspective view of a part of the base portion illustrating a termination of a mid layer to achieve a reduction in the base portion height and in the cross-sectional area; -
FIG. 20 is a perspective view of a portion of an I-beam composite structure illustrating a radius filler region on a top side of the I-beam and further illustrating localized ply additions and ply drops in the I-beam which are accommodated by transition zones in the cross-sectional area of the base portion as a means to maintain a substantially constant stiffener inner radius along the I-beam; -
FIG. 21 is a schematic top view of an embodiment of a layer profile shape of one or more composite plies of a base portion having transition zones that are offset from the start of a ply drop or a ply addition in a composite structure into which the radius filler is installed; -
FIG. 22 is a flow chart illustrating one or more operations that may be included in a method of forming a radius filler; -
FIG. 23 is a schematic top view of an embodiment of a system for manufacturing radius filler; -
FIG. 24 is a schematic top view of an embodiment of a laminating station and a cutting station for laminating and cutting a laminated stack of composite plies into a base portion of a radius filler stack; -
FIG. 25 is schematic top view of an embodiment of a cutting head for cutting the laminated stack into a stepped pyramidal cross sectional shape; -
FIG. 26 is a side view of the cutting head cutting through layers of composite plies in the laminated stack; -
FIG. 27 is an end view of an embodiment of a cutting head taken along line 24 ofFIG. 23 and illustrating the cutting head cutting through a laminated stack; -
FIG. 28 is a side schematic view of a stacking station; -
FIG. 29 is a top view of the stacking station having a pair of individual multi-ply layers supported on a vacuum table prior to translating the multi-ply layers onto a layup table; -
FIG. 30 is a schematic end view of a vacuum rail translating a base portion from a vacuum table onto a layup table; -
FIG. 31 is a schematic end view of the vacuum rail lifting the base portion off of a cutting table prior to translating the base portion onto the layup table; -
FIG. 32 is a schematic end view of the vacuum rail stacking an upper portion onto the base portion to form a radius filler stack; -
FIG. 33 is a schematic side view of an embodiment of a pressing station for forming each one of a pair of radius filler stacks into a final radius filler; -
FIG. 34 is a schematic side view of the pressing station illustrating the application of heat and pressure to the pair of radius filler stacks to form the final radius fillers into a variable cross-sectional shape that may be contoured complementary to the corresponding radius filler regions of a composite structure; -
FIG. 35 is a flow diagram illustrating one or more operations that may be included in a method for automated manufacturing of one or more radius fillers; -
FIG. 36 is a flow diagram of an aircraft manufacturing and service methodology; and -
FIG. 37 is a block diagram of an aircraft. - Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for purposes of illustrating preferred and various embodiments of the disclosure, shown in
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of anaircraft 100 having afuselage 102 extending from a forward end of theaircraft 100 to an aft end of theaircraft 100. The aft end may include anempennage 112 having one or more tail surfaces for directional control of theaircraft 100 such as avertical stabilizer 114 and a pair ofhorizontal stabilizers 116. Theaircraft 100 may further include a pair ofwings 110 extending outwardly from thefuselage 102 and one ormore propulsion units 104 that may be mounted to thewings 110. Thefuselage 102, thewings 110, thevertical stabilizer 114, thehorizontal stabilizers 116, and other aircraft components may be formed ascomposite structures 106. - Referring to
FIG. 2 shown is a perspective cutaway view of a portion of ahorizontal stabilizer 116 of theaircraft 100 ofFIG. 1 . Thehorizontal stabilizer 116 may have astabilizer leading edge 124 and a stabilizer trailing edge 126 (FIG. 1 ) and may extend along anoutboard direction 122 from astabilizer root 118 to astabilizer tip 120. As indicated above, thehorizontal stabilizer 116 may be formed ofcomposite skin panels 130 that may be co-bonded to one or more composite stiffeners or spars 132. The composite stiffeners or spars 132 may have a generally tapered or reduced thickness along aspanwise direction 128 of thehorizontal stabilizer 116. In addition, the composite spars 132 orstiffeners 134 may include localized changes in the composite thickness (FIG. 20 ) along the length of thespars 132 or stiffeners. - In
FIG. 2 , thecomposite spar 132 orstiffener 134 is provided in an I-beam 142 shape although thecomposite stiffener 134 may be provided in a variety of cross-sectional shapes. Thecomposite stiffener 134 may includehorizontal flanges 148 that transition from theweb 146 at a radiused web-flange transition 150 as indicated above. Each one of the web-flange transition 150 defines a stiffenerouter radius 138 and a stiffenerinner radius 136. Eachcomposite stiffener 134 may further include abase laminate 152 that may enclose aradius filler region 140 on upper and lower ends of the composite stiffener. Theradius filler region 140 may extend along a lengthwise direction of thecomposite stiffener 134. - Advantageously, the present disclosure provides a laminated
composite radius filler 200 having a variable cross-sectional shape 322 (e.g., a generally reducing cross-sectional area) along anoutboard direction 122 of acomposite stiffener 134 to accommodate a tapering or reducing thickness of thecomposite stiffener 134. In addition, the variablecross-sectional shape 322radius filler 200 disclosed herein has opposing sides that are contoured to accommodate localized increases and decreases 218 in the thickness of the composites stiffener 134 along aspanwise direction 128, as described in greater detail below. By forming theradius filler 200 in a variablecross-sectional shape 322, the stiffenerinner radius 136 may be generally constant along a length thereof which may significantly improve the inspectability of the stiffenerinner radius 136 relative to the significant amount of time and complexity required for inspecting a stiffener inner radius that varies (not shown) along a lengthwise direction. - Advantageously, a substantially constant stiffener
inner radius 136 may allow for forming the stiffener tooling with a constant radius which may significantly reduce tooling costs relative to the cost of tooling having variable radii. Furthermore, the variable cross-sectional shape laminatedcomposite radius filler 200 disclosed herein may advantageously reduce cracking during the manufacturing process relative to existing radius fillers such as unidirectional radius fillers. In addition, the variablecross-sectional shape 322 laminatedcomposite radius filler 200 disclosed herein may result in improved pull-off strength at the bond between thecomposite stiffener 134 and askin panel 130. - Referring to
FIG. 3 , shown is I-beam 142composite stiffener 134 prior to co-bonding to upper andlower skin panels 130. Thecomposite stiffener 134 is comprised of a pair ofchannels 144 positioned in back-to-back relationship to form the I-beam 142 shape. Eachchannel 144 includes aweb 146 havinghorizontal flanges 148 at the upper and lower ends of thechannel 144. As indicated above, the radiused web-flange transitions in eachchannel 144 result in a lengthwise notch orradius filler region 140 at the upper and lower ends of the I-beam 142. Theradius filler regions 140 are filled with the variablecross-sectional shape 322 laminatedupper radius filler 202 andlower radius filler 204. Advantageously, eachradius filler cross-sectional shape 322 that matches the changing contour of theouter stiffener 134 radii in theradius filler region 140 along a length of the stiffener. In this manner, thecomposite structure 106 advantageously has a substantially constant stiffenerinner radius 136 along a lengthwise direction. - Referring to
FIG. 4 , shown is an end view of afinal radius filler 206 after co-bonding or co-curing with thecomposite stiffener 134. Thefinal radius filler 206 has opposing radius filler sides 208. Each one of theradius filler sides 208 may have a variable radius along a lengthwise direction. In the final profile shape, theradius filler sides 208 are preferably contoured complementary to theradius filler region 140 of acomposite structure 106 such as acomposite stiffener 134. The final profile shape may be applied to theradius filler sides 208 using a formingdie 230 as described below. - Referring to
FIG. 5 , eachradius filler 200 may be formed of alaminated stack 422 of composite plies 276. The composite plies 276 may comprise pre-preg composite plies 276 such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) plies. Thebase portion 320 may be formed as a plurality of variable width composite plies 346 defining a variablecross-sectional shape 322 of thebase portion 320. As described below, the variablecross-sectional shape 322 of thebase portion 320 may extend along alengthwise direction 324 or along at least a portion of the length of thebase portion 320. Theradius filler 200 may also include anupper portion 212 stacked on top of thebase portion 320. Theupper portion 212 may comprise atip portion 250 and akeyway portion 300. Theupper portion 212 may advantageously have a substantially constant cross-sectional shape along a lengthwise direction which may simplify manufacturing of theradius filler 200. - Referring to
FIG. 6 , shown is an exploded view of aradius filler 200 wherein theupper portion 212 is shown comprised of aseparate tip portion 250 and aseparate keyway portion 300. However, as indicated above, thetip portion 250 and thekeyway portion 300 may be formed as a unitaryupper portion 212 to simplify manufacturing. Thetip portion 250 may be comprised of a plurality of substantially constant width composite plies 310 defined by atip portion width 254. Thetip portion 250 may have a triangularcross-sectional shape 264 with tip portion sides 260 terminating at atip portion apex 262. Thetip portion 250 may have a substantially constant cross-sectional area along a lengthwise direction. However, although not shown, the tip portion may have a variable cross-sectional shape. For example, the triangularcross-sectional shape 264 may vary along the lengthwise direction. In an embodiment, thetip portion width 254 may vary in correspondence with the changing radii of the radius filler region 140 (FIG. 2 ) of acomposite structure 106. - Although not shown, the
tip portion 250 may be configured such that at a location of a relatively large radius in the radius filler region 140 (e.g., at theroot 118 of thehorizontal stabilizer 116—FIG. 1 ), thetip portion 250 may have a narrowertip portion width 254 and a tallertip portion height 256 relative to a location of a smaller radius in the radius filler region 140 (e.g., at thetip 120 of thehorizontal stabilizer 116—FIG. 1 ) where thetip portion 250 may have a widertip portion width 254 and a shortertip portion height 256. However, thetip portion 250 may also be configured with a substantially constanttip portion height 256 and/or a substantially constanttip portion width 254 along alengthwise direction 252 of thetip portion 250. Furthermore, in an embodiment not shown, thetip portion 250 may be eliminated from theupper portion 212 where the volume of theradius filler region 140 filled by thetip portion 250 is relatively small, such that the upper portion may be comprised solely of thekeyway portion 300. - In
FIG. 6 , thekeyway portion 300 may have a substantially constant cross-sectional shape along thelengthwise direction 302. Thekeyway portion 300 may also be formed of a plurality of substantially constant width composite plies 310 defined by akeyway portion width 304. In an embodiment, thekeyway portion 300 may have a stepped pyramidalcross-sectional shape 312 along thelengthwise direction 302. However, thekeyway portion 300 may have angled sides and (not shown) such that thekeyway portion 300 may have a trapezoidal shape (not shown). Thekeyway portion height 306 may be aconstant height 308 along alengthwise direction 302. Theupper portion 212 may be stacked onto thebase portion 320 to form aradius filler stack 210. - By configuring the upper portion with a substantially constant cross-sectional area and/or a substantially constant cross-sectional shape along the lengthwise direction, the cost of
manufacturing radius fillers 200 may be significantly reduced by eliminating the need to build a relatively narrow, uniquely-tailored, upper portion 212 (e.g., a uniquely-tailoredtip portion 250 and a uniquely-tailored keyway portion 300) for each radius filler region in acomposite structure 106. In this regard, a commonupper portion 212 may be paired withdifferent base portion 320 configurations for use in different composite stiffeners such as the different composite stiffener 134 I-beams 142 of thehorizontal stabilizer 116 ofFIG. 2 . In an embodiment, the upper portion 212 (e.g., atip portion 250 and a keyway portion 300) may be built in batches at relatively low cost for pre-kitting withbase portions 320. Costs may further be reduced by purchasing pre-manufacturedupper portions 212 from an outside supplier. -
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an invertedradius filler stack 210 prior to installation in a formingdie 230. The formingdie 230 may have adie cavity 232 that may substantially duplicate theradius filler region 140 of acomposite structure 106. In this regard, thedie cavity 232 may be contoured complementary to the changing stiffenerouter radii 138 of theradius filler region 140 of acomposite structure 106. InFIG. 6 , theradius filler stack 210 may be sized and configured to provide a design overfill volume (not shown) that is a larger than the volume of the die cavity 232 (FIGS. 7-9 ) and/or the volume of a correspondingradius filler region 140 of acomposite structure 106. In this regard, the cross-sectional area of theradius filler 200 may be larger than the cross-sectional area of theradius filler region 140. In a further embodiment, thedie cavity 232 may be sized and configured to provide a tooling overfill volume (not shown) that may be larger than the volume of the correspondingradius filler region 140. By sizing and configuring theradius filler 200 and thedie cavity 232 in an overfill condition, pull-off strength may be improved relative to a radius filler having a volume that is substantially equivalent to the volume of the radius filler region or the die cavity. -
FIG. 8 shows the application ofheat 238 andpressure 236 to theradius filler stack 210 within the formingdie 230. Apressure plate 234 may be applied over thebase portion 320.Heat 238 andpressure 236 may be applied to theradius filler stack 210 in a predetermined heat-pressure cycle to debulk and/or consolidate theradius filler 200. Theheat 238 may reduce the viscosity of the resin in the pre-preg composite plies 276 allowing the resin to soften so that theradius filler 200 can conform to the cross-sectional shape of thedie cavity 232. -
FIG. 9 illustrates the removal of afinal radius filler 206 from the formingdie 230. Thefinal radius filler 206 may be in a green state wherein the resin in the composite plies 276 is uncured. Thefinal radius filler 206 may be installed into aradius filler region 140 of acomposite structure 106 for final co-curing and/or co-bonding with thecomposite structure 106 and/orskin panels 130. -
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an embodiment of atip portion 250 having a generally constant cross-sectional shape 268 along thelengthwise direction 252. Thetip portion 250 is shown having a generally constant triangularcross-sectional shape 264 along thelengthwise direction 252. However, thetip portion 250 may be provided in any cross-sectional shape and is not limited to the triangularcross-sectional shape 264 shown inFIG. 10 . In an embodiment, thetip portion 250 may be formed of a relatively small quantity of composite plies 276. For example, thetip portion 250 may be formed of three (3) composite plies 276 each comprising approximately 0.25 inch wide CFRP tape each having a thickness of approx me 0.0075 inch. In this regard, thetip portion 250 may have a maximumtip portion width 254 of approximately 0.25 inch and atip portion height 256 of approximately 0.023 inch. However, thetip portion 250 may be formed in anytip portion width 254 ortip portion height 256 and may be comprised of any type ofcomposite material 108 and is not limited to CFRP tape. -
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an embodiment of akeyway portion 300 having a generally constant cross-sectional shape along alengthwise direction 302. Thekeyway portion 300 is shown having a stepped pyramidalcross-sectional shape 312 formed of substantially constant width composite plies 310. In an embodiment, thekeyway portion 300 may have a maximum width of less than approximately 0.25 inch although thekeyway portion 300 may be provided in anykeyway portion width 304. The quantity ofcomposite plies 276 of thekeyway portion 300 may be substantially constant such that thekeyway portion 300 has a substantiallyconstant height 308 along alengthwise direction 302. In an embodiment, thekeyway portion 300 may contain in the range of approximately eight (8) to 20composite plies 276 or more. However, thekeyway portion 300 may contain less than eight (8) composite plies 276. -
FIG. 12 is a perspective illustration of an embodiment of thekeyway portion 300 formed from a plurality oflayers 272. Each one of thelayers 272 may comprise a pre-manufacturedlaminated charge 270 containing a predetermined quantity of composite plies 276. Each one of thelayers 272 in thekeyway portion 300 may be manufactured from the samelaminated charge 270 or from alaminated charge 270 having the samecomposite material 108 as the remaininglayers 272 of thekeyway portion 300. Further in this regard, as described below, thebase portion 320 may also be formed from one or morelaminated charges 270 and which may be substantially similar to thelaminated charges 270 used in forming thekeyway portion 300. - In
FIG. 12 , the composite plies 276 in alaminated charge 270 may have a predetermined fiber orientation stacking sequence. For example,FIG. 12 illustrates eachlayer 272 being formed as a 4-ply charge 274 containing a pair of +45 degree and −45 degree composite plies 282, 284 sandwiched between a pair of 0 degree composite plies 276 with one 0-degreecomposite ply 280 on each side of the +/−45 degree composite plies 282, 284. However, alaminated charge 270 may be formed of any quantity ofcomposite plies 276 and in any fiber orientation stacking sequence in any range from a 0 degree fiber orientation angle to a 90 degree fiber orientation angle. In an embodiment, thefiber orientation angle 278 stacking sequence may be selected to provide theradius filler 200 with a stiffness that is compatible with the stiffness of thecomposite structure 106 into which theradius filler 200 is installed. In this regard, the fiber orientation stacking sequence in thetip portion 250, thekeyway portion 300, and/or thebase portion 320 may be selected to be compatible with the stiffness characteristics of thecomposite structure 106. In addition, thecomposite material 108 in the tip portion, thekeyway portion 300, and/or thebase portion 320 may be selected to be thermally compatible with thecomposite material 108 of thecomposite structure 106. - Referring to
FIG. 13 , shown is an end view of an embodiment of thebase portion 320. Thebase portion 320 may be provided in a stepped pyramidalcross-sectional shape 312 along thelengthwise direction 324. As indicated above, thebase portion 320 may have avariable height 334 along thelengthwise direction 324 and may be formed of variable width composite plies 346. Thebase portion 320 may be formed of a plurality or stack oflayers 272 including a baseportion top layer 340, a baseportion bottom layer 342, and one or more base portionmid layers 344. In an embodiment, eachlayer 272 may comprise alaminated charge 270 containing a predetermined quantity ofcomposite plies 276 arranged in a predetermined fiber orientation stacking sequence. InFIG. 13 , thebase portion 320 is comprised of eight (8) layers 272 wherein eachlayer 272 comprises a 4-ply charge 274 containing +/−45 degree composite plies 282, 284 sandwiched between 0 degree composite plies 276 for a total of 32composite plies 276 in thebase portion 320 ofFIG. 13 . However, thebase portion 320 may be provided with any quantity of composite plies 276. For example, thebase portion 320 may contain up to 52 composite plies 276 (e.g. 13 layers of 4-ply charge 274), although thebase portion 320 may contain more than 52 composite plies 276. -
FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an embodiment of thebase portion 320 having a variable cross sectional shape along alengthwise direction 324. Thebase portion 320 has a stepped pyramidalcross-sectional shape 312 which has avariable height 334 and which includes variable width composite plies 346 in each one of thelayers 272. Each one of the composite plies 276 may have alayer profile shape 348 that varies along thelengthwise direction 324. Thelayer profile shape 348 may includetransition zones 356 that correspond to plydrops 154 or plyadditions 160 in thecomposite structure 106 as described in greater detail below. The left hand side of thebase portion 320 inFIG. 14 has an increased cross-sectional area as may be located at astabilizer root 118 of thehorizontal stabilizer 116 ofFIG. 2 . The right hand side of thebase portion 320 inFIG. 14 has a reduced cross sectional area as may be located at astabilizer tip 120 of thehorizontal stabilizer 116. The base portion shown inFIG. 14 may be comprised of abottom layer 342, one or moremid layers 344, and a top layer (not shown). Themid layers 345 may periodically terminate along a lengthwise direction and may be covered by a substantially continuoustop layer 340 as shown inFIG. 15 . However, thebase portion 320 may be provided in an embodiment where the top layer is omitted as shown inFIG. 14 . -
FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an embodiment of abase portion 320 having a substantially continuoustop layer 340 extending along a length of thebase portion 320. Thetop layer 340 is shown inFIG. 15 in a planar condition prior to conforming thetop layer 340 to the stair-step shape of the terminatingmid layers 345 as shown inFIG. 16 . By forming thetop layer 340 as a continuous layer covering themid layers 345, the curedradius filler 200 may have reduced porosity. Thetop layer 340 may be provided in atop layer width 341 that may vary with ply drops 154 (FIG. 20 ) and/or ply additions 160 (FIG. 20 ) in thecomposite structure 106. In addition, thetop layer width 341 may be sized to provide theradius filler 200 with a desired amount of design overfill along the length of theradius filler 200 and which may improve the strength properties of the curedcomposite structure 106 as mentioned above. -
FIG. 16 is a side view of a part of thebase portion 320 ofFIG. 15 and illustrating the overlapping of thetop layer 340 over the mid layers 345. Thetop layer 340 may generally follow the stair-step shape formed by the termination of the mid layers 345. In this manner, thetop layer 340 may generally cover or encapsulate themid layers 345 which may improve processing and resulting in improved properties of the curedradius filler 200. -
FIG. 17 is a sectional view taken along the left hand side of thebase portion 320 ofFIG. 14 and illustrating thekeyway portion 300 and the tip portion 250 (shown in phantom lines) stacked on top of thebase portion 320. Thetip portion 250 and thekeyway portion 300 have aconstant height lengthwise directions base portion 320 may have a relatively large quantity oflayers 272 or composite plies 276 (e.g., 8 layers or 32 composite plies or more) defining afirst height 336 and afirst width 328. The relatively large cross sectional area of thebase portion 320 inFIG. 17 facilitates a relatively largefirst radius 214 on opposing sides of theradius filler 200. -
FIG. 18 is a sectional view taken along the right hand side of thebase portion 320 ofFIG. 14 . Thetip portion 250 and thekeyway portion 300 inFIG. 18 maintain the substantially constant width composite plies 310 and the same height as thetip portion 250 and thekeyway portion 300 inFIG. 17 . However, thebase portion 320 inFIG. 18 has a reduced quantity oflayers 272 or composite plies 276 (e.g., 4 layers or 16 composite pies) which results in asecond height 338 of thebase portion 320 inFIG. 18 that is reduced relative to thefirst height 336 of thebase portion 320 inFIG. 17 . Additionally, the variable width composite plies 346 of thebase portion 320 inFIG. 18 have asecond width 330 which is reduced relative to thefirst width 328 of the variable width composite plies 346 inFIG. 17 . The reduced cross sectional area of thebase portion 320 inFIG. 18 facilitates the formation of asecond radius 216 on opposing sides inFIG. 18 that is smaller than thefirst radius 214 inFIG. 17 . In this manner, changes in the cross-sectional shape of theradius filler 200 may be facilitated by changing the width of the variable width composite plies 346 along alengthwise direction 324 of thebase portion 320, and/or by reducing the quantity ofcomposite plies 276 orlayers 272 by terminating one or moretop layers 340 of thebase portion 320 along alengthwise direction 324. -
FIG. 19 illustrates the termination of amid layer 345 of thebase portion 320 to achieve a reduction in thebase portion height 332 and resulting in a reduction in the cross-sectional area of theradius filler 200. In an embodiment, the terminatingend 350 of themid layer 345 may have anon-square shape 352 which may improve the ability of theradius filler 200 to fill the volume of theradius filler region 140 and which may increase the strength and stiffness characteristics of the finalcomposite structure 106. For example, the terminatingend 350 of amid layer 345 may have a generally pointed shape or the terminatingend 350 may have a generally rounded shape (not shown). As indicated above, thecomposite structure 106 may have a generally tapered or reducing thickness facilitated by one or more ply drops 154 along a lengthwise direction of thecomposite structure 106. In addition, thecomposite structure 106 may have localized increases in thickness due to one ormore ply additions 160 in thecomposite structure 106. In this regard, thebase portion 320 may include one or moreconstant zones 354 comprising regions wherein thebase portion 320 has a relatively constant cross-sectional shape and which may be separated bytransition zones 356 comprising regions of change in the cross sectional shape of thebase portion 320. Thetransition zones 356 may be positioned adjacent to plydrops 154 and/or plyadditions 160 in thecomposite structure 106. Eachtransition zone 356 may comprise a change in thebase portion width 326 and/or a change in thebase portion height 332 in correspondence with the ply drop(s) 154 and/or the ply addition(s) 160 in thecomposite structure 106. -
FIG. 20 shows acomposite structure 106 having a changing thickness along a lengthwise direction. The changing thickness may include astiffener ply drop 154 wherein one or more composite plies 276 of thecomposite structure 106 may be terminated. The changing thickness of acomposite structure 106 may also include astiffener ply addition 160 wherein one or more composite plies 276 of thecomposite structure 106 may be added. The stiffener ply drops 154 and stiffener plyadditions 160 may result in variation in the stiffener outer radii 138 (FIG. 3 ) along the length of theflanges 148. Advantageously, the variablecross-sectional shape 322 of theradius filler 200 disclosed herein may be contoured complementary to the variation in stiffenerouter radii 138. In this manner, the stiffenerinner radii 136 of thecomposite structure 106 may be substantially constant along a lengthwise direction and which may improve the inspectability of thecomposite structure 106 and may additionally reduce tooling costs associated with manufacturing thecomposite stiffener 134. -
FIG. 21 is a plan view of alayer profile shape 348 of one or more composite plies 276 of thebase portion 320. As indicated above, thebase portion 320 may be configured withtransition zones 356 corresponding to plydrops 154 and plyadditions 160 in thecomposite structure 106. Eachtransition zone 356 may be offset 358 from thestart 156 of aply drop 154 or thestart 162 of aply addition 160. Aply drop 154 may comprise a region along which one or more composite plies 276 may be terminated from thecomposite structure 106. Aply addition 160 may comprise a region along which one or more composite plies 276 may be added to thecomposite structure 106. - In
FIG. 21 , thebase portion 320 may be configured such that for ply drops 154 in the composite structure, the start of atransition zone 356 in thebase portion 320 may be positioned after thestart 156 of astiffener ply drop 154. The end of atransition zone 356 in thebase portion 320 may be positioned after theend 158 of astiffener ply drop 154. Conversely, forply additions 160 in the composite structure, the start of thetransition zone 356 in thebase portion 320 may be positioned before thestart 162 of astiffener ply addition 160, and the end of thetransition zone 356 in thebase portion 320 may be positioned before theend 164 of the stiffener plyaddition 160 in thecomposite structure 106. In an embodiment,transition zones 356 may be offset 358 from thestart 156 and of the stiffener ply drops 154 and plyadditions 160 by a distance of approximately 0.10 inch 0.50 inch or larger. In a further embodiment, the offset 358 distance may be approximately 0.25 inch. It has been determined that offsetting thetransition zones 356 from thestart 156 and end 158 of ply drops 154 and plyadditions 160 improves the filling of theradius filler region 140 with the radius filler disclosed herein which improves the strength, stiffness, and inspectability of thecomposite structure 106. - Referring to
FIG. 22 , shown is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of amethod 500 of forming aradius filler 200. The method may includeStep 502 comprising providing anupper portion 212 of theradius filler 200 as a stack of substantially constant width composite plies 310 as shown inFIG. 6 . As indicated above, theupper portion 212 may comprise atip portion 250 and akeyway portion 300. Thetip portion 250 and thekeyway portion 300 may each have a substantially constant cross-sectional shape along alengthwise direction upper portion 212 in a stepped pyramidal variablecross-sectional shape 322 as shown inFIG. 6 . - Step 502 of the
method 500 ofFIG. 22 may further include forming thetip portion 250 as a stack of less than five (5) composite plies 276 (e.g., three composite plies). In an embodiment, thetip portion 250 may be formed with in a generally triangularcross-sectional shape 264. Thetip portion 250 may have a substantially constant cross-sectional area 266 (FIG. 10 ) along thelengthwise direction 252 even though the cross-sectional shape of thetip portion 250 may change along thelengthwise direction 252. The method may further include forming thekeyway portion 300 as a stack of substantially constant width composite plies 310 (FIG. 11 ) from a pre-manufacturedlaminated charge 270 wherein the composite plies have a pre-determined fiber orientation angle 278 (e.g.,FIG. 12 ). Thekeyway portion 300 may have a substantially constant stepped pyramidal cross-sectional shape 312 (FIG. 11 ) along thelengthwise direction 302. Theupper portion 212 may be formed by stacking thetip portion 250 onto the keyway portion 300 (FIG. 5 ). - Step 504 of the
method 500 ofFIG. 22 may include providing the base portion 320 (FIG. 13 ) as a stack of variable width composite plies 346 defining a variablecross-sectional shape 322 of thebase portion 320 along thelengthwise direction 324 as illustrated inFIGS. 14 and 17 . In an embodiment, the method may include forming thebase portion 320 in a stepped pyramidal variablecross-sectional shape 322 by providing thelayers 272 in successively narrower widths from the bottom layer 342 (FIG. 13 ) of thebase portion 320 toward thetop layer 340 of thebase portion 320. - Step 506 of the
method 500 ofFIG. 22 may include stacking theupper portion 212 onto thebase portion 320 to form aradius filler stack 210 as shown inFIGS. 15-16 . Step 506 may include forming one ormore transition zones 356 in thebase portion 320 wherein thetransition zone 356 comprises the location of a change in thebase portion width 326 and/or a change in thebase portion height 332 as shown inFIGS. 14 and 17 . The method may further include locating eachtransition zone 356 in correspondence with aply drop 154 of acomposite structure 106 or aply addition 160 of thecomposite structure 106 as shown inFIG. 21 . In this regard,Step 506 may include positioning thetransition zone 356 before aply drop 154 and after aply addition 160. Changing thebase portion width 326 may include terminating one or moremid layers 345 of thebase portion 320 at the location of aply drop 154 in thecomposite structure 106 and providing the terminatingend 350 in anon-square shape 352 such as in a generally rounded shape or in pointed shape as shown inFIG. 19 . - Step 508 of the
method 500 ofFIG. 22 may include applyingheat 238 andpressure 236 to theradius filler stack 210 in a formingdie 230 to form afinal radius filler 206 having a variablecross-sectional shape 322. In this regard,Step 508 may include providing the forming die 230 with adie cavity 232 that may be configured complementary to the changing contour of the stiffenerouter radii 138 of aradius filler region 140 of acomposite structure 106. In this manner, the stiffenerinner radii 136 may be generally constant along a lengthwise direction which may improve inspectability and reduce tooling costs associated with the composite stiffener. - Referring to
FIG. 23 , shown is top schematic view of an embodiment of asystem 400 that may be implemented for automated manufacturing of a compositelaminated radius filler 200 having a variablecross-sectional shape 322. Thesystem 400 may include alaminating station 402, a cuttingstation 404, a stackingstation 446, and apressing station 466. In an embodiment, thelaminating station 402 and the cuttingstation 404 may be combined into a single location. Likewise, the stackingstation 446 and thepressing station 466 may be combined into a single location. It is also contemplated that any one of the stations disclosed herein may be combined with any one of the other stations into a single location in order to simplify manufacturing and minimize the requirement for translating or moving the radius filler from station to station. Thesystem 400 advantageously provides a means for automated or semi-automated laminating, cutting, stacking, and pressing ofradius fillers 200 such as for use inradius filler regions 140 of structural composite components such as the I-beamcomposite stiffener 134 shown inFIGS. 2-3 . Thesystem 400 may minimize or eliminate the need for hand layup of radius fillers and may result in a significant improvement in the consistency and quality ofradius fillers 200. - In
FIG. 23 , thelaminating station 402 may include alaminating head 406 that may be coupled to a laminatinghead drive system 408. In this regard, thelaminating head 406 may be configured as a tape laying machine for applying tape orcomposite plies 276 onto a lamination/cutting table 416. The lamination/cutting table 416 may be configured as a vacuum table 418 having a vacuum pump 420 (FIG. 29 ) for applying a suction force on the laminated composite plies 276 to prevent movement thereof during the laminating and cutting process. In an embodiment, thelaminating head 406 may be configured to apply single composite plies 276 of any fiber angle orientation, or thelaminating head 406 may be configured to apply individual multi-ply layers onto the cutting table 416. Each individualmulti-ply layer 272 may comprise a laminating charge 270 (e.g., a 4-ply charge 274—FIG. 12 ) comprising a pre-manufactured stack ofcomposite plies 276 having a predeterminedfiber orientation angle 278 sequence as described above. Thelaminating head 406 may be configured to lay-up alaminated stack 422 in any thickness such as in a thickness of up to 0.75 inch or more, and in any width such as in widths of up to 18 inches or more. In the present disclosure, alaminated stack 422 is comprised of a stack ofcomposite plies 276 of any quantity and may include an individualcomposite ply 276, an individual multi-ply layer 272 (e.g., a laminated charge 270), or a stack ofmulti-ply layers 272.FIG. 22 illustrates a direction ofmovement 410 of thelaminating head 406 along alaminating direction 442 to applycomposite plies 276 orlayers 272 of alaminated charge 270 onto the lamination/cutting table 416 to form alaminated stack 422. - Referring to
FIG. 24 , shown is a cuttinghead 424 having a plurality ofblades 432 for cutting thelaminated stack 422 positioned on the lamination/cutting table 416. The cuttinghead 424 may be operatively coupled to a cuttinghead drive system 426 for moving the cuttinghead 424 lengthwise along the length of thelaminated stack 422. In an embodiment, the lamination/cutting table 416 may have a cutting surface such as self-healing surface to allow cutting into the surface without damaging theblades 432 of the cuttinghead 424. Thelaminating head 406 may be moved to ahome position 412 when the cuttinghead 424 is an inactive position 414 cutting thelaminated stack 422 along a cuttingdirection 440. After cutting an individual multiplylayer 272 or cutting alaminated stack 422 into abase portion 320, the lamination/cutting table 416 may be translated into a stackingstation 446 where alifting mechanism 454 may lift each individual multi-ply layer 272 (e.g., laminated charge 270) onto a layup table for stacking with othermulti-ply layers 272 to form abase portion 320 and/or aradius filler stack 210. The cuttinghead 424 may also cut alaminated stack 422 into a steppedpyramidal base portion 320 which may then be moved into the stackingstation 446. At the stackingstation 446, the lifting mechanism may lift and translate thebase portion 320 onto the layup table 450 for stacking with the remaining components of theradius filler 200. Theradius filler stack 210 may then be transferred into apressing station 466 for forming into afinal radius filler 206 as described below. - Referring to
FIG. 25 , shown is a top view of a cuttinghead 424 which may include one ormore cutters 428. Although the cuttinghead 424 is shown having twelve (12)cutters 428, any number ofcutters 428 may be provided. Thecutters 428 may be arranged in staggered, side-by-side configuration 430, although thecutters 428 may be arranged in other configurations not shown. Thecutters 428 may be movable along a lengthwise direction of thelaminated stack 422 supported on the lamination/cutting table 416. The cuttinghead 424 may be configured to cut individualmulti-ply layers 272 in on or more passes. The cuttinghead 424 may be configured to cut alaminated stack 422 ofmulti-ply layers 272 in a single pass or in multiple passes. Advantageously, the one ormore cutters 428 may be individually movable along a lateral 438 direction during movement of the cuttinghead 424 along the lengthwise direction. In this manner, thecutters 428 may cut thelaminated stack 422 into a variablecross-sectional shape 322 of thebase portion 320. More specifically, each one of thecutters 428 may be configured to cut one or more composite plies 276 into a predeterminedlayer profile shape 348 such as the layer profile shapes 348 of thebase portion 320 shown inFIG. 14 . - In
FIG. 26 , shown is a side view of a cuttinghead 424 havingcutters 428 arranged in a staggered formation and moving along a cuttingdirection 440. Each one of thecutters 428 may have a cutting means for cutting one or more composite plies 276 ormulti-ply layers 272, or alaminated stack 422 comprising a plurality ofmulti-ply layers 272. The cutting means may comprise an excited cutting means or the cutting means may comprise a non-excited cutting means. An excited cutting means may comprise an ultrasonic 434 knife or blade for cutting one or more composite plies 276 (e.g., approximately 0.0075 inch thick) at a relatively small depth tolerance (e.g., approximately 0.0005 inch). Advantageously, ultrasonic 434 blades may be easily plunged into the composite plies 276 without significant downward force. Non-excited cutting means (not shown) may comprise a rotary cutter such as a disk cutter, a rolling cutter, or other cutter configurations. -
FIG. 26 illustrates traces in dashed lines illustrating the cutting path of eachblade 432 passing through alaminated stack 422. Theblades 432 may be arranged in a staggered formation as shown inFIGS. 23-25 wherein theuppermost blades 432 may be located furthest forward along the cuttingdirection 440 and furthest inboard (e.g., nearest a center of thelaminated stack 422 or nearest a centerline of a base portion 320). Thelowermost blades 432 may be located furthest aft and furthest outboard. Each one of theblades 432 may be individually adjustable along avertical direction 436 to correspond to a ply depth of the composite ply to be cut by ablade 432. As was indicated above, the cuttinghead 424 may also comprise a single (not shown)blade 432 that may be movable along a lengthwise direction and along avertical direction 436 and alateral direction 438. The cuttinghead 424 may include any number ofblades 432 to cut an individualmulti-ply layer 272 into a desired layer profile shape of abase portion 320, or to cut a stack ofmulti-ply layers 272. Individualmulti-ply layers 272 may be moved into the stackingstation 446 after cutting. The individualmulti-ply layers 272 may then be stacked on top of one another at the stacking station to form abase portion 320 of theradius filler 200 as described below. -
FIG. 27 shows an end view of an embodiment of a cuttinghead 424 cutting through alaminated stack 422 ofmulti-ply layers 272 such as to form abase portion 320 of aradius filler 200. Theblades 432 may be positionable in a vertical orientation at different ply depths corresponding to one of the composite plies 276 to be cut. Depending on a thickness of thelaminated stack 422 and the depth of each cut, the cuttinghead 424 may make 1 to 3 or more cutting passes along thelaminated stack 422. Theblades 432 may be configured to form vertical cuts in thelaminated stack 422 to produce abase portion 320 having the stepped pyramidalcross-sectional shape 312. Scrap (shown in cross-hatch) may be removed during or following the cutting of thelaminated stack 422. - In an embodiment not shown, one or more of the
blades 432 may be positionable in an angled orientation (not shown) to form angled cuts (not shown) in thelaminated stack 422 such as to form abase portion 320 having a trapezoidal cross-sectional shape (not shown). As indicated above, theblades 432 may be individually movable along a lateral 438 direction during movement of the cuttinghead 424 along the lengthwise direction so that the composite plies 276 are cut into a predeterminedlayer profile shape 348 to provide a variablecross-sectional shape 322 to thebase portion 320. Thecutters 428 may also be configured to terminate one or moremid layers 340 of thebase portion 320 in a manner described above and illustrated inFIGS. 14, 15, and 17 . Although not shown, the cuttinghead 424 may also be implemented for cutting thekeyway portion 300 and/or thetip portion 250 of theradius filler 200. -
FIG. 28 a side view of an embodiment of a stackingstation 446. Individualmulti-ply layers 272 or a steppedpyramidal base portion 320 that was cut from thelaminated stack 422 at the cuttingstation 404 may be moved into the stackingstation 446 such as by rolling the lamination/cutting table 416 into position at the stackingstation 446. Alternatively, the stackingstation 446 may include a stacking table 448 such as a vacuum table 418 for receiving individualmulti-ply layers 272 or for receiving the steppedpyramidal base portion 320 and/or other components of theradius filler 200. One or more layup tables 450 may also be positioned on one or both sides of the vacuum table 418 at the stackingstation 446. The layup tables 450 may have atable surface 452 upon which the radius filler components may be stacked in an automated manner or by manual stacking. The cutting table 416 may include supports for supporting the layup table 450. - In
FIG. 28 , alifting mechanism 454 may be included at the stackingstation 446 to assist in translating 444 individualmulti-ply layers 272 or abase portion 320 from the stacking table 448 onto a layup table 450. The layup table 450 may be positionable adjacent to the stacking table 448. In an embodiment, thelifting mechanism 454 may be vertically 462 movable for picking up an individualmulti-ply layer 272 or abase portion 320 and placing the individualmulti-ply layers 272 or thebase portion 320 onto the layup table 450. In an embodiment, thelifting mechanism 454 may comprise a pick-and-place mechanism having avacuum rail 456 with a plurality of spaced-apartvacuum pads 458 connected to a vacuum source (not shown). Thevacuum pads 458 may apply a suction force to a top surface of an individualmulti-ply layer 272 orbase portion 320 for lifting the individualmulti-ply layers 272 orbase portion 320 off of the cutting table 416 or stacking table 448 and placing an individualmulti-ply layer 272 orbase portion 320 onto the layup table 450 or into a stacking fixture (not shown). -
FIG. 29 is a top view of an embodiment of a stackingstation 446 having a vacuum table 418. The vacuum table is shown supporting an individualmulti-ply layer 272 for an upper radius filler 202 (FIG. 3 ) and an individualmulti-ply layer 272 for a lower radius filler 204 (FIG. 3 ) of acomposite structure 106. The stackingstation 446 may include one ormore vacuum rails 456 that may be aligned to the centerline of the top ply of one of thebase portions 320 such as by using a laser alignment system (not shown) or other alignment device. An individualmulti-ply layer 272 or abase portion 320 may be lifted by thevacuum rail 456 and laterally 464 moved or translated over to an adjacently-positioned layup table 450. -
FIG. 30 shows avacuum rail 456 aligned over the center of atop layer 340 of abase portion 320. Thevacuum rail 456 may be lowered into thevacuum pads 458 into contact with thetop layer 340. A suction force may be applied to thevacuum pads 458 so that the vacuum pad may be secured to the upper surface of thebase portion 320. -
FIG. 31 illustrates thebase portion 320 ofFIG. 30 lifted by thevacuum rail 456 and translated over to the layup table 450. The stackingstation 446 may include anindexing device 460 to control the positioning of thevacuum rail 456. Theindexing device 460 may comprise a mechanical stop, a machine vision system, a laser system, or anyother indexing device 460 for controlling the position of thevacuum rail 456. Thebase portion 320 may be lowered onto the layup table 450 and suction force may be removed from thevacuum pads 458 to release thebase portion 320. Individualmulti-ply layers 272 may be stacked onto the layup table 450 in the same manner. -
FIG. 32 illustrates avacuum rail 456 being used to stack anupper portion 212 of composite plies 276 (e.g., akeyway portion 300 and/or tip portion 250) onto abase portion 320 to form aradius filler stack 210. Aradius filler stack 210 may also be formed by staking up a plurality ofmulti-ply layers 272 that may be individually cut by the cuttinghead 424. At the completion of the stacking of aradius filler stack 210, theradius filler stack 210 may be moved to thepressing station 466. Thevacuum rail 456 and theindexing device 460 may be employed for stacking any number ofcomposite plies 276 orlayers 272 onto layup table 450 until allcomposite plies 276 are stacked. For example,FIG. 32 . -
FIG. 33 is a side view of apressing station 466 for forming a pair of radius filler stacks 210 intofinal radius fillers 206. Thepressing station 466 may include one ormore presses 468 having at least one formingdie 230. Each forming die 230 may be configured to receive aradius filler stack 210 comprising anupper portion 212 stacked onto thebase portion 320. Although shown in an inverted configuration, the formingdie cavity 232 may be configured to receive theradius filler stack 210 in an upright configuration (not shown). Eachpress 468 may include a heating device (not shown) for heating theradius filler stack 210. For example, the heating device may comprise a resistanceheating heat plate 470 and/or a heating die, or thepress 468 may be positioned within an autoclave or a convection oven for heating thepress 468 and the radius filler stack(s) 210. -
FIG. 34 illustrates thepress 468 in an activated state for applying heat and pressure to the pair ofradius filler stacks 210 mounted within thedye cavities 476. Thepress 468 may include one ormore actuators 472 configured to apply pressure to theradius filler stacks 210 during heating thereof. The forming dies 474 may be sized and configured complementary to theradius filler regions 140 of acomposite structure 106. In this regard, each forming die 474 may have adie cavity 476 that may be contoured complementary to theradius filler region 140 of acomposite structure 106 for forming eachradius filler stack 210 into afinal radius filler 206 having a variablecross-sectional shape 322 that substantially matches a radius filler region 140 (FIG. 20 ). -
FIG. 35 is a flowchart of amethod 600 that may be implemented for automated manufacturing of one ormore radius fillers 200 such as by using thesystem 400 illustrated inFIGS. 23-34 and described above. Step 602 of themethod 600 may include assembling alaminated stack 422 onto a cutting table 416 such as the cutting table 416 illustrated inFIG. 23 . As indicated above, alaminated stack 422 may comprise an individual multi-ply layer 272 (e.g., a laminated charge 270) or a stack ofmulti-ply layers 272. Alaminated stack 422 may be formed by laminating a plurality ofcomposite plies 276 orlayers 272 onto the cutting table 416 using a laminating head 406 (FIG. 23 ). - Step 604 of the
method 600 ofFIG. 35 may include cutting thelaminated stack 422 along a lengthwise direction using a cuttinghead 424. The cuttinghead 424 may cut individualmulti-ply layers 272 or a stack ofmulti-ply layers 272. The individualmulti-ply layers 272 may be used to form abase portion 320 having a stepped pyramidalcross-sectional shape 312 as illustrated inFIGS. 22-25 . In this regard, the method may include passing a plurality of blades 432 (e.g., ultrasonic blades 434) of the cuttinghead 424 through alaminated stack 422 to ultrasonically cut the composite plies 276. Theblades 432 may be arranged in a side-by-side configuration 430 and positioned at different heights and different lateral 438 positions relative to one another. The method may further include varying the lateral position of theblades 432 while passing theblades 432 through thelaminated stack 422 along the lengthwise direction as shown inFIG. 27 . - Step 606 of the
method 600 ofFIG. 35 may include removing scrap from thelaminated stack 422. For example, the scrap (e.g., shown in cross-hath inFIG. 27 ) may be removed to expose the stepped pyramidalcross-sectional shape 312 of abase portion 320. The scrap may be removed during the cutting of thelaminated stack 422. Alternately, the cuttinghead 424 may make several passes along thelaminated stack 422 and the scrap may be removed following each pass. - Step 608 of the
method 600 ofFIG. 35 may be performed in the stackingstation 446 and may include stacking individualmulti-ply layers 272 to form abase portion 320 having a stepped pyramidal shape. Anupper portion 212 ofcomposite plies 276 may be stacked onto thebase portion 320 to form theradius filler stack 210. As indicated above, after cutting thelaminated stack 422 into individualmulti-ply layers 272 or cutting thelaminated stack 422 into abase portion 320, the cutting table 416 may be translated (e.g., rolled) into the stackingstation 446 as shown inFIG. 23 . Alifting mechanism 454 may be activated for stacking the individualmulti-ply layers 272 to form aradius filler stack 210. The method may include picking up thebase portion 320 using a vacuum-type lifting mechanism 454 such as avacuum rail 456 havingvacuum pads 458 as shown inFIGS. 30-32 . - As shown in
FIG. 29 , thevacuum rail 456 may be laterally moved 464 or translated from the cutting table 416 over to a layup table 450. One or more layup tables 450 may be positioned alongside the cutting table 416 at the stackingstation 446. Thevacuum rail 456 may be indexed using anindexing device 460 for placement of the individualmulti-ply layers 272 or placement of acut base portion 320 into a desired location onto the layup table 450. Theindexing device 460 may also facilitate the aligning of theupper portion 212 with the individualmulti-ply layers 272 or thebase portion 320. The method may further include stacking theupper portion 212 onto thebase portion 320 using thevacuum rail 456 to form theradius filler stack 210 as shown inFIGS. 28-30 . Although not shown, the method may include stacking theradius filler stack 210 in an inverted position such as in a fixture having a V-shape along a lengthwise direction. - Step 610 of the
method 600 ofFIG. 35 may include positioning theradius filler stack 210 within a formingdie 474 located within apressing station 466 as shown inFIGS. 30-31 . In this regard, theradius filler stack 210 may be transferred from the stackingstation 446 to thepressing station 466 by using a transporting fixture (not shown) for supporting the length of theradius filler stack 210. Alternatively, in an embodiment not shown, thepressing station 466 may be located adjacent to the stackingstation 446 such that thelifting mechanism 454 may stack thebase portion 320 and theupper portion 212 directly into the formingdie 474. - Step 612 of the
method 600 ofFIG. 35 may include applying heat and pressure to theradius filler stack 210 to form afinal radius filler 206 having a variablecross-sectional shape 322.FIGS. 33-34 illustrate apress 468 having a pair of forming dies 474 withdie cavities 476 that may be shaped complementary to the filler radius regions of acomposite structure 106. Thepress 468 may have aheat plate 470 for heating and softening the resin in the pre-preg composite plies 276 of the radius filler stacks 210. Thepress 468 may includeactuators 472 inFIG. 33 to apply pressure to the heated and softened composite plies 276 such that the stepped pyramidalcross-sectional shape 312 of the radius filler stacks 210 is formed into a relatively smooth radius of thefinal radius filler 206. - Step 614 of the
method 600 ofFIG. 35 may include removing thefinal radius filler 206 from the formingdie 474. It should be noted that in the present disclosure, theradius filler 200 may haveradius filler sides 208 that are formed into a non-radial shape (e.g., a parabolic shape, an elliptical shape, rounded flats—not shown) on the opposing radius filler sides 208 (FIG. 4 ). In this regard, theradius filler 200 may be formed in any shape that substantially matches the shape or contour of a radius filler region of acomposite structure 106. - Referring to
FIGS. 36-37 , embodiments of the disclosure may be described in the context of an aircraft manufacturing and service method 700 as shown inFIG. 36 and an aircraft 702 as shown inFIG. 37 . During pre-production, exemplary method 700 may include specification and design 704 of the aircraft 702 and material procurement 706. During production, component and subassembly manufacturing 708 and system integration 710 of the aircraft 702 takes place. Thereafter, the aircraft 702 may go through certification and delivery 712 in order to be placed in service 714. While in service by a customer, the aircraft 702 is scheduled for routine maintenance and service 716 (which may also include modification, reconfiguration, refurbishment, and so on). - Each of the processes of method 700 may be performed or carried out by a system integrator, a third party, and/or an operator (e.g., a customer). For the purposes of this description, a system integrator may include without limitation any number of aircraft manufacturers and major-system subcontractors; a third party may include without limitation any number of vendors, subcontractors, and suppliers; and an operator may be an airline, leasing company, military entity, service organization, and so on.
- As shown in
FIG. 37 the aircraft 702 produced by exemplary method 700 may include an airframe 718 with a plurality of systems 720 and an interior 722. Examples of high-level systems 720 include one or more of a propulsion system 724, an electrical system 726, a hydraulic system 728, and an environmental system 730. Any number of other systems may be included. Although an aerospace example is shown, the principles of the disclosed embodiments may be applied to other industries, such as the automotive industry. - The
radius filler 200 and system and methods embodied herein may be employed during any one or more of the stages of the production and service method 700. For example, components or subassemblies corresponding to production process 708 may be fabricated or manufactured in a manner similar to components or subassemblies produced while the aircraft 702 is in service. Also, one ormore radius filler 200 embodiments, system embodiment, method embodiments, or combinations thereof may be utilized during the production stages 708 and 710, for example, by substantially expediting assembly of or reducing the cost of an aircraft 702. Similarly, one or more of apparatus embodiments, method embodiments, or a combination thereof may be utilized while the aircraft 702 is in service, for example and without limitation, to maintenance and service 716. - Many modifications and other configurations of the disclosure will come to mind to one skilled in the art, to which this disclosure pertains, having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. The configurations described herein are meant to be illustrative and are not intended to be limiting or exhaustive. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (1)
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US14/975,829 US20160107432A1 (en) | 2012-12-05 | 2015-12-20 | Method of manufacturing a variable-radius laminated radius filler |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US13/705,800 US9327470B1 (en) | 2012-12-05 | 2012-12-05 | Variable-radius laminated radius filler and system and method for manufacturing same |
US14/975,829 US20160107432A1 (en) | 2012-12-05 | 2015-12-20 | Method of manufacturing a variable-radius laminated radius filler |
Related Parent Applications (1)
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US13/705,800 Division US9327470B1 (en) | 2012-12-05 | 2012-12-05 | Variable-radius laminated radius filler and system and method for manufacturing same |
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US20160107432A1 true US20160107432A1 (en) | 2016-04-21 |
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US14/975,829 Abandoned US20160107432A1 (en) | 2012-12-05 | 2015-12-20 | Method of manufacturing a variable-radius laminated radius filler |
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US13/705,800 Active 2033-07-28 US9327470B1 (en) | 2012-12-05 | 2012-12-05 | Variable-radius laminated radius filler and system and method for manufacturing same |
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