US20150068891A1 - Electrochemical Sensor - Google Patents
Electrochemical Sensor Download PDFInfo
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- US20150068891A1 US20150068891A1 US14/479,595 US201414479595A US2015068891A1 US 20150068891 A1 US20150068891 A1 US 20150068891A1 US 201414479595 A US201414479595 A US 201414479595A US 2015068891 A1 US2015068891 A1 US 2015068891A1
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- electrodes
- probe body
- ceramic
- electrochemical sensor
- probe
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/4062—Electrical connectors associated therewith
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
- G01N27/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
- G01N27/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a liquid
- G01N27/07—Construction of measuring vessels; Electrodes therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
- B32B38/0036—Heat treatment
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
- B32B2305/80—Sintered
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2457/00—Electrical equipment
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
- G01N17/02—Electrochemical measuring systems for weathering, corrosion or corrosion-protection measurement
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/04—Chucks, fixtures, jaws, holders or anvils
- G01N2203/0429—Chucks, fixtures, jaws, holders or anvils using adhesive bond; Gluing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/283—Means for supporting or introducing electrochemical probes
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electrochemical sensor comprising a probe immersible in a measured medium and having at least two electrically conductive electrodes embedded in a ceramic probe body.
- Electrochemical sensors are used in many fields, such as e.g. in clinical analysis or laboratory analysis, environmental protection, and process measurements technology. Electrochemical sensors work either according to a conductive, a potentiometric or an amperometric, measuring principle, such that the measured variable is ascertained in the medium via the electrodes.
- conductive conductivity sensors comprising at least two electrodes, which for measuring are immersed in the measured medium.
- the resistance or conductance of the electrode measuring path is determined in the measured medium.
- the conductivity of the measured medium can be ascertained therefrom.
- Shown in DE 10 2006 024 905 A1 is an electrode arrangement of a conductive conductivity sensor, in the case of which an inner and an outer electrode are isolated and insulated from one another by a shaped seal and a seal support body.
- the shaped seal serves to prevent penetration of measured medium into an annular gap between the electrodes.
- Such an electrode arrangement with additional seals is constructively relatively complex and disturbance susceptible, so that medium can penetrate into the gap between electrode and seal support body.
- the structural complexity is especially great in the case of conductivity sensors for application in foods technology or in the pharmaceutical industry.
- the sensors of process automation technology which are applied in the foods and/or pharmacy industries, must fulfill very high requirements as regards hygiene.
- the probes of such sensors to the extent that they come in contact with the measured medium, must not have difficultly accessible gaps, in order that a cleaning and/or sterilizing of the total probe surface contacting the measured medium is possible.
- Conventional seals or a shaped seal can according to DE 10 2006 024 905 A1, indeed, basically fulfill this purpose. They lead, however, to a complex construction with corresponding assembly complexity. Furthermore, with age and wear, these seals can fail and then medium can get into the gap between electrodes and seal support body.
- the probe bodies of the probe of an electrochemical sensor are produced from a synthetic material by means of various manufacturing methods, such as e.g. injection molding, impression molding, and hot stamping, into which the metal electrodes are installed.
- a great disadvantage of combining synthetic material, such as a plastic, and the metal electrodes are their different coefficients of thermal expansion.
- gaps form between the different materials of the probe body and the electrodes. This can lead to lack of sealing of the sensor element, whereby medium can penetrate into the sensor interior.
- germs can get into these gaps, whereby the sensor cannot be qualified for hygienic uses.
- Another undesired characteristic of synthetic materials is their poor long term durability, since they age. Aging as a result of aggressive media or repeated strong temperature changes increases the porosity of the applied synthetic materials. In this way, it is possible that liquid medium can diffuse through the synthetic material into the sensor interior.
- a conductive conductivity sensor having a probe immersible in a measured medium.
- the probe comprises at least two electrodes of a first electrically conductive material and at least one probe body of a second electrically non-conductive material.
- the electrodes are embedded in the probe body and insulated from one another by the probe body.
- the electrodes and the probe body are embodied as a sintered, composite piece.
- the probe body and/or the electrodes are produced by means of a multicomponent injection molding process.
- an object of the invention to provide an electrochemical sensor having a probe immersible in a measured medium, which overcomes the disadvantages of the state of the art as regards sealing between the electrodes and the probe body, whereby the availability of the sensor is greatly increased, while manufacturing costs are reduced.
- an electrochemical sensor comprising a probe immersible in a measured medium and having at least two electrodes of a first electrically conductive material and at least one probe body of a second, electrically non-conductive material, wherein the electrodes are at least partially embedded in the probe body and insulated from one another by the probe body, wherein the at least two electrodes are embodied of at least one conductive material and the probe body of at least one electrically insulating ceramic, wherein the electrodes are embodied of thin, measuring active layers of a conductive material and sit in an end face of the probe body of a ceramic material, and the electrodes are electrically contacted via connection elements extending through the probe body.
- the embodiment of the electrodes as thin material layers with connection elements extending through the probe body and their embedding in a ceramic probe body achieves a gap-free material transition and therewith also a gap-free sealing between the electrodes at least partially embedded in the probe body and the probe body.
- the measuring active layer of the conductive material of the electrodes has a coating thickness d of, for example, 10 ⁇ m-3 mm.
- This measuring active layer of the electrodes sits gap-freely in the ceramic material of the probe body, so that the end faces of the electrodes and the probe body form a plane.
- the coating thickness of the electrodes is, in such case, preferably in the range, 10 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, whereby through minimal use of noble metals, such as e.g. platinum, titanium and stainless steel, also costs can be saved.
- noble metals such as e.g. platinum, titanium and stainless steel
- the conductive material comprises an electrically conductive ceramic, electrically conductive enamel or a metal, especially platinum, titanium or stainless steel.
- the ceramic material comprises at least a zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) ceramic, an aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) ceramic, a chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ) ceramic, a titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) ceramic, and/or a tialite (Al 2 TiO 5 ) ceramic.
- ZrO 2 zirconium oxide
- Al 2 O 3 aluminum oxide
- Cr 2 O 3 chromium oxide
- TiO 2 titanium dioxide
- tialite Al 2 TiO 5
- the electrodes comprise platinum and the probe body comprises a zirconium oxide ceramic stabilized by means of magnesium.
- the platinum of the electrodes and the zirconium oxide ceramic partially stabilized or stabilized with magnesium have approximately the same thermal coefficients of expansion, for example, zirconium oxide stabilized with magnesium ZrO 2 MgO at 9.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 and platinum Pt at 8.8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 .
- stabilizing materials such as, for example, magnesium, iridium and/or aluminum are added into the ceramic material of the probe body.
- stabilizing materials stabilize or at least partially stabilize the ceramic material, so that the thermal coefficients of expansion of the probe body and the electrodes are approximately equal and also other properties of the material of the probe body, such as, for example, greater chemical durability, better fracture behavior, etc., result.
- the solid composite of electrodes and probe body remains stable over a large temperature range of, for instance, ⁇ 30° C. up to 300° C.
- This solid composite of the metal material of the electrodes and the ceramic material of the probe body results at least partially from intermolecular interactions or chemical bonds between regions of the metal material of the electrodes and regions of the ceramic material of the probe body. In this way, there results a high quality, material bonded connection between the electrodes and the probe body, which provides a gap-free seal. Because of the almost equal coefficients of expansion of the two materials, these bonding forces are also not overcome by otherwise arising mechanical stresses upon temperature changes, so that gap formation between the electrodes and the probe body is prevented.
- the probe body is connected with a process connection.
- the process connection is embodied as one-piece with the probe body of the same electrically insulating ceramic.
- the process connection is a component of the basic body of the probe, i.e. embodied as one-piece with the probe body, respectively embodied as a single molded part.
- This has the advantage that also the process connection is gap-free, due to the one-piece embodiment, so that the total conductivity sensor has no gaps.
- metal parts or parts of synthetic material can be provided on the side of the process connection facing away from the process.
- the process connection is connected at a joint mechanically and sealingly with the probe body by means of a joining means.
- joining means is an adhesive, which connects the metal process connection with the ceramic probe body and seals the joint, respectively the joining gap, gap-freely.
- the electrochemical sensor is embodied as a conductive conductivity sensor.
- Conductive conductivity sensors are applied in varied applications for measuring conductivity of a medium.
- the most known conductive conductivity sensors are the so-called two, or four, electrode sensors.
- Two electrode sensors have two electrodes in measurement operation immersed in the medium and supplied with an alternating voltage.
- a measuring electronics connected to the two electrodes measures an electrical impedance of the conductivity measurement cell, from which then, based on a cell constant determined earlier from the geometry and character of the measuring cell, a specific resistance, respectively a specific conductance, of the medium located in the measuring cell is ascertained.
- Four electrode sensors have four electrodes immersed in the medium during measurement operation, of which two are operated as so called electrical current electrodes and two as so called voltage electrodes.
- a measuring electronics connected to the electrical current, and voltage, electrodes determines from the introduced alternating electrical current and the measured potential difference the impedance of the conductivity measurement cell, from which then, based on a cell constant determined earlier from the geometry and character of the measuring cell, a specific resistance, respectively a specific conductance, of the medium located in the measuring cell is determined.
- the object is achieved, furthermore, by a method for manufacturing a conductive conductivity sensor in one of the above described embodiments, comprising steps as follows:
- the process connection is mechanically stably and sealingly connected with the probe body at a joint by means of a joining means, especially by means of an adhesive connection, and the region of the joint after the joining together and/or the end face of the probe body with the therein gap-freely embedded electrodes are/is ground or machined.
- the probe end face 7 and the joint 8 of the adhesive connection between the probe body 3 and the process connection 6 are ground, respectively machined, so that a planar, gap-free surface is obtained for the end face 7 and the joint 8 .
- FIG. 1 a probe of an electrochemical sensor, especially a conductivity sensor, according to a first embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 a probe of an electrochemical sensor, especially a conductivity sensor, according to a second embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 a probe of an electrochemical sensor, especially a conductivity sensor, according to the second embodiment of the invention of FIG. 2 with a diameter expansion of the process connection at the joint.
- FIG. 1 shows a probe 1 of the invention for an electrochemical sensor, especially a conductivity sensor, with a probe body 3 of an electrically non-conductive, ceramic material and, according to the invention, therein embedded electrodes 5 of a thin, electrically conductive material.
- the coating thickness of the material of the electrodes 5 of the invention which are provided in FIG. 1 as concentric rings, respectively sleeves, sintered into the probe body 3 , lies in a range of 10 micrometer to 3 millimeter, whereby material for the manufacture of the probe and, thus, costs, are saved.
- the end faces of the electrodes 5 lie freely exposed on the end face 7 of the probe body 3 and in the case of a measuring of conductivity they are in contact with the measured medium.
- Electrodes 5 are embodied as ring elements coaxially arranged around the shared rotational symmetry axis Z and are embedded in the sensor body 3 insulated from one another.
- Probe 1 is embodied as a measuring probe of a 4-electrode sensor. In the case of this type of sensor, in measurement operation, an alternating voltage is applied to the two electrodes 5 of the electrical current electrodes and the potential difference determined on the other two, remaining electrodes of the voltage electrodes.
- the impedance of the conductivity measurement cell formed by the probe 3 immersed in the measured medium is ascertained. Taking into consideration the cell constants, the specific resistance, respectively the specific conductivity, of the measured medium can be ascertained therefrom.
- the ascertained measured values can either be displayed by the measurement transmitter or output to a superordinated control system.
- a part the functions of the measurement transmitter can be executed by a measuring electronics accommodated in a separate housing outside of the measurement transmitter. This measuring electronics can, at least in part, be accommodated, for example, in a plug head connected with the probe 1 , which plug head is available from the applicant under the mark, MEMOSENS®.
- the electrodes 5 are platinum and the probe body 3 a zirconium oxide ceramic stabilized, respectively partially stabilized, by means of magnesium.
- the platinum of the electrodes 5 and the zirconium oxide ceramic of the probe body 3 stabilized with magnesium possess approximately the same thermal coefficients of expansion, for example, with magnesium stabilized zirconium oxide ZrO 2 MgO being at 9.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 (per degree Kelvin) and platinum Pt at 8.8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 .
- magnesium stabilized zirconium oxide ZrO 2 MgO being at 9.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 (per degree Kelvin) and platinum Pt at 8.8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 .
- There are, however, other such material combinations for the electrodes 5 and the probe body 3 whose thermal coefficients of expansion differ only little from one another, i.e. preferably deviating from one another by only 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 to 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 .
- the metal of the electrodes 5 is surrounded in a shape-interlocking manner by the ceramic material of the probe body 3 and there arises also, such as earlier described, a material bonding between the two materials.
- the electrodes are seated in cavities provided in the probe body 3 or slightly pressed into the green body of the probe body 3 . After insertion of the electrodes 5 into the ceramic green body of the probe body 3 , the assembly is sintered by means of a predetermined temperature regimen.
- the electrodes 5 can also be produced by deposition of the conductive material into corresponding cavities in the probe body 3 .
- the following methods can be used for the deposition:
- the probe body 3 can be produced by the following deposition methods from a gas phase or liquid phase:
- ceramics such as e.g. zirconium oxide and metal, preferably platinum
- gap formation can be minimized.
- ceramics are suited due to its poor electrical conductivity as a support material for electrical measurements between the electrodes 5 .
- ceramics are very suitable support material due to their very good chemical durability. Ceramics have the property that they age very much slower than synthetic materials, which leads to a very much longer service life of the sensor.
- the surface roughness of the end faces 7 of the electrodes and/or of the probe body 3 , as well as the joint 8 between probe body 3 and process connection 6 , is further reduced by polishing processes after the manufacture, so that possibly arising gaps and openings on the outer surface of the ceramic probe body 3 are removed and, thus, the high hygienic requirements of the probe 1 can be durably fulfilled.
- Used as electrically conductive material can also be an electrically conductive ceramic, respectively enamel, which is cast, injected, respectively introduced into the corresponding cavities in the green body of the probe body 3 and after introduction sintered together with the green body of the probe body 3 .
- This embodiment has the advantage that the used materials and, thus, the coefficients of expansion are very similar.
- connection elements 2 Embedded in the probe body 3 and in the process connection 6 are the electrodes 5 of the probe 1 , which are electrically contacted via connection elements 2 , respectively connection lines.
- connection elements 2 Provided for this, for example, in a region of the sensor body 3 and of the process connection 6 facing away from the process are connection elements 2 , via which the electrodes 5 can be connected with a control or measuring electronics.
- a temperature sensor 4 Used for measuring the current temperature of the medium can be, furthermore, a temperature sensor 4 . Temperature sensor is inserted via a cavity provided in the probe body 3 facing away from the medium, respectively held in place with a thermally conductive adhesive. By means of this temperature sensor 4 , the current temperature of the medium on the electrodes 5 can be ascertained and, thus, a thermal correction of the conductivity measurement performed.
- Probe 1 shown in FIG. 2 forms the measuring probe of a so-called 4-electrode sensor immersible in a measured medium.
- Two electrodes 5 especially two electrodes 5 directly adjoining one another, are operated as so called electrical current electrodes.
- the two remaining electrodes 5 are operated as voltage electrodes.
- Applied between the two electrical current electrodes in measurement operation is an alternating voltage, in order to introduce an alternating electrical current into the measured medium.
- Measured between the voltage electrodes, especially using a currentless measuring is the resulting potential difference.
- the impedance of the conductivity measurement cell formed through immersion of the probe 1 in a measured medium is calculated, and from the impedance while taking into consideration the cell constant, the specific resistance, respectively the conductivity, of the measured medium can be ascertained.
- a measurement transmitter (not explicitly shown) connected with the probe 1 .
- the measuring electronics can be a component of the measurement transmitter or at least partially accommodated in a separate module, for example, in a plug head connected with the probe 1 .
- the ascertained measured values can either be displayed by the measurement transmitter or output to a superordinated control system.
- the probe 1 can also be produced in a single method step by means of a two component, injection molding method.
- a two component, injection molding method preferably an injection molding machine with two injection units is used.
- the two injection units are preferably controlled independently of one another, since, in this way, a larger variety of electrode geometries can be produced.
- Two component injection molding is a technology established especially for the manufacture of components of different synthetic materials.
- the injection molding of metals or ceramics for example, by means of metal powder injection molding (MIM—Metal Injection Molding) or ceramic power injection molding (CIM—Ceramic Injection Molding), is a known and established manufacturing method for technically demanding and complex molded parts. Also, multicomponent injection molding of metals and/or ceramics as individual components is, in principle, known, however, previously not usual in the manufacturing of composites of metal and ceramic.
- MIM Metal Injection Molding
- CCM Ceramic Injection Molding
- the probe body 3 is joined with a process connection 6 .
- the probe body 3 is connected mechanically stably and sealingly with the process connection 6 , for example, by means of an adhesive.
- the joint 8 between the sensor body 3 and the process connection can be further worked by means of machining, grinding, and/or polishing. In this way, also adhesive residues are removed.
- the diameter of the process connection 6 and of the probe body 3 is enlarged at least in this region of the subsequent working of the joint 8 .
- the adhesive gap be as small as possible, thus, as hygienic as possible
- the lower end of the process connection 6 as well as the ceramic sensor body 3 are provided with a diameter larger than desired in the target application.
- the measuring active layer of the conductive material of the electrodes 5 is embodied in a coating thickness d of, for example, 10 ⁇ m-3 mm and so seated in the probe body 3 that its end faces 7 lie in a plane A.
- the thickness d, respectively height, of the electrodes 5 as well as their diameter D amounts in the embodiment of a four electrode measuring probe 1 of FIG. 2 or FIG. 3 to preferably 1 to 2 millimeter.
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Abstract
An electrochemical sensor comprising a probe immersible in a measured medium and having at least two electrodes of a first electrically conductive material and at least one probe body of a second, electrically non-conductive material. The electrodes are at least partially embedded in the probe body and insulated from one another by the probe body, wherein the at least two electrodes are embodied of at least one conductive material and the probe body of at least one electrically insulating ceramic, wherein the electrodes are embodied of thin, measuring active layers of a conductive material and sit in an end face of the probe body of a ceramic material, and wherein the electrodes are electrically contacted via connection elements extending through the probe body.
Description
- The invention relates to an electrochemical sensor comprising a probe immersible in a measured medium and having at least two electrically conductive electrodes embedded in a ceramic probe body.
- Electrochemical sensors are used in many fields, such as e.g. in clinical analysis or laboratory analysis, environmental protection, and process measurements technology. Electrochemical sensors work either according to a conductive, a potentiometric or an amperometric, measuring principle, such that the measured variable is ascertained in the medium via the electrodes.
- Known from the state of the art, e.g. from EP 990 894 B1, are conductive conductivity sensors comprising at least two electrodes, which for measuring are immersed in the measured medium. For determining the electrolytic conductivity of the measured medium, the resistance or conductance of the electrode measuring path is determined in the measured medium. In the case of known cell constant, the conductivity of the measured medium can be ascertained therefrom.
- Shown in DE 10 2006 024 905 A1 is an electrode arrangement of a conductive conductivity sensor, in the case of which an inner and an outer electrode are isolated and insulated from one another by a shaped seal and a seal support body. The shaped seal serves to prevent penetration of measured medium into an annular gap between the electrodes.
- Such an electrode arrangement with additional seals is constructively relatively complex and disturbance susceptible, so that medium can penetrate into the gap between electrode and seal support body. The structural complexity is especially great in the case of conductivity sensors for application in foods technology or in the pharmaceutical industry. The sensors of process automation technology, which are applied in the foods and/or pharmacy industries, must fulfill very high requirements as regards hygiene. For example, the probes of such sensors, to the extent that they come in contact with the measured medium, must not have difficultly accessible gaps, in order that a cleaning and/or sterilizing of the total probe surface contacting the measured medium is possible. Conventional seals or a shaped seal can according to DE 10 2006 024 905 A1, indeed, basically fulfill this purpose. They lead, however, to a complex construction with corresponding assembly complexity. Furthermore, with age and wear, these seals can fail and then medium can get into the gap between electrodes and seal support body.
- In general, the probe bodies of the probe of an electrochemical sensor are produced from a synthetic material by means of various manufacturing methods, such as e.g. injection molding, impression molding, and hot stamping, into which the metal electrodes are installed. A great disadvantage of combining synthetic material, such as a plastic, and the metal electrodes are their different coefficients of thermal expansion. In the case of high loadings due to high surrounding pressures, respectively temperature fluctuations, gaps form between the different materials of the probe body and the electrodes. This can lead to lack of sealing of the sensor element, whereby medium can penetrate into the sensor interior. Furthermore, germs can get into these gaps, whereby the sensor cannot be qualified for hygienic uses. Another undesired characteristic of synthetic materials is their poor long term durability, since they age. Aging as a result of aggressive media or repeated strong temperature changes increases the porosity of the applied synthetic materials. In this way, it is possible that liquid medium can diffuse through the synthetic material into the sensor interior.
- Shown in WO 2010/072483 A1 is a conductive conductivity sensor having a probe immersible in a measured medium. The probe comprises at least two electrodes of a first electrically conductive material and at least one probe body of a second electrically non-conductive material. The electrodes are embedded in the probe body and insulated from one another by the probe body. Thus, the electrodes and the probe body are embodied as a sintered, composite piece. To accomplish this, the probe body and/or the electrodes are produced by means of a multicomponent injection molding process.
- It is, consequently, an object of the invention to provide an electrochemical sensor having a probe immersible in a measured medium, which overcomes the disadvantages of the state of the art as regards sealing between the electrodes and the probe body, whereby the availability of the sensor is greatly increased, while manufacturing costs are reduced.
- This object is achieved by an electrochemical sensor comprising a probe immersible in a measured medium and having at least two electrodes of a first electrically conductive material and at least one probe body of a second, electrically non-conductive material, wherein the electrodes are at least partially embedded in the probe body and insulated from one another by the probe body, wherein the at least two electrodes are embodied of at least one conductive material and the probe body of at least one electrically insulating ceramic, wherein the electrodes are embodied of thin, measuring active layers of a conductive material and sit in an end face of the probe body of a ceramic material, and the electrodes are electrically contacted via connection elements extending through the probe body.
- The embodiment of the electrodes as thin material layers with connection elements extending through the probe body and their embedding in a ceramic probe body achieves a gap-free material transition and therewith also a gap-free sealing between the electrodes at least partially embedded in the probe body and the probe body.
- In an advantageous embodiment, the measuring active layer of the conductive material of the electrodes has a coating thickness d of, for example, 10 μm-3 mm. This measuring active layer of the electrodes sits gap-freely in the ceramic material of the probe body, so that the end faces of the electrodes and the probe body form a plane. The coating thickness of the electrodes is, in such case, preferably in the range, 10 μm to 200 μm, whereby through minimal use of noble metals, such as e.g. platinum, titanium and stainless steel, also costs can be saved. These thin layers of concentrically arranged ring-electrodes are electrically contacted via corresponding connection elements.
- In an additional embodiment, the conductive material comprises an electrically conductive ceramic, electrically conductive enamel or a metal, especially platinum, titanium or stainless steel.
- In an advantageous embodiment, the ceramic material comprises at least a zirconium oxide (ZrO2) ceramic, an aluminum oxide (Al2O3) ceramic, a chromium oxide (Cr2O3) ceramic, a titanium dioxide (TiO2) ceramic, and/or a tialite (Al2TiO5) ceramic.
- In an especially suitable further development, the electrodes comprise platinum and the probe body comprises a zirconium oxide ceramic stabilized by means of magnesium. The platinum of the electrodes and the zirconium oxide ceramic partially stabilized or stabilized with magnesium have approximately the same thermal coefficients of expansion, for example, zirconium oxide stabilized with magnesium ZrO2MgO at 9.3×10−6 K−1 and platinum Pt at 8.8×10−6 K−1. For equalizing the thermal coefficients of expansion of the ceramic material of the probe body and the coefficients of expansion of the metal material of the electrodes, stabilizing materials, such as, for example, magnesium, iridium and/or aluminum are added into the ceramic material of the probe body. These additions of stabilizing materials stabilize or at least partially stabilize the ceramic material, so that the thermal coefficients of expansion of the probe body and the electrodes are approximately equal and also other properties of the material of the probe body, such as, for example, greater chemical durability, better fracture behavior, etc., result. For this reason, the solid composite of electrodes and probe body remains stable over a large temperature range of, for instance, −30° C. up to 300° C. This solid composite of the metal material of the electrodes and the ceramic material of the probe body results at least partially from intermolecular interactions or chemical bonds between regions of the metal material of the electrodes and regions of the ceramic material of the probe body. In this way, there results a high quality, material bonded connection between the electrodes and the probe body, which provides a gap-free seal. Because of the almost equal coefficients of expansion of the two materials, these bonding forces are also not overcome by otherwise arising mechanical stresses upon temperature changes, so that gap formation between the electrodes and the probe body is prevented.
- In an additional advantageous embodiment, the probe body is connected with a process connection. By connecting the probe body to the process connection, an option is provided for applying the probe in process measurements technology directly and sealingly on the process container.
- In an alternative embodiment, the process connection is embodied as one-piece with the probe body of the same electrically insulating ceramic. Ideally, the process connection is a component of the basic body of the probe, i.e. embodied as one-piece with the probe body, respectively embodied as a single molded part. This has the advantage that also the process connection is gap-free, due to the one-piece embodiment, so that the total conductivity sensor has no gaps. In a further development, for improving mechanical stability, respectively for securement of the sensor, metal parts or parts of synthetic material can be provided on the side of the process connection facing away from the process.
- In a special further development, the process connection is connected at a joint mechanically and sealingly with the probe body by means of a joining means. Applied as joining means is an adhesive, which connects the metal process connection with the ceramic probe body and seals the joint, respectively the joining gap, gap-freely.
- In an additional embodiment, the electrochemical sensor is embodied as a conductive conductivity sensor. Conductive conductivity sensors are applied in varied applications for measuring conductivity of a medium. The most known conductive conductivity sensors are the so-called two, or four, electrode sensors. Two electrode sensors have two electrodes in measurement operation immersed in the medium and supplied with an alternating voltage. A measuring electronics connected to the two electrodes measures an electrical impedance of the conductivity measurement cell, from which then, based on a cell constant determined earlier from the geometry and character of the measuring cell, a specific resistance, respectively a specific conductance, of the medium located in the measuring cell is ascertained. Four electrode sensors have four electrodes immersed in the medium during measurement operation, of which two are operated as so called electrical current electrodes and two as so called voltage electrodes. Applied between the two electrical current electrodes in measurement operation is an alternating voltage, so that an alternating electrical current flows through the medium. This electrical current creates between the voltage electrodes a potential difference, which is determined by a preferably currentless measurement. Also here, a measuring electronics connected to the electrical current, and voltage, electrodes determines from the introduced alternating electrical current and the measured potential difference the impedance of the conductivity measurement cell, from which then, based on a cell constant determined earlier from the geometry and character of the measuring cell, a specific resistance, respectively a specific conductance, of the medium located in the measuring cell is determined.
- The object is achieved, furthermore, by a method for manufacturing a conductive conductivity sensor in one of the above described embodiments, comprising steps as follows:
-
- producing in a first step a green body of the probe body from the electrically insulating ceramic,
- in a second step, pressing the electrodes with their connection elements into the green body or introducing the electrodes with their connection elements into corresponding cavities in the green body,
- sintering in a third step the green body with the introduced, respectively pressed in, electrodes and connection elements.
- For manufacturing the ceramic green body, all known methods can be used. Examples include:
-
- ceramic slip casting
- injection molding or temperature-inverse injection molding
- sheet casting
- extrusion
- assembly of plates
- chip removing methods, e.g. in a lathe or milling machine
- pressing (uniaxial pressing, cold isostatic pressing, hot isostatic pressing)
- With this method, it is possible to produce the desired solid composite of the electrodes of metal and the ceramic probe body, at least in a portion of a material transition, especially by intermolecular interactions or chemical bonds, such as earlier described.
- In a further embodiment of this method, the process connection is mechanically stably and sealingly connected with the probe body at a joint by means of a joining means, especially by means of an adhesive connection, and the region of the joint after the joining together and/or the end face of the probe body with the therein gap-freely embedded electrodes are/is ground or machined. Thus, the
probe end face 7 and thejoint 8 of the adhesive connection between theprobe body 3 and theprocess connection 6 are ground, respectively machined, so that a planar, gap-free surface is obtained for theend face 7 and thejoint 8. - The invention will now be explained in greater detail based on the examples of embodiments shown in the drawing, the figures of which show as follows:
-
FIG. 1 a probe of an electrochemical sensor, especially a conductivity sensor, according to a first embodiment of the invention, -
FIG. 2 a probe of an electrochemical sensor, especially a conductivity sensor, according to a second embodiment of the invention, -
FIG. 3 a probe of an electrochemical sensor, especially a conductivity sensor, according to the second embodiment of the invention ofFIG. 2 with a diameter expansion of the process connection at the joint. -
FIG. 1 shows aprobe 1 of the invention for an electrochemical sensor, especially a conductivity sensor, with aprobe body 3 of an electrically non-conductive, ceramic material and, according to the invention, therein embeddedelectrodes 5 of a thin, electrically conductive material. The coating thickness of the material of theelectrodes 5 of the invention, which are provided inFIG. 1 as concentric rings, respectively sleeves, sintered into theprobe body 3, lies in a range of 10 micrometer to 3 millimeter, whereby material for the manufacture of the probe and, thus, costs, are saved. The end faces of theelectrodes 5 lie freely exposed on theend face 7 of theprobe body 3 and in the case of a measuring of conductivity they are in contact with the measured medium.FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of theprobe 1 and shows, concentrically arranged around the rotational symmetry axis Z, the ring elements of theelectrodes 5, which in the case of a measuring of conductivity are immersed in the measured medium.Electrodes 5 are embodied as ring elements coaxially arranged around the shared rotational symmetry axis Z and are embedded in thesensor body 3 insulated from one another.Probe 1 is embodied as a measuring probe of a 4-electrode sensor. In the case of this type of sensor, in measurement operation, an alternating voltage is applied to the twoelectrodes 5 of the electrical current electrodes and the potential difference determined on the other two, remaining electrodes of the voltage electrodes. Using a measurement transmitter (not explicitly shown) connected with theelectrodes 5, the impedance of the conductivity measurement cell formed by theprobe 3 immersed in the measured medium is ascertained. Taking into consideration the cell constants, the specific resistance, respectively the specific conductivity, of the measured medium can be ascertained therefrom. The ascertained measured values can either be displayed by the measurement transmitter or output to a superordinated control system. A part the functions of the measurement transmitter can be executed by a measuring electronics accommodated in a separate housing outside of the measurement transmitter. This measuring electronics can, at least in part, be accommodated, for example, in a plug head connected with theprobe 1, which plug head is available from the applicant under the mark, MEMOSENS®. - The
electrodes 5 are platinum and the probe body 3 a zirconium oxide ceramic stabilized, respectively partially stabilized, by means of magnesium. The platinum of theelectrodes 5 and the zirconium oxide ceramic of theprobe body 3 stabilized with magnesium possess approximately the same thermal coefficients of expansion, for example, with magnesium stabilized zirconium oxide ZrO2MgO being at 9.3×10−6 K−1 (per degree Kelvin) and platinum Pt at 8.8×10−6 K−1. There are, however, other such material combinations for theelectrodes 5 and theprobe body 3, whose thermal coefficients of expansion differ only little from one another, i.e. preferably deviating from one another by only 1×10−6 to 2×10−6 K−1. Thus, for example, in the case of platinum as material for theelectrodes 5, which has a thermal coefficient of expansion of 8.9×10−6 K−1, such can be combined with an aluminum oxide ceramic with a coefficient of expansion of 6 to 8×10−6 K−1. In the case of titanium with a coefficient of expansion of 10.8×10−6 K−1 as electrode material, such can be used with, for example, zirconium oxide ceramic with a coefficient of expansion of 10 to 12×10−6 K−1 as material for theprobe body 3. A zirconium oxide ceramic for theprobe body 3 is likewise suitable for combination with stainless steel as material forelectrodes 5, since stainless steel has a thermal coefficient of expansion of about 13×10−6 K−1. - Through the situating of metal in a ceramic shape, e.g. by sintering, the metal of the
electrodes 5 is surrounded in a shape-interlocking manner by the ceramic material of theprobe body 3 and there arises also, such as earlier described, a material bonding between the two materials. For situating theelectrodes 5 in theprobe body 3, the electrodes are seated in cavities provided in theprobe body 3 or slightly pressed into the green body of theprobe body 3. After insertion of theelectrodes 5 into the ceramic green body of theprobe body 3, the assembly is sintered by means of a predetermined temperature regimen. - The
electrodes 5 can also be produced by deposition of the conductive material into corresponding cavities in theprobe body 3. The following methods can be used for the deposition: -
- vapor deposition of metals
- sputtering of metals
- screen printing with metal pastes
- In supplementation, also the
probe body 3 can be produced by the following deposition methods from a gas phase or liquid phase: -
- Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)—In such case, a plurality of gases react with one another at a certain pressure and high temperatures and deposit a ceramic material.
- Physical vapor deposition (PVD)
- Chemical vapor infiltration (CVI)
- Since the coefficients of expansion of ceramics, such as e.g. zirconium oxide and metal, preferably platinum, are almost identical, gap formation can be minimized. Furthermore, such a ceramic is suited due to its poor electrical conductivity as a support material for electrical measurements between the
electrodes 5. Furthermore, ceramics are very suitable support material due to their very good chemical durability. Ceramics have the property that they age very much slower than synthetic materials, which leads to a very much longer service life of the sensor. The surface roughness of the end faces 7 of the electrodes and/or of theprobe body 3, as well as the joint 8 betweenprobe body 3 andprocess connection 6, is further reduced by polishing processes after the manufacture, so that possibly arising gaps and openings on the outer surface of theceramic probe body 3 are removed and, thus, the high hygienic requirements of theprobe 1 can be durably fulfilled. - Used as electrically conductive material can also be an electrically conductive ceramic, respectively enamel, which is cast, injected, respectively introduced into the corresponding cavities in the green body of the
probe body 3 and after introduction sintered together with the green body of theprobe body 3. This embodiment has the advantage that the used materials and, thus, the coefficients of expansion are very similar. - Embedded in the
probe body 3 and in theprocess connection 6 are theelectrodes 5 of theprobe 1, which are electrically contacted viaconnection elements 2, respectively connection lines. Provided for this, for example, in a region of thesensor body 3 and of theprocess connection 6 facing away from the process areconnection elements 2, via which theelectrodes 5 can be connected with a control or measuring electronics. - Used for measuring the current temperature of the medium can be, furthermore, a
temperature sensor 4. Temperature sensor is inserted via a cavity provided in theprobe body 3 facing away from the medium, respectively held in place with a thermally conductive adhesive. By means of thistemperature sensor 4, the current temperature of the medium on theelectrodes 5 can be ascertained and, thus, a thermal correction of the conductivity measurement performed. -
Probe 1 shown inFIG. 2 forms the measuring probe of a so-called 4-electrode sensor immersible in a measured medium. Twoelectrodes 5, especially twoelectrodes 5 directly adjoining one another, are operated as so called electrical current electrodes. The two remainingelectrodes 5 are operated as voltage electrodes. Applied between the two electrical current electrodes in measurement operation is an alternating voltage, in order to introduce an alternating electrical current into the measured medium. Measured between the voltage electrodes, especially using a currentless measuring, is the resulting potential difference. Using the introduced alternating electrical current and the measured potential difference, the impedance of the conductivity measurement cell formed through immersion of theprobe 1 in a measured medium is calculated, and from the impedance while taking into consideration the cell constant, the specific resistance, respectively the conductivity, of the measured medium can be ascertained. Serving for control of the introduced alternating current for measuring the potential difference of the voltage electrodes and converting the measured values into a resistance, respectively conductance or a specific resistance, respectively specific conductivity of the measured medium is a measurement transmitter (not explicitly shown) connected with theprobe 1. The measuring electronics can be a component of the measurement transmitter or at least partially accommodated in a separate module, for example, in a plug head connected with theprobe 1. The ascertained measured values can either be displayed by the measurement transmitter or output to a superordinated control system. - As described in WO 2010/072483 A1, the
probe 1 can also be produced in a single method step by means of a two component, injection molding method. In the case of this method, preferably an injection molding machine with two injection units is used. In the case of application of one injection unit for the electrode material and an additional injection unit for the material of the sensor body, the two injection units are preferably controlled independently of one another, since, in this way, a larger variety of electrode geometries can be produced. Two component injection molding is a technology established especially for the manufacture of components of different synthetic materials. The injection molding of metals or ceramics, for example, by means of metal powder injection molding (MIM—Metal Injection Molding) or ceramic power injection molding (CIM—Ceramic Injection Molding), is a known and established manufacturing method for technically demanding and complex molded parts. Also, multicomponent injection molding of metals and/or ceramics as individual components is, in principle, known, however, previously not usual in the manufacturing of composites of metal and ceramic. - In
FIGS. 2 and 3 of theprobe 1, theprobe body 3 is joined with aprocess connection 6. For this, theprobe body 3 is connected mechanically stably and sealingly with theprocess connection 6, for example, by means of an adhesive. The joint 8 between thesensor body 3 and the process connection can be further worked by means of machining, grinding, and/or polishing. In this way, also adhesive residues are removed. The diameter of theprocess connection 6 and of theprobe body 3 is enlarged at least in this region of the subsequent working of thejoint 8. In order that the adhesive gap be as small as possible, thus, as hygienic as possible, the lower end of theprocess connection 6 as well as theceramic sensor body 3 are provided with a diameter larger than desired in the target application. Through subsequent grinding or machining of thejoint 8 of the connection betweensensor body 3 andprocess connection 6, a region with very much smaller surface roughness is produced. Thus, also highest hygienic requirements can be fulfilled. - The measuring active layer of the conductive material of the
electrodes 5 is embodied in a coating thickness d of, for example, 10 μm-3 mm and so seated in theprobe body 3 that its end faces 7 lie in a plane A. The thickness d, respectively height, of theelectrodes 5 as well as their diameter D amounts in the embodiment of a fourelectrode measuring probe 1 ofFIG. 2 orFIG. 3 to preferably 1 to 2 millimeter. - 1. probe
- 2. connection elements
- 3. probe body
- 4. temperature sensor
- 5. electrodes
- 6. process connection
- 7. end face
- 8. joint
- 9. enlarged diameter
- A plane of the end faces
- Z axis of the concentric arrangement
- d coating thickness
- D diameter
Claims (13)
1-12. (canceled)
13. An electrochemical sensor comprising:
a probe immersible in a measured medium and having at least two electrodes of a first electrically conductive material and at least one probe body of a second, electrically non-conductive material, wherein:
said electrodes are at least partially embedded in said probe body and insulated from one another by said probe body;
said at least two electrodes are embodied of at least one conductive material and said probe body of at least one electrically insulating ceramic;
said electrodes are embodied of thin, measuring active layers of a conductive material and sit in an end face of said probe body of a ceramic material; and
said electrodes are electrically contacted via connection elements extending through said probe body.
14. The electrochemical sensor as claimed in claim 13 , wherein:
said measuring active layer of the conductive material of said electrodes has a coating thickness d of 10 μm-3 mm; and
said measuring active layer sits gap-freely in the ceramic material of said probe body, so that the end faces of said electrodes and said probe body form a plane (A).
15. The electrochemical sensor as claimed in claim 14 , wherein:
the conductive material comprises one of an electrically conductive ceramic, an electrically conductive enamel and a metal, especially platinum, titanium or stainless steel.
16. The electrochemical sensor as claimed in claim 13 , wherein:
the ceramic material comprises at least a zirconium oxide (ZrO2) ceramic, an aluminum oxide (Al2O3) ceramic, a chromium oxide (Cr2O3) ceramic, a titanium dioxide(TiO2) ceramic, and/or a tialite (Al2TiO5) ceramic.
17. The electrochemical sensor as claimed in claim 13 , wherein:
said electrodes comprise platinum; and
said probe body comprises a zirconium oxide ceramic stabilized by means of magnesium.
18. The electrochemical sensor as claimed in claim 13 , wherein:
said probe body is connected with a process connection.
19. The electrochemical sensor as claimed in claim 13 , wherein:
said process connection is embodied as one-piece with said probe body of the same electrically insulating ceramic.
20. The electrochemical sensor as claimed in claim 13 , wherein:
said process connection is connected at a joint mechanically and sealingly with said probe body by means of a joining means.
21. The electrochemical sensor as claimed in claim 13 , wherein:
said electrodes are ring-shaped and arranged concentrically about a shared axis.
22. The electrochemical sensor as claimed in claim 13 , wherein:
the electrochemical sensor is embodied as a conductive conductivity sensor.
23. A method for manufacturing an electrochemical sensor, comprising the steps of:
producing in a first step a green body of a probe body from the electrically insulating ceramic;
in a second step, pressing electrodes with their connection elements into the green body or introducing the electrodes with their connection elements into corresponding cavities in the green body; and
sintering in a third step the green body with the introduced, respectively pressed in, electrodes and connection elements.
24. The method for manufacturing an electrochemical sensor as claimed in claim 23 , wherein:
a process connection is mechanically stably and sealingly connected with the probe body at a joint by means of a joining means, especially by means of an adhesive connection; and
the region of the joint after the joining together and/or the end face of the probe body with the therein gap-freely embedded electrodes are/is processed such that material is removed.
Priority Applications (2)
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US15/989,499 US20180275092A1 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2018-05-25 | Electrochemical sensor |
US17/658,422 US11933756B2 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2022-04-07 | Electrochemical sensor |
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DE102013110042.2 | 2013-09-12 | ||
DE201310110042 DE102013110042A1 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2013-09-12 | Electrochemical sensor |
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US15/989,499 Continuation US20180275092A1 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2018-05-25 | Electrochemical sensor |
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US20150068891A1 true US20150068891A1 (en) | 2015-03-12 |
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ID=52478383
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US14/479,595 Abandoned US20150068891A1 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2014-09-08 | Electrochemical Sensor |
US15/989,499 Abandoned US20180275092A1 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2018-05-25 | Electrochemical sensor |
US17/658,422 Active US11933756B2 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2022-04-07 | Electrochemical sensor |
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US15/989,499 Abandoned US20180275092A1 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2018-05-25 | Electrochemical sensor |
US17/658,422 Active US11933756B2 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2022-04-07 | Electrochemical sensor |
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US (3) | US20150068891A1 (en) |
CN (2) | CN104458871A (en) |
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Cited By (1)
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CN106645306A (en) * | 2017-02-09 | 2017-05-10 | 中国科学院计算技术研究所 | Electrode apparatus of conductivity sensor |
DE102018121787A1 (en) * | 2018-09-06 | 2020-03-12 | Endress+Hauser Conducta Gmbh+Co. Kg | Electrode assembly, amperometric sensor, its manufacture and use |
DE102019216327A1 (en) * | 2019-10-23 | 2021-04-29 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | SENSOR WITH A SOLID LAYERED STRUCTURE AND A METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A SENSOR |
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Also Published As
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DE102013110042A1 (en) | 2015-03-12 |
US20180275092A1 (en) | 2018-09-27 |
US20220229011A1 (en) | 2022-07-21 |
CN110031532A (en) | 2019-07-19 |
US11933756B2 (en) | 2024-03-19 |
CN104458871A (en) | 2015-03-25 |
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