US20140301056A1 - Method and System for Optimizing Routing Layers and Board Space Requirements for a Ball Grid Array Land Pattern - Google Patents
Method and System for Optimizing Routing Layers and Board Space Requirements for a Ball Grid Array Land Pattern Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20140301056A1 US20140301056A1 US14/199,445 US201414199445A US2014301056A1 US 20140301056 A1 US20140301056 A1 US 20140301056A1 US 201414199445 A US201414199445 A US 201414199445A US 2014301056 A1 US2014301056 A1 US 2014301056A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- pads
- land pattern
- array
- corner
- routing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/18—Printed circuits structurally associated with non-printed electric components
- H05K1/181—Printed circuits structurally associated with non-printed electric components associated with surface mounted components
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/48—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor
- H01L23/488—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor consisting of soldered or bonded constructions
- H01L23/498—Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers
- H01L23/49811—Additional leads joined to the metallisation on the insulating substrate, e.g. pins, bumps, wires, flat leads
- H01L23/49816—Spherical bumps on the substrate for external connection, e.g. ball grid arrays [BGA]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/48—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor
- H01L23/488—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor consisting of soldered or bonded constructions
- H01L23/498—Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers
- H01L23/49838—Geometry or layout
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/48—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor
- H01L23/50—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor for integrated circuit devices, e.g. power bus, number of leads
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/11—Printed elements for providing electric connections to or between printed circuits
- H05K1/111—Pads for surface mounting, e.g. lay-out
- H05K1/112—Pads for surface mounting, e.g. lay-out directly combined with via connections
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/02—Bonding areas; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/04—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bonding areas prior to the connecting process
- H01L2224/05—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bonding areas prior to the connecting process of an individual bonding area
- H01L2224/0554—External layer
- H01L2224/05599—Material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/44—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process
- H01L2224/45—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual wire connector
- H01L2224/45001—Core members of the connector
- H01L2224/45099—Material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/47—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
- H01L2224/48—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of an individual wire connector
- H01L2224/4805—Shape
- H01L2224/4809—Loop shape
- H01L2224/48091—Arched
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/47—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
- H01L2224/48—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of an individual wire connector
- H01L2224/481—Disposition
- H01L2224/48151—Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive
- H01L2224/48221—Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked
- H01L2224/48225—Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being non-metallic, e.g. insulating substrate with or without metallisation
- H01L2224/48227—Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being non-metallic, e.g. insulating substrate with or without metallisation connecting the wire to a bond pad of the item
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/80—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
- H01L2224/85—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a wire connector
- H01L2224/8538—Bonding interfaces outside the semiconductor or solid-state body
- H01L2224/85399—Material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/47—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
- H01L24/48—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of an individual wire connector
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
- H01L2924/00014—Technical content checked by a classifier the subject-matter covered by the group, the symbol of which is combined with the symbol of this group, being disclosed without further technical details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/01—Chemical elements
- H01L2924/01019—Potassium [K]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/10—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices to be connected
- H01L2924/11—Device type
- H01L2924/14—Integrated circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/15—Details of package parts other than the semiconductor or other solid state devices to be connected
- H01L2924/151—Die mounting substrate
- H01L2924/1517—Multilayer substrate
- H01L2924/15172—Fan-out arrangement of the internal vias
- H01L2924/15173—Fan-out arrangement of the internal vias in a single layer of the multilayer substrate
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/15—Details of package parts other than the semiconductor or other solid state devices to be connected
- H01L2924/151—Die mounting substrate
- H01L2924/153—Connection portion
- H01L2924/1531—Connection portion the connection portion being formed only on the surface of the substrate opposite to the die mounting surface
- H01L2924/15311—Connection portion the connection portion being formed only on the surface of the substrate opposite to the die mounting surface being a ball array, e.g. BGA
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/15—Details of package parts other than the semiconductor or other solid state devices to be connected
- H01L2924/181—Encapsulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/09—Shape and layout
- H05K2201/09209—Shape and layout details of conductors
- H05K2201/09218—Conductive traces
- H05K2201/09227—Layout details of a plurality of traces, e.g. escape layout for Ball Grid Array [BGA] mounting
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/10—Details of components or other objects attached to or integrated in a printed circuit board
- H05K2201/10613—Details of electrical connections of non-printed components, e.g. special leads
- H05K2201/10621—Components characterised by their electrical contacts
- H05K2201/10734—Ball grid array [BGA]; Bump grid array
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/0005—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits for designing circuits by computer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
- Y10T29/49124—On flat or curved insulated base, e.g., printed circuit, etc.
- Y10T29/49147—Assembling terminal to base
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
- Y10T29/49124—On flat or curved insulated base, e.g., printed circuit, etc.
- Y10T29/49155—Manufacturing circuit on or in base
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
- Y10T29/49124—On flat or curved insulated base, e.g., printed circuit, etc.
- Y10T29/49155—Manufacturing circuit on or in base
- Y10T29/49165—Manufacturing circuit on or in base by forming conductive walled aperture in base
Definitions
- the present invention relates to integrated circuit packaging, and more particularly, to improved routing in integrated circuit packages and in circuit boards to which they are mounted.
- Integrated circuit (IC) dies are typically mounted in or on a package that is attached to a printed circuit board (PCB).
- PCB printed circuit board
- One such type of IC die package is a ball grid array (BGA) package.
- BGA packages provide for smaller footprints than many other package solutions available today.
- a BGA package has an array of solder ball pads located on a bottom external surface of a package substrate. Solder balls are attached to the solder ball pads. The solder balls are reflowed to attach the package to the PCB.
- the IC die is mounted to a top surface of the package substrate. Wire bonds typically couple signals of the IC die to the substrate.
- the substrate has internal routing which electrically couples the IC die signals to the solder balls on the bottom substrate surface.
- BGA packages are widely used in the IC packaging industry. BGA packages have many beneficial characteristics, including high reliability, a relatively mature assembly process, relatively low cost, and good thermal and electrical performances.
- Existing BGA packages have limitations that affect their ability to be used for advanced IC die applications.
- the present invention provides a method and apparatus for improving signal routing of integrated circuit (IC) packages and printed circuit boards (PCBs).
- the present invention further provides improved contact pad arrays for IC packages, and improved land patterns for attaching the IC packages.
- the land patterns and arrays are formed with edge rows that are not fully populated with contact pads. Spaces in the non-fully populated edge rows allow for additional signal routing channels, which eases IC package and PCB design and manufacturing and improves performance.
- an IC package in an aspect of the present invention, includes a substrate material having a first side configured to receive a semiconductor chip.
- a second side of the substrate has a plurality of contact or conductive pads arranged in an array of rows and columns. One or more edges of the array are not fully populated with pads.
- a land pattern for interfacing an IC package includes a plurality of contact or conductive pads arranged in an array of rows and columns. One or more edges of a perimeter of the array is not fully populated with conductive pads. Spaces created in the edges by missing conductive pads create additional routing channels for signals from conductive pads within the array to be routed external to the array through the edges.
- a PCB in another aspect, includes a substrate material and a plurality of conductive features on a first side of the PCB.
- the conductive features include a plurality of contact or conductive pads arranged in an array of rows and columns.
- the array of conductive pads is configured to receive mounting thereon of an integrated circuit device.
- One or more edges of a perimeter of the array is not fully populated with conductive pads. Spaces created in the edges by missing conductive pads create additional routing channels for signals from conductive pads within the array to be routed external to the array through the edges.
- any number of one or more of the spaces are created in any number of one or more edges to create the additional routing channels.
- a number of spaces to be formed in an edge i.e., the number of spaces not occupied by a conductive pad
- an optimized number of spaces is calculated according to
- E a number of conductive pads in the edge, if fully populated
- INT is an INTEGER function, rounded down.
- a ratio of conductive pads in an edge to a number of spaces in the edge is at least 2 to 1.
- the present invention describes a method and system for designing a land pattern for mating an IC package/device to a PCB.
- a number of required pins is determined.
- An array pattern is selected to yield the required pins.
- a number of required perimeter routing channels is determined.
- a size of the array is optimized to yield the required perimeter routing channels. At least one perimeter edge of the array is under-populated.
- a perimeter edge of the array is under-populated by adding at least one non-fully populated perimeter edge of pins to the array.
- a perimeter edge of the array is under-populated by removing pins from at least one existing fully populated perimeter edge of the array.
- a method and apparatus for a land pattern in a multi-layer printed circuit board comprises a substrate material.
- a plurality of conductive features are formed on a surface of the first layer.
- the conductive features include a first plurality of conductive pads arranged in a first array of rows and columns that are configured to receive mounting thereon of an integrated circuit device.
- a second layer of the circuit board comprises a substrate material.
- a second plurality of conductive pads are arranged in a second array of rows and columns on a surface of the second layer. The second array includes fewer rows and columns than the first array.
- a plurality of conductive vias through the circuit board electrically couple at least a portion of the first plurality of conductive pads to corresponding conductive pads of the second plurality of conductive pads. At least one edge of a perimeter of the first array is not fully populated with conductive pads. Spaces created in the edge by missing conductive pads create additional routing channels for signals from conductive pads within the first array to be routed external to the first array through the edge.
- spaces can be created in at least one edge of the second array on the second layer to create additional routing channels for signals from conductive pads within the second array to be routed external to the second array through the edge.
- the multi-layer circuit board can have further layers.
- the further layers can have additional pluralities of conductive pads arranged in arrays that are coupled by vias through the circuit board to the first array. These additional arrays can have spaces in edges to create additional routing channels for signals from conductive pads within the arrays to be routed external to the respective array.
- a method and system for designing a land pattern for mating an integrated circuit device to a printed circuit board is described.
- a number of required pads is determined.
- a number of layers of the printed circuit board to have routing channels is determined.
- a land pattern is selected to yield the required pads.
- a number of required perimeter routing channels is determined for an array of conductive pads on each layer of the determined number of layers.
- a size of the land pattern is optimized to yield the required perimeter routing channels in each layer.
- a least one perimeter edge on at least one layer is under populated with conductive pads.
- a system and method for designing a land pattern for mating an integrated circuit device to a printed circuit board is described.
- a number of required pads is determined.
- a number of required perimeter routing channels is determined.
- a land pattern is selected to yield the required number of pads and number of required perimeter routing channels.
- the selected land pattern incorporates one or more corner pad arrangements.
- a corner pad arrangement includes pads of two edges that converge at a corner of the land pattern.
- a corner pad arrangement has one or more known characteristics, such as a number of lost or unusable routing channels. This number can be used to aid in determining an overall routing channel capacity for a land pattern incorporating the corner pad arrangement.
- a land pattern that yields the required number of pads and number of required perimeter routing channels is selected according to the following: A potential land pattern that at least yields the required pads is selected. A pad arrangement is selected for at least one corner portion of the selected potential land pattern. At least one perimeter edge of the selected potential land pattern is under populated. It is then determined whether the selected potential land pattern yields at least the determined number of required perimeter routing channels.
- this process for selecting the land pattern can be repeated for subsequent potential land patterns if the first potential land pattern is inadequate in terms of routing channels, for comparison purposes, or for other reasons.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an example ball grid array package.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an example array of solder ball pads, fully populated.
- FIG. 3 shows an example subset of a conventional, fully populated, solder ball pad array having nine solder ball pads, with corresponding signal routing.
- FIG. 4 shows a subset of a non-fully populated solder ball pad array having nine solder ball pads, and corresponding signal routing, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5A shows an example conductive pad pattern
- FIG. 5B shows the conductive pad pattern of FIG. 5A with conductive pads removed from a periphery, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5C shows a portion of the conductive pad pattern of FIG. 5B .
- FIG. 5D shows a land pattern with example signal routing, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 6A and 6B show a table providing optimized land pattern and array information, according to embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 7A shows a conductive pad pattern, which is similar to the pattern shown in FIG. 5A , with an additional perimeter of conductive pads added thereto.
- FIG. 7B shows the conductive pad pattern of FIG. 7A , with the additional perimeter edges not fully populated with pads, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 shows a flowchart providing steps for designing a land pattern or array, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 shows a table providing various dimensions for a variety of conductive pad arrays that are applicable to the present invention.
- FIGS. 10-15 show various layers in an example multi-layer embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 shows a pad/pin layout for the example multi-layer embodiment of FIGS. 10-15 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 17A shows an example conventional solder ball pad and routing arrangement.
- FIG. 17B shows an example solder ball pad and routing arrangement, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 17C shows an edge portion of a land pattern/array with a conventional edge pad arrangement and routing.
- FIG. 17D shows an edge portion of a land pattern/array that incorporates a series arrangement of sets that include pads/pins and spaces, to provide additional routing channels, according to embodiments of the present invention
- FIGS. 18-32 show example corner pad arrangements for land patterns, according to embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 33 shows a table providing data related to the corner pad arrangements of FIGS. 18-32 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 34 shows a flowchart for designing land patterns, according to embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 35 shows a flowchart for selecting a land pattern, according to embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 36 shows a portion of a land pattern that incorporates corner pad arrangements, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 37 shows a table providing corner arrangement and routing channel data for an example set of land patterns, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 38-42 show portions of land patterns that incorporate corner pad arrangements, according to example embodiments of the present invention.
- FIGS. 43A and 43B show a table similar to the table shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B , modified to account for corner pad arrangements in arrays/land patterns, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 44A-44C show layers of a printed circuit board having routing channels on multiple layers, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 45 shows a table providing corner arrangement for an example set of land patterns having particular required numbers of power channels, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention is directed to the optimization of routing layers and board space requirements in integrated circuit (IC) packages and printed circuit boards (PCBs).
- the present invention is applicable in land grid array (LGA), pin grid array (PGA), chip scale package (CSP), ball grid array (BGA), and other integrated circuit package types, and their respective PCB land patterns.
- LGA land grid array
- PGA pin grid array
- CSP chip scale package
- BGA ball grid array
- the present invention is applicable to all types of package substrates, including ceramic, plastic, and tape (flex) substrates.
- the present invention is applicable to die-up (cavity-up) and die-down (cavity-down) IC die orientations.
- the present invention is described herein as being implemented in a BGA package.
- the present invention is applicable to the other integrated circuit package types mentioned herein, and to additional integrated circuit package types.
- contact pad refers to an element that makes electrical contact.
- contact pad refers to IC packages having “pads” for making electrical contact
- conductive pad refers to an element that makes electrical contact.
- array refers to a group of combination of conductive pads or pins on a surface of a PCB or substrate.
- array is used to refer to a group or combination of conductive pads or pins of an IC package substrate, typically arranged in rows and columns, for interfacing with a PCB or other structure, when mounted thereto.
- laminate pattern refers to a type of array, primarily referring to a group or combination of conductive pads on a surface of a PCB or other structure, typically arranged in rows and columns, intended for the mounting of an IC package.
- a “land pattern” is also known as “footprint,” and these terms are used interchangeably herein.
- Ball grid array package types are described below. A discussion of the present invention is provided, and then various embodiments of the present invention are described. Initially, conceptual embodiments are described that encompass the invention more generally, and can also be considered to be approximations. Description of these embodiments is followed by description of more specific embodiments relating to more complete implementations. Note that the embodiments described herein may be combined in any applicable manner, as required by a particular application.
- a ball grid array (BGA) package is used to package and interface an IC die with a printed circuit board (PCB).
- BGA packages may be used with any type of IC die, and are particularly useful for high speed ICs.
- solder pads do not just surround the package periphery, as in chip carrier type packages, but may cover the entire bottom package surface in an array configuration.
- BGA packages are also referred to as pad array carrier (PAC), pad array, land grid array, and pad-grid array packages.
- PAC pad array carrier
- BGA package types are further described in the following paragraphs. For additional description on BGA packages, refer to Lau, J. H., Ball Grid Array Technology , McGraw-Hill, New York, (1995), which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- the IC die is mounted on a top surface of a substrate or stiffener, in a direction away from the PCB.
- the IC die is mounted on a bottom surface of the substrate or stiffener, in a direction towards the PCB.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional flex BGA package 100 .
- BGA package 100 includes an IC die 102 , a substrate 104 , a plurality of solder balls 106 , and one or more wire bonds 108 .
- Substrate 104 is generally made from one or more conductive layers bonded with a dielectric material.
- the dielectric material may be made from various substances, such as polyimide tape. Tape (or “flex”) substrates are particularly appropriate for large IC dies with large numbers of input and outputs, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and microprocessors.
- the conductive layers are typically made from a metal, or combination of metals, such as copper and/or aluminum. Trace or routing patterns are made in the conductive layer material.
- Substrate 104 may be a single-layer tape, a two-layer tape, or additional layer tape substrate type. In a two-layer tape, the metal layers sandwich the dielectric layer, such as in a copper-Upilex-copper arrangement.
- Substrate 104 may alternatively be a plastic, ceramic, or other substrate type.
- IC die 102 is attached directly to substrate 104 , for example, by an epoxy or other die-attach material.
- IC die 102 is any type of semiconductor integrated circuit, separated from a semiconductor wafer.
- One or more wire bonds 108 connect corresponding bond pads 118 on
- Bond pads 118 are I/O pads for IC die 102 that make internal signals of IC die 102 externally available.
- IC die 102 may be flipped and mounted to substrate 104 by solder balls located on the bottom surface of IC die 102 , by a process commonly referred to as “C4” or “flip chip” packaging. In such an embodiment, wire bonds 108 are not required.
- Encapsulating material 116 covers IC die 102 and wire bonds 108 for mechanical and environmental protection.
- Encapsulating material 116 is a mold compound, epoxy, or other applicable encapsulating substance.
- BGA package 100 does not include a stiffener.
- a stiffener can be attached to the substrate to add planarity and rigidity to the package.
- BGA package 100 includes an array of solder ball pads located on a bottom external surface of substrate 104 for attachment of solder balls 106 .
- Wire bonds 108 are electrically connected to solder balls 106 underneath substrate 104 through corresponding vias and routing in substrate 104 .
- the vias in substrate 104 can be plated or filled with a conductive material, such as solder, to allow for these connections.
- Solder balls 106 are used to attach BGA package 100 to the PCB.
- FIG. 2 shows an example land pattern 200 .
- Land pattern 200 is located on a surface 210 , which may be a surface of a PCB (i.e., for attachment of a BGA or other IC package), for example.
- land pattern 200 is shown as a 12 ⁇ 12 array of rows and columns of conductive pads 202 .
- Conductive pads 202 may be solder ball contact pads, or other contact or conductive pad types.
- land pattern 200 is shown as a 12 ⁇ 12 array of conductive pads 202 .
- the present invention is applicable to arrays and land patterns of different sizes.
- Land pattern 200 includes first, second, third, and fourth edge portions 220 a , 220 b , 220 c , and 220 d , which are each indicated by a respective rectangle in FIG. 2 .
- each edge portion 220 includes the number of conductive pads 202 serially aligned along an entire edge of land pattern 200 , minus one corner conductive pad 202 .
- the four edges of land pattern 200 include twelve conductive pads 202
- FIG. 2 also shows portions of first and second electrically conductive routing channels 204 a and 204 b on surface 210 (for illustrative purposes, other routing channels on surface 210 are not shown).
- First and second routing channels 204 a and 204 b are routed through a space between first and second conductive pads 202 a and 202 b . Due to the spacing of solder balls 202 in land pattern 200 , and due to a particular routing channel width, only two routing channels can be routed through a gap between any two conductive pads 202 , such as first and second conductive pads 202 a and 202 b .
- Such an arrangement reduces costs and optimizes manufacturing constraints relative to other spacing and routing channel arrangements. However, this arrangement causes difficulties in routing a sufficient number of signals from conductive pads 202 within land pattern 200 to points on surface 210 outside of land pattern 200 .
- FIG. 3 shows an example land pattern portion 300 having a conventional arrangement of conductive pads 202 .
- Land pattern portion 300 includes nine conductive pads 202 a - 202 i .
- conductive pad 202 f is shown as square-shaped.
- only two routing channels 204 are possible in a space between any two adjacent conductive pads 202 .
- routing channels are possible only for seven of the nine conductive pads 202 a - 202 i .
- Routing channels 204 a - 204 g correspond to conductive pads 202 b - 202 f , 202 h , and 202 i . Due to spacing constraints of land pattern portion 300 , conductive pads 202 a and 202 g are not able to be routed externally from land pattern portion 300 . As described below, the present invention allows for a greater number of routing channels 204 than conventional land pattern portion 300 .
- Example embodiments for improving IC package-related signal routing are provided below. These embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes, and are not limiting. Alternative embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the discussion contained herein. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the relevant art(s), other array and land pattern configurations are within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
- routing channel capacity is improved by using land patterns and/or arrays having edge rows and/or columns that are not fully populated with conductive pads. Spaces in the edges are formed that create additional routing channels so that more signals can be routed from the land pattern or array.
- This subsection relates to embodiments that tend to be more conceptual/approximations, although in some embodiments, the embodiments described in this subsection can provide optimum/exact results. For example, for this subsection, the accuracy in numbers of routing channels determined for a particular edge can have a range of +/ ⁇ 1 routing channel, or even better results.
- FIG. 4 shows an example land pattern portion 400 having conductive pads 202 arranged according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- conductive pad 202 f has been replaced with an opening or space 402 .
- a conductive pad 202 j has been added to the left side of land pattern portion 400 for illustrative purposes.
- space 402 By forming space 402 in the peripheral edge of land pattern portion 400 , additional signal routing channels are available.
- two additional routing channels 204 h and 204 i are present due to space 402 .
- all nine conductive pads 202 a - 202 e and 202 g - 202 j are able to be routed externally from land pattern portion 400 .
- a space 402 in an edge allows for two additional routing channels (i.e., in addition to the routing channel coupled to the pad/pin that would otherwise occupy space 402 ), for a total of three routing channels related to space 402 .
- a space 402 may instead allow for fewer or more than two additional routing channels 204 .
- the present invention has numerous advantages. For instance, the present invention allows a greater percentage of contact pads/pins to be accessible by routing channels. The present invention further allows for a reduced overall IC package size. For example, the present invention allows for a smaller IC package and/or PCB substrate surface area, and/or for fewer substrate layers. Hence, the present invention also reduces IC package and PCB costs.
- the present invention reduces a time required to select pad or pin assignments. Still further, the present invention offers a non-standard pad pitch that is practical for high-volume production. Furthermore, the present invention reduces a number of pads/pins that are forced to be “orphaned” (i.e., cannot be externally routed from within the land pattern or array on the same layer as other signals). Furthermore, the present invention allows a larger number of signals to be routed on a single board layer. The present invention has numerous further advantages.
- conductive pad patterns are formed having one or more edges that are not fully populated with solder ball pads.
- the locations of openings or spaces 402 in an edge of a solder ball pad pattern can be selected manually or automatically, or by a combination thereof.
- a layout designer may manually select the placement of one or more openings or spaces 402 in an edge of a solder ball pad pattern.
- an automated system may select the locations for the one or more openings or spaces 402 .
- the automated system may include hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof, to perform the present invention.
- a layout designer or automated system may use a library of land pattern and/or array subsections that include non-fully populated edge portions to assist in creating board layouts.
- land pattern portion 400 may be included in such a library. Therefore, land pattern portion 400 could be selected from the library from other land pattern portions to create a partial or complete land pattern. Further land pattern or array subsections for inclusion in a library will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein.
- routing channel capacity is improved by removing one or more pads/pins from a perimeter side or edge of the land pattern or array.
- routing capacity is improved by adding a non-fully populated perimeter side or edge to a land pattern or array.
- routing capacity may be increased by removing one or more pins/pads from a peripheral edge of a land pattern or array.
- any number of pins/pads may be removed from any number of edges of the land pattern or array.
- the pins/pads may be removed from any pin/pad location of an edge.
- an edge of a land pattern or array can be viewed as having one or more “sets” of conductive pad positions.
- a set may include any number of two or more adjacent conductive pad positions.
- An opening or space 402 may be positioned in each such set to replace a conductive pad.
- a space 402 can be located in a set of three edge conductive pad positions.
- the space 402 may be located in any of the three edge conductive pad positions, including a middle conductive pad position.
- any number of such sets of three conductive pad positions may be placed in a particular edge of a land pattern or array to provide additional routing channels.
- the particular edge may have a ratio of conductive pads to spaces of 2 to 1, or greater, depending on how many sets are used.
- a number of openings or spaces 402 positioned in a solder ball pad edge portion 220 may be optimized, such that little or no benefit in signal routing capacity is gained by adding further spaces 402 to the edge portion 220 , and such that signal routing capacity may be reduced by removing spaces 402 .
- a optimized number of spaces 402 may be determined according to an equation, such as Equation 1 shown below:
- FIG. 5B shows land pattern 500 , revised to include four spaces 402 in each of edge portions 220 a - d , as calculated by Equation 1, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Land pattern 500 of FIG. 5B resultingly has a greater routing channel capacity than the land pattern of FIG. 5A .
- an edge can be viewed as including sets of conductive pad positions.
- FIG. 5C shows a portion of land pattern 500 of FIG. 5B .
- an edge of land pattern 500 can be segmented into six sets of three conductive positions: a first set 530 a , a second set 530 b , a third set 530 c , a fourth set 530 d , a fifth set 530 e , and a sixth set 530 f .
- FIG. 5C shows a portion of land pattern 500 of FIG. 5B .
- an edge of land pattern 500 can be segmented into six sets of three conductive positions: a first set 530 a , a second set 530 b , a third set 530 c , a fourth set 530 d , a fifth set 530 e , and a sixth set 530 f .
- each of second set 530 b , third set 530 c , fourth set 530 d , and fifth set 530 e have a middle conductive pad position filled with a space 402 .
- Extra routing channels are available for each of these sets of conductive pad positions due to their respective spaces 402 .
- a set of conductive pad positions that includes a corner conductive pad position may or may not include a space 402 .
- little benefit is provided by locating a space 402 in or near a corner, because conductive pads in and near a corner of a land pattern are more easily accessed by routing channels. This is because corner conductive pad positions are accessible from two sides of the land pattern, as opposed to other edge positions, which can only be readily accessed from a single side.
- no spaces 402 are located in first set 530 a and sixth set 530 f .
- one or more spaces 402 may be positioned in or near the corners of a land pattern, such as in first and/or sixth sets 530 a and 530 f.
- FIG. 5D shows a land pattern 550 , which is similar to land pattern 500 , with numerous conductive features shown, including routing channels 204 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 5D , a larger amount of routing channels 204 is possible in the area in and around spaces 402 . This larger amount of routing channels allows for a greater number of conductive pads 202 of land pattern 550 to be routed to destinations outside of land pattern 550 . As shown in FIG. 5D , conductive pads 202 in an “isolated” area 540 are not routed to destinations external to land pattern 550 .
- conductive pads 202 in area 540 can be power pads, ground pads, test signal pads, or any combination thereof. All conductive pads 202 outside of isolated area 540 are routed by a corresponding routing channel 204 to destinations external to land pattern 550 . Without the presence of spaces 402 , isolated area 540 would include a larger proportion of isolated conductive pads 202 of land pattern 550 .
- Equation 1 may be rewritten in terms of complete edges, instead of edge portions 220 , as follows:
- Equation 1A arrives at the same result as calculated by Equation 1 for land pattern 500 , above.
- a number of spaces 402 to be located in one or more edges of a land pattern can be calculated according to Equations 1 and 1A.
- a number of spaces 402 to be located in an edge of a land pattern can be determined by referring to a table, such as Table 600 , which is shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B .
- Table 600 contains information directed to numerous sizes of IC packages.
- Table 600 can be referred to by a user, manually, or can be incorporated in an automatic system. The information present in Table 600 is described, column by column, in the following paragraphs:
- Column 602 shows, for each row of Table 600 , an area required by a land pattern or array, having row and column pad/pin counts shown in columns 604 and 606 .
- Column 602 shows area data in square inches.
- Column 604 shows, for each row of Table 600 , a count of pads or pins in a row (X) of the land pattern or array of column 602 (without operation of the present invention).
- Column 606 shows, for each row of Table 600 , a count of pads or pins in a column (Y) of the land pattern or array of column 602 (without operation of the present invention).
- Column 608 shows, for each row of Table 600 , a total number of pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array (prior to replacement of any conductive pads with spaces 402 ).
- Column 610 shows, for each row of Table 600 , a total number of externally available pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array prior to operation of the present invention. “Externally available” pads or pins are those that can be routed outside of the particular land pattern or array on the same substrate layer, and are therefore not “orphaned.”
- Column 612 shows, for each row of Table 600 , a total number of internal or “orphaned” pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array prior to operation of the present invention.
- Internal or “orphaned” pads or pins are those that cannot be routed outside of the particular land pattern or array on the same substrate layer as the externally available pads or pins.
- some IC package signals may be coupled to internal pins without substantially affecting package performance.
- such pins include power and/or ground, which are coupled to power and/or ground planes in the PCB (through vias) when the IC package is mounted to the PCB.
- Other IC package signals that are coupled to internal or orphaned pins may include proprietary signals used only during test of the IC package, and other signals used during development of the PCB assembly.
- Column 614 shows, for each row of Table 600 , a percentage of pads or pins that are internal or orphaned for the entire land pattern or array (without operation of the present invention). Thus, for each row, a value in column 614 may be calculated as follows:
- value ⁇ ⁇ in ⁇ ⁇ column ⁇ ⁇ 614 value ⁇ ⁇ in ⁇ ⁇ column ⁇ ⁇ 612 value ⁇ ⁇ in ⁇ ⁇ column ⁇ ⁇ 610 ⁇ 100
- Column 616 shows, for each edge row of the particular land pattern or array, a number of pads present (not counting one of the corner pads), after removal of peripheral pads or pins according to the present invention.
- Column 618 shows, for each edge column of the particular land pattern or array, a number of pads present (not counting one of the corner pads), after removal of peripheral pads or pins according to the present invention.
- Column 620 shows, for each row of Table 600 , a resulting total number of pads or pins remaining for the entire land pattern or array, after removal of peripheral pads or pins according to the present invention.
- Column 622 shows a total number of externally available pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins according to the present invention.
- Column 624 shows a total number of internal or “orphaned”, unavailable pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins according to the present invention.
- Column 626 shows a percentage of pads or pins that are internal or orphaned for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins according to the present invention. Thus, for each row, a value in column 626 may be calculated as follows:
- value ⁇ ⁇ in ⁇ ⁇ column ⁇ ⁇ 626 value ⁇ ⁇ in ⁇ ⁇ column ⁇ ⁇ 624 value ⁇ ⁇ in ⁇ ⁇ column ⁇ ⁇ 622 ⁇ 100
- Columns 628 - 650 show a total number of externally available pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins for additional routing channels, that is further reduced due to a selected number of externally accessible power channels. In the present example, for every external power channel selected, the number of externally available pins is reduced by two. Thus, the values in columns 628 - 650 may be calculated as follows:
- each ⁇ ⁇ value ⁇ ⁇ in ⁇ ⁇ columns ⁇ ⁇ 628 ⁇ - ⁇ 650 value ⁇ ⁇ in ⁇ ⁇ column ⁇ ⁇ 622 - 2 ⁇ number ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ external ⁇ ⁇ power ⁇ ⁇ channels ⁇ ⁇ selected ⁇ ⁇ ( value ⁇ ⁇ in ⁇ ⁇ row ⁇ ⁇ 652 )
- FIG. 5D shows several example power channels 590 , according to the present invention.
- Table 600 shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B can be consulted to determine a number of spaces 402 to be positioned in one or more edges of a land pattern or array.
- a row 660 of Table 600 shown in FIG. 6A
- row 660 applies to a 19 ⁇ 19 array of pad positions, such as land pattern 500 .
- Columns 616 and 618 indicate that edge portions (i.e., not counting one of the corner pad positions of the edge) can be modified to include 14 solder ball pads. This is shown in FIG.
- Table 600 provides a result similar to that for Equations 1 and 1A described above.
- Information present in Table 600 may be referred to for any land pattern or array of sizes 11 ⁇ 11 through 31 ⁇ 31.
- the information of Table 600 may be extended to larger and smaller land pattern and array sizes, as would be understood by persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein.
- the present invention can be applied to array and land patterns of any size, even sizes much greater than 31 ⁇ 31.
- Table 600 also provides an indication of routing channel improvements due to embodiments of the present invention.
- land pattern 500 originally had 361 pads or pins (i.e., as shown in FIG. 5A ).
- land pattern 500 can have a total number of 345 pads or pins.
- land pattern 500 originally had 216 pads or pins that were externally accessible by routing channels.
- land pattern 500 can have 248 pads or pins that are externally accessible by routing channels, an increase of 32 pads or pins.
- the number of internal or orphaned pads or pins has been reduced from 145 to 97.
- 32 additional pads or pins are available for signal routing in land pattern 550 .
- the present invention increases the availability of pads or pins.
- land pattern 550 In the example of land pattern 550 shown in FIG. 5D , six power channels 590 are present. Column 638 of Table 600 indicates that in an embodiment, a total of 236 pads or pins can be externally accessible by routing channels when six power channels 590 are present. Thus, land pattern 550 is shown in FIG. 5D having 236 externally accessible routing channels, corresponding to 236 pads or pins. Land pattern 550 has 69 orphaned pads or pins in a central region. Land pattern 69 has 40 pads or pins coupled to the six power channels 590 .
- example land pattern 550 has a greater number of routing channels than indicated in column 610 , and fewer orphaned pads or pins than are indicated in column 612 of Table 600 .
- the present invention increases the availability of pads or pins, which therefore allows the use of smaller package sizes, and fewer routing layers, for example.
- routing capacity is improved for a land pattern or array by adding a non-fully populated perimeter edge or side of pads or pins to the land pattern or array. Additional routing channels are provided by spaces or openings formed by missing pins in the added non-fully populated perimeter side. Any number of one or more non-fully populated edges may be added to the land pattern or array.
- the additional perimeter of conductive pads can have spaces 402 formed therein for additional routing channels, according to the present invention. The number and location of spaces 402 can be selected manually and/or automatically, or as described elsewhere herein.
- Equations 1 and/or 1A, and Table 600 may be used to determine a number of spaces 402 to use in an added non-fully populated perimeter edge. Furthermore, when an additional perimeter of conductive pads is added to entirely surround an array or land pattern, Equations 1 and/or 1A, and Table 600 , may be used to determine a number of spaces 402 to use in each of the four added non-fully populated edges.
- the number of spaces 402 to be placed in each new edge of can be calculated according to Equation 2, shown below:
- the number of spaces 402 to be located in an edge portion 720 may be calculated according to Equation 2 as follows:
- the number of spaces 402 to be located in an edge portion of the additional periphery of solder ball pads, according to Equation 2, is five.
- FIG. 7B shows an example land pattern 750 , similar to land pattern 500 , with an additional non-fully populated perimeter of solder ball pads, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Each of edge portions 720 a - 720 d include five spaces 402 , as calculated by Equation 2.
- Equation 2 may be rewritten in terms of complete edges, instead of edge portions 220 , as follows:
- FIG. 8 shows an example flowchart 800 providing steps for designing one or more embodiments of the present invention.
- the steps of FIG. 8 do not necessarily have to occur in the order shown, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings herein.
- Other structural embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. These steps are described in detail below.
- Flowchart 800 begins with a step 802 .
- a number of required pins is determined. For example, a user or automatic system may determine a required number of signals needed to couple to a PCB by a package, therefore determining the required number of pins or pads.
- a number of required perimeter routing channels is determined.
- the signals corresponding to the required number of pins determined in step 802 can be evaluated to determine which need to be routed external to the array or land pattern. For example, at least some ground, power, and/or other signals may be selected to be included in the group of internal or “orphaned” pads/pins not needing to be externally routed. Once the number of internal pads/pins is determined, a number of pads/pins that require to be externally routed using routing channels will be known.
- an array or land pattern is selected to yield the required pads or pins.
- the user or automatic system can choose an N ⁇ M size array having the required number of pins/pads determined in step 802 .
- a table such as Table 600 may be referred to for this selection.
- column 608 indicates a number of total pads/pins for a given N ⁇ M size array.
- a size of the array or land pattern is optimized to yield the required perimeter routing channels, wherein at least one perimeter side of the array is under-populated.
- the number of pads/pins needing routing channels determined in step 804 can be compared to the external routing channel capacity of the selected N ⁇ M size array.
- a table such as Table 600 can be referred to for this comparison.
- column 610 indicates a number of externally available pads or pins for the land pattern. If additional routing channels are required, one or more pads/pins can be added or removed from one or more peripheral edges of the N ⁇ M size array.
- step 808 includes under populating at least one perimeter edge of the array or land pattern. For example, FIG.
- FIG. 5B above shows the removing of pad/pins (i.e., or adding of spaces 402 ) to an edge of a land pattern to under populate a perimeter edge.
- FIG. 7B shows the adding of an under-populated edge of pads/pins to an edge of a land pattern to under populate a perimeter edge.
- a number of added or removed pins/pads may be determined manually or automatically.
- Table 600 may be referred to, and/or Equations 1, 1A, 2, and/or 2A may be used to determine the number of added or removed pins/pads.
- signals may be routed from pads internal to the land pattern through openings formed by missing pads in the non-fully populated perimeter edge(s).
- Table 600 described above relates to land patterns and arrays having the sizes indicated in column 602 .
- the present invention is not limited to these sizes, but instead is applicable to land patterns and arrays of any size.
- Table 900 shown in FIG. 9 provides additional sizes to which the present invention is applicable. Table 900 is described as follows:
- Columns 902 , 904 , and 906 of Table 900 relate to example land pattern and array sizes having various pad/pin counts. Columns 902 and 904 respectively show row (X) and column (Y) pad/pin counts. Column 906 indicates a total pad/pin count for fully populated land patterns and arrays having the row and column counts indicated by columns 902 and 904 .
- Columns 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 , 918 , and 920 each show substrate areas required by the land patterns or arrays having the sizes of columns 902 , 904 , and 906 , for different trace/pad technologies. Area data is shown in square inches. Note that column 908 relates to an area equivalent to that shown in column 602 of Table 600 . Rows 930 , 932 , 934 , and 936 provide dimension data for the trace/pad technologies of columns 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 , 918 , and 920 .
- Row 930 indicates line widths for routing channels for the various trace/pad technologies of columns 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 , 918 , and 920 .
- Row 932 indicates a spacing between routing channels for the various trace/pad technologies of columns 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 , 918 , and 920 .
- Row 934 indicates a pad width/length for the various trace/pad technologies of columns 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 , 918 , and 920 .
- Row 936 indicates a pitch, or distance center to center for adjacent pads, for the various trace/pad technologies of columns 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 , 918 , and 920 .
- Table 900 provides relevant data for a variety of IC package sizes. Columns 610 - 650 of Table 600 can be referred to for additional information regarding the various technologies of Table 900 .
- column 912 relates to a trace/pad technology having a channel routing width of 0.006 inches, a routing channel spacing of 0.006, a pad width/length of 0.029 inches, and a pad pitch of 0.060 inches.
- a row 940 of Table 900 provides information regarding a 19 ⁇ 19 land pattern or array, similar to land pattern 500 shown in FIG. 5A .
- columns 908 - 920 show land pattern or array sizes ranging from 0.90 to 2.31 square inches.
- Columns 610 - 650 of row 660 of Table 600 (shown in FIG. 6A ) can be referred to for a 19 ⁇ 19 array of any of the sizes provided in row 940 .
- the information provided in Table 600 can be related to any other of the trace/pad technologies shown in Table 900 .
- Embodiments of the present invention are applicable to circuit boards/substrates having any number of layers.
- different portions of the pads/pins of a solder ball array/land pattern can be coupled to externally accessible routing channels on different layers.
- FIGS. 10-15 show various layers in an example multi-layer circuit board embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 shows an example top assembly view 1010 of a circuit board 1000 .
- a ball grid array package can be attached to the land pattern centrally located on circuit board 1000 in view 1010 .
- the land pattern shown in FIG. 10 includes various conductive features, including an array of conductive pads and routing channels.
- the array is a 32 ⁇ 32 pad/pin array, having 1024 pads/pins (prior to operation of the present invention).
- a first portion of the pads/pins of the 32 ⁇ 32 pad/pin array are shown on a top layer in FIG. 10 coupled to externally available routing channels.
- the first portion of pads/pins that are externally routed are located in the peripheral five rows/columns of the land pattern.
- Printed circuit board 1000 comprises a substrate material, and can include one or more layers in which conductive features are formed, in addition to the layer shown in FIG. 10 .
- FIG. 11 shows a top etch view 1100 of circuit board 1000 , which shows the layer shown in FIG. 10 as it would actually be etched.
- FIG. 12 shows a ground layer view 1200 of circuit board 1000 .
- Ground layer view 1200 shows a ground plane of circuit board 1000 .
- FIG. 13 shows a power layer view 1300 of circuit board 1000 .
- Power layer view 1300 shows a power plane of circuit board 1000 .
- FIG. 14 shows a bottom etch view 1400 of circuit board 1000 .
- FIG. 15 shows a bottom assembly view 1500 of circuit board 1000 .
- View 1500 (and view 1400 ) shows on a bottom layer of circuit board 1000 a portion of the land pattern shown in FIG. 10 .
- View 1500 shows conductive features on the bottom of circuit board 1000 , including the innermost 25 ⁇ 25 array of pads/pins of the land pattern of FIG. 10 .
- FIGS. 12 and 13 show vias corresponding to the 25 ⁇ 25 array of pads/pins, for electrically coupling the 25 ⁇ 25 array of pads/pins between the layers shown in views 1010 and 1500 .
- a first portion of the 32 ⁇ 32 pad/pin array are shown externally routed in top assembly view 1010 of FIG. 10 .
- a second portion of pads of the original 32 ⁇ 32 pad/pin array of FIG. 10 are shown coupled to externally available routing channels in view 1500 .
- This second portion of pads/pins is located in the peripheral five circumferential rows of the 25 ⁇ 25 array portion shown in FIG. 15 .
- a first portion of the land pattern of FIG. 10 is routed on a first layer of circuit board 1000
- a second portion of the land pattern is routed on a second layer of circuit board 1000 .
- the number of pads/pins that are routed on a first routing layer is maximized, leaving as few as possible pads/pins to route on a subsequent layer(s).
- any proportion of pads/pins can be routed on any layer, according to the present invention.
- the pads/pins may be more appropriately referred to as “vias”, although for illustrative purposes, they will typically be referred to as pads/pins herein.
- the present invention is also applicable to design of arrays of vias in PCBs and IC packages.
- pads/pins are routed on the first routing layer (shown in FIG. 10 ), and 340 pads/pins are routed on the second routing layer (shown in FIG. 15 ). Eight pads/pins have been removed from each edge of the 32 ⁇ 32 array shown in FIG. 10 . Seven pads/pins/vias have been removed from each edge of the 25 ⁇ 25 array portion shown in FIG. 15 . In alternative embodiments, fewer or greater numbers of pads/pins may be removed.
- FIG. 16 shows a Table 1600 showing a pad/pin layout for the example multi-layer land pattern embodiment of FIGS. 10-15 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- a “T” represents a pad/pin that is routed on the layer shown in FIG. 10 (e.g., top layer)
- a “B” represents a pad/pin that is routed on the layer shown in FIG. 15 (e.g., bottom layer).
- a “N” represents a position where there is no pad/pin.
- “AG” represents analog ground
- AP1” and “AP2” represent analog power
- DG represents digital ground
- DP1” and “DP2” represent digital power.
- flowchart 800 of FIG. 8 can be modified to include an additional step where a number of layers of the printed circuit board to have routing channels is determined. This step can occur at any point in flowchart 800 .
- the printed circuit board can have any number of one or more layers that include routing channels, including two such layers, three such layers, and greater numbers of layers. The determination of the number of layers can be made manually or automatically.
- step 804 of flowchart 800 can be modified such that a number of required perimeter routing channels is determined for an array of conductive pads on each layer of the determined number of layers.
- Step 808 can also be modified such that a size of the land pattern is optimized to yield the required perimeter routing channels in each layer.
- Step 808 can include the step where at least one perimeter edge is under populated on at least one layer.
- either layer, or both layers can have edges that are under populated by incorporating one or more spaces.
- the multi-layer land pattern embodiment shown in FIGS. 10-16 is provided for illustrative purposes, and is not limiting.
- the present invention is applicable to any land pattern/array size, on any number of layers, as would be understood by persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein.
- This subsection describes embodiments for arrangements of pads/spaces in and near corners of solder ball arrays/land patterns. More specifically, this subsection provides embodiments relating the proximity of spaces to corners of solder ball arrays/land patterns.
- the description below is applicable to both single-layer and multi-layer embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 17A shows an example land pattern portion 1700 having a conventional arrangement of conductive pads 202 .
- FIG. 17B shows an example land pattern portion 1750 having conductive pads 202 and a space 402 configured according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- nine conductive pads 202 b - d , 202 f - h , and 202 j - 1 can be routed out of portion 1700 by nine respective routing channels 204 a - i .
- FIG. 17A shows an example land pattern portion 1700 having a conventional arrangement of conductive pads 202 .
- FIG. 17B shows an example land pattern portion 1750 having conductive pads 202 and a space 402 configured according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- nine conductive pads 202 b - d , 202 f - h , and 202 j - 1 can be routed out of portion 1700 by nine respective routing channels 204 a - i .
- conductive pad 202 h has been replaced with an opening or space 402 .
- eleven conductive pads 202 a - g and 202 i - 1 can be routed out of land pattern portion 1750 by eleven routing channels 204 a - 204 k .
- all conductive pads 202 that are three columns (or rows) deep from the edge of land pattern portion 1700 can be externally routed.
- all conductive pads 202 present that are four columns (or rows) deep from the edge of land pattern portion 1750 can be routed, when a single space 402 is present.
- a set 530 of two solder ball pads 202 surrounding a space 402 in an edge can be repeated on the edge, to provide additional routing channels throughout the edge.
- a set 530 can be positioned in the edge as dictated by a corner pad arrangement.
- a “corner pad arrangement,” “corner arrangement,” or “pad arrangement for a corner portion” is defined by an arrangement of conductive pads in two edges that converge at a corner of an array/land pattern. In other words, pads of a corner pad arrangement are pads along two edges going out from a corner, until a pad prior to a space is encountered.
- a corner pad arrangement can also be considered to be a line of pads beginning in a first edge after a pad after a first space, extending to a corner, extending around the corner, and along a second edge until a pad prior to a second space is encountered.
- a corner pad arrangement can include additional pads.
- Different corner pad arrangements have various numbers of pads along the edges.
- a corner pad arrangement has one or more known characteristics, such as a number of lost or unusable routing channels. This number can be used in conjunction with the number of routing channels gained by using spaces 402 in an edge to determine an overall routing channel capacity for an edge, or even for an entire array/land pattern.
- FIG. 17B shows an example set 1710 similar to set 530 , but also showing example routing, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- set 1710 includes a first pad 202 d , a space 402 , and a second pad 2021 arranged in series along an edge.
- set 1710 allows for eleven routing channels 204 a - k .
- the pads and routing of set 1710 , or routing similar thereto, can be repeated (e.g., copied from a library) on an edge any number of times to provide known or predetermined routing of signals on edges.
- Set 1710 can be used adjacent to particular corner pad arrangements to provide predictable routability. For example, FIG.
- FIG. 17C shows an edge portion 1770 of a land pattern/array with a conventional edge pad arrangement, and routing.
- FIG. 17D shows an edge portion 1780 of a land pattern/array that incorporates a series arrangement of sets 1710 a - f to provide additional routing channels, in a predictable manner.
- edge portion 1780 has six fewer edge pads 202 , but is capacity for routing twelve more pads 202 externally.
- FIGS. 18-32 show fifteen corner arrangements, according to example embodiments of the present invention.
- the corner pad arrangements can be used to aid in determining an overall number of routing channels for an array/land pattern, and can also be used to aid in positioning spaces in edges. For illustrative purposes, only two outer rows and columns of the corner pad positions are shown in FIGS. 18-32 .
- FIG. 18 shows a corner arrangement 1800 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 1800 is located in a corner of a land pattern or array, at an intersection of first and second edges 1802 and 1804 .
- Corner arrangement 1800 includes a corner pad 1810 .
- a set of four corner pads 1812 is also shown.
- Corner arrangement 1800 is considered a “two-by-three” arrangement, because in first edge 1802 , two pads 1822 and 1824 are present between corner pad 1810 and adjacent set 1710 a , and in second edge 1804 , three pads 1832 , 1834 , and 1836 are present between corner pad 1810 and adjacent set 1710 b .
- corner arrangement 1800 is considered a “two-by-three” arrangement because two routing areas 1842 and 1844 between pads are present between adjacent set 1710 a and corner pads 1812 , and three routing areas 1862 , 1864 , and 1866 between pads are present between adjacent set 1710 b and corner pads 1812 .
- corner arrangement 1800 represents two corner pad arrangements: (1) the two-by-three arrangement of pads shown in FIG. 18 ; and (2) a three-by-two arrangement of pads that would result by swapping the positions of first and second edges 1802 and 1804 around corner pad 1810 in FIG. 18 .
- corner arrangement 1800 The two-by-three and three-by-two arrangements represented by corner arrangement 1800 are desirable corner pad arrangements.
- Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 1800 in FIG. 18 .
- two routing channels are routed through each of routing areas 1842 , 1844 , 1862 , 1864 , and 1866 , and the routing areas adjacent to corner pad 1810 , from internal to the land pattern/array to external of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 .
- a maximum number of routing channels for each routing area proximate to the corner are used, and no routing channels are lost when using corner arrangement 1800 .
- FIG. 19 shows a corner arrangement 1900 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 1900 is located in a corner of a land pattern or array, at an intersection of first and second edges 1802 and 1804 .
- Corner arrangement 1900 includes a corner pad 1910 .
- a set of four corner pads 1912 is also shown.
- Corner arrangement 1900 is considered a “two-by-four” arrangement, because in first edge 1802 , two pads 1922 and 1924 are present between corner pad 1910 and adjacent set 1710 a , and in second edge 1804 , four pads 1932 , 1934 , 1936 , and 1938 are present between corner pad 1910 and adjacent set 1710 b .
- corner arrangement 1900 is considered a “two-by-four” arrangement because two routing areas 1942 and 1944 between pads are present between adjacent set 1710 a and corner pads 1912 , and four routing areas 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , and 1968 between pads are present between adjacent set 1710 b and corner pads 1912 .
- corner arrangement 1900 represents two corner pad arrangements: (1) the two-by-four arrangement of pads shown in FIG. 19 ; and (2) a four-by-two arrangement of pads that would result by swapping first and second edges 1802 and 1804 in FIG. 19 .
- corner arrangement 1900 The two-by-four and four-by-two arrangements represented by corner arrangement 1900 are desirable corner pad arrangements, although less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 of FIG. 18 . Corner arrangement 1900 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because a routing channel is lost or unused.
- Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 1900 in FIG. 19 . As shown in FIG. 19 , two routing channels are routed through each of routing areas 1942 , 1944 , 1962 , 1964 , and 1968 , and the routing areas adjacent to corner pad 1910 , from internal to the land pattern/array to external of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 . However, an internal routing channel 1980 is unable to be routed through routing area 1966 . Thus, a maximum number of routing channels for each routing area is not used, as one internal routing channel is lost when using corner arrangement 1900 . However, a loss of one routing channel may be acceptable, or a best option, in some land pattern/arrays.
- FIG. 20 shows a corner arrangement 2000 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 2000 is located in a corner of a land pattern or array, at an intersection of first and second edges 1802 and 1804 .
- Corner arrangement 2000 includes a corner pad 2010 .
- a set of four corner pads 2012 is also shown.
- Corner arrangement 2000 is considered a “three-by-three” arrangement, because in first edge 1802 , three pads 2022 , 2024 , and 2026 are present between corner pad 2010 and adjacent set 1710 a , and in second edge 1804 , three pads 2032 , 2034 , and 2036 are present between corner pad 2010 and adjacent set 1710 b .
- corner arrangement 2000 is considered a “three-by-three” arrangement because three routing areas 2042 , 2044 , and 2046 between pads are present between adjacent set 1710 a and corner pads 2012 , and three routing areas 2062 , 2064 , and 2066 between pads are present between adjacent set 1710 b and corner pads 2012 .
- corner arrangement 2000 is a desirable corner pad arrangement, although less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 of FIG. 18 .
- Corner arrangement 2000 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because a routing channel is lost or unused.
- Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 2000 in FIG. 20 .
- two routing channels are routed through each of routing areas 2042 , 2046 , 2062 , 2064 , and 2066 , and the routing areas adjacent to corner pad 2010 , from internal to the land pattern/array to external of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 .
- an internal routing channel 2080 is unable to be routed through routing area 2044 .
- a maximum number of routing channels for each routing area is not used, as one internal routing channel is lost when using corner arrangement 2000 .
- a loss of one routing channel may be acceptable, or a best option, in some land pattern/arrays.
- FIGS. 21-32 show corner arrangements that are even less desirable than those shown in FIGS. 18-20 due to loss of further routing channels. However, the corner arrangements shown in FIGS. 21-32 may be appropriate for use in some land pattern/arrays.
- FIG. 21 shows a corner arrangement 2100 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 2100 is considered a “zero-by-zero” arrangement, because in first edge 1802 , no pads are present between corner pad 2110 and adjacent set 1710 a , and in second edge 1804 , no pads are present between corner pad 2110 and adjacent set 1710 b .
- corner arrangement 2100 is considered a “zero-by-zero” arrangement because no routing areas between pads are present between adjacent set 1710 a and corner pads 2112 , and no routing areas between pads are present between adjacent set 1710 b and corner pads 2112 .
- Corner arrangement 2100 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because five routing channels are lost or unused.
- Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 2100 in FIG. 21 .
- five routing channels 2172 , 2174 , 2176 , 2178 , and 2180 cannot be routed external of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 .
- five external routing channels are lost or unused in corner arrangement 2100 .
- FIG. 22 shows a corner arrangement 2200 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 2200 is considered a “zero-by-one” arrangement, because in first edge 1802 , no pads are present between corner pad 2210 and adjacent set 1710 a , and in second edge 1804 , one pad 2232 is present between corner pad 2210 and adjacent set 1710 b .
- corner arrangement 2200 is considered a “zero-by-one” arrangement because no routing areas between pads are present between adjacent set 1710 a and corner pads 2212 , and one routing area 2262 between pads is present between adjacent set 1710 b and corner pads 2212 .
- corner arrangement 2200 represents two corner pad arrangements: (1) the zero-by-one arrangement of pads shown in FIG. 22 ; and (2) a one-by-zero arrangement of pads that would result by swapping first and second edges 1802 and 1804 in FIG. 22 .
- Corner arrangement 2200 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused.
- Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 2200 in FIG. 22 .
- four routing channels 2272 , 2274 , 2276 , and 2278 cannot be routed external of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 .
- four external routing channels are lost or unused in corner arrangement 2200 .
- FIG. 23 shows a corner arrangement 2300 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 2300 represents a “zero-by-two” or “two-by-zero” arrangement. Corner arrangement 2300 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused.
- Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 2300 in FIG. 23 . As shown in FIG. 23 , three routing channels 2372 , 2374 , and 2376 cannot be routed external of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 . Thus, three external routing channels are lost or unused in corner arrangement 2300 .
- FIG. 24 shows a corner arrangement 2400 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 2400 represents a “zero-by-three” or “three-by-zero” arrangement. Corner arrangement 2400 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 2400 in FIG. 24 . As shown in FIG. 24 , two routing channels 2472 and 2474 cannot be routed external of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 . Thus, two external routing channels are lost or unused in corner arrangement 2400 .
- FIG. 25 shows a corner arrangement 2500 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 2500 represents a “zero-by-four” or “four-by-zero” arrangement. Corner arrangement 2500 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused.
- Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 2500 in FIG. 25 .
- three routing channels 2572 , 2574 , and 2576 cannot be routed external of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 . Routing channels 2572 and 2574 are lost or unused in edge 1802 , and routing channel 2576 is lost or used internally to the land pattern/array. Thus, two external routing channels and one internal routing channel are lost or unused in corner arrangement 2500 .
- FIG. 26 shows a corner arrangement 2600 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 2600 represents a “one-by-one” arrangement. Corner arrangement 2600 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 2600 in FIG. 26 . As shown in FIG. 26 , three routing channels 2672 , 2674 , and 2676 cannot be routed external of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 . Thus, three external routing channels are lost or unused due to corner arrangement 2600 .
- FIG. 27 shows a corner arrangement 2700 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 2700 represents a “one-by-two” or “two-by-one” arrangement. Corner arrangement 2700 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 2700 in FIG. 27 . As shown in FIG. 27 , two routing channels 2772 and 2774 cannot be routed external of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 . Thus, two external routing channels are lost or unused in corner arrangement 2700 .
- FIG. 28 shows a corner arrangement 2800 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 2800 represents a “one-by-three” or “three-by-one” arrangement. Corner arrangement 2800 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 2800 in FIG. 28 . As shown in FIG. 28 , one routing channel 2872 cannot be routed from internal of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 . Thus, one external routing channel is lost or unused in corner arrangement 2800 .
- FIG. 29 shows a corner arrangement 2900 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 2900 represents a “one-by-four” or “four-by-one” arrangement. Corner arrangement 2900 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused.
- Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 2900 in FIG. 29 .
- two routing channels 2972 and 2974 cannot be routed external of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 . Routing channel 2972 is lost or unused in edge 1802 , and routing channel 2974 is lost or used internally to the land pattern/array. Thus, one external and one internal routing channel are lost or unused in corner arrangement 2900 .
- FIG. 30 shows a corner arrangement 3000 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 3000 represents a “two-by-two” arrangement. Corner arrangement 3000 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 3000 in FIG. 30 . As shown in FIG. 30 , one routing channel 3072 cannot be routed external of the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 . Thus, one external routing channel is lost or unused in corner arrangement 3000 .
- FIG. 31 shows a corner arrangement 3100 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 3100 represents a “three-by-four” or “four-to-three” arrangement. Corner arrangement 3100 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused.
- Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 3100 in FIG. 31 . As shown in FIG. 31 , two routing channels 3172 and 3174 cannot be routed internally from the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 . Thus, two internal routing channels are lost or unused in corner arrangement 3100 .
- FIG. 32 shows a corner arrangement 3200 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
- Corner arrangement 3200 represents a “four-by-four” arrangement. Corner arrangement 3200 is less desirable than corner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown for corner arrangement 3200 in FIG. 32 . As shown in FIG. 32 , three routing channels 3272 , 3274 , and 3276 cannot be routed internally from the land pattern/array through first and second edges 1802 and 1804 . Thus, three internal routing channels are lost or unused in corner arrangement 3200 .
- a layout designer or automated system may use a library that includes the corner pad arrangements described above to assist in creating ball layouts.
- a library that includes the corner pad arrangements described above to assist in creating ball layouts.
- any one or more of corner arrangements 1800 , 1900 , 2000 , 2100 , 2200 , 2300 , 2400 , 2500 , 2600 , 2700 , 2800 , 2900 , 3000 , 3100 , and 3200 may be included in such a library. Therefore, a land pattern could be at least partially designed by selecting one or more corner arrangements from the library for corners of the land pattern.
- FIG. 33 shows a Table 3300 that includes data related to the corner arrangements shown in FIGS. 18-32 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The data of Table 3300 could be used to determine total routing channel capacity when incorporating corner pad arrangements into land patterns. The information present in Table 3300 is described, column by column, in the following paragraphs:
- Columns 3302 and 3304 respectively show X by Y corner arrangement sizes, for each row.
- a row 3322 of Table 3300 has entries “0” and “4” for columns 3302 and 3304 .
- row 3322 relates to a “zero-by-four” corner pad arrangement, such as corner arrangement 2500 shown in FIG. 25 .
- Column 3316 indicates the example corner arrangement described above that a particular row relates to.
- corner arrangement 2500 as an example “zero-by-four” arrangement.
- Another row 3324 relates to a “two-by-three” corner pad arrangement, such as corner arrangement 1800 shown in FIG. 18 .
- Column 3316 indicates that corner arrangement 1800 as an example “two-by-three” arrangement.
- Column 3306 shows a number of routing areas present in the respective corner arrangement (not including routing areas adjacent to corner pads), as described above.
- row 3322 of Table 3300 relates to corner arrangement 2500 shown in FIG. 25 .
- edge 1802 of corner arrangement 2500 has zero routing areas between corner portion 2512 and set 1710 a .
- Edge 1804 of corner arrangement 2500 has four routing areas 2562 , 2564 , 2566 , and 2668 between corner portion 2512 and set 1710 b .
- corner arrangement 2500 has a total of four indicated routing areas.
- the value “4” is indicated in column 3306 for row 3322 .
- row 3324 of Table 3300 relates to corner arrangement 1800 shown in FIG. 18 .
- edge 1802 of corner arrangement 1800 has two routing areas.
- Edge 1804 of corner arrangement 1800 has three routing areas.
- corner arrangement 1800 has a total of five indicated routing areas, which is indicated in column 3306 for row 3324 .
- Column 3308 shows a number of internal routing channels that are unusable or lost in a respective corner arrangement.
- row 3322 of Table 3300 relates to corner arrangement 2500 shown in FIG. 25 .
- corner arrangement 2500 has one internal routing channel 2576 that is unusable or lost.
- corner arrangement 1800 shown in FIG. 18 has no internal routing channels unusable or lost, as indicated in column 3308 .
- Column 3310 shows a number of external routing channels that are unusable or lost in a respective corner arrangement.
- row 3322 of Table 3300 relates to corner arrangement 2500 shown in FIG. 25 .
- corner arrangement 2500 has two external routing channels 2572 and 2574 that are unusable or lost.
- corner arrangement 1800 shown in FIG. 18 has no external routing channels unusable or lost, as indicated in column 3310 .
- Column 3312 shows a sum of the internal and external routing channels that are unusable or lost for a respective corner arrangement.
- row 3322 of Table 3300 shows a total of three internal and external routing channels that are unusable or lost (i.e., routing channels 2572 , 2574 , and 2576 ).
- column 3312 indicates that a total of zero internal and external routing channels are unusable or lost for corner arrangement 1800 .
- Column 3314 provides an indication of which corner arrangements sacrifice relatively fewer routing channels. For example, column 3314 indicates that corner arrangement 1800 of row 3324 is an optimum corner arrangement, because it sacrifices zero routing channels.
- column 3316 indicates an example corner arrangement described above to which a particular row relates.
- FIG. 34 shows an example flowchart 3400 providing steps for designing land patterns incorporating corner pad arrangements, according to embodiments of the present invention.
- the steps of FIG. 34 do not necessarily have to occur in the order shown, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings herein.
- Other structural embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. These steps are described in detail below.
- Flowchart 3400 begins with a step 3402 .
- a number of required pads is determined.
- the number of required pads is typically a number of pads of an integrated circuit package to be mounted.
- the number of required pads can be any combination of power pads, test pads, and signal pads that will interface an integrated circuit package with the land pattern.
- Power pads include any power and ground pads that will interface with power and ground of the integrated circuit device.
- Test pads include any pads that will interface with test signals of the integrated circuit device. Test signals tend to be used temporarily during test of a particular integrated circuit package, and are not always made externally available in a final production version of the integrated circuit package, although in some instances they can remain externally available.
- Signal pads include any pads for other signals of the integrated circuit package. Signal pads tend to be pads that must be routed external to the land pattern on the PCB using routing channels.
- a number of required perimeter routing channels is determined.
- the required number of perimeter routing channels is the number of pads of the array/land pattern that must be routed externally from the array/land pattern in the PCB with routing channels.
- the number of required perimeter routing channels is equal to the number of signal pads, and does not include power or test pads. In other embodiments, any combination of signal, power, and test pads may require routing channels.
- step 3406 a land pattern is selected to yield the required number of pads and number of required perimeter routing channels.
- step 3406 includes one or more of the steps of flowchart 3500 , shown in FIG. 35 . These steps are described in detail below, and may occur in any order. Note that these elements of step 3406 can be performed automatically and/or manually. For example, a user and/or a computer system can be used to perform any combination of the elements of step 3502 .
- a potential land pattern is selected that at least yields the required pads.
- a land pattern is selected having an array of pads with enough pads for all required signals.
- the potential land pattern can be selected by referring to a table that shows array sizes and corresponding numbers of pads therein.
- a number of pads in an array can alternatively be calculated.
- a 13 ⁇ 13 array of conductive pads can be selected as a land pattern.
- the number of pads of a 13 ⁇ 13 array/land pattern can be determined from a table, or can be calculated as follows:
- the number of routing channels for a 13 ⁇ 13 array/land pattern can be determined from a table, or be calculated as follows (First a number of perimeter pads is determined, followed by a determination of the number of routing channels):
- Number ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ perimeter ⁇ ⁇ pads ( 2 ⁇ X ⁇ ⁇ pads ⁇ ⁇ per ⁇ ⁇ row - 2 ⁇ ⁇ pads ) + ( 2 ⁇ Y ⁇ ⁇ pads ⁇ ⁇ per ⁇ ⁇ col .
- the 13 ⁇ 13 array/land pattern can be optimized according to the present invention to provide additional routing channels, according to the following steps of flowchart 3500 .
- a pad arrangement is selected for at least one corner portion of the selected potential land pattern.
- any one of the corner pad arrangements described above with respect to FIGS. 18-32 can be selected as the pad arrangement.
- a corner pad arrangement can be selected for any number of corners of the selected potential land pattern, including for all four corners.
- a 2 ⁇ 3 or 3 ⁇ 2 corner arrangement as shown in FIG. 18 , is selected for all four corners.
- a 2 ⁇ 3 or 3 ⁇ 2 corner arrangement has no lost or unusable routing channels.
- example 13 ⁇ 13 array/land pattern has four 2 ⁇ 3 or 3 ⁇ 2 corner pad arrangements selected, no routing channels are lost due to the corner pad arrangements.
- Other selected corner pad arrangements may have lost or unusable routing channels.
- a lookup key may be used to aid in selecting a corner pad arrangement. Such an embodiment is described more fully below with respect to FIG. 37 .
- step 3506 at least one perimeter edge of the selected potential land pattern is under populated in a portion of the at least one perimeter edge outside of the selected pad arrangement for the at least one corner portion.
- any number of spaces may be positioned in any number of edges of a land pattern to provide additional routing channels.
- FIG. 36 shows the perimeter two rows/columns of a 13 ⁇ 13 array/land pattern 3600 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 2 ⁇ 3 or 3 ⁇ 2 corner arrangements 1800 are present in each corner of land pattern 3600 , and spaces 402 are positioned in each of the four perimeter edges to provide additional routing channels.
- two spaces 402 are positioned in each edge, for a total of eight spaces.
- one out of every three pads in each edge, between corner pad arrangements 1800 are replaced with a space 402 .
- a pair of sets 1710 are positioned in each edge to position spaces 402 in the edges, and provide additional routing channels.
- the number of spaces can be dictated by the number of sets 1710 that can be positioned in an edge, between the respective corner pad arrangements.
- the number of spaces positioned in an edge between the respective corner pad arrangements can be determined by any of the equations or description present elsewhere herein.
- step 3508 it is determined whether the selected potential land pattern yields at least the determined number of required perimeter routing channels. For example, in an embodiment, the number of perimeter routing channels present in the selected land pattern is calculated, and then compared with the required number. For example, the number of perimeter routing channels present in the example 13 ⁇ 13 array/land pattern, as shown in FIG. 36 , can be calculated.
- Number ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ routing ⁇ ⁇ channels ⁇ ⁇ present number ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ routing ⁇ ⁇ channels ⁇ ⁇ previously ⁇ ⁇ present ⁇ ⁇ ( e . g . , see ⁇ ⁇ Eq . ⁇ 5 ) + number ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ added ⁇ ⁇ routing ⁇ ⁇ channels ⁇ ⁇ due ⁇ ⁇ to ⁇ ⁇ spaces ⁇ ⁇ ( S ) ⁇ ( 2 ⁇ ⁇ channels / space ) - number ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ routing ⁇ ⁇ channels ⁇ ⁇ lost ⁇ ⁇ due ⁇ ⁇ to ⁇ ⁇ corner ⁇ ⁇ pad ⁇ ⁇ arrangements ⁇ ( e .
- 160 routing channels are present.
- 159 routing channels were desired, by comparing the 160 routing channels present to the requirement for 159 routing channels, enough routing channels are present (i.e., one extra routing channel exists).
- steps 3502 - 3508 of flowchart 3500 can be repeated for a subsequently selected array/land pattern size. These steps can be repeated until enough pads and routing channels are provided by the selected array/land pattern.
- steps 3504 - 3508 can be repeated for the same selected potential land pattern, using different corner pad arrangements and/or different numbers of spaces in one or more edges, to determine whether enough routing channels can be generated.
- any one or more of steps 3502 , 3504 , 3506 , and 3508 can be performed by referring to a Table that lists land pattern sizes, and corresponding routing channel data for the land patterns after selecting corner pad arrangements and positioning spaces in edges of the land patterns. Such tables are further described as follows.
- FIG. 37 shows an example selection of corner pad arrangements used for particular array/land pattern sizes, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Furthermore, as described below, Table 3700 of FIG. 37 can be applied to array/land pattern sizes not directly shown in Table 3700 . The information present in Table 3700 of FIG. 37 is described, column by column, in the following paragraphs:
- Column 3702 shows a key for each row that can be used as a reference for a particular set of corner arrangements corresponding to that row.
- Column 3704 shows an offset key for each row.
- Columns 3706 and 3708 respectively show a count of pads or pins in a row (X) and a count of pads or pins in a column (Y) of the land pattern or array of that particular row of Table 3700 .
- row 3758 refers to a 13 ⁇ 13 array/land pattern, as indicated in columns 3706 and 3708 .
- Columns 3710 and 3712 respectively show a count of pads or pins in a row (X) and a count of pads or pins in a column (Y) of the land pattern after spaces are removed from edges of the land pattern.
- “NS” refers to “North” and “South” edges
- “EW” refers to “East” and “West” edges of the land pattern.
- N the number of edges
- S the number of rows
- E the number of the land pattern
- W East edges of the land pattern.
- these edges are indicated with “N”, “S”, “E”, and “W” symbols. Note that these indicated directions are relative, and that the present invention relates to land patterns rotated or mirrored in any orientation.
- Columns 3714 , 3716 , 3718 , and 3720 respectively show corner pad arrangements selected for northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest corners of the respective land pattern.
- row 3758 indicates that a 3 ⁇ 2 corner arrangement was selected for all four corners for a 13 ⁇ 13 array/land pattern.
- An example 3 ⁇ 2 corner arrangement was described above with respect to FIG. 18 .
- Columns 3722 , 3724 , 3726 , and 3728 respectively indicate a number of internal routing channels lost for each of the northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest corner pad arrangements indicated in columns 3714 , 3716 , 3718 , and 3720 .
- these columns of row 3758 indicate that no internal routing channels were lost for the 3 ⁇ 2 corner arrangements selected for all four corners. The loss of no internal routing channels was indicated above with respect to the example 3 ⁇ 2 corner arrangement described above with respect to FIG. 18 .
- Column 3730 indicates a total number of internal routing channels lost, as indicated in columns 3722 , 3724 , 3726 , and 3728 .
- row 3758 indicates a total of zero internal routing channels lost.
- Columns 3732 , 3734 , 3736 , and 3738 respectively indicate a number of external routing channels lost for each of the northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest corner pad arrangements indicated in columns 3714 , 3716 , 3718 , and 3720 .
- these columns of row 3758 indicate that no external routing channels were lost for the 3 ⁇ 2 corner arrangements selected for all four corners. The loss of no external routing channels was indicated above with respect to the example 3 ⁇ 2 corner arrangement described above with respect to FIG. 18 .
- Column 3740 indicates a total number of external routing channels lost, as indicated in columns 3732 , 3734 , 3736 , and 3738 .
- row 3758 indicates a total of zero external routing channels lost.
- Column 3742 indicates a total of all routing channels lost, which is a summation of columns 3730 and 3740 .
- row 3758 indicates a total of zero routing channels lost.
- Column 3744 refers to figures that show example land patterns reflecting the corner pad arrangements and any routing channels lost as shown in the corresponding row.
- row 3758 corresponds to 13 ⁇ 13 array/land pattern, such as land pattern 3600 shown in FIG. 36 .
- Land pattern 3600 includes a 3 ⁇ 2 corner pad arrangement 1800 in each corner, which suffer no lost routing channels.
- Example arrays/land patterns corresponding to the remaining rows of column 3744 are described as follows with regard to FIGS. 38-42 as follows. For illustrative purposes, only the outer two perimeter rows/columns of the arrays/land patterns of FIGS. 38-42 are shown. As will be described below, the configuration of land patterns of FIGS. 36 and 38 - 42 can be extended to land patterns of any size.
- FIG. 38 shows an example 13 ⁇ 14 array/land pattern 3800 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Land pattern 3800 corresponds to rows 3760 and 3764 of Table 3700 shown in FIG. 37 .
- land pattern 3800 has a 3 ⁇ 3 corner arrangement 2000 (of FIG. 20 ) in the northwest and southeast corners, and has a 2 ⁇ 3 corner arrangement 1800 in the northeast and southwest corners.
- a total number of only two routing channels are lost due to the corner pad arrangements selected.
- Two spaces 402 are present in each edge of land pattern 3800 .
- FIG. 39 shows an example 14 ⁇ 14 array/land pattern 3900 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Land pattern 3900 corresponds to row 3766 of Table 3700 shown in FIG. 37 .
- land pattern 3900 has a 3 ⁇ 3 corner arrangement 2000 (of FIG. 20 ) in all corners.
- a total number of only four routing channels are lost due to the corner pad arrangements selected.
- Two spaces 402 are present in each edge of land pattern 3900 .
- FIG. 40 shows an example 14 ⁇ 15 array/land pattern 4000 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Land pattern 4000 corresponds to rows 3754 and 3762 of Table 3700 shown in FIG. 37 .
- land pattern 4000 has a 3 ⁇ 2 or 2 ⁇ 3 corner arrangement 1800 (of FIG. 18 ) in all corners.
- a total number of zero routing channels are lost due to the corner pad arrangements.
- Two spaces 402 are present in each of the North and South edges, and three spaces 402 are present in each of the East and West edges of land pattern 4000 .
- FIG. 41 shows an example 15 ⁇ 15 array/land pattern 4100 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Land pattern 4100 corresponds to row 3750 of Table 3700 shown in FIG. 37 .
- land pattern 4100 has a 2 ⁇ 3 corner arrangement 1800 (of FIG. 18 ) in each of the northeast and southwest corners, and a 2 ⁇ 4 corner arrangement 1900 (of FIG. 19 ) in each of the northwest and southeast corners.
- a total number of only two routing channels are lost due to the corner pad arrangements selected.
- Three spaces 402 are present in each of the edges of land pattern 4100 .
- FIG. 42 shows an example 15 ⁇ 16 array/land pattern 4200 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Land pattern 4200 corresponds to rows 3752 and 3756 of Table 3700 shown in FIG. 37 .
- land pattern 4200 has a 3 ⁇ 2 or 2 ⁇ 3 corner arrangement 1800 (of FIG. 18 ) in the northwest, northeast, and southeast corners, and a 2 ⁇ 4 corner arrangement 1900 (of FIG. 19 ) in the southwest corner.
- a total number of only one routing channel is lost due to the corner pad arrangements selected.
- Three spaces 402 are present in each of the North, East, and West edges, and two spaces 402 are present in the South edge of land pattern 4200 .
- the configurations of the land patterns of FIGS. 36 and 38 - 42 can be extended to configure land patterns of any size that have similar characteristics. For example, by changing a length of a row and/or a column of a land pattern of one of FIGS. 36 and 38 - 42 , another size land pattern can be created, having similar routing channel characteristics to the original land pattern. Adding a multiple of three rows and/or three columns to one of the land patterns of FIGS. 36 and 38 - 42 can create any size land pattern. The land pattern thus created will have the same corner pad arrangements as the original land pattern of FIGS. 36 and 38 - 42 . Furthermore, by adding in multiples of three, the lengthened row/column will have a/an additional set(s) 1710 positioned therein, each having a space 402 that adds a known number of routing channels.
- the 22 ⁇ 23 array/land pattern can be created by enlarging one of the land patterns of FIGS. 36 and 38 - 42 .
- a land pattern of FIGS. 36 and 38 - 42 is enlarged by multiples of three of rows and columns.
- the 13 by 14 array/land pattern of FIG. 38 is suitable for creating the 22 ⁇ 23 array/land pattern. This is because:
- a 22 ⁇ 23 array/land pattern is based upon a 13 ⁇ 14 array/land pattern, after adding multiples of 3 rows and 3 columns thereto.
- row 3760 of Table 3700 shown in FIG. 37 can be referred to when creating a 22 ⁇ 23 array/land pattern.
- Corner pad arrangements for the 22 ⁇ 23 array/land pattern can be obtained (i.e., see columns 3714 , 3716 , 3718 , and 3720 ), and lost routing channel information can be obtained (i.e., see column 3742 ).
- three sets 1710 are added to each edge to create additional routing channels.
- lookup key can be generated from a land pattern by concatenating a remainder of the number of rows divided by 3, to a remainder of the number of columns divided by three, as shown in Equation 7 below:
- the lookup key would be:
- Column 3702 can then be referred to for the lookup key of “12,” which appears in row 3760 .
- the 22 ⁇ 23 array/land pattern can be based on the 13 ⁇ 14 array/land pattern of column 3760 , an example of which is shown in FIG. 38 .
- Other corner pad arrangements may be appropriate in some situations, although, in some embodiments, the corner pad arrangements shown are optimum.
- any size array/land pattern can be created from the array/land patterns of FIGS. 36 and 38 - 42 .
- a Table 4300 is shown in FIGS. 43A and 43B , that is similar to Table 600 shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Table 4300 contains information directed to numerous sizes of IC packages and land patterns that incorporate the corner pad arrangements shown in Table 3700 of FIG. 37 .
- Table 4300 can be referred to when selecting/designing an array/land pattern that incorporates these corner pad arrangements.
- Table 4300 can be referred to by a user, manually, or can be incorporated in an automatic system.
- the columns of Table 4300 that are not included in Table 600 of FIGS. 6A and 6B are described in the following paragraphs:
- Column 4302 shows a lookup key for each row that can be used to determine corner pad arrangements for the array/land pattern of that row.
- the lookup key can be used to refer to column 3702 of Table 3700 , shown in FIG. 37 .
- the lookup key corresponds to the particular row of Table 3700 that contains the corner pad arrangements (i.e., columns 3714 , 3716 , 3718 , and 3720 ) used for the array/land pattern.
- row 4360 in Table 4300 corresponds to row 660 of Table 600 shown in FIG. 6A (i.e., corresponds to a 19 ⁇ 19 array/land pattern).
- column 4302 indicates a lookup value of 11 for row 4360 .
- the lookup value of 11 is in row 3758 , which corresponds to a 13 ⁇ 13 array/land pattern, an example of which is shown in FIG. 36 .
- Column 4308 shows, for each row of Table 4300 , a resulting total number of pads or pins remaining for the entire array/land pattern, after removal of peripheral pads or pins according to the present invention. For example, for row 4360 , a number of 345 remaining pads is entered in column 4306 .
- a value in column 4306 may be calculated as follows:
- Column 4310 shows a total number of externally available pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins according to the present invention, and using the particular corner pad arrangements indicated in Table 3700 for the particular array/land pattern.
- the value for column 4310 for a particular row can be calculated using Equation 6 described above.
- the value in column 4306 i.e., 248 ) can be calculated as follows:
- Column 4312 shows a total number of internal or “orphaned”, unavailable pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins according to the present invention, and using the particular corner pad arrangements indicated in Table 3700 for the particular array/land pattern.
- the value for column 4312 for a particular row can be calculated as:
- Column 4314 shows a percentage of pads or pins that are internal or orphaned for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins according to the present invention, and using the particular corner pad arrangements indicated in Table 3700 for the particular array/land pattern. Thus, for each row, a value in column 4314 may be calculated as follows:
- value ⁇ ⁇ in ⁇ ⁇ column ⁇ ⁇ 4314 value ⁇ ⁇ in ⁇ ⁇ column ⁇ ⁇ 4312 value ⁇ ⁇ in ⁇ ⁇ column ⁇ ⁇ 4310 ⁇ 100
- Table 600 , row 4360 , column 4314 indicates an equal percentage.
- Table 600 of FIGS. 6A and 6B does not take into account corner pad arrangements, thus providing an approximation. If corner arrangements are used that have lost or unused routing channels, a value in column 4360 may have a higher percentage of internal or orphaned pads or pins when compared to a corresponding value in column 660 (i.e., where corner arrangements are considered to lose no routing channels).
- power and/or ground may be taken into account when selecting corner pad arrangements.
- the number and location of routing channels for power and/or ground in a land pattern/array can be factored in when making this determination.
- PCBs may be designed in various configurations, including: (a) having power and ground on multiple layers separate from other signals; (b) having power and ground routed on a bottom layer of a PCB, while signals are routed on a top layer of the PCB; (c) having power and other signals routed on the top layer while ground is routed on the bottom layer; and (d) having power, ground, and other signals all routed on the top layer (i.e., a single layer) of the PCB.
- (c) and (d) tend to be the most difficult configurations to design, the present invention provides for design of all these configurations.
- FIG. 45 shows a Table 4500 that provides information relating corner pad arrangements to power/ground channel distribution, according an embodiment of the present invention.
- Table 4500 is based on a design parameter where power/ground routing channels use an area equivalent to two signal routing channels, although in alternative embodiments, power/ground can use other numbers of signal routing channels. (Thus, in alternative embodiments, the contents/results of Table 4500 can be calculated with or without reference to Table 4500 .)
- Table 4500 of FIG. 45 includes some columns similar to those of Table 37 of FIG. 37 , which are numbered correspondingly.
- Column pairs 4502 , 4504 , 4506 , 4508 , 4510 , 4512 , 4514 , 4516 , and 4518 of Table 4500 relate to different power/ground routing channel quantities in edges of land pattern/arrays.
- row 4520 indicates a number of power/ground in North and South (NS) and in East and West (EW) edges of a land/pattern array, as indicated by columns labeled NS and EW for each column pair.
- column pair 4502 indicates zero power or ground channels in both of the NS and EW edges of a respective land pattern/array.
- column pair 4512 indicates one power or ground channel in each of the NS edges, and two power/ground channels in each of the EW edges of a respective land pattern/array.
- Table 4500 can be used to select a set of corner pad arrangements from the array/land patterns of FIGS. 36 and 38 - 42 for a particular land pattern/array having a particular configuration of power/ground channels.
- a 15 ⁇ 15 land pattern/array is desired, having two power channels in each of the North and South edges, and one power channel in each of the East and West edges.
- Column 4516 is thus referred to, as it corresponds to the two NS power/ground channels and one EW power/ground channel, as shown in row 4520 .
- Row 4532 of column 4516 indicates “15” for NS edges and “15” for EW edges, and thus corresponds to the example, desired 15 ⁇ 15 land pattern/array.
- FIG. 38 shows 13 ⁇ 14 array/land pattern 3800 .
- the corner pad arrangements for 13 ⁇ 14 pad/pin land pattern/array 3800 of FIG. 38 can used for a 15 ⁇ 15 land pattern/array that requires two power channels in each of the North and South edges, and one power in each of the East and West edges.
- two corners of 13 ⁇ 14 pad/pin land pattern/array 3800 use 2 ⁇ 3 corner pad arrangement 1800
- two corners use 3 ⁇ 3 corner pad arrangement 2000 .
- These arrangement can be selected to design the corners of the example 15 ⁇ 15 land pattern/array.
- This process can be used for any sized land pattern/array, having any number of required power(s) and/or ground(s).
- N any integer greater than or equal to zero
- column pair 4506 has an entry of 0 in the NS column, and an entry of 2 in the EW column (i.e., 0, 2).
- the NS and EW entries of column pair 4506 also cover power/ground numbers of: 0, 5 (0+3 ⁇ 0, 2+3 ⁇ 1); 3, 2 (0+3 ⁇ 1, 2+3 ⁇ 0); and 6, 8 (0+3 ⁇ 2, 2+3 ⁇ 2), for example.
- column pair 4506 can be consulted when designing land pattern/arrays having these required number of power/ground traces.
- corner pad arrangements corresponding to various land pattern/array sizes can be calculated, or can be determined using Table 4500 .
- Use of Table 4500 in this manner enables the multi- and single-layer routing configurations described above. Note that in alternative embodiments, corner pad arrangements other than those determined using Table 4500 can be used for particular land pattern/arrays.
- arrays/land patterns can have selected corner pad arrangements to aid in signal routing.
- any corner pad arrangement can be used with any array/land pattern size, pursuant to the particular application.
- selected corner arrangements can be used in the single- and multi-layer embodiments of the present invention described above.
- FIGS. 44A-44C illustrate a multi-layer embodiment of the present invention, present in a printed circuit board.
- FIG. 44A shows a first layer of a PCB that has conductive features including a 25 ⁇ 25 land pattern 4400 and associated routing.
- FIG. 44B shows a second layer of the PCB that has conductive features including an 18 ⁇ 18 array 4450 of conductive vias/pads and associated routing.
- FIG. 44C shows the views of land pattern 4400 and array 4450 overlaid on each other.
- specific ball pitch, pad size, via size, trace width, and other size related data is shown in FIGS. 44A-44C , this data is provided for illustrative purposes, and is not limiting.
- Land pattern 4400 of FIG. 44A is configured to mount an integrated circuit device, such as a ball grid array package.
- a plurality of conductive vias 4402 through the printed circuit board electrically couple a portion of the conductive pads 4404 of land pattern 4400 to corresponding conductive vias/pads 4452 of via array 4450 of the second layer.
- corner arrangements have been selected for land pattern 4400 and via array 4450 .
- a 2 ⁇ 3 corner arrangement 1800 has been selected.
- a 1 ⁇ 1 corner arrangement 2600 has been selected.
- the 2 ⁇ 3 corner arrangements 1800 of land pattern 4400 suffer no lost or unusable routing channels.
- the 1 ⁇ 1 corner arrangements 2600 of via array 4450 each suffer from three lost or unusable routing channels 2672 , 2674 , and 2676 . These lost or unusable routing channels are represented in FIG. 44B by missing routing channels in each corner of via array 4450 .
- each perimeter edge of land pattern 4400 and via array 4450 is not fully populated with conductive vias/pads.
- Spaces 402 are created in each edge to create additional routing channels for signals from conductive pads within land pattern 4400 and via array 4450 to be routed external through the respective edges.
- channels of spaces 4490 are formed through via array 4450 .
- a North-South and East-West gap is formed through via array 4450 .
- integrated circuit packages can be designed having 20 pads/pins along one dimension (row or column), and having any length in pads/pins along the other dimension, where the entire integrated circuit package can still be completely routed.
- such an integrated circuit package could have sizes such as 20 ⁇ 20, 20 ⁇ 30, 20 ⁇ 40, and any other 20 ⁇ N size, and can have all pads/pins routed externally.
- a user and/or computer system can use the above described processes, equations, and/or tables to design arrays/land patterns and via arrangements, according to the various embodiments of present invention.
- the present invention is applicable to any type of apparatus or system, manual or automatic, including being stored on a computer program product such as a computer storage device (e.g., hard drive, hard disc, floppy disc, CDROM, etc.).
- a computer storage device e.g., hard drive, hard disc, floppy disc, CDROM, etc.
- the present invention can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, and any combination thereof.
- a second non-fully populated row or column of pads/pins may be placed adjacent to a first non-fully populated edge row or column of pads/pins to provide even more routing channels.
- the present invention allows for standard and for non-standard ball pitch distances in the peripheral rows and columns of pads/pins. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Electric Connection Of Electric Components To Printed Circuits (AREA)
- Design And Manufacture Of Integrated Circuits (AREA)
- Production Of Multi-Layered Print Wiring Board (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/921,225, filed Aug. 19, 2004, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/651,164, filed Aug. 29, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/449,562, filed Feb. 25, 2003, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
- The following application of common assignee is related to the present application and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
- “Optimization Of Routing Layers And Board Space Requirements For Ball Grid Array Package Implementations Including Array Corner Considerations,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/650,975.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to integrated circuit packaging, and more particularly, to improved routing in integrated circuit packages and in circuit boards to which they are mounted.
- 2. Background Art
- Integrated circuit (IC) dies are typically mounted in or on a package that is attached to a printed circuit board (PCB). One such type of IC die package is a ball grid array (BGA) package. BGA packages provide for smaller footprints than many other package solutions available today. A BGA package has an array of solder ball pads located on a bottom external surface of a package substrate. Solder balls are attached to the solder ball pads. The solder balls are reflowed to attach the package to the PCB. The IC die is mounted to a top surface of the package substrate. Wire bonds typically couple signals of the IC die to the substrate. The substrate has internal routing which electrically couples the IC die signals to the solder balls on the bottom substrate surface.
- BGA packages are widely used in the IC packaging industry. BGA packages have many beneficial characteristics, including high reliability, a relatively mature assembly process, relatively low cost, and good thermal and electrical performances. Existing BGA packages, however, have limitations that affect their ability to be used for advanced IC die applications.
- Increasingly more functions are being integrated into individual IC dies. Thus, BGA package substrates must interface a greater number of input/output (I/O) signals, and powers and grounds, with the PCB. Thus, signal routing in both the package substrate and PCB is becoming more complex. Hence, to accommodate these difficulties, increasingly larger BGA package sizes are being used, with larger arrays of solder ball pads. Furthermore, the number of layers of the package substrate is increasing. However, these changes have undesirable consequences, including an increase in the cost of the BGA package, and a larger BGA package footprint on the PCB.
- Hence, what is needed are BGA packages that can accommodate increasingly larger IC dies, while maintaining or reducing the overall BGA package size. Furthermore, what is needed are techniques for reducing the complexity of BGA package and related PCB signal routing.
- The present invention provides a method and apparatus for improving signal routing of integrated circuit (IC) packages and printed circuit boards (PCBs). The present invention further provides improved contact pad arrays for IC packages, and improved land patterns for attaching the IC packages. The land patterns and arrays are formed with edge rows that are not fully populated with contact pads. Spaces in the non-fully populated edge rows allow for additional signal routing channels, which eases IC package and PCB design and manufacturing and improves performance.
- In an aspect of the present invention, an IC package includes a substrate material having a first side configured to receive a semiconductor chip. A second side of the substrate has a plurality of contact or conductive pads arranged in an array of rows and columns. One or more edges of the array are not fully populated with pads.
- In another aspect, a land pattern for interfacing an IC package includes a plurality of contact or conductive pads arranged in an array of rows and columns. One or more edges of a perimeter of the array is not fully populated with conductive pads. Spaces created in the edges by missing conductive pads create additional routing channels for signals from conductive pads within the array to be routed external to the array through the edges.
- In another aspect, a PCB includes a substrate material and a plurality of conductive features on a first side of the PCB. The conductive features include a plurality of contact or conductive pads arranged in an array of rows and columns. The array of conductive pads is configured to receive mounting thereon of an integrated circuit device. One or more edges of a perimeter of the array is not fully populated with conductive pads. Spaces created in the edges by missing conductive pads create additional routing channels for signals from conductive pads within the array to be routed external to the array through the edges.
- According to aspects of the present invention, any number of one or more of the spaces are created in any number of one or more edges to create the additional routing channels.
- In an aspect of the invention, a number of spaces to be formed in an edge (i.e., the number of spaces not occupied by a conductive pad) is optimized, such that little or no benefit in signal routing capacity will be gained by adding further spaces to an edge, and that signal routing capacity may be reduced by removing spaces. For example, in an example aspect of the invention, an optimized number of spaces is calculated according to
-
S=INT((E−5)/3), - where:
- S=the number of spaces to be formed in the edge;
- E=a number of conductive pads in the edge, if fully populated; and
- INT is an INTEGER function, rounded down.
- In one aspect of the invention, a ratio of conductive pads in an edge to a number of spaces in the edge is at least 2 to 1.
- Furthermore, the present invention describes a method and system for designing a land pattern for mating an IC package/device to a PCB. A number of required pins is determined. An array pattern is selected to yield the required pins. A number of required perimeter routing channels is determined. A size of the array is optimized to yield the required perimeter routing channels. At least one perimeter edge of the array is under-populated.
- In an aspect, a perimeter edge of the array is under-populated by adding at least one non-fully populated perimeter edge of pins to the array.
- In an alternative aspect, a perimeter edge of the array is under-populated by removing pins from at least one existing fully populated perimeter edge of the array.
- In another aspect of the present invention, a method and apparatus for a land pattern in a multi-layer printed circuit board is described. A first layer of the circuit board comprises a substrate material. A plurality of conductive features are formed on a surface of the first layer. The conductive features include a first plurality of conductive pads arranged in a first array of rows and columns that are configured to receive mounting thereon of an integrated circuit device. A second layer of the circuit board comprises a substrate material. A second plurality of conductive pads are arranged in a second array of rows and columns on a surface of the second layer. The second array includes fewer rows and columns than the first array. A plurality of conductive vias through the circuit board electrically couple at least a portion of the first plurality of conductive pads to corresponding conductive pads of the second plurality of conductive pads. At least one edge of a perimeter of the first array is not fully populated with conductive pads. Spaces created in the edge by missing conductive pads create additional routing channels for signals from conductive pads within the first array to be routed external to the first array through the edge.
- In another aspect, additionally or alternatively, spaces can be created in at least one edge of the second array on the second layer to create additional routing channels for signals from conductive pads within the second array to be routed external to the second array through the edge.
- In another aspect, the multi-layer circuit board can have further layers. The further layers can have additional pluralities of conductive pads arranged in arrays that are coupled by vias through the circuit board to the first array. These additional arrays can have spaces in edges to create additional routing channels for signals from conductive pads within the arrays to be routed external to the respective array.
- In another aspect of the present invention, a method and system for designing a land pattern for mating an integrated circuit device to a printed circuit board is described. A number of required pads is determined. A number of layers of the printed circuit board to have routing channels is determined. A land pattern is selected to yield the required pads. A number of required perimeter routing channels is determined for an array of conductive pads on each layer of the determined number of layers. A size of the land pattern is optimized to yield the required perimeter routing channels in each layer. A least one perimeter edge on at least one layer is under populated with conductive pads.
- In still another aspect of the present invention, a system and method for designing a land pattern for mating an integrated circuit device to a printed circuit board is described. A number of required pads is determined. A number of required perimeter routing channels is determined. A land pattern is selected to yield the required number of pads and number of required perimeter routing channels. The selected land pattern incorporates one or more corner pad arrangements. A corner pad arrangement includes pads of two edges that converge at a corner of the land pattern. A corner pad arrangement has one or more known characteristics, such as a number of lost or unusable routing channels. This number can be used to aid in determining an overall routing channel capacity for a land pattern incorporating the corner pad arrangement.
- In a further aspect, a land pattern that yields the required number of pads and number of required perimeter routing channels is selected according to the following: A potential land pattern that at least yields the required pads is selected. A pad arrangement is selected for at least one corner portion of the selected potential land pattern. At least one perimeter edge of the selected potential land pattern is under populated. It is then determined whether the selected potential land pattern yields at least the determined number of required perimeter routing channels.
- In an aspect, this process for selecting the land pattern can be repeated for subsequent potential land patterns if the first potential land pattern is inadequate in terms of routing channels, for comparison purposes, or for other reasons.
- The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of the embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
- The accompanying drawings which are incorporated therein and form a part of the specification illustrate the present invention and together with the description further serves to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the invention.
-
FIG. 1 illustrates an example ball grid array package. -
FIG. 2 illustrates an example array of solder ball pads, fully populated. -
FIG. 3 shows an example subset of a conventional, fully populated, solder ball pad array having nine solder ball pads, with corresponding signal routing. -
FIG. 4 shows a subset of a non-fully populated solder ball pad array having nine solder ball pads, and corresponding signal routing, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 5A shows an example conductive pad pattern. -
FIG. 5B shows the conductive pad pattern ofFIG. 5A with conductive pads removed from a periphery, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 5C shows a portion of the conductive pad pattern ofFIG. 5B . -
FIG. 5D shows a land pattern with example signal routing, according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIGS. 6A and 6B show a table providing optimized land pattern and array information, according to embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 7A shows a conductive pad pattern, which is similar to the pattern shown inFIG. 5A , with an additional perimeter of conductive pads added thereto. -
FIG. 7B shows the conductive pad pattern ofFIG. 7A , with the additional perimeter edges not fully populated with pads, according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 8 shows a flowchart providing steps for designing a land pattern or array, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 9 shows a table providing various dimensions for a variety of conductive pad arrays that are applicable to the present invention. -
FIGS. 10-15 show various layers in an example multi-layer embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 16 shows a pad/pin layout for the example multi-layer embodiment ofFIGS. 10-15 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 17A shows an example conventional solder ball pad and routing arrangement. -
FIG. 17B shows an example solder ball pad and routing arrangement, according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 17C shows an edge portion of a land pattern/array with a conventional edge pad arrangement and routing. -
FIG. 17D shows an edge portion of a land pattern/array that incorporates a series arrangement of sets that include pads/pins and spaces, to provide additional routing channels, according to embodiments of the present invention -
FIGS. 18-32 show example corner pad arrangements for land patterns, according to embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 33 shows a table providing data related to the corner pad arrangements ofFIGS. 18-32 , according to an example embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 34 shows a flowchart for designing land patterns, according to embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 35 shows a flowchart for selecting a land pattern, according to embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 36 shows a portion of a land pattern that incorporates corner pad arrangements, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 37 shows a table providing corner arrangement and routing channel data for an example set of land patterns, according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIGS. 38-42 show portions of land patterns that incorporate corner pad arrangements, according to example embodiments of the present invention. -
FIGS. 43A and 43B show a table similar to the table shown inFIGS. 6A and 6B , modified to account for corner pad arrangements in arrays/land patterns, according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIGS. 44A-44C show layers of a printed circuit board having routing channels on multiple layers, according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 45 shows a table providing corner arrangement for an example set of land patterns having particular required numbers of power channels, according to an embodiment of the present invention. - The present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings alike reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digits of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.
- The present invention is directed to the optimization of routing layers and board space requirements in integrated circuit (IC) packages and printed circuit boards (PCBs). For example, the present invention is applicable in land grid array (LGA), pin grid array (PGA), chip scale package (CSP), ball grid array (BGA), and other integrated circuit package types, and their respective PCB land patterns. The present invention is applicable to all types of package substrates, including ceramic, plastic, and tape (flex) substrates. Furthermore the present invention is applicable to die-up (cavity-up) and die-down (cavity-down) IC die orientations. For illustrative purposes, the present invention is described herein as being implemented in a BGA package. However, the present invention is applicable to the other integrated circuit package types mentioned herein, and to additional integrated circuit package types.
- Note that the terms “contact pad,” “contact,” and “conductive pad” are used interchangeably herein to refer to an element that makes electrical contact. Furthermore, although the description below primarily refers to IC packages having “pads” for making electrical contact, the present invention is also applicable to IC packages having “pins” or sockets for making electrical contact.
- Furthermore, as used herein, “array” refers to a group of combination of conductive pads or pins on a surface of a PCB or substrate. For example, “array” is used to refer to a group or combination of conductive pads or pins of an IC package substrate, typically arranged in rows and columns, for interfacing with a PCB or other structure, when mounted thereto. As used herein, “land pattern” refers to a type of array, primarily referring to a group or combination of conductive pads on a surface of a PCB or other structure, typically arranged in rows and columns, intended for the mounting of an IC package. A “land pattern” is also known as “footprint,” and these terms are used interchangeably herein.
- Note that, for illustrative purposes, the present specification and drawings sometimes refer to either land patterns or arrays. It is to be understood, however, that the description below related to forming non-fully populated edges is fully applicable to both land patterns and arrays.
- Ball grid array package types are described below. A discussion of the present invention is provided, and then various embodiments of the present invention are described. Initially, conceptual embodiments are described that encompass the invention more generally, and can also be considered to be approximations. Description of these embodiments is followed by description of more specific embodiments relating to more complete implementations. Note that the embodiments described herein may be combined in any applicable manner, as required by a particular application.
- A ball grid array (BGA) package is used to package and interface an IC die with a printed circuit board (PCB). BGA packages may be used with any type of IC die, and are particularly useful for high speed ICs. In a BGA package, solder pads do not just surround the package periphery, as in chip carrier type packages, but may cover the entire bottom package surface in an array configuration. BGA packages are also referred to as pad array carrier (PAC), pad array, land grid array, and pad-grid array packages. BGA package types are further described in the following paragraphs. For additional description on BGA packages, refer to Lau, J. H., Ball Grid Array Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York, (1995), which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- Die-up and die-down BGA package configurations exist. In die-up
- BGA packages, the IC die is mounted on a top surface of a substrate or stiffener, in a direction away from the PCB. In die-down BGA packages, the IC die is mounted on a bottom surface of the substrate or stiffener, in a direction towards the PCB.
- A number of BGA package substrate types exist, including ceramic, plastic (PBGA), and tape (also known as “flex”).
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventionalflex BGA package 100.BGA package 100 includes anIC die 102, asubstrate 104, a plurality ofsolder balls 106, and one ormore wire bonds 108. -
Substrate 104 is generally made from one or more conductive layers bonded with a dielectric material. For instance, the dielectric material may be made from various substances, such as polyimide tape. Tape (or “flex”) substrates are particularly appropriate for large IC dies with large numbers of input and outputs, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and microprocessors. The conductive layers are typically made from a metal, or combination of metals, such as copper and/or aluminum. Trace or routing patterns are made in the conductive layer material.Substrate 104 may be a single-layer tape, a two-layer tape, or additional layer tape substrate type. In a two-layer tape, the metal layers sandwich the dielectric layer, such as in a copper-Upilex-copper arrangement.Substrate 104 may alternatively be a plastic, ceramic, or other substrate type. - IC die 102 is attached directly to
substrate 104, for example, by an epoxy or other die-attach material. IC die 102 is any type of semiconductor integrated circuit, separated from a semiconductor wafer. - One or
more wire bonds 108 connect correspondingbond pads 118 on - IC die 102 to contact
pads 120 onsubstrate 104.Bond pads 118 are I/O pads for IC die 102 that make internal signals of IC die 102 externally available. Note that alternatively, IC die 102 may be flipped and mounted tosubstrate 104 by solder balls located on the bottom surface of IC die 102, by a process commonly referred to as “C4” or “flip chip” packaging. In such an embodiment,wire bonds 108 are not required. - Encapsulating
material 116 covers IC die 102 andwire bonds 108 for mechanical and environmental protection. Encapsulatingmaterial 116 is a mold compound, epoxy, or other applicable encapsulating substance. - As shown in
FIG. 1 ,BGA package 100 does not include a stiffener. In some BGA package types, particularly in tape or flex BGA packages, a stiffener can be attached to the substrate to add planarity and rigidity to the package. -
BGA package 100 includes an array of solder ball pads located on a bottom external surface ofsubstrate 104 for attachment ofsolder balls 106.Wire bonds 108 are electrically connected to solderballs 106 underneathsubstrate 104 through corresponding vias and routing insubstrate 104. The vias insubstrate 104 can be plated or filled with a conductive material, such as solder, to allow for these connections.Solder balls 106 are used to attachBGA package 100 to the PCB. -
FIG. 2 shows anexample land pattern 200.Land pattern 200 is located on asurface 210, which may be a surface of a PCB (i.e., for attachment of a BGA or other IC package), for example. InFIG. 2 ,land pattern 200 is shown as a 12×12 array of rows and columns ofconductive pads 202.Conductive pads 202 may be solder ball contact pads, or other contact or conductive pad types. For illustrative purposes,land pattern 200 is shown as a 12×12 array ofconductive pads 202. However, the present invention is applicable to arrays and land patterns of different sizes. -
Land pattern 200 includes first, second, third, andfourth edge portions FIG. 2 . As shown inFIG. 2 , eachedge portion 220 includes the number ofconductive pads 202 serially aligned along an entire edge ofland pattern 200, minus one cornerconductive pad 202. Thus, the four edges ofland pattern 200 include twelveconductive pads 202, while first, second, third, andfourth edge portions 220 a-220 d each include eleven conductive pads 202 (i.e., 12−1=11). -
FIG. 2 also shows portions of first and second electricallyconductive routing channels surface 210 are not shown). First andsecond routing channels conductive pads solder balls 202 inland pattern 200, and due to a particular routing channel width, only two routing channels can be routed through a gap between any twoconductive pads 202, such as first and secondconductive pads conductive pads 202 withinland pattern 200 to points onsurface 210 outside ofland pattern 200. - For example,
FIG. 3 shows an exampleland pattern portion 300 having a conventional arrangement ofconductive pads 202.Land pattern portion 300 includes nineconductive pads 202 a-202 i. For illustrative purposes,conductive pad 202 f is shown as square-shaped. For the purposes of the example ofFIG. 3 , it is desired to route signals from each ofconductive pads 202 a-202 i to destinations to the right ofland pattern portion 300, throughland pattern portion 300. As described above, only two routingchannels 204 are possible in a space between any two adjacentconductive pads 202. Thus, as shown inFIG. 3 , routing channels are possible only for seven of the nineconductive pads 202 a-202 i.Routing channels 204 a-204 g correspond toconductive pads 202 b-202 f, 202 h, and 202 i. Due to spacing constraints ofland pattern portion 300,conductive pads land pattern portion 300. As described below, the present invention allows for a greater number ofrouting channels 204 than conventionalland pattern portion 300. - Example embodiments for improving IC package-related signal routing are provided below. These embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes, and are not limiting. Alternative embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the discussion contained herein. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the relevant art(s), other array and land pattern configurations are within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
- According an embodiment of the present invention, routing channel capacity is improved by using land patterns and/or arrays having edge rows and/or columns that are not fully populated with conductive pads. Spaces in the edges are formed that create additional routing channels so that more signals can be routed from the land pattern or array. This subsection relates to embodiments that tend to be more conceptual/approximations, although in some embodiments, the embodiments described in this subsection can provide optimum/exact results. For example, for this subsection, the accuracy in numbers of routing channels determined for a particular edge can have a range of +/−1 routing channel, or even better results.
- For example,
FIG. 4 shows an exampleland pattern portion 400 havingconductive pads 202 arranged according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 4 , as compared toland pattern portion 300 shown inFIG. 3 ,conductive pad 202 f has been replaced with an opening orspace 402. Aconductive pad 202 j has been added to the left side ofland pattern portion 400 for illustrative purposes. By formingspace 402 in the peripheral edge ofland pattern portion 400, additional signal routing channels are available. For example, in contrast toFIG. 3 , as shown inFIG. 4 , twoadditional routing channels 204 h and 204 i are present due tospace 402. Thus, all nineconductive pads 202 a-202 e and 202 g-202 j are able to be routed externally fromland pattern portion 400. - In the present embodiment (having, for example, a line width of 0.005″, a spacing of 0.005″, a pad width of 0.024″, and a ball or pad pitch of 0.050″, or having other similar relative dimensions), a
space 402 in an edge allows for two additional routing channels (i.e., in addition to the routing channel coupled to the pad/pin that would otherwise occupy space 402), for a total of three routing channels related tospace 402. Note that in alternative embodiments having different routing channel widths or spacings, aspace 402 may instead allow for fewer or more than twoadditional routing channels 204. - The present invention has numerous advantages. For instance, the present invention allows a greater percentage of contact pads/pins to be accessible by routing channels. The present invention further allows for a reduced overall IC package size. For example, the present invention allows for a smaller IC package and/or PCB substrate surface area, and/or for fewer substrate layers. Hence, the present invention also reduces IC package and PCB costs.
- Furthermore, the present invention reduces a time required to select pad or pin assignments. Still further, the present invention offers a non-standard pad pitch that is practical for high-volume production. Furthermore, the present invention reduces a number of pads/pins that are forced to be “orphaned” (i.e., cannot be externally routed from within the land pattern or array on the same layer as other signals). Furthermore, the present invention allows a larger number of signals to be routed on a single board layer. The present invention has numerous further advantages.
- As described above, according to the present invention, conductive pad patterns are formed having one or more edges that are not fully populated with solder ball pads. The locations of openings or
spaces 402 in an edge of a solder ball pad pattern can be selected manually or automatically, or by a combination thereof. For example, a layout designer may manually select the placement of one or more openings orspaces 402 in an edge of a solder ball pad pattern. Alternatively, an automated system may select the locations for the one or more openings orspaces 402. The automated system may include hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof, to perform the present invention. - Furthermore, in an embodiment, a layout designer or automated system may use a library of land pattern and/or array subsections that include non-fully populated edge portions to assist in creating board layouts. For example,
land pattern portion 400 may be included in such a library. Therefore,land pattern portion 400 could be selected from the library from other land pattern portions to create a partial or complete land pattern. Further land pattern or array subsections for inclusion in a library will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein. - According to an embodiment of the present invention, routing channel capacity is improved by removing one or more pads/pins from a perimeter side or edge of the land pattern or array. In an alternative embodiment, routing capacity is improved by adding a non-fully populated perimeter side or edge to a land pattern or array. These embodiments are fully described in the subsections below.
- As described above, routing capacity may be increased by removing one or more pins/pads from a peripheral edge of a land pattern or array. In embodiments of the present invention, any number of pins/pads may be removed from any number of edges of the land pattern or array. Furthermore, the pins/pads may be removed from any pin/pad location of an edge.
- In an embodiment, an edge of a land pattern or array can be viewed as having one or more “sets” of conductive pad positions. A set may include any number of two or more adjacent conductive pad positions. An opening or
space 402 may be positioned in each such set to replace a conductive pad. For example, similarly to landpattern portion 400 ofFIG. 4 , aspace 402 can be located in a set of three edge conductive pad positions. In an embodiment, it is advantageous to use onespace 402 for every three conductive pad positions. Thespace 402 may be located in any of the three edge conductive pad positions, including a middle conductive pad position. In such an embodiment, any number of such sets of three conductive pad positions may be placed in a particular edge of a land pattern or array to provide additional routing channels. Thus, the particular edge may have a ratio of conductive pads to spaces of 2 to 1, or greater, depending on how many sets are used. - In another embodiment, a number of openings or
spaces 402 positioned in a solder ball pad edge portion 220 (i.e., the number of spaces not occupied by a conductive pad) may be optimized, such that little or no benefit in signal routing capacity is gained by addingfurther spaces 402 to theedge portion 220, and such that signal routing capacity may be reduced by removingspaces 402. For example, a optimized number ofspaces 402 may be determined according to an equation, such asEquation 1 shown below: -
S=INT((F−4)/3)Equation 1 -
-
- F=a number of conductive pad positions in an edge portion 220 (i.e., length of the entire edge in solder ball pads, minus one solder ball pad), if fully populated;
- S=a number of
spaces 402 to be located in theedge portion 220; and - INT is an INTEGER function, rounded down (e.g., INT(3.9)=3).
An example application ofEquation 1 is described with respect to anexample land pattern 500, shown inFIG. 5A . As shown inFIG. 5A ,land pattern 500 is a 19×19 array of conductive pad positions 502. Edge portions ofland pattern 500 are designated as first, second, third, andfourth edge portions 220 a-220 d. Each of the four edges ofland pattern 500 includes 19 conductive pad positions 502. Thus, each ofedge portions 220 a-220 d includes 18 conductive pad positions 502 (e.g., 19−1=18). A number ofspaces 402 for anedge portion 220 may be determined usingEquation 1. For example, the number ofspaces 402 to be located inedge portion 220 a may be calculated as follows:
-
S=INT((18−4)/3)=INT(4.666)=4 - Thus, according to
Equation 1, the number ofspaces 402 to be located inedge portion 220 a is four. Accordingly,FIG. 5B showsland pattern 500, revised to include fourspaces 402 in each ofedge portions 220 a-d, as calculated byEquation 1, according to an embodiment of the present invention.Land pattern 500 ofFIG. 5B resultingly has a greater routing channel capacity than the land pattern ofFIG. 5A . - As described above, in an embodiment, an edge can be viewed as including sets of conductive pad positions. For example,
FIG. 5C shows a portion ofland pattern 500 ofFIG. 5B . As shown inFIG. 5C , an edge ofland pattern 500 can be segmented into six sets of three conductive positions: afirst set 530 a, asecond set 530 b, athird set 530 c, afourth set 530 d, afifth set 530 e, and asixth set 530 f. As shown inFIG. 5C , each ofsecond set 530 b,third set 530 c,fourth set 530 d, andfifth set 530 e have a middle conductive pad position filled with aspace 402. Extra routing channels are available for each of these sets of conductive pad positions due to theirrespective spaces 402. - In embodiments, a set of conductive pad positions that includes a corner conductive pad position may or may not include a
space 402. In some instances, little benefit is provided by locating aspace 402 in or near a corner, because conductive pads in and near a corner of a land pattern are more easily accessed by routing channels. This is because corner conductive pad positions are accessible from two sides of the land pattern, as opposed to other edge positions, which can only be readily accessed from a single side. Thus, in the example embodiment shown inFIG. 5C , nospaces 402 are located infirst set 530 a andsixth set 530 f. However, in alternative embodiments, one ormore spaces 402 may be positioned in or near the corners of a land pattern, such as in first and/orsixth sets - As described above,
spaces 402 allow for extra routing channels.FIG. 5D shows aland pattern 550, which is similar toland pattern 500, with numerous conductive features shown, including routingchannels 204, according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 5D , a larger amount of routingchannels 204 is possible in the area in and aroundspaces 402. This larger amount of routing channels allows for a greater number ofconductive pads 202 ofland pattern 550 to be routed to destinations outside ofland pattern 550. As shown inFIG. 5D ,conductive pads 202 in an “isolated”area 540 are not routed to destinations external to landpattern 550. For example,conductive pads 202 inarea 540 can be power pads, ground pads, test signal pads, or any combination thereof. Allconductive pads 202 outside ofisolated area 540 are routed by a correspondingrouting channel 204 to destinations external to landpattern 550. Without the presence ofspaces 402,isolated area 540 would include a larger proportion of isolatedconductive pads 202 ofland pattern 550. - Note that
Equation 1 may be rewritten in terms of complete edges, instead ofedge portions 220, as follows: -
S=INT(((E−1)−4)/3) -
or -
S=INT((E−5)/3) Equation 1A -
-
- E=a number of conductive pads in the entire edge of the land pattern, if fully populated (i.e., E includes both corner pads and pads between them).
Thus, forland pattern 500 shown inFIG. 5A , a number of spaces S to be located in a entire edge can be calculated using Equation 1A, as follows:
- E=a number of conductive pads in the entire edge of the land pattern, if fully populated (i.e., E includes both corner pads and pads between them).
-
S=INT((19−5)/3)=INT(4.666)=4 - Thus, Equation 1A arrives at the same result as calculated by
Equation 1 forland pattern 500, above. - Thus, as described above, a number of
spaces 402 to be located in one or more edges of a land pattern can be calculated according toEquations 1 and 1A. In alternative embodiments of the present invention, a number ofspaces 402 to be located in an edge of a land pattern can be determined by referring to a table, such as Table 600, which is shown inFIGS. 6A and 6B . Table 600 contains information directed to numerous sizes of IC packages. Table 600 can be referred to by a user, manually, or can be incorporated in an automatic system. The information present in Table 600 is described, column by column, in the following paragraphs: -
Column 602 shows, for each row of Table 600, an area required by a land pattern or array, having row and column pad/pin counts shown incolumns Column 602 shows area data in square inches. -
Column 604 shows, for each row of Table 600, a count of pads or pins in a row (X) of the land pattern or array of column 602 (without operation of the present invention). -
Column 606 shows, for each row of Table 600, a count of pads or pins in a column (Y) of the land pattern or array of column 602 (without operation of the present invention). -
Column 608 shows, for each row of Table 600, a total number of pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array (prior to replacement of any conductive pads with spaces 402). -
Column 610 shows, for each row of Table 600, a total number of externally available pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array prior to operation of the present invention. “Externally available” pads or pins are those that can be routed outside of the particular land pattern or array on the same substrate layer, and are therefore not “orphaned.” -
Column 612 shows, for each row of Table 600, a total number of internal or “orphaned” pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array prior to operation of the present invention. Internal or “orphaned” pads or pins are those that cannot be routed outside of the particular land pattern or array on the same substrate layer as the externally available pads or pins. Note that some IC package signals may be coupled to internal pins without substantially affecting package performance. For example, such pins include power and/or ground, which are coupled to power and/or ground planes in the PCB (through vias) when the IC package is mounted to the PCB. Other IC package signals that are coupled to internal or orphaned pins may include proprietary signals used only during test of the IC package, and other signals used during development of the PCB assembly. -
Column 614 shows, for each row of Table 600, a percentage of pads or pins that are internal or orphaned for the entire land pattern or array (without operation of the present invention). Thus, for each row, a value incolumn 614 may be calculated as follows: -
-
Column 616 shows, for each edge row of the particular land pattern or array, a number of pads present (not counting one of the corner pads), after removal of peripheral pads or pins according to the present invention. -
Column 618 shows, for each edge column of the particular land pattern or array, a number of pads present (not counting one of the corner pads), after removal of peripheral pads or pins according to the present invention. -
Column 620 shows, for each row of Table 600, a resulting total number of pads or pins remaining for the entire land pattern or array, after removal of peripheral pads or pins according to the present invention. -
Column 622 shows a total number of externally available pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins according to the present invention. -
Column 624 shows a total number of internal or “orphaned”, unavailable pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins according to the present invention. -
Column 626 shows a percentage of pads or pins that are internal or orphaned for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins according to the present invention. Thus, for each row, a value incolumn 626 may be calculated as follows: -
- Columns 628-650 show a total number of externally available pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins for additional routing channels, that is further reduced due to a selected number of externally accessible power channels. In the present example, for every external power channel selected, the number of externally available pins is reduced by two. Thus, the values in columns 628-650 may be calculated as follows:
-
- Note that in alternative embodiments, the number of externally available pins may be reduced by amounts greater or less than two.
FIG. 5D shows severalexample power channels 590, according to the present invention. - Thus, information in Table 600 shown in
FIGS. 6A and 6B can be consulted to determine a number ofspaces 402 to be positioned in one or more edges of a land pattern or array. For example, arow 660 of Table 600, shown inFIG. 6A , can be consulted forland pattern 500 ofFIG. 5A . As shown incolumns row 660 applies to a 19×19 array of pad positions, such asland pattern 500.Columns FIG. 5B , where fourspaces 402 are positioned in each ofedge portions 220 a-220 d ofland pattern 500. Thus, Table 600 provides a result similar to that forEquations 1 and 1A described above. Information present in Table 600 may be referred to for any land pattern or array ofsizes 11×11 through 31×31. Furthermore, the information of Table 600 may be extended to larger and smaller land pattern and array sizes, as would be understood by persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein. The present invention can be applied to array and land patterns of any size, even sizes much greater than 31×31. - Table 600 also provides an indication of routing channel improvements due to embodiments of the present invention. As shown in
column 608 forrow 660 of Table 600,land pattern 500 originally had 361 pads or pins (i.e., as shown inFIG. 5A ). As indicated incolumn 620, after inclusion of fourspaces 402 in each edge of land pattern 500 (i.e., as shown inFIG. 5B ),land pattern 500 can have a total number of 345 pads or pins. As indicated incolumn 610,land pattern 500 originally had 216 pads or pins that were externally accessible by routing channels. As indicated incolumn 622,land pattern 500 can have 248 pads or pins that are externally accessible by routing channels, an increase of 32 pads or pins. As indicated incolumns land pattern 500 by 16 pads or pins, 32 additional pads or pins are available for signal routing inland pattern 550. Thus, the present invention increases the availability of pads or pins. - In the example of
land pattern 550 shown inFIG. 5D , sixpower channels 590 are present.Column 638 of Table 600 indicates that in an embodiment, a total of 236 pads or pins can be externally accessible by routing channels when sixpower channels 590 are present. Thus,land pattern 550 is shown inFIG. 5D having 236 externally accessible routing channels, corresponding to 236 pads or pins.Land pattern 550 has 69 orphaned pads or pins in a central region.Land pattern 69 has 40 pads or pins coupled to the sixpower channels 590. Thus, a sum of the 236 pads or pins, 69 orphaned pads or pins, and 40 pads or pins coupled topower channels 590 equals the total of 345 pads or pins shown incolumn 620 of Table 600. Thus,example land pattern 550 has a greater number of routing channels than indicated incolumn 610, and fewer orphaned pads or pins than are indicated incolumn 612 of Table 600. - Thus, the present invention increases the availability of pads or pins, which therefore allows the use of smaller package sizes, and fewer routing layers, for example.
- As described above, in an embodiment, routing capacity is improved for a land pattern or array by adding a non-fully populated perimeter edge or side of pads or pins to the land pattern or array. Additional routing channels are provided by spaces or openings formed by missing pins in the added non-fully populated perimeter side. Any number of one or more non-fully populated edges may be added to the land pattern or array. The additional perimeter of conductive pads can have
spaces 402 formed therein for additional routing channels, according to the present invention. The number and location ofspaces 402 can be selected manually and/or automatically, or as described elsewhere herein. - In an embodiment,
Equations 1 and/or 1A, and Table 600, may be used to determine a number ofspaces 402 to use in an added non-fully populated perimeter edge. Furthermore, when an additional perimeter of conductive pads is added to entirely surround an array or land pattern,Equations 1 and/or 1A, and Table 600, may be used to determine a number ofspaces 402 to use in each of the four added non-fully populated edges. - In another embodiment, when an additional perimeter of conductive pads is added to entirely surround a land pattern or array, the number of
spaces 402 to be placed in each new edge of can be calculated according toEquation 2, shown below: -
S=INT((F−2)/3)Equation 2 -
-
- S=a number of spaces to be located in each edge portion of the additional surrounding perimeter of conductive pads;
- F=a number of conductive pad positions in an edge portion of the array of land pattern before adding the additional surrounding perimeter of conductive pads; and
- INT is the INTEGER function, rounded down (e.g., INT(3.9)=3).
For example, routing forland pattern 500 shown inFIG. 5 may be improved in this manner. Each ofedge portions 220 a-220 d ofland pattern 500 include 18 solder ball pad positions 502 (e.g., 19−1=18).FIG. 7A shows aland pattern 700, which is similar toland pattern 500, with an additional perimeter of conductive pads entirely surroundingland pattern 500.Land pattern 700 is a 21×21 array of conductive pad positions. The additional perimeter of conductive pads are shown included in edge portions 720 a-720 d.
- The number of
spaces 402 to be located in an edge portion 720 may be calculated according toEquation 2 as follows: -
S=INT((18−2)/3)=INT(5.333)=5 - Thus, the number of
spaces 402 to be located in an edge portion of the additional periphery of solder ball pads, according toEquation 2, is five.FIG. 7B shows anexample land pattern 750, similar toland pattern 500, with an additional non-fully populated perimeter of solder ball pads, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Each of edge portions 720 a-720 d include fivespaces 402, as calculated byEquation 2. - Note that
Equation 2 may be rewritten in terms of complete edges, instead ofedge portions 220, as follows: -
S=INT(((E−1)−2)/3) -
or -
S=INT((E−3)/3) Equation 2A -
-
- E=a number of conductive pads in an edge of the land pattern, prior to addition of the surrounding perimeter of conductive pads, if fully populated (i.e., E includes both corner pads and pads between them for an edge).
- The present invention may be used to design IC package arrays and/or land patterns for interfacing with an IC package.
FIG. 8 shows anexample flowchart 800 providing steps for designing one or more embodiments of the present invention. The steps ofFIG. 8 do not necessarily have to occur in the order shown, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings herein. Other structural embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. These steps are described in detail below. -
Flowchart 800 begins with astep 802. Instep 802, a number of required pins is determined. For example, a user or automatic system may determine a required number of signals needed to couple to a PCB by a package, therefore determining the required number of pins or pads. - In
step 804, a number of required perimeter routing channels is determined. In an embodiment, the signals corresponding to the required number of pins determined instep 802 can be evaluated to determine which need to be routed external to the array or land pattern. For example, at least some ground, power, and/or other signals may be selected to be included in the group of internal or “orphaned” pads/pins not needing to be externally routed. Once the number of internal pads/pins is determined, a number of pads/pins that require to be externally routed using routing channels will be known. - In
step 806, an array or land pattern is selected to yield the required pads or pins. For example, the user or automatic system can choose an N×M size array having the required number of pins/pads determined instep 802. In an embodiment, a table, such as Table 600 may be referred to for this selection. For example,column 608 indicates a number of total pads/pins for a given N×M size array. - In
step 808, a size of the array or land pattern is optimized to yield the required perimeter routing channels, wherein at least one perimeter side of the array is under-populated. For example, the number of pads/pins needing routing channels determined instep 804 can be compared to the external routing channel capacity of the selected N×M size array. In an embodiment, a table, such as Table 600 can be referred to for this comparison. For example,column 610 indicates a number of externally available pads or pins for the land pattern. If additional routing channels are required, one or more pads/pins can be added or removed from one or more peripheral edges of the N×M size array. Thus, in an embodiment,step 808 includes under populating at least one perimeter edge of the array or land pattern. For example,FIG. 5B above shows the removing of pad/pins (i.e., or adding of spaces 402) to an edge of a land pattern to under populate a perimeter edge. In another example,FIG. 7B shows the adding of an under-populated edge of pads/pins to an edge of a land pattern to under populate a perimeter edge. - In embodiments, a number of added or removed pins/pads may be determined manually or automatically. Furthermore, Table 600 may be referred to, and/or
Equations - Once the array or land pattern has been optimized, signals may be routed from pads internal to the land pattern through openings formed by missing pads in the non-fully populated perimeter edge(s).
- For illustrative purposes, Table 600 described above relates to land patterns and arrays having the sizes indicated in
column 602. However, the present invention is not limited to these sizes, but instead is applicable to land patterns and arrays of any size. For example, Table 900 shown inFIG. 9 provides additional sizes to which the present invention is applicable. Table 900 is described as follows: -
Columns Columns Column 906 indicates a total pad/pin count for fully populated land patterns and arrays having the row and column counts indicated bycolumns -
Columns columns column 908 relates to an area equivalent to that shown incolumn 602 of Table 600.Rows columns - Row 930 indicates line widths for routing channels for the various trace/pad technologies of
columns - Row 932 indicates a spacing between routing channels for the various trace/pad technologies of
columns - Row 934 indicates a pad width/length for the various trace/pad technologies of
columns - Row 936 indicates a pitch, or distance center to center for adjacent pads, for the various trace/pad technologies of
columns - Table 900 provides relevant data for a variety of IC package sizes. Columns 610-650 of Table 600 can be referred to for additional information regarding the various technologies of Table 900. For example, as indicated by rows 930-936, of Table 900,
column 912 relates to a trace/pad technology having a channel routing width of 0.006 inches, a routing channel spacing of 0.006, a pad width/length of 0.029 inches, and a pad pitch of 0.060 inches. Arow 940 of Table 900 provides information regarding a 19×19 land pattern or array, similar toland pattern 500 shown inFIG. 5A . Forrow 940, columns 908-920 show land pattern or array sizes ranging from 0.90 to 2.31 square inches. Columns 610-650 ofrow 660 of Table 600 (shown inFIG. 6A ) can be referred to for a 19×19 array of any of the sizes provided inrow 940. In a similar fashion, the information provided in Table 600 can be related to any other of the trace/pad technologies shown in Table 900. - The various trace/pad technologies and land pattern/array sizes provided in Table 900 are provided for illustrative purposes, and are not limiting. The present invention is applicable to any trace/pad technologies and land pattern/array sizes, as would be understood by persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein. Thus, from the teachings herein, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) how to improve signal routing by adding or removing pins/pads for land patterns and arrays of any size.
- Embodiments of the present invention are applicable to circuit boards/substrates having any number of layers. In such embodiments, different portions of the pads/pins of a solder ball array/land pattern can be coupled to externally accessible routing channels on different layers.
- For example,
FIGS. 10-15 show various layers in an example multi-layer circuit board embodiment of the present invention.FIG. 10 shows an exampletop assembly view 1010 of acircuit board 1000. For example, a ball grid array package can be attached to the land pattern centrally located oncircuit board 1000 inview 1010. The land pattern shown inFIG. 10 includes various conductive features, including an array of conductive pads and routing channels. The array is a 32×32 pad/pin array, having 1024 pads/pins (prior to operation of the present invention). A first portion of the pads/pins of the 32×32 pad/pin array are shown on a top layer inFIG. 10 coupled to externally available routing channels. In the example ofFIG. 10 , the first portion of pads/pins that are externally routed are located in the peripheral five rows/columns of the land pattern. - Printed
circuit board 1000 comprises a substrate material, and can include one or more layers in which conductive features are formed, in addition to the layer shown inFIG. 10 .FIG. 11 shows atop etch view 1100 ofcircuit board 1000, which shows the layer shown inFIG. 10 as it would actually be etched. -
FIG. 12 shows aground layer view 1200 ofcircuit board 1000.Ground layer view 1200 shows a ground plane ofcircuit board 1000. -
FIG. 13 shows apower layer view 1300 ofcircuit board 1000.Power layer view 1300 shows a power plane ofcircuit board 1000. -
FIG. 14 shows abottom etch view 1400 ofcircuit board 1000.FIG. 15 shows abottom assembly view 1500 ofcircuit board 1000. View 1500 (and view 1400) shows on a bottom layer of circuit board 1000 a portion of the land pattern shown inFIG. 10 .View 1500 shows conductive features on the bottom ofcircuit board 1000, including the innermost 25×25 array of pads/pins of the land pattern ofFIG. 10 .FIGS. 12 and 13 show vias corresponding to the 25×25 array of pads/pins, for electrically coupling the 25×25 array of pads/pins between the layers shown inviews top assembly view 1010 ofFIG. 10 . A second portion of pads of the original 32×32 pad/pin array ofFIG. 10 are shown coupled to externally available routing channels inview 1500. This second portion of pads/pins is located in the peripheral five circumferential rows of the 25×25 array portion shown inFIG. 15 . Thus, a first portion of the land pattern ofFIG. 10 is routed on a first layer ofcircuit board 1000, while a second portion of the land pattern is routed on a second layer ofcircuit board 1000. - To provide additional routing channels, spaces are located in the peripheral edges of the 32×32 pad/pin array shown in
FIG. 10 . Furthermore, additional routing channels are provided by locating spaces in the peripheral edges of the 25×25 pad/pin array shown inFIG. 15 . Some conductive pads shown routed inview 1010 are replaced with spaces in the peripheral edges of the 25×25 pad/pin array shown inview 1500 to provide additional routing channels for the 25×25 pad/pin array. It would be understood to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein how to remove pads/pins from and/or add pads/pins for each layer of the multi-layer embodiment example ofFIGS. 10-15 to enhance signal routing. - In an embodiment, the number of pads/pins that are routed on a first routing layer is maximized, leaving as few as possible pads/pins to route on a subsequent layer(s). Note, however, in alternative embodiments, any proportion of pads/pins can be routed on any layer, according to the present invention. Note that on layers subsequent to the first or top routing layer, the pads/pins may be more appropriately referred to as “vias”, although for illustrative purposes, they will typically be referred to as pads/pins herein. Thus, the present invention is also applicable to design of arrays of vias in PCBs and IC packages.
- In the current example, 436 pads/pins are routed on the first routing layer (shown in
FIG. 10 ), and 340 pads/pins are routed on the second routing layer (shown inFIG. 15 ). Eight pads/pins have been removed from each edge of the 32×32 array shown inFIG. 10 . Seven pads/pins/vias have been removed from each edge of the 25×25 array portion shown inFIG. 15 . In alternative embodiments, fewer or greater numbers of pads/pins may be removed. -
FIG. 16 shows a Table 1600 showing a pad/pin layout for the example multi-layer land pattern embodiment ofFIGS. 10-15 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. InFIG. 16 , a “T” represents a pad/pin that is routed on the layer shown inFIG. 10 (e.g., top layer), and a “B” represents a pad/pin that is routed on the layer shown inFIG. 15 (e.g., bottom layer). A “N” represents a position where there is no pad/pin. “AG” represents analog ground, “AP1” and “AP2” represent analog power, “DG” represents digital ground, and “DP1” and “DP2” represent digital power. - In a multi-layer embodiment,
flowchart 800 ofFIG. 8 can be modified to include an additional step where a number of layers of the printed circuit board to have routing channels is determined. This step can occur at any point inflowchart 800. The printed circuit board can have any number of one or more layers that include routing channels, including two such layers, three such layers, and greater numbers of layers. The determination of the number of layers can be made manually or automatically. - Furthermore, in a multi-layer embodiment, step 804 of
flowchart 800 can be modified such that a number of required perimeter routing channels is determined for an array of conductive pads on each layer of the determined number of layers. Step 808 can also be modified such that a size of the land pattern is optimized to yield the required perimeter routing channels in each layer. Step 808 can include the step where at least one perimeter edge is under populated on at least one layer. Thus, in a two-routing layer embodiment, either layer, or both layers can have edges that are under populated by incorporating one or more spaces. - The multi-layer land pattern embodiment shown in
FIGS. 10-16 is provided for illustrative purposes, and is not limiting. The present invention is applicable to any land pattern/array size, on any number of layers, as would be understood by persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein. Thus, from the teachings herein, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) how to improve signal routing by adding or removing pins/pads for land patterns and arrays of any size, on any number of layers. - The description above relates to the positioning of spaces in edges of solder ball arrays/land patterns. This subsection describes embodiments for arrangements of pads/spaces in and near corners of solder ball arrays/land patterns. More specifically, this subsection provides embodiments relating the proximity of spaces to corners of solder ball arrays/land patterns. The description below is applicable to both single-layer and multi-layer embodiments of the present invention.
- As described above with respect to
FIG. 4 , aspace 402 in an edge of aland pattern portion 400 allows foradditional routing channels 204, as compared to land patterns that do not include aspace 402. For example,FIG. 17A shows an exampleland pattern portion 1700 having a conventional arrangement ofconductive pads 202.FIG. 17B shows an exampleland pattern portion 1750 havingconductive pads 202 and aspace 402 configured according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 17A , nineconductive pads 202 b-d, 202 f-h, and 202 j-1 can be routed out ofportion 1700 by ninerespective routing channels 204 a-i. As shown inFIG. 17B ,conductive pad 202 h has been replaced with an opening orspace 402. Thus, elevenconductive pads 202 a-g and 202 i-1 can be routed out ofland pattern portion 1750 by eleven routingchannels 204 a-204 k. InFIG. 17A , allconductive pads 202 that are three columns (or rows) deep from the edge ofland pattern portion 1700 can be externally routed. InFIG. 17B , allconductive pads 202 present that are four columns (or rows) deep from the edge ofland pattern portion 1750 can be routed, when asingle space 402 is present. - As described above with respect to
FIG. 5C , aset 530 of twosolder ball pads 202 surrounding aspace 402 in an edge can be repeated on the edge, to provide additional routing channels throughout the edge. In embodiments of the present invention, aset 530 can be positioned in the edge as dictated by a corner pad arrangement. As used herein, a “corner pad arrangement,” “corner arrangement,” or “pad arrangement for a corner portion” is defined by an arrangement of conductive pads in two edges that converge at a corner of an array/land pattern. In other words, pads of a corner pad arrangement are pads along two edges going out from a corner, until a pad prior to a space is encountered. A corner pad arrangement can also be considered to be a line of pads beginning in a first edge after a pad after a first space, extending to a corner, extending around the corner, and along a second edge until a pad prior to a second space is encountered. In embodiments, a corner pad arrangement can include additional pads. Different corner pad arrangements have various numbers of pads along the edges. Furthermore, a corner pad arrangement has one or more known characteristics, such as a number of lost or unusable routing channels. This number can be used in conjunction with the number of routing channels gained by usingspaces 402 in an edge to determine an overall routing channel capacity for an edge, or even for an entire array/land pattern. -
FIG. 17B shows anexample set 1710 similar to set 530, but also showing example routing, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 17B , set 1710 includes afirst pad 202 d, aspace 402, and asecond pad 2021 arranged in series along an edge. Furthermore, as described above, set 1710 allows for elevenrouting channels 204 a-k. The pads and routing ofset 1710, or routing similar thereto, can be repeated (e.g., copied from a library) on an edge any number of times to provide known or predetermined routing of signals on edges. Set 1710 can be used adjacent to particular corner pad arrangements to provide predictable routability. For example,FIG. 17C shows anedge portion 1770 of a land pattern/array with a conventional edge pad arrangement, and routing.FIG. 17D shows anedge portion 1780 of a land pattern/array that incorporates a series arrangement ofsets 1710 a-f to provide additional routing channels, in a predictable manner. As compared toedge portion 1770,edge portion 1780 has sixfewer edge pads 202, but is capacity for routing twelvemore pads 202 externally. - Various unique corner pad arrangements are described below.
FIGS. 18-32 show fifteen corner arrangements, according to example embodiments of the present invention. The corner pad arrangements can be used to aid in determining an overall number of routing channels for an array/land pattern, and can also be used to aid in positioning spaces in edges. For illustrative purposes, only two outer rows and columns of the corner pad positions are shown inFIGS. 18-32 . -
FIG. 18 shows acorner arrangement 1800, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 1800 is located in a corner of a land pattern or array, at an intersection of first andsecond edges Corner arrangement 1800 includes acorner pad 1810. A set of fourcorner pads 1812 is also shown.Corner arrangement 1800 is considered a “two-by-three” arrangement, because infirst edge 1802, twopads corner pad 1810 andadjacent set 1710 a, and insecond edge 1804, threepads 1832, 1834, and 1836 are present betweencorner pad 1810 andadjacent set 1710 b. Alternatively,corner arrangement 1800 is considered a “two-by-three” arrangement because tworouting areas adjacent set 1710 a andcorner pads 1812, and threerouting areas 1862, 1864, and 1866 between pads are present betweenadjacent set 1710 b andcorner pads 1812. - Note that
corner arrangement 1800 represents two corner pad arrangements: (1) the two-by-three arrangement of pads shown inFIG. 18 ; and (2) a three-by-two arrangement of pads that would result by swapping the positions of first andsecond edges corner pad 1810 inFIG. 18 . - The two-by-three and three-by-two arrangements represented by
corner arrangement 1800 are desirable corner pad arrangements. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 1800 inFIG. 18 . As shown inFIG. 18 , two routing channels are routed through each ofrouting areas corner pad 1810, from internal to the land pattern/array to external of the land pattern/array through first andsecond edges corner arrangement 1800. -
FIG. 19 shows acorner arrangement 1900, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 1900 is located in a corner of a land pattern or array, at an intersection of first andsecond edges Corner arrangement 1900 includes acorner pad 1910. A set of fourcorner pads 1912 is also shown.Corner arrangement 1900 is considered a “two-by-four” arrangement, because infirst edge 1802, twopads corner pad 1910 andadjacent set 1710 a, and insecond edge 1804, fourpads corner pad 1910 andadjacent set 1710 b. Alternatively,corner arrangement 1900 is considered a “two-by-four” arrangement because tworouting areas adjacent set 1710 a andcorner pads 1912, and fourrouting areas adjacent set 1710 b andcorner pads 1912. - Note that
corner arrangement 1900 represents two corner pad arrangements: (1) the two-by-four arrangement of pads shown inFIG. 19 ; and (2) a four-by-two arrangement of pads that would result by swapping first andsecond edges FIG. 19 . - The two-by-four and four-by-two arrangements represented by
corner arrangement 1900 are desirable corner pad arrangements, although less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 ofFIG. 18 .Corner arrangement 1900 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because a routing channel is lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 1900 inFIG. 19 . As shown inFIG. 19 , two routing channels are routed through each ofrouting areas corner pad 1910, from internal to the land pattern/array to external of the land pattern/array through first andsecond edges internal routing channel 1980 is unable to be routed throughrouting area 1966. Thus, a maximum number of routing channels for each routing area is not used, as one internal routing channel is lost when usingcorner arrangement 1900. However, a loss of one routing channel may be acceptable, or a best option, in some land pattern/arrays. -
FIG. 20 shows acorner arrangement 2000, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 2000 is located in a corner of a land pattern or array, at an intersection of first andsecond edges Corner arrangement 2000 includes acorner pad 2010. A set of fourcorner pads 2012 is also shown.Corner arrangement 2000 is considered a “three-by-three” arrangement, because infirst edge 1802, threepads corner pad 2010 andadjacent set 1710 a, and insecond edge 1804, threepads corner pad 2010 andadjacent set 1710 b. Alternatively,corner arrangement 2000 is considered a “three-by-three” arrangement because threerouting areas 2042, 2044, and 2046 between pads are present betweenadjacent set 1710 a andcorner pads 2012, and threerouting areas adjacent set 1710 b andcorner pads 2012. - The three-by-three arrangement represented by
corner arrangement 2000 is a desirable corner pad arrangement, although less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 ofFIG. 18 .Corner arrangement 2000 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because a routing channel is lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 2000 inFIG. 20 . As shown inFIG. 20 , two routing channels are routed through each ofrouting areas corner pad 2010, from internal to the land pattern/array to external of the land pattern/array through first andsecond edges internal routing channel 2080 is unable to be routed through routing area 2044. Thus, a maximum number of routing channels for each routing area is not used, as one internal routing channel is lost when usingcorner arrangement 2000. However, a loss of one routing channel may be acceptable, or a best option, in some land pattern/arrays. -
FIGS. 21-32 show corner arrangements that are even less desirable than those shown inFIGS. 18-20 due to loss of further routing channels. However, the corner arrangements shown inFIGS. 21-32 may be appropriate for use in some land pattern/arrays. -
FIG. 21 shows acorner arrangement 2100, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 2100 is considered a “zero-by-zero” arrangement, because infirst edge 1802, no pads are present between corner pad 2110 andadjacent set 1710 a, and insecond edge 1804, no pads are present between corner pad 2110 andadjacent set 1710 b. Alternatively,corner arrangement 2100 is considered a “zero-by-zero” arrangement because no routing areas between pads are present betweenadjacent set 1710 a andcorner pads 2112, and no routing areas between pads are present betweenadjacent set 1710 b andcorner pads 2112. -
Corner arrangement 2100 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because five routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 2100 inFIG. 21 . As shown inFIG. 21 , fiverouting channels second edges corner arrangement 2100. -
FIG. 22 shows acorner arrangement 2200, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 2200 is considered a “zero-by-one” arrangement, because infirst edge 1802, no pads are present betweencorner pad 2210 andadjacent set 1710 a, and insecond edge 1804, one pad 2232 is present betweencorner pad 2210 andadjacent set 1710 b. Alternatively,corner arrangement 2200 is considered a “zero-by-one” arrangement because no routing areas between pads are present betweenadjacent set 1710 a and corner pads 2212, and onerouting area 2262 between pads is present betweenadjacent set 1710 b and corner pads 2212. - Note that
corner arrangement 2200 represents two corner pad arrangements: (1) the zero-by-one arrangement of pads shown inFIG. 22 ; and (2) a one-by-zero arrangement of pads that would result by swapping first andsecond edges FIG. 22 . -
Corner arrangement 2200 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 2200 inFIG. 22 . As shown inFIG. 22 , fourrouting channels second edges corner arrangement 2200. -
FIG. 23 shows acorner arrangement 2300, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 2300 represents a “zero-by-two” or “two-by-zero” arrangement.Corner arrangement 2300 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 2300 inFIG. 23 . As shown inFIG. 23 , threerouting channels second edges corner arrangement 2300. -
FIG. 24 shows acorner arrangement 2400, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 2400 represents a “zero-by-three” or “three-by-zero” arrangement.Corner arrangement 2400 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 2400 inFIG. 24 . As shown inFIG. 24 , tworouting channels second edges corner arrangement 2400. -
FIG. 25 shows acorner arrangement 2500, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 2500 represents a “zero-by-four” or “four-by-zero” arrangement.Corner arrangement 2500 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 2500 inFIG. 25 . As shown inFIG. 25 , threerouting channels second edges Routing channels edge 1802, androuting channel 2576 is lost or used internally to the land pattern/array. Thus, two external routing channels and one internal routing channel are lost or unused incorner arrangement 2500. -
FIG. 26 shows acorner arrangement 2600, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 2600 represents a “one-by-one” arrangement.Corner arrangement 2600 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 2600 inFIG. 26 . As shown inFIG. 26 , threerouting channels second edges corner arrangement 2600. -
FIG. 27 shows acorner arrangement 2700, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 2700 represents a “one-by-two” or “two-by-one” arrangement.Corner arrangement 2700 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 2700 inFIG. 27 . As shown inFIG. 27 , tworouting channels second edges corner arrangement 2700. -
FIG. 28 shows acorner arrangement 2800, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 2800 represents a “one-by-three” or “three-by-one” arrangement.Corner arrangement 2800 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 2800 inFIG. 28 . As shown inFIG. 28 , onerouting channel 2872 cannot be routed from internal of the land pattern/array through first andsecond edges corner arrangement 2800. -
FIG. 29 shows acorner arrangement 2900, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 2900 represents a “one-by-four” or “four-by-one” arrangement.Corner arrangement 2900 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 2900 inFIG. 29 . As shown inFIG. 29 , tworouting channels second edges Routing channel 2972 is lost or unused inedge 1802, androuting channel 2974 is lost or used internally to the land pattern/array. Thus, one external and one internal routing channel are lost or unused incorner arrangement 2900. -
FIG. 30 shows acorner arrangement 3000, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 3000 represents a “two-by-two” arrangement.Corner arrangement 3000 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 3000 inFIG. 30 . As shown inFIG. 30 , onerouting channel 3072 cannot be routed external of the land pattern/array through first andsecond edges corner arrangement 3000. -
FIG. 31 shows acorner arrangement 3100, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 3100 represents a “three-by-four” or “four-to-three” arrangement.Corner arrangement 3100 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 3100 inFIG. 31 . As shown inFIG. 31 , tworouting channels second edges corner arrangement 3100. -
FIG. 32 shows acorner arrangement 3200, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.Corner arrangement 3200 represents a “four-by-four” arrangement.Corner arrangement 3200 is less desirable thancorner arrangement 1800 because routing channels are lost or unused. Example signal routing channels are shown forcorner arrangement 3200 inFIG. 32 . As shown inFIG. 32 , threerouting channels second edges corner arrangement 3200. - In an embodiment, a layout designer or automated system may use a library that includes the corner pad arrangements described above to assist in creating ball layouts. For example, any one or more of
corner arrangements FIG. 33 shows a Table 3300 that includes data related to the corner arrangements shown inFIGS. 18-32 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The data of Table 3300 could be used to determine total routing channel capacity when incorporating corner pad arrangements into land patterns. The information present in Table 3300 is described, column by column, in the following paragraphs: -
Columns row 3322 of Table 3300 has entries “0” and “4” forcolumns row 3322 relates to a “zero-by-four” corner pad arrangement, such ascorner arrangement 2500 shown inFIG. 25 .Column 3316 indicates the example corner arrangement described above that a particular row relates to. For example, forrow 3322,column 3316 indicatescorner arrangement 2500 as an example “zero-by-four” arrangement. Anotherrow 3324 relates to a “two-by-three” corner pad arrangement, such ascorner arrangement 1800 shown inFIG. 18 .Column 3316 indicates thatcorner arrangement 1800 as an example “two-by-three” arrangement. -
Column 3306 shows a number of routing areas present in the respective corner arrangement (not including routing areas adjacent to corner pads), as described above. For example,row 3322 of Table 3300 relates to cornerarrangement 2500 shown inFIG. 25 . As shown inFIG. 25 ,edge 1802 ofcorner arrangement 2500 has zero routing areas betweencorner portion 2512 and set 1710 a.Edge 1804 ofcorner arrangement 2500 has fourrouting areas corner portion 2512 and set 1710 b. Thus,corner arrangement 2500 has a total of four indicated routing areas. The value “4” is indicated incolumn 3306 forrow 3322. In another example,row 3324 of Table 3300 relates to cornerarrangement 1800 shown inFIG. 18 . As shown inFIG. 18 ,edge 1802 ofcorner arrangement 1800 has two routing areas.Edge 1804 ofcorner arrangement 1800 has three routing areas. Thus,corner arrangement 1800 has a total of five indicated routing areas, which is indicated incolumn 3306 forrow 3324. -
Column 3308 shows a number of internal routing channels that are unusable or lost in a respective corner arrangement. For example,row 3322 of Table 3300 relates to cornerarrangement 2500 shown inFIG. 25 . As described above with respect toFIG. 25 ,corner arrangement 2500 has oneinternal routing channel 2576 that is unusable or lost. In the example ofrow 3324,corner arrangement 1800 shown inFIG. 18 has no internal routing channels unusable or lost, as indicated incolumn 3308. -
Column 3310 shows a number of external routing channels that are unusable or lost in a respective corner arrangement. For example,row 3322 of Table 3300 relates to cornerarrangement 2500 shown inFIG. 25 . As described above with respect toFIG. 25 ,corner arrangement 2500 has twoexternal routing channels row 3324,corner arrangement 1800 shown inFIG. 18 has no external routing channels unusable or lost, as indicated incolumn 3310. -
Column 3312 shows a sum of the internal and external routing channels that are unusable or lost for a respective corner arrangement. For example, forcorner arrangement 2500,row 3322 of Table 3300 shows a total of three internal and external routing channels that are unusable or lost (i.e.,routing channels row 3324,column 3312 indicates that a total of zero internal and external routing channels are unusable or lost forcorner arrangement 1800. -
Column 3314 provides an indication of which corner arrangements sacrifice relatively fewer routing channels. For example,column 3314 indicates thatcorner arrangement 1800 ofrow 3324 is an optimum corner arrangement, because it sacrifices zero routing channels. - As described above,
column 3316 indicates an example corner arrangement described above to which a particular row relates. -
FIG. 34 shows anexample flowchart 3400 providing steps for designing land patterns incorporating corner pad arrangements, according to embodiments of the present invention. The steps ofFIG. 34 do not necessarily have to occur in the order shown, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings herein. Other structural embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. These steps are described in detail below. -
Flowchart 3400 begins with astep 3402. Instep 3402, a number of required pads is determined. For example, the number of required pads is typically a number of pads of an integrated circuit package to be mounted. For example, the number of required pads can be any combination of power pads, test pads, and signal pads that will interface an integrated circuit package with the land pattern. Power pads include any power and ground pads that will interface with power and ground of the integrated circuit device. Test pads include any pads that will interface with test signals of the integrated circuit device. Test signals tend to be used temporarily during test of a particular integrated circuit package, and are not always made externally available in a final production version of the integrated circuit package, although in some instances they can remain externally available. Signal pads include any pads for other signals of the integrated circuit package. Signal pads tend to be pads that must be routed external to the land pattern on the PCB using routing channels. - In
step 3404, a number of required perimeter routing channels is determined. The required number of perimeter routing channels is the number of pads of the array/land pattern that must be routed externally from the array/land pattern in the PCB with routing channels. For example, in an embodiment, the number of required perimeter routing channels is equal to the number of signal pads, and does not include power or test pads. In other embodiments, any combination of signal, power, and test pads may require routing channels. - In
step 3406, a land pattern is selected to yield the required number of pads and number of required perimeter routing channels. In an embodiment,step 3406 includes one or more of the steps offlowchart 3500, shown in FIG. 35. These steps are described in detail below, and may occur in any order. Note that these elements ofstep 3406 can be performed automatically and/or manually. For example, a user and/or a computer system can be used to perform any combination of the elements ofstep 3502. - In
step 3502, a potential land pattern is selected that at least yields the required pads. A land pattern is selected having an array of pads with enough pads for all required signals. For instance, the potential land pattern can be selected by referring to a table that shows array sizes and corresponding numbers of pads therein. A number of pads in an array can alternatively be calculated. For example, a 13×13 array of conductive pads can be selected as a land pattern. The number of pads of a 13×13 array/land pattern can be determined from a table, or can be calculated as follows: -
- The number of routing channels for a 13×13 array/land pattern can be determined from a table, or be calculated as follows (First a number of perimeter pads is determined, followed by a determination of the number of routing channels):
-
- For a 13×13 array, the number of routing channels=(X+Y−2)×6=(13+13−2)×6=144 routing channels
- However, if we assume for illustrative purposes that 159 routing channels are actually required for the example 13×13 array/land pattern, additional routing channels are needed. Thus, the 13×13 array/land pattern can be optimized according to the present invention to provide additional routing channels, according to the following steps of
flowchart 3500. - In
step 3504, a pad arrangement is selected for at least one corner portion of the selected potential land pattern. For example, in an embodiment, any one of the corner pad arrangements described above with respect toFIGS. 18-32 can be selected as the pad arrangement. A corner pad arrangement can be selected for any number of corners of the selected potential land pattern, including for all four corners. In the example of the 13×13 array/land pattern, for illustrative purposes, assume that a 2×3 or 3×2 corner arrangement, as shown inFIG. 18 , is selected for all four corners. As described above with respect toFIG. 18 , a 2×3 or 3×2 corner arrangement has no lost or unusable routing channels. Thus, if the example 13×13 array/land pattern has four 2×3 or 3×2 corner pad arrangements selected, no routing channels are lost due to the corner pad arrangements. Other selected corner pad arrangements may have lost or unusable routing channels. Note that in an example embodiment, a lookup key may be used to aid in selecting a corner pad arrangement. Such an embodiment is described more fully below with respect toFIG. 37 . - In
step 3506, at least one perimeter edge of the selected potential land pattern is under populated in a portion of the at least one perimeter edge outside of the selected pad arrangement for the at least one corner portion. For example, in embodiments, as described above, any number of spaces may be positioned in any number of edges of a land pattern to provide additional routing channels. For example,FIG. 36 shows the perimeter two rows/columns of a 13×13 array/land pattern 3600, according to an embodiment of the present invention. - As shown in
FIG. 35 , 2×3 or 3×2corner arrangements 1800 are present in each corner ofland pattern 3600, andspaces 402 are positioned in each of the four perimeter edges to provide additional routing channels. In the example ofFIG. 36 , twospaces 402 are positioned in each edge, for a total of eight spaces. As shown inFIG. 36 , one out of every three pads in each edge, betweencorner pad arrangements 1800, are replaced with aspace 402. For example, as shown inFIG. 36 , a pair ofsets 1710 are positioned in each edge to positionspaces 402 in the edges, and provide additional routing channels. The number of spaces can be dictated by the number ofsets 1710 that can be positioned in an edge, between the respective corner pad arrangements. Alternatively, the number of spaces positioned in an edge between the respective corner pad arrangements can be determined by any of the equations or description present elsewhere herein. - In
step 3508, it is determined whether the selected potential land pattern yields at least the determined number of required perimeter routing channels. For example, in an embodiment, the number of perimeter routing channels present in the selected land pattern is calculated, and then compared with the required number. For example, the number of perimeter routing channels present in the example 13×13 array/land pattern, as shown inFIG. 36 , can be calculated. -
- Thus, in the example 13×13 array/land pattern, as modified by the present invention, 160 routing channels are present. Thus, assuming that 159 routing channels were desired, by comparing the 160 routing channels present to the requirement for 159 routing channels, enough routing channels are present (i.e., one extra routing channel exists).
- Note that in an embodiment, if enough routing channels are not present in the selected potential land pattern after
step 3508, steps 3502-3508 offlowchart 3500 can be repeated for a subsequently selected array/land pattern size. These steps can be repeated until enough pads and routing channels are provided by the selected array/land pattern. - Alternatively, steps 3504-3508 can be repeated for the same selected potential land pattern, using different corner pad arrangements and/or different numbers of spaces in one or more edges, to determine whether enough routing channels can be generated.
- Note that any one or more of
steps - As indicated in
column 3312 ofFIG. 33 , some corner pad arrangements suffer from greater losses of routing channels than others do. In embodiments, while any corner pad arrangement can be used with any size array/land pattern (assuming that the array/land pattern is large enough for a corner pad arrangement), corner pad arrangements with fewer routing channels lost or unusable are preferable. A Table 3700 shown inFIG. 37 shows an example selection of corner pad arrangements used for particular array/land pattern sizes, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Furthermore, as described below, Table 3700 ofFIG. 37 can be applied to array/land pattern sizes not directly shown in Table 3700. The information present in Table 3700 ofFIG. 37 is described, column by column, in the following paragraphs: -
Column 3702 shows a key for each row that can be used as a reference for a particular set of corner arrangements corresponding to that row. -
Column 3704 shows an offset key for each row. -
Columns row 3758 refers to a 13×13 array/land pattern, as indicated incolumns -
Columns column 3710, “NS” refers to “North” and “South” edges, and incolumn 3712, “EW” refers to “East” and “West” edges of the land pattern. For example, for the 13×13 array/land pattern ofFIG. 36 , these edges are indicated with “N”, “S”, “E”, and “W” symbols. Note that these indicated directions are relative, and that the present invention relates to land patterns rotated or mirrored in any orientation. -
Columns row 3758 indicates that a 3×2 corner arrangement was selected for all four corners for a 13×13 array/land pattern. An example 3×2 corner arrangement was described above with respect toFIG. 18 . -
Columns columns row 3758 indicate that no internal routing channels were lost for the 3×2 corner arrangements selected for all four corners. The loss of no internal routing channels was indicated above with respect to the example 3×2 corner arrangement described above with respect toFIG. 18 . -
Column 3730 indicates a total number of internal routing channels lost, as indicated incolumns row 3758 indicates a total of zero internal routing channels lost. -
Columns columns row 3758 indicate that no external routing channels were lost for the 3×2 corner arrangements selected for all four corners. The loss of no external routing channels was indicated above with respect to the example 3×2 corner arrangement described above with respect toFIG. 18 . -
Column 3740 indicates a total number of external routing channels lost, as indicated incolumns row 3758 indicates a total of zero external routing channels lost. -
Column 3742 indicates a total of all routing channels lost, which is a summation ofcolumns row 3758 indicates a total of zero routing channels lost. -
Column 3744 refers to figures that show example land patterns reflecting the corner pad arrangements and any routing channels lost as shown in the corresponding row. For example,row 3758 corresponds to 13×13 array/land pattern, such asland pattern 3600 shown inFIG. 36 .Land pattern 3600 includes a 3×2corner pad arrangement 1800 in each corner, which suffer no lost routing channels. Example arrays/land patterns corresponding to the remaining rows ofcolumn 3744 are described as follows with regard toFIGS. 38-42 as follows. For illustrative purposes, only the outer two perimeter rows/columns of the arrays/land patterns ofFIGS. 38-42 are shown. As will be described below, the configuration of land patterns of FIGS. 36 and 38-42 can be extended to land patterns of any size. -
FIG. 38 shows an example 13×14 array/land pattern 3800, according to an embodiment of the present invention.Land pattern 3800 corresponds torows FIG. 37 . As shown inFIG. 38 ,land pattern 3800 has a 3×3 corner arrangement 2000 (ofFIG. 20 ) in the northwest and southeast corners, and has a 2×3corner arrangement 1800 in the northeast and southwest corners. As indicated incolumn 3742, a total number of only two routing channels are lost due to the corner pad arrangements selected. Twospaces 402 are present in each edge ofland pattern 3800. -
FIG. 39 shows an example 14×14 array/land pattern 3900, according to an embodiment of the present invention.Land pattern 3900 corresponds to row 3766 of Table 3700 shown inFIG. 37 . As shown inFIG. 39 ,land pattern 3900 has a 3×3 corner arrangement 2000 (ofFIG. 20 ) in all corners. As indicated incolumn 3742, a total number of only four routing channels are lost due to the corner pad arrangements selected. Twospaces 402 are present in each edge ofland pattern 3900. -
FIG. 40 shows an example 14×15 array/land pattern 4000, according to an embodiment of the present invention.Land pattern 4000 corresponds torows FIG. 37 . As shown inFIG. 40 ,land pattern 4000 has a 3×2 or 2×3 corner arrangement 1800 (ofFIG. 18 ) in all corners. As indicated incolumn 3742, a total number of zero routing channels are lost due to the corner pad arrangements. Twospaces 402 are present in each of the North and South edges, and threespaces 402 are present in each of the East and West edges ofland pattern 4000. -
FIG. 41 shows an example 15×15 array/land pattern 4100, according to an embodiment of the present invention.Land pattern 4100 corresponds to row 3750 of Table 3700 shown inFIG. 37 . As shown inFIG. 41 ,land pattern 4100 has a 2×3 corner arrangement 1800 (ofFIG. 18 ) in each of the northeast and southwest corners, and a 2×4 corner arrangement 1900 (ofFIG. 19 ) in each of the northwest and southeast corners. As indicated incolumn 3742, a total number of only two routing channels are lost due to the corner pad arrangements selected. Threespaces 402 are present in each of the edges ofland pattern 4100. -
FIG. 42 shows an example 15×16 array/land pattern 4200, according to an embodiment of the present invention.Land pattern 4200 corresponds torows FIG. 37 . As shown inFIG. 42 ,land pattern 4200 has a 3×2 or 2×3 corner arrangement 1800 (ofFIG. 18 ) in the northwest, northeast, and southeast corners, and a 2×4 corner arrangement 1900 (ofFIG. 19 ) in the southwest corner. As indicated incolumn 3742, a total number of only one routing channel is lost due to the corner pad arrangements selected. Threespaces 402 are present in each of the North, East, and West edges, and twospaces 402 are present in the South edge ofland pattern 4200. - The configurations of the land patterns of FIGS. 36 and 38-42 can be extended to configure land patterns of any size that have similar characteristics. For example, by changing a length of a row and/or a column of a land pattern of one of FIGS. 36 and 38-42, another size land pattern can be created, having similar routing channel characteristics to the original land pattern. Adding a multiple of three rows and/or three columns to one of the land patterns of FIGS. 36 and 38-42 can create any size land pattern. The land pattern thus created will have the same corner pad arrangements as the original land pattern of FIGS. 36 and 38-42. Furthermore, by adding in multiples of three, the lengthened row/column will have a/an additional set(s) 1710 positioned therein, each having a
space 402 that adds a known number of routing channels. - For example, assume that a 22×23 array/pattern is desired. The 22×23 array/land pattern can be created by enlarging one of the land patterns of FIGS. 36 and 38-42. A land pattern of FIGS. 36 and 38-42 is enlarged by multiples of three of rows and columns. The 13 by 14 array/land pattern of
FIG. 38 is suitable for creating the 22×23 array/land pattern. This is because: - 22 rows=13 rows+3×(3 rows)
- 23 columns=14 columns+3×(3 columns)
- As shown above, a 22×23 array/land pattern is based upon a 13×14 array/land pattern, after adding multiples of 3 rows and 3 columns thereto. Thus,
row 3760 of Table 3700 shown inFIG. 37 can be referred to when creating a 22×23 array/land pattern. Corner pad arrangements for the 22×23 array/land pattern can be obtained (i.e., seecolumns sets 1710 are added to each edge to create additional routing channels. - Another way to determine the particular array/land pattern in Table 3700 on which to base a desired land pattern size upon is to generate a lookup key, which can be used to
reference column 3702. The lookup key can be generated from a land pattern by concatenating a remainder of the number of rows divided by 3, to a remainder of the number of columns divided by three, as shown inEquation 7 below: -
Lookup key=remainder of concatenate remainder of ((# of rows)/3)((# of columns)/3)Equation 7 - Thus, using the 22×23 array/land pattern example, the lookup key would be:
-
-
Column 3702 can then be referred to for the lookup key of “12,” which appears inrow 3760. Thus, again, the 22×23 array/land pattern can be based on the 13×14 array/land pattern ofcolumn 3760, an example of which is shown inFIG. 38 . Other corner pad arrangements may be appropriate in some situations, although, in some embodiments, the corner pad arrangements shown are optimum. - Thus, in the manner described above, any size array/land pattern can be created from the array/land patterns of FIGS. 36 and 38-42. A Table 4300 is shown in
FIGS. 43A and 43B , that is similar to Table 600 shown inFIGS. 6A and 6B , according to an embodiment of the present invention. Table 4300 contains information directed to numerous sizes of IC packages and land patterns that incorporate the corner pad arrangements shown in Table 3700 ofFIG. 37 . Thus, Table 4300 can be referred to when selecting/designing an array/land pattern that incorporates these corner pad arrangements. Table 4300 can be referred to by a user, manually, or can be incorporated in an automatic system. The columns of Table 4300 that are not included in Table 600 ofFIGS. 6A and 6B are described in the following paragraphs: -
Column 4302 shows a lookup key for each row that can be used to determine corner pad arrangements for the array/land pattern of that row. For example, the lookup key can be used to refer tocolumn 3702 of Table 3700, shown inFIG. 37 . The lookup key corresponds to the particular row of Table 3700 that contains the corner pad arrangements (i.e.,columns row 4360 in Table 4300 corresponds to row 660 of Table 600 shown inFIG. 6A (i.e., corresponds to a 19×19 array/land pattern). As shown inFIG. 43A ,column 4302 indicates a lookup value of 11 forrow 4360. Referring tocolumn 3702 of Table 3700, the lookup value of 11 is inrow 3758, which corresponds to a 13×13 array/land pattern, an example of which is shown inFIG. 36 . -
Column 4304 shows the number of pads remaining in each of the North and South edges of the array/land pattern, after removal of peripheral pads or pins according to the present invention (i.e., replacing pads with spaces in the edges). For example, forrow 4360, a 15 is entered incolumn 4304, indicating that 15 pads remain in the North and South edges of the array/land pattern. In other words, 19−15=4 spaces are present in these edges. -
Column 4306 shows the number of pads remaining in each of the East and West edges of the array/land pattern, after removal of peripheral pads or pins according to the present invention (i.e., replacing pads with spaces in the edges). For example, forrow 4360, a 15 is entered incolumn 4306, indicating that 15 pads remain in the East and West edges of the array/land pattern. In other words, 19−15=4 spaces are present in these edges. -
Column 4308 shows, for each row of Table 4300, a resulting total number of pads or pins remaining for the entire array/land pattern, after removal of peripheral pads or pins according to the present invention. For example, forrow 4360, a number of 345 remaining pads is entered incolumn 4306. A value incolumn 4306 may be calculated as follows: -
- Note that the number of spaces in NS and EW rows can be calculated as follows:
-
-
Column 4310 shows a total number of externally available pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins according to the present invention, and using the particular corner pad arrangements indicated in Table 3700 for the particular array/land pattern. For example, the value forcolumn 4310 for a particular row can be calculated usingEquation 6 described above. For example, forrow 4360, the value in column 4306 (i.e., 248) can be calculated as follows: -
-
Column 4312 shows a total number of internal or “orphaned”, unavailable pads or pins for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins according to the present invention, and using the particular corner pad arrangements indicated in Table 3700 for the particular array/land pattern. For example, the value forcolumn 4312 for a particular row can be calculated as: -
Value incolumn 4312=value incolumn 4308−value incolumn 4310 - For
row 4360, the value forcolumn 4312 is calculated as: -
=345−248=97 -
Column 4314 shows a percentage of pads or pins that are internal or orphaned for the entire land pattern or array after removal of pads or pins according to the present invention, and using the particular corner pad arrangements indicated in Table 3700 for the particular array/land pattern. Thus, for each row, a value incolumn 4314 may be calculated as follows: -
- For
row 4360, the value forcolumn 4314 is calculated as: -
- Thus, note that as compared to
row 660 ofFIG. 6A ,column 626 of - Table 600,
row 4360,column 4314 indicates an equal percentage. Table 600 ofFIGS. 6A and 6B does not take into account corner pad arrangements, thus providing an approximation. If corner arrangements are used that have lost or unused routing channels, a value incolumn 4360 may have a higher percentage of internal or orphaned pads or pins when compared to a corresponding value in column 660 (i.e., where corner arrangements are considered to lose no routing channels). - In a further embodiment, power and/or ground may be taken into account when selecting corner pad arrangements. The number and location of routing channels for power and/or ground in a land pattern/array can be factored in when making this determination. This has a benefit when designing PCBs. For example, PCBs may be designed in various configurations, including: (a) having power and ground on multiple layers separate from other signals; (b) having power and ground routed on a bottom layer of a PCB, while signals are routed on a top layer of the PCB; (c) having power and other signals routed on the top layer while ground is routed on the bottom layer; and (d) having power, ground, and other signals all routed on the top layer (i.e., a single layer) of the PCB. Although (c) and (d) tend to be the most difficult configurations to design, the present invention provides for design of all these configurations.
- For example,
FIG. 45 shows a Table 4500 that provides information relating corner pad arrangements to power/ground channel distribution, according an embodiment of the present invention. Table 4500 is based on a design parameter where power/ground routing channels use an area equivalent to two signal routing channels, although in alternative embodiments, power/ground can use other numbers of signal routing channels. (Thus, in alternative embodiments, the contents/results of Table 4500 can be calculated with or without reference to Table 4500.) Table 4500 ofFIG. 45 includes some columns similar to those of Table 37 ofFIG. 37 , which are numbered correspondingly. - Column pairs 4502, 4504, 4506, 4508, 4510, 4512, 4514, 4516, and 4518 of Table 4500 relate to different power/ground routing channel quantities in edges of land pattern/arrays. For each column pair,
row 4520 indicates a number of power/ground in North and South (NS) and in East and West (EW) edges of a land/pattern array, as indicated by columns labeled NS and EW for each column pair. For example,column pair 4502 indicates zero power or ground channels in both of the NS and EW edges of a respective land pattern/array. In another example,column pair 4512 indicates one power or ground channel in each of the NS edges, and two power/ground channels in each of the EW edges of a respective land pattern/array. - In an embodiment, Table 4500 can be used to select a set of corner pad arrangements from the array/land patterns of FIGS. 36 and 38-42 for a particular land pattern/array having a particular configuration of power/ground channels. For example, for illustrative purposes, assume a 15×15 land pattern/array is desired, having two power channels in each of the North and South edges, and one power channel in each of the East and West edges.
Column 4516 is thus referred to, as it corresponds to the two NS power/ground channels and one EW power/ground channel, as shown inrow 4520.Row 4532 ofcolumn 4516 indicates “15” for NS edges and “15” for EW edges, and thus corresponds to the example, desired 15×15 land pattern/array. As shown forrow 4532, incolumn 3702, a lookup key value of “12” is appropriate for the 15×15 land pattern/array, having the example power constraints. Furthermore, as indicated incolumn 3744 forrow 4532, an appropriate set of corner pad arrangements for the example 15×15 land pattern/array is provided inFIG. 38 , which shows 13×14 array/land pattern 3800. Thus, in the present example, the corner pad arrangements for 13×14 pad/pin land pattern/array 3800 ofFIG. 38 can used for a 15×15 land pattern/array that requires two power channels in each of the North and South edges, and one power in each of the East and West edges. As shown inFIG. 38 , two corners of 13×14 pad/pin land pattern/array 3800use 2×3corner pad arrangement 1800, and two corners use 3×3corner pad arrangement 2000. These arrangement can be selected to design the corners of the example 15×15 land pattern/array. This process can be used for any sized land pattern/array, having any number of required power(s) and/or ground(s). - Although the largest number of powers/grounds shown in
row 4520 for a particular NS or EW column is two, the information in column pairs 4502, 4504, 4506, 4508, 4510, 4512, 4514, 4516, and 4518 can be extended to numbers greater than two. Each entry in these columns extends to the value located therein, plus three multiplied by any integer: -
- where N=any integer greater than or equal to zero
- For example,
column pair 4506 has an entry of 0 in the NS column, and an entry of 2 in the EW column (i.e., 0, 2). Thus, according to the above equation, the NS and EW entries ofcolumn pair 4506 also cover power/ground numbers of: 0, 5 (0+3×0, 2+3×1); 3, 2 (0+3×1, 2+3×0); and 6, 8 (0+3×2, 2+3×2), for example. Thus,column pair 4506 can be consulted when designing land pattern/arrays having these required number of power/ground traces. - Thus, corner pad arrangements corresponding to various land pattern/array sizes can be calculated, or can be determined using Table 4500. Use of Table 4500 in this manner enables the multi- and single-layer routing configurations described above. Note that in alternative embodiments, corner pad arrangements other than those determined using Table 4500 can be used for particular land pattern/arrays.
- Thus, in any of the manners describe above, arrays/land patterns can have selected corner pad arrangements to aid in signal routing. As described above, any corner pad arrangement can be used with any array/land pattern size, pursuant to the particular application. Furthermore, note that selected corner arrangements can be used in the single- and multi-layer embodiments of the present invention described above.
- For example,
FIGS. 44A-44C illustrate a multi-layer embodiment of the present invention, present in a printed circuit board.FIG. 44A shows a first layer of a PCB that has conductive features including a 25×25 land pattern 4400 and associated routing.FIG. 44B shows a second layer of the PCB that has conductive features including an 18×18array 4450 of conductive vias/pads and associated routing.FIG. 44C shows the views of land pattern 4400 andarray 4450 overlaid on each other. Although specific ball pitch, pad size, via size, trace width, and other size related data is shown inFIGS. 44A-44C , this data is provided for illustrative purposes, and is not limiting. - Land pattern 4400 of
FIG. 44A is configured to mount an integrated circuit device, such as a ball grid array package. A plurality ofconductive vias 4402 through the printed circuit board electrically couple a portion of theconductive pads 4404 of land pattern 4400 to corresponding conductive vias/pads 4452 of viaarray 4450 of the second layer. - As shown in
FIGS. 44A and 44B , corner arrangements have been selected for land pattern 4400 and viaarray 4450. For each corner of land pattern 4400, a 2×3corner arrangement 1800 has been selected. For each corner of viaarray 4450, a 1×1corner arrangement 2600 has been selected. As described above with respect toFIG. 18 , the 2×3corner arrangements 1800 of land pattern 4400 suffer no lost or unusable routing channels. As described above with respect toFIG. 26 , the 1×1corner arrangements 2600 of viaarray 4450 each suffer from three lost orunusable routing channels FIG. 44B by missing routing channels in each corner of viaarray 4450. - Furthermore, as shown in
FIGS. 44A and 44B , each perimeter edge of land pattern 4400 and viaarray 4450 is not fully populated with conductive vias/pads.Spaces 402 are created in each edge to create additional routing channels for signals from conductive pads within land pattern 4400 and viaarray 4450 to be routed external through the respective edges. In an embodiment, as shown inFIG. 44B , due to the positions ofvias 4452 relative topads 4404 inFIG. 44A , it appears that channels ofspaces 4490 are formed through viaarray 4450. In other words, a North-South and East-West gap is formed through viaarray 4450. These gaps or channels ofspaces 4490 can be used to supply additional routing channels, as shown inFIG. 44B . - Note that as shown in the example of
FIGS. 44A and 44B , that all conductive pads of the ten most peripheral rows/columns of land pattern 4400 were successfully externally routed on one of the two layers. Thus, it is noted that in certain applications, such as field programmable gate array (FPGA) applications where internal/orphaned power/ground/test pins are not necessary, such a configuration can be very beneficial. As a result, a 20×20 integrated circuit package size can be formed that can have every pad/pin externally routed in the land pattern. In other words, for each side of the land pattern, 10 rows/columns can be completely routed, so that a 20×20 array size can be completely routed. Taking this further, integrated circuit packages can be designed having 20 pads/pins along one dimension (row or column), and having any length in pads/pins along the other dimension, where the entire integrated circuit package can still be completely routed. For example, such an integrated circuit package could have sizes such as 20×20, 20×30, 20×40, and any other 20×N size, and can have all pads/pins routed externally. - Thus, a user and/or computer system can use the above described processes, equations, and/or tables to design arrays/land patterns and via arrangements, according to the various embodiments of present invention. Thus, the present invention is applicable to any type of apparatus or system, manual or automatic, including being stored on a computer program product such as a computer storage device (e.g., hard drive, hard disc, floppy disc, CDROM, etc.). The present invention can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, and any combination thereof.
- While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. For example, in an embodiment, a second non-fully populated row or column of pads/pins may be placed adjacent to a first non-fully populated edge row or column of pads/pins to provide even more routing channels. Furthermore, the present invention allows for standard and for non-standard ball pitch distances in the peripheral rows and columns of pads/pins. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
Claims (21)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/199,445 US20140301056A1 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2014-03-06 | Method and System for Optimizing Routing Layers and Board Space Requirements for a Ball Grid Array Land Pattern |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US44956203P | 2003-02-25 | 2003-02-25 | |
US10/651,164 US6916995B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2003-08-29 | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements for ball grid array package implementations including single and multi-layer routing |
US10/921,225 US8695212B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2004-08-19 | Method for optimizing routing layers and board space requirements for a ball grid array land pattern |
US14/199,445 US20140301056A1 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2014-03-06 | Method and System for Optimizing Routing Layers and Board Space Requirements for a Ball Grid Array Land Pattern |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/921,225 Continuation US8695212B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2004-08-19 | Method for optimizing routing layers and board space requirements for a ball grid array land pattern |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20140301056A1 true US20140301056A1 (en) | 2014-10-09 |
Family
ID=32872165
Family Applications (5)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/651,164 Expired - Lifetime US6916995B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2003-08-29 | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements for ball grid array package implementations including single and multi-layer routing |
US10/921,134 Expired - Lifetime US7009115B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2004-08-19 | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements for a ball grid array package |
US10/921,181 Expired - Lifetime US7005753B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2004-08-19 | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements for a ball grid array land pattern |
US10/921,225 Active 2027-11-04 US8695212B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2004-08-19 | Method for optimizing routing layers and board space requirements for a ball grid array land pattern |
US14/199,445 Abandoned US20140301056A1 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2014-03-06 | Method and System for Optimizing Routing Layers and Board Space Requirements for a Ball Grid Array Land Pattern |
Family Applications Before (4)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/651,164 Expired - Lifetime US6916995B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2003-08-29 | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements for ball grid array package implementations including single and multi-layer routing |
US10/921,134 Expired - Lifetime US7009115B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2004-08-19 | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements for a ball grid array package |
US10/921,181 Expired - Lifetime US7005753B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2004-08-19 | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements for a ball grid array land pattern |
US10/921,225 Active 2027-11-04 US8695212B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2004-08-19 | Method for optimizing routing layers and board space requirements for a ball grid array land pattern |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (5) | US6916995B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7259336B2 (en) * | 2000-06-19 | 2007-08-21 | Nortel Networks Limited | Technique for improving power and ground flooding |
US7816247B2 (en) * | 2003-02-25 | 2010-10-19 | Broadcom Corporation | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements for ball grid array package implementations including array corner considerations |
US6916995B2 (en) * | 2003-02-25 | 2005-07-12 | Broadcom Corporation | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements for ball grid array package implementations including single and multi-layer routing |
JP2005166794A (en) | 2003-12-01 | 2005-06-23 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Component package, printed wiring board and electronic apparatus |
US7131094B2 (en) * | 2003-12-12 | 2006-10-31 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, Lp. | Method and system for automatically extracting data from a textual bump map |
US7346869B2 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2008-03-18 | Synopsys, Inc. | Power network analyzer for an integrated circuit design |
US7536658B2 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2009-05-19 | Synopsys, Inc. | Power pad synthesizer for an integrated circuit design |
US7391122B1 (en) * | 2005-03-04 | 2008-06-24 | Altera Corporation | Techniques for flip chip package migration |
US9258904B2 (en) | 2005-05-16 | 2016-02-09 | Stats Chippac, Ltd. | Semiconductor device and method of forming narrow interconnect sites on substrate with elongated mask openings |
US20060255473A1 (en) * | 2005-05-16 | 2006-11-16 | Stats Chippac Ltd. | Flip chip interconnect solder mask |
US7439447B2 (en) * | 2005-06-03 | 2008-10-21 | Hitachi Cable Indiana, Inc. | Hybrid vehicle rigid routing cable assembly |
US8395903B1 (en) * | 2006-02-10 | 2013-03-12 | Xilinx, Inc. | Interconnect pattern for semiconductor packaging |
US20080185181A1 (en) * | 2006-11-08 | 2008-08-07 | Pfeil Charles L | Alternating via fanout patterns |
US7869225B2 (en) * | 2007-04-30 | 2011-01-11 | Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. | Shielding structures for signal paths in electronic devices |
CN101267712B (en) * | 2008-04-25 | 2011-07-20 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | A processing method for alleviating Galvanic corrosion of PCB board |
EP3050885B1 (en) | 2009-11-05 | 2017-10-18 | GlaxoSmithKline LLC | Benzodiazepine bromodomain inhibitor |
CN201789682U (en) * | 2010-07-23 | 2011-04-06 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Four-layered through-hole printed circuit board and mobile terminal employing same |
KR20130071046A (en) * | 2011-12-20 | 2013-06-28 | 삼성전기주식회사 | Ball grid array package and manufacturing method thereof |
US9401717B2 (en) | 2012-05-28 | 2016-07-26 | Baysand Inc. | Flexible, space-efficient I/O circuitry for integrated circuits |
JP5933354B2 (en) | 2012-06-12 | 2016-06-08 | ルネサスエレクトロニクス株式会社 | Semiconductor device |
JP5946370B2 (en) | 2012-08-28 | 2016-07-06 | ルネサスエレクトロニクス株式会社 | Electronic equipment |
CN103943585B (en) * | 2013-01-22 | 2017-02-08 | 联想(北京)有限公司 | Mainboard, chip packaging module and motherboard |
US8754518B1 (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2014-06-17 | Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. | Devices and methods for configuring conductive elements for a semiconductor package |
US8813016B1 (en) * | 2013-01-28 | 2014-08-19 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited | Multiple via connections using connectivity rings |
KR102079795B1 (en) * | 2013-07-19 | 2020-02-21 | 휴렛-팩커드 디벨롭먼트 컴퍼니, 엘.피. | Image forming apparatus and chip |
JP6371583B2 (en) * | 2014-05-20 | 2018-08-08 | ローム株式会社 | Semiconductor package, PCB substrate, and semiconductor device |
US9454634B1 (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2016-09-27 | Cadence Design Systems, Inc. | Methods, systems, and computer program product for an integrated circuit package design estimator |
US9922920B1 (en) | 2016-09-19 | 2018-03-20 | Nanya Technology Corporation | Semiconductor package and method for fabricating the same |
US9980378B1 (en) * | 2017-03-10 | 2018-05-22 | Dell Products, Lp | Surface mount connector pad |
US10643020B1 (en) * | 2019-01-02 | 2020-05-05 | Cadence Design Systems, Inc. | System and method to estimate a number of layers needed for routing a multi-die package |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5784262A (en) * | 1995-11-06 | 1998-07-21 | Symbios, Inc. | Arrangement of pads and through-holes for semiconductor packages |
US20020060318A1 (en) * | 1998-12-03 | 2002-05-23 | Katz Walter M. | Routable high-density interfaces for integrated circuit devices |
Family Cites Families (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US651164A (en) * | 1898-11-22 | 1900-06-05 | Albert W Francis | Lock-nut. |
US921181A (en) * | 1907-09-16 | 1909-05-11 | Theophile Tanner | Station-indicator. |
US921134A (en) * | 1908-07-13 | 1909-05-11 | Judson L Thomson M F G Company | Fastening device. |
US951914A (en) * | 1909-06-14 | 1910-03-15 | Ridgely And Johnson Tool Company | Driving mechanism for divided axles. |
GB2124344B (en) | 1982-07-29 | 1986-03-26 | Kentsub Ltd | Air admittance valve |
US5729894A (en) * | 1992-07-21 | 1998-03-24 | Lsi Logic Corporation | Method of assembling ball bump grid array semiconductor packages |
JP3554650B2 (en) * | 1997-03-21 | 2004-08-18 | ソニーケミカル株式会社 | Circuit board |
JP3386977B2 (en) | 1997-06-05 | 2003-03-17 | 新光電気工業株式会社 | Multilayer circuit board |
JP3380151B2 (en) | 1997-12-22 | 2003-02-24 | 新光電気工業株式会社 | Multilayer circuit board |
US6150729A (en) * | 1999-07-01 | 2000-11-21 | Lsi Logic Corporation | Routing density enhancement for semiconductor BGA packages and printed wiring boards |
US6285560B1 (en) | 1999-09-20 | 2001-09-04 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Method for increasing device reliability by selectively depopulating solder balls from a foot print of a ball grid array (BGA) package, and device so modified |
US6689634B1 (en) | 1999-09-22 | 2004-02-10 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Modeling technique for selectively depopulating electrical contacts from a foot print of a grid array (BGA or LGA) package to increase device reliability |
US6489574B1 (en) * | 1999-11-02 | 2002-12-03 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Printed-wiring board |
US6388890B1 (en) | 2000-06-19 | 2002-05-14 | Nortel Networks Limited | Technique for reducing the number of layers in a multilayer circuit board |
TW511414B (en) * | 2001-04-19 | 2002-11-21 | Via Tech Inc | Data processing system and method, and control chip, and printed circuit board thereof |
US6762366B1 (en) * | 2001-04-27 | 2004-07-13 | Lsi Logic Corporation | Ball assignment for ball grid array package |
GB2377080B (en) * | 2001-09-11 | 2003-05-07 | Sendo Int Ltd | Integrated circuit package and printed circuit board arrangement |
US6885102B2 (en) * | 2002-08-26 | 2005-04-26 | Intel Corporation | Electronic assembly having a more dense arrangement of contacts that allows for routing of traces to the contacts |
US7005736B2 (en) * | 2002-09-30 | 2006-02-28 | Intel Corporation | Semiconductor device power interconnect striping |
EP1435659A1 (en) * | 2002-12-17 | 2004-07-07 | Dialog Semiconductor GmbH | Partially populated ball grid design to accomodate landing pads close to the die |
US7816247B2 (en) * | 2003-02-25 | 2010-10-19 | Broadcom Corporation | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements for ball grid array package implementations including array corner considerations |
US6916995B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2005-07-12 | Broadcom Corporation | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements for ball grid array package implementations including single and multi-layer routing |
-
2003
- 2003-08-29 US US10/651,164 patent/US6916995B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2004
- 2004-08-19 US US10/921,134 patent/US7009115B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-08-19 US US10/921,181 patent/US7005753B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-08-19 US US10/921,225 patent/US8695212B2/en active Active
-
2014
- 2014-03-06 US US14/199,445 patent/US20140301056A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5784262A (en) * | 1995-11-06 | 1998-07-21 | Symbios, Inc. | Arrangement of pads and through-holes for semiconductor packages |
US20020060318A1 (en) * | 1998-12-03 | 2002-05-23 | Katz Walter M. | Routable high-density interfaces for integrated circuit devices |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20050077625A1 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
US7005753B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 |
US20050077634A1 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
US8695212B2 (en) | 2014-04-15 |
US6916995B2 (en) | 2005-07-12 |
US7009115B2 (en) | 2006-03-07 |
US20050016749A1 (en) | 2005-01-27 |
US20040164431A1 (en) | 2004-08-26 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US8695212B2 (en) | Method for optimizing routing layers and board space requirements for a ball grid array land pattern | |
US7855448B2 (en) | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements for ball grid array package implementations including array corner considerations | |
US6137168A (en) | Semiconductor package with traces routed underneath a die | |
US5467252A (en) | Method for plating using nested plating buses and semiconductor device having the same | |
US7372170B2 (en) | Flip chip interconnection pad layout | |
US6534879B2 (en) | Semiconductor chip and semiconductor device having the chip | |
US7075816B2 (en) | Quad flat no-lead (QFN) grid array package, method of making and memory module and computer system including same | |
US7298033B2 (en) | Stack type ball grid array package and method for manufacturing the same | |
US20070021089A1 (en) | Semiconductor device that suppresses variations in high frequency characteristics of circuit elements | |
US20020100965A1 (en) | Semiconductor module and electronic component | |
US6882046B2 (en) | Single package containing multiple integrated circuit devices | |
JP3811467B2 (en) | Semiconductor package | |
US6664620B2 (en) | Integrated circuit die and/or package having a variable pitch contact array for maximization of number of signal lines per routing layer | |
US5650660A (en) | Circuit pattern for a ball grid array integrated circuit package | |
EP1460690A1 (en) | Optimization of routing layers and board space requirements in a BGA package (fka BGA package) | |
US6680532B1 (en) | Multi chip module | |
US20010008779A1 (en) | Semiconductor device and manufacturing method | |
JP4503611B2 (en) | Semiconductor device and manufacturing method thereof |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: BROADCOM CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SEAMAN, KEVIN L.;WNEK, VERNON M.;REEL/FRAME:032369/0479 Effective date: 20030829 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT, NORTH CAROLINA Free format text: PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:BROADCOM CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:037806/0001 Effective date: 20160201 Owner name: BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT, NORTH Free format text: PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:BROADCOM CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:037806/0001 Effective date: 20160201 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES GENERAL IP (SINGAPORE) PTE. LTD., SINGAPORE Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BROADCOM CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:041706/0001 Effective date: 20170120 Owner name: AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES GENERAL IP (SINGAPORE) PTE. LTD Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BROADCOM CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:041706/0001 Effective date: 20170120 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: BROADCOM CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA Free format text: TERMINATION AND RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENTS;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:041712/0001 Effective date: 20170119 |