US20140296118A1 - Lubricant Compositions - Google Patents
Lubricant Compositions Download PDFInfo
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- US20140296118A1 US20140296118A1 US14/227,193 US201414227193A US2014296118A1 US 20140296118 A1 US20140296118 A1 US 20140296118A1 US 201414227193 A US201414227193 A US 201414227193A US 2014296118 A1 US2014296118 A1 US 2014296118A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
- C10M169/042—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being compounds of unknown or incompletely defined constitution only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
- C10M169/047—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being a mixture of compounds of unknown or incompletely defined constitution and macromolecular compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
- C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
- C10M105/32—Esters
- C10M105/36—Esters of polycarboxylic acids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
- C10M107/02—Hydrocarbon polymers; Hydrocarbon polymers modified by oxidation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M143/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/003—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions used as base material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/0206—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers used as base material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
- C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/2805—Esters used as base material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/282—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic oolycarboxylic acids
- C10M2207/2825—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic oolycarboxylic acids used as base material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
- C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/04—Detergent property or dispersant property
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/08—Resistance to extreme temperature
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/36—Seal compatibility, e.g. with rubber
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/54—Fuel economy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/68—Shear stability
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
Definitions
- This invention relates to lubricant compositions having utility in numerous applications, particularly in connection with gear, transmission and/or axle applications in the automotive and machinery industries.
- the present invention is directed to lubricant compositions having particular advantages as axle fluids, and more particularly as heavy duty axle fluids.
- lubricant compositions and in particular, gear and axle lubricant fluids, is to provide a high degree of reliability and durability in the service life of equipment in which it is installed.
- the ability of such lubricants to aid in the overall fuel economy of the vehicles in which they are used has become an increasingly important factor in the selection of gear and axle lubricants.
- Applicants have come to appreciate that by improving the axle efficiency, particularly in heavy duty applications such as Class 8 line haul trucks and vocational vehicles, the fuel efficiency of the vehicles can be improved.
- Lubricating oils in general, and gear and axle lubricants in particular, must satisfy a large number of performance criteria to be commercially successful.
- a commercially successful axle lubricant will frequently be required to possess a high degree of oxidative stability, compatibility, shear stability, corrosion avoidance or resistance, wear protection, shiftability, and extended drain. These properties represent a difficult-to-achieve set of performance criteria that is made all the more difficult to achieve if the requirement of enhancing fuel efficiency is also added.
- lubricant composition is used in its broadest sense to include fluid compositions that are used in applications involving metal-to-metal contact of parts in which at least one function of the fluid is to inhibit or reduce friction between the parts.
- lubricant composition includes gear oils, axle oils and the like.
- the lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise (a) basestock; (b) viscosity improver; and (c) at least one additive to inhibit, and preferably substantially prevent, one or more of wearing, scuffing, micropitting and combinations of these and other deleterious effects.
- the lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise (a) basestock comprising poly-alpha-olefin (hereinafter referred to as “PAO”), preferably low viscosity PAO, and even more preferably a PAO having a viscosity of not greater than about 12 centistokes (cSt), and optionally an ester oil; (b) viscosity improver comprising at least one high viscosity PAO-type viscosity improver, preferably having a viscosity of greater than about 40 centistokes (cSt), and even more preferably from about 40 to about 1000 cSt; and (c) a performance additive package comprising at least one additive effective to improve at least one property of the lubricant and/or the performance of the equipment in which the lubricant is to be used.
- the performance additive comprises at least one sulfur-containing compound and at least one phosphorous-containing compound.
- preferred lubricant compositions of the present invention exhibit and/or produce one or more, and preferably all, of the following advantageous properties: reduction of viscous drag over the application temperature range; film thickness reduction; and churning loss reduction.
- the present lubricant compositions exhibit a horsepower (HP) loss reduction, as described and measured in connection with the examples hereof, of at least about 3%, more preferably at least about 4%, and even more preferably at least about 5%.
- HP horsepower
- the present lubricant compositions exhibit a sump temperature reduction, as described and measured in connection with the examples hereof, of at least about 2%, more preferably at least about 5%, and even more preferably at least about 7%.
- inventions of the present invention are directed to methods of making and using a fully formulated lubricant, including a fully formulated heavy duty axle fluid.
- a final embodiment of the invention is directed to axle, gear, transmission and/or drive systems containing such oils.
- FIG. 1 displays pictures of gear components illustrating the sludge control properties of a lubricant composition of the invention versus standard lubricants.
- FIG. 2 shows a graph of frictional properties of lubricant compositions of the invention versus standard lubricants.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a test apparatus for evaluating frictional properties of a lubricant composition.
- FIG. 4 shows a graph of traction properties of lubricant compositions of the invention versus standard lubricants.
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of a test apparatus for evaluating the traction properties of a lubricant composition.
- FIG. 6 shows a graph of the seal compatibility properties of lubricant compositions of the invention versus standard lubricants.
- the present invention is directed in one aspect to lubricant compositions comprising at least one base stock, at least one viscosity enhancer for the base stock, and at least one additive.
- these components of the present invention may be present in the compositions in widely varying amounts depending on the particular needs of each application, and all such variations are considered to be within the broad scope of the invention. Nevertheless, applicants have found that in certain preferred embodiments, the present lubricant compositions are formulated according to the following preferred ranges of components, it being understood that all percentage values indicated in Table 1 are modified by the word “about”.
- the base stock comprises at least one low viscosity PAO and at least one adipate ester. While it is contemplated that a wide range of relative concentrations of such components may be present, in general it is preferred that the base stock of the present invention comprise in certain embodiments a PAO:ester weight ratio of from about 0.5 to about 12:1, and more preferably of from about 0.5 to about 12:1.
- the viscosity improver comprise a high viscosity PAO (hereinafter HVPAO) and an additional additive selected from the group consisting of PIB (polyisobutylene), PMA (polymethacrylate), or OCP (olefin co-polymer), and combinations of two or more of these. While it is contemplated that a wide range of relative concentrations of such components may be present, in general it is preferred that the viscosity enhancer of the present invention comprise in certain embodiments an additional additive:HVPAO weight ratio of from about 0 to about 4:1, and more preferably of from about 0.2 to about 4:1.
- present lubricant compositions are formulated according to the following preferred ranges of components, it being understood that all percentage values indicated in Table 2 are modified by the word “about”.
- the PAO used in connection with the base stock component of the present invention may vary widely in particular properties and/or structures, in certain embodiments the PAO component is a PAO having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 12 cSt. In preferred embodiments the PAO is selected from group consisting of PAOs having a viscosity of about 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or combinations of two or more of these. In certain preferred embodiments, the PAO used in connection with the base stock component of the present invention is comprised of oligomeric compounds having from 2 to about 3 units, preferably units of 1-decene.
- the PAO component of the viscosity enhancer comprises, and preferably in certain embodiments consists essentially of a PAO having a viscosity greater than about 40 cSt, and even more preferably from about 40 to about 1000 cSt.
- the PAO component of the viscosity enhancer is comprised of polymeric compounds having greater than about 50 units, more preferably having greater than about 75 units and even more preferably having greater than about 100 units, preferably units of 1-decene.
- the adipate ester comprises a decyl adipate, and even more particularly, of one or more adipate esters selected from the group consisting of di-isodecyl adipate, and di-tridecyl adipate.
- the preferred ester comprises di-isodecyl azelate.
- the present lubricant compositions are formulated in accordance with Tables 3 or 4 below, it being understood that the amounts are weight percentages and the each value is understood to be preceded by the word “about”.
- the average horsepower loss (“AHPL”) is one measure that can be used to represent the performance of a lubricant composition, particularly an axle or gear oil, with respect to the fuel economy impact on the vehicle in which it will be used.
- AHPL average horsepower loss
- a testing protocol is used in which a commercial axle is attached to a dynamometer which es the input and the output torque on the axle. This test is run for comparison purposes with several commercially available lubricants and also with two formulations in accordance with the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
- the lubricant composition in accordance with the present invention labeled E2 exhibited a 5.4% relative improvement in energy efficiency compared to the average established for EMGARD® 2896.
- the formulation designated as E2 in Table 5 consisted essentially of (CAS #770-11-11) di-isodecyl adipate (5%). PAO 8 (56.6%). PAO 100 (28%). ANGAMOL® 6004J (10%), HiTEC 5739 (0.3%), E-9817U (0.1%), with all amounts being reported on the basis of weight percent.
- the lubricant composition in accordance with the present invention labeled E3 exhibited a 3.7% relative improvement in energy efficiency compared to the average established for EMGARD® 2896.
- the formulation designated as E3 in Table 5 consisted essentially of (CAS #770-39-1) di-isodecyl adipate (5%), PAO 8 (56.6%), PAO 100 (13%), INDOPOL® H-1500 SPA (13%), ANGAMOL® 6004J (10%), HiTEC 5739 (0.3%), E-9817U (0.1%), with all amounts being reported on the basis of weight percent.
- the lubricant composition in accordance with the present invention labeled E4 exhibited a 4.3% relative improvement in energy efficiency compared to the average established for EMGARD® 2896.
- the formulation designated as E4 in Table 5 consisted essentially of (CAS #770-42-1) di-isodecyl adipate (5%), PAO 8 (51.6%), PAO 100 (33%), ANGAMOL® 6004J (10%), HiTEC 5739 (0.3%), and E-9817U (0.1%), with all amounts being reported on the basis of weight percent.
- the frictional properties of a lubricant composition are in general considered to be highly relevant to the ability of lubricant compositions to exhibit superior performance in the environment of use.
- Several tests are performed for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the relative performance of certain preferred lubricants in accordance with the present invention relative to several commercially available lubricants.
- the results of the test done for comparison purposes in connection with the commercially available products are identified under column headings EMGARD® 4209, EMGARD® 2986, Comp Q and Comp S in FIG. 2 .
- the results of this test in accordance with the present invention are based on the same formulation reported in Table 5 as E1 and E2, but labeled in FIG. 2 as Cognis #2 and Cognis #3, respectively
- One method of testing the frictional properties of lubricant is to utilize a 19.05 mm (3 ⁇ 4 inch) steel ball and 46 mm diameter steel desk.
- the ball is loaded against the face of the disc and the ball and the disc are driven independently to create a mixed rolling/sliding contact.
- the force between the ball and disk is measured by a force transducer. Additional sensors measure the applied load, the lubricant temperature and (optionally) electrical contact resistance between specimens and the relative wear between them.
- FIG. 3 A schematic diagram of such a test apparatus is provided in FIG. 3 .
- Such an apparatus is used to test lubricant compositions in accordance with the present invention, using a film thickness of one to 1000 nm ( ⁇ 1 nm), speeds of 0.010-1.0 m/s, loads of 100 N, a slide/roll ratio (SSR) of 50%, contact pressures of up to approximately 3.0 GPa, a temperature range of from 40 to 100° C., a power supply of from 100 to about 240 V, a total weight of 50 kg and dimensions (W ⁇ H ⁇ D) of 50 ⁇ 50 ⁇ 30 cm.
- SSR slide/roll ratio
- the traction properties of a fluid in many instances are relevant to the ability of lubricant compositions to exhibit superior performance in the environment of use.
- Several tests are performed for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the relative performance of certain preferred lubricants in accordance with the present invention relative to several commercially available lubricants.
- the results of the test done for comparison purposes in connection with the commercially available products are identified under column headings EMGARD® 4209, EMGARD® 2986, Comp Q and Comp S in FIG. 4 .
- the results of the tests performed in connection with two lubricant compositions of the present invention are based on the same formulation reported in Table 5 as E1 and E2, but labeled in FIG. 4 as Cognis #2 and Cognis #3, respectively.
- One method of testing the traction properties of a lubricant composition is to measure the thickness and traction properties of elastohydrodynamic lubricant (EHL) films utilizing an apparatus having at least one bowl or roller loaded against the internal diameter of a transparent ring having a larger radius than the bowl or roller.
- the lubricant to be tested is placed between the rotating roller and arraying thereby forming an EHL film where the ball and arraying contact.
- Roller and arraying rotating speeds are controlled to obtain different amounts of relative sliding motion between the respective surfaces.
- Contact between the surfaces and the resultant film are observed by way of a transparent ring which allows optical measurements of lubricating film thickness. Traction forces generated during contact are also measured.
- a schematic diagram of such a test apparatus is provided in FIG. 5 .
- Such an apparatus is used to test lubricant compositions in accordance with the present invention, using a film thickness of one to 1000 nm ( ⁇ 1 nm), speeds of 0.010-3.5 m/s, loads of 1 to 50 N, a slide/roll ratio (SSR) of 50%, contact pressures of up to approximately 3.0 GPa, a temperature range of from 40 to 100° C., a power supply of from 100 to about 240 V, a total weight of 50 kg and dimensions (W ⁇ H ⁇ D) of 50 ⁇ 50 ⁇ 30 cm.
- SSR slide/roll ratio
- lubricant compositions which is considered to be important, at least in certain applications, is the compatibility of the lubricant with nonmetal parts in the system and environment of use, especially including seals, gaskets and the like.
- Several tests are performed for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the relative performance of certain preferred lubricants in accordance with the present invention relative to several commercially available lubricants in connection with seal compatibility.
- the results of the test done for comparison purposes in connection with the commercially available products are identified under column headings EMGARD® 4209, EMGARD® 2986, Comp Q and Comp S in Table 11 and FIG. 6 .
- the results of the tests performed in connection with two lubricant compositions of the present invention are based on the same formulation reported in Table 5 as E1 and E2, but labeled in Table 11 with row headings Cognis #2 and Cognis #3, respectively.
- EMGARD ® EMGARD ® Cognis Cognis Comp Comp 4209 2986 #2 #3 Q S Foam Test ASTM D892 Sequence I 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 20/0 0/0 Sequence II 10/0 50/0 0/0 0/0 270/0 100/0 Sequence III 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 20/0 0/0 Copper Strip ASTM D130 Corrosion 3 hrs @ 121° C.
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)
Abstract
Disclosed is a lubricant composition for use in association with a device involving metal-to-metal contact of moving parts, the composition comprising (a) a base stock comprising at least one low viscosity poly-alpha-olefin; (b) a viscosity improver comprising at least one high viscosity poly-alpha-olefin; and (c) a performance additive comprising at least one compound effective to improve at least one property of the lubricant and/or the performance of the equipment in which the lubricant is to be used.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/121,121, filed on Sep. 16, 2009, which is the National Stage entry of PCT/EP09/06681, filed on Sep. 16, 2009, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/100,255, filed on Sep. 25, 2008, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
- This invention relates to lubricant compositions having utility in numerous applications, particularly in connection with gear, transmission and/or axle applications in the automotive and machinery industries. In preferred aspects, the present invention is directed to lubricant compositions having particular advantages as axle fluids, and more particularly as heavy duty axle fluids.
- An important function of lubricant compositions, and in particular, gear and axle lubricant fluids, is to provide a high degree of reliability and durability in the service life of equipment in which it is installed. With the increasing costs of energy, particularly gasoline and diesel fuel, the ability of such lubricants to aid in the overall fuel economy of the vehicles in which they are used has become an increasingly important factor in the selection of gear and axle lubricants. Applicants have come to appreciate that by improving the axle efficiency, particularly in heavy duty applications such as Class 8 line haul trucks and vocational vehicles, the fuel efficiency of the vehicles can be improved.
- Lubricating oils in general, and gear and axle lubricants in particular, must satisfy a large number of performance criteria to be commercially successful. For example, a commercially successful axle lubricant will frequently be required to possess a high degree of oxidative stability, compatibility, shear stability, corrosion avoidance or resistance, wear protection, shiftability, and extended drain. These properties represent a difficult-to-achieve set of performance criteria that is made all the more difficult to achieve if the requirement of enhancing fuel efficiency is also added.
- Applicants have developed improved lubricant compositions, and in many embodiments lubricant compositions, that satisfy at a high level of performance, many, and preferably all, of the criteria mentioned above. As used herein, the term “lubricant composition” is used in its broadest sense to include fluid compositions that are used in applications involving metal-to-metal contact of parts in which at least one function of the fluid is to inhibit or reduce friction between the parts. As such, the term “lubricant composition”, as used herein, includes gear oils, axle oils and the like.
- Preferably the lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise (a) basestock; (b) viscosity improver; and (c) at least one additive to inhibit, and preferably substantially prevent, one or more of wearing, scuffing, micropitting and combinations of these and other deleterious effects. In preferred embodiments the lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise (a) basestock comprising poly-alpha-olefin (hereinafter referred to as “PAO”), preferably low viscosity PAO, and even more preferably a PAO having a viscosity of not greater than about 12 centistokes (cSt), and optionally an ester oil; (b) viscosity improver comprising at least one high viscosity PAO-type viscosity improver, preferably having a viscosity of greater than about 40 centistokes (cSt), and even more preferably from about 40 to about 1000 cSt; and (c) a performance additive package comprising at least one additive effective to improve at least one property of the lubricant and/or the performance of the equipment in which the lubricant is to be used. In certain preferred embodiments, the performance additive comprises at least one sulfur-containing compound and at least one phosphorous-containing compound.
- Applicants have found that preferred lubricant compositions of the present invention exhibit and/or produce one or more, and preferably all, of the following advantageous properties: reduction of viscous drag over the application temperature range; film thickness reduction; and churning loss reduction.
- In preferred embodiments, the present lubricant compositions exhibit a horsepower (HP) loss reduction, as described and measured in connection with the examples hereof, of at least about 3%, more preferably at least about 4%, and even more preferably at least about 5%.
- In preferred embodiments, the present lubricant compositions exhibit a sump temperature reduction, as described and measured in connection with the examples hereof, of at least about 2%, more preferably at least about 5%, and even more preferably at least about 7%.
- Other embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods of making and using a fully formulated lubricant, including a fully formulated heavy duty axle fluid. A final embodiment of the invention is directed to axle, gear, transmission and/or drive systems containing such oils.
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FIG. 1 displays pictures of gear components illustrating the sludge control properties of a lubricant composition of the invention versus standard lubricants. -
FIG. 2 shows a graph of frictional properties of lubricant compositions of the invention versus standard lubricants. -
FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a test apparatus for evaluating frictional properties of a lubricant composition. -
FIG. 4 shows a graph of traction properties of lubricant compositions of the invention versus standard lubricants. -
FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of a test apparatus for evaluating the traction properties of a lubricant composition. -
FIG. 6 shows a graph of the seal compatibility properties of lubricant compositions of the invention versus standard lubricants. - The present invention is directed in one aspect to lubricant compositions comprising at least one base stock, at least one viscosity enhancer for the base stock, and at least one additive. In general, it is contemplated that these components of the present invention may be present in the compositions in widely varying amounts depending on the particular needs of each application, and all such variations are considered to be within the broad scope of the invention. Nevertheless, applicants have found that in certain preferred embodiments, the present lubricant compositions are formulated according to the following preferred ranges of components, it being understood that all percentage values indicated in Table 1 are modified by the word “about”.
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TABLE 1 Broad Intermediate Narrow Wt % Range Wt % Range Wt % Range Basestock 10-90 15-80 15-60 Viscosity 2-70 5-60 5-60 Improver Additive 2-30 5-20 5-15 - With respect to certain preferred embodiments, the base stock comprises at least one low viscosity PAO and at least one adipate ester. While it is contemplated that a wide range of relative concentrations of such components may be present, in general it is preferred that the base stock of the present invention comprise in certain embodiments a PAO:ester weight ratio of from about 0.5 to about 12:1, and more preferably of from about 0.5 to about 12:1. In certain embodiments it is also preferred that the viscosity improver comprise a high viscosity PAO (hereinafter HVPAO) and an additional additive selected from the group consisting of PIB (polyisobutylene), PMA (polymethacrylate), or OCP (olefin co-polymer), and combinations of two or more of these. While it is contemplated that a wide range of relative concentrations of such components may be present, in general it is preferred that the viscosity enhancer of the present invention comprise in certain embodiments an additional additive:HVPAO weight ratio of from about 0 to about 4:1, and more preferably of from about 0.2 to about 4:1.
- Applicants have found that in certain preferred embodiments the present lubricant compositions are formulated according to the following preferred ranges of components, it being understood that all percentage values indicated in Table 2 are modified by the word “about”.
- Although it is contemplated that the PAO used in connection with the base stock component of the present invention may vary widely in particular properties and/or structures, in certain embodiments the PAO component is a PAO having a viscosity of from about 4 to about 12 cSt. In preferred embodiments the PAO is selected from group consisting of PAOs having a viscosity of about 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or combinations of two or more of these. In certain preferred embodiments, the PAO used in connection with the base stock component of the present invention is comprised of oligomeric compounds having from 2 to about 3 units, preferably units of 1-decene.
- Although it is also contemplated that the PAO used in connection with the viscosity enhancer component of the present invention may vary widely in particular properties and/or structures, in certain embodiments the PAO component of the viscosity enhancer comprises, and preferably in certain embodiments consists essentially of a PAO having a viscosity greater than about 40 cSt, and even more preferably from about 40 to about 1000 cSt. In preferred embodiments, the PAO component of the viscosity enhancer is comprised of polymeric compounds having greater than about 50 units, more preferably having greater than about 75 units and even more preferably having greater than about 100 units, preferably units of 1-decene.
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TABLE 2 Broad Intermediate Narrow Wt % Range Wt % Range Wt % Range Basestock - 2-30 5-30 5-20 adipate ester Basestock - 10-70 10-60 10-40 PAO (preferably 4-12 cSt or 6-8 cSt) Viscosity 2-50 5-50 5-40 Improver - HVPAO Additive - 0-30 0-25 0-20 ANGAMGL ® 6004j or GL-4 Gear Oil package Additive - PMA 0-3 0-2 0-1 Additive - 0-3 0-2 0-1 Defoamer (silicone based) - Applicants believe that, in general, numerous particular compounds or combinations of compounds are available for use in connection with each of the ingredients as described herein. With respect to the optional adipate ester, it is preferred in certain embodiments that the adipate ester comprises a decyl adipate, and even more particularly, of one or more adipate esters selected from the group consisting of di-isodecyl adipate, and di-tridecyl adipate. In a further embodiment, the preferred ester comprises di-isodecyl azelate.
- In certain preferred embodiments, the present lubricant compositions are formulated in accordance with Tables 3 or 4 below, it being understood that the amounts are weight percentages and the each value is understood to be preceded by the word “about”.
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TABLE 3 Basestock adipate 5-20% Basestock Low Viscosity PAO (4-12 cSt) 20-60% Thickener PAO 40-1000 5-40% Thickener PIP, PMA or OCP 0-20% Adpack GL-4 Gear Oil Package 5-15% PPD PMA Polymer 0-2.0% Defoamer Silicone based 0-2.0% -
TABLE 4 Basestock di-isodecyl adipate 5-20% Basestock Low Viscosity PAO (6-8 cSt) 10-40% Thickener PAO 40-100 5-40% Thickener PIP or OCP 0-20% Adpack ANGAMOL ® 6004J 5-15% PPD PMA Polymer 0-1.0% Defoamer Silicone based 0-1.0% - The following examples are provided for the purpose of illustrating the present invention but without limiting the scope thereof.
- The average horsepower loss (“AHPL”) is one measure that can be used to represent the performance of a lubricant composition, particularly an axle or gear oil, with respect to the fuel economy impact on the vehicle in which it will be used. In order to obtain information regarding the relative performance of certain preferred lubricants in accordance with the present invention, a testing protocol is used in which a commercial axle is attached to a dynamometer which es the input and the output torque on the axle. This test is run for comparison purposes with several commercially available lubricants and also with two formulations in accordance with the preferred embodiments of the present invention. In order to help assess the relative performance of the different lubricant formulations, a commercially available product sold under the trade designation EMGARD® 2986 is tested several times (identified with row headings C1A-C1F) in order to establish an average value for comparison purposes, which values are reported at the end of Table 5. The results of the test done in connection with the commercially available products are identified across the row headings C1-C4 in Table 5. The results of the tests performed in connection with four lubricant compositions of the present invention are reported-as E1-E4.
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TABLE 5 Ending Sump Sump Hp Loss Temp Average Temp Reduc- Reduc- Hp Loss (C.) tion % tion % C1A -EMGARD ® 2.924 82.5 −0.5% −1.4% 2986 E1 - Cognis 32.847 80.6 2.1% 0.9% (704-156-4 E2 - 100 cSt PAO 2.750 77.0 5.45 5.3% (770-11-11) C1B -EMGARD ® 2.891 84.6 0.6% −4.0% 2986 C1C -EMGARD ® 2.894 80.5 0.5% 1.1% 2986 C2 -EMGARD ® 4209 2.893 80.3 0.5% 1.3% Aged (770-26-2) C3 - Q8 (188-185) 2.841 77.2 2.3% 5.1% C1D -EMGARD ® 2.930 80.1 −0.7% 1.5% 2986 E3 -PAO100/PIB/PA08 2.800 76.6 3.7% 5.9% (770-39-1) E4 -PAO100/PA06 2.783 75.2 4.3% 7.5% (770-42-1) C4 -LUCANT ® 2.917 80.2 −0.3% 1.4% 600/PA08 (770-35-7) C1F -EMGARD ® 2.907 80.1 0.1% 1.5% 2986 EMGARD ® 2.908 81.3 2986 (ave) EMGARD ® 2.908 81.3 2986 (ave) EMGARD ® 0.016 1.836 2986 (stdev) EMGARD ® 0.54% 2.26% 2986 (% dev) - As can be seen from Table 5, the lubricant composition in accordance with the present invention labeled E2 exhibited a 5.4% relative improvement in energy efficiency compared to the average established for EMGARD® 2896. The formulation designated as E2 in Table 5 consisted essentially of (CAS #770-11-11) di-isodecyl adipate (5%). PAO 8 (56.6%). PAO 100 (28%). ANGAMOL® 6004J (10%), HiTEC 5739 (0.3%), E-9817U (0.1%), with all amounts being reported on the basis of weight percent. Also as can be seen from Table 5 above, the lubricant composition in accordance with the present invention labeled E3 exhibited a 3.7% relative improvement in energy efficiency compared to the average established for EMGARD® 2896. The formulation designated as E3 in Table 5 consisted essentially of (CAS #770-39-1) di-isodecyl adipate (5%), PAO 8 (56.6%), PAO 100 (13%), INDOPOL® H-1500 SPA (13%), ANGAMOL® 6004J (10%), HiTEC 5739 (0.3%), E-9817U (0.1%), with all amounts being reported on the basis of weight percent. And finally, the lubricant composition in accordance with the present invention labeled E4 exhibited a 4.3% relative improvement in energy efficiency compared to the average established for EMGARD® 2896. The formulation designated as E4 in Table 5 consisted essentially of (CAS #770-42-1) di-isodecyl adipate (5%), PAO 8 (51.6%), PAO 100 (33%), ANGAMOL® 6004J (10%), HiTEC 5739 (0.3%), and E-9817U (0.1%), with all amounts being reported on the basis of weight percent.
- Several properties exist which, at least in certain applications, are considered relevant to the effectiveness of lubricant compositions. Tests are performed for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the relative performance of certain preferred lubricants in accordance with the present invention relative to several commercially available lubricants. The results of the test done for comparison purposes in connection with the commercially available products are identified under column
headings EMGARD® 4209,EMGARD® 2986, Comp Q and Comp S in Table 6. The results of the tests performed in connection with two lubricant compositions of the present invention are based on the same formulation reported in Table 5 as E1 and E2, but labeled in Table 6 with rowheadings Cognis # 2 andCognis # 3, respectively. - Based upon the results reported in Table 6, it is seen that the lubricant compositions in accordance with the present invention exhibit excellent shear stability and low temperature properties relative to leading commercially available axle lubricants.
- Several properties exist which, at least in certain applications, are considered relevant to the anti-corrosion and anti-wear abilities of lubricant compositions. Several tests are performed for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the relative performance of certain preferred lubricants in accordance with the present invention relative to several commercially available lubricants. The results of the test done for comparison purposes in connection with the commercially available products are identified under column
headings EMGARD® 4209,EMGARD® 2986, Comp Q and Comp S in Table 7. The results of the tests performed in connection with two lubricant compositions of the present invention are based on the same formulation reported in Table 5 as E1 and E2, but labeled in Table 7 with rowheadings Cognis # 2 andCognis # 3, respectively. - Based upon the results reported in Table 7, it is seen that the lubricant compositions in accordance with the present invention exhibit excellent corrosion resistance and wear resistance properties.
- Several properties exist which, at least in certain applications, are considered relevant to the stability of lubricant compositions in the environment of use. Several tests are performed for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the relative performance of certain preferred lubricants in accordance with the present invention relative to several commercially available lubricants. The results of the test done for comparison purposes in connection with the commercially available products are identified under column
headings EMGARD® 4209,EMGARD® 2986, Comp Q and Comp S in the Table 8. The results of the tests performed in connection with two lubricant compositions of the present invention are based on the same formulation reported in Table 5 as E1 and E2, but labeled in Table 8 with rowheadings Cognis # 2 andCognis # 3, respectively. - Based upon the results reported in Table 8, it is seen that the lubricant compositions in accordance with the present invention exhibit excellent stability.
- Several properties exist which, at least in certain applications, are considered relevant to the ability of lubricant compositions to have a positive effect on the control of sludge creation and/or build up in the environment of use. Several tests are performed for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the relative performance of certain preferred lubricants in accordance with the present invention relative to several commercially available lubricants. The results of the test done for comparison purposes in connection with the commercially available products are identified under column
headings EMGARD® 4209,EMGARD® 2986, Comp Q and Comp S in the Table 9, and associatedFIG. 1 . The results of the tests performed in connection with two lubricant compositions of the present are based on the same formulation reported in Table 5 as E1 and E2, but labeled in Table 9 with rowheadings Cognis # 2 andCognis # 3, respectively. - Based upon the results reported in Table 9 and
FIG. 1 , it is seen that the lubricant compositions in accordance with the present invention exhibit excellent sludge control. - Several properties exist which, at least in certain applications, are considered relevant to the ability of lubricant compositions to resist or reduce the rate of wear of the moving metal parts with which it is in contact in the environment of use. Several tests are performed for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the relative performance of certain preferred lubricants in accordance with the present invention relative to several commercially available lubricants. The results of the test done for comparison purposes in connection with the commercially available products are identified under column
headings EMGARD® 4209,EMGARD® 2986, Comp Q and Comp S in the Table 10. The results of the tests performed in connection with two lubricant compositions of the present invention are based on the same formulation reported in Table 5 as E1 and E2, but labeled in Table 10 with rowheadings Cognis # 2 andCognis # 3, respectively. - Based upon the results reported in Table 10, it is seen that the lubricant compositions in accordance with the present invention exhibit excellent wear resistant properties.
- The frictional properties of a lubricant composition are in general considered to be highly relevant to the ability of lubricant compositions to exhibit superior performance in the environment of use. Several tests are performed for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the relative performance of certain preferred lubricants in accordance with the present invention relative to several commercially available lubricants. The results of the test done for comparison purposes in connection with the commercially available products are identified under column
headings EMGARD® 4209,EMGARD® 2986, Comp Q and Comp S inFIG. 2 . The results of this test in accordance with the present invention are based on the same formulation reported in Table 5 as E1 and E2, but labeled inFIG. 2 asCognis # 2 andCognis # 3, respectively - One method of testing the frictional properties of lubricant is to utilize a 19.05 mm (¾ inch) steel ball and 46 mm diameter steel desk. The ball is loaded against the face of the disc and the ball and the disc are driven independently to create a mixed rolling/sliding contact. The force between the ball and disk is measured by a force transducer. Additional sensors measure the applied load, the lubricant temperature and (optionally) electrical contact resistance between specimens and the relative wear between them. A schematic diagram of such a test apparatus is provided in
FIG. 3 . - Such an apparatus is used to test lubricant compositions in accordance with the present invention, using a film thickness of one to 1000 nm (±1 nm), speeds of 0.010-1.0 m/s, loads of 100 N, a slide/roll ratio (SSR) of 50%, contact pressures of up to approximately 3.0 GPa, a temperature range of from 40 to 100° C., a power supply of from 100 to about 240 V, a total weight of 50 kg and dimensions (W×H×D) of 50×50×30 cm. The results of this test indicate that lubricant compositions in accordance with preferred aspects of the present invention produce exceptionally low friction coefficients relative to other commercially available lubricant compositions, as identified in
FIG. 2 . - The traction properties of a fluid in many instances are relevant to the ability of lubricant compositions to exhibit superior performance in the environment of use. Several tests are performed for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the relative performance of certain preferred lubricants in accordance with the present invention relative to several commercially available lubricants. The results of the test done for comparison purposes in connection with the commercially available products are identified under column
headings EMGARD® 4209,EMGARD® 2986, Comp Q and Comp S inFIG. 4 . The results of the tests performed in connection with two lubricant compositions of the present invention are based on the same formulation reported in Table 5 as E1 and E2, but labeled inFIG. 4 asCognis # 2 andCognis # 3, respectively. - One method of testing the traction properties of a lubricant composition is to measure the thickness and traction properties of elastohydrodynamic lubricant (EHL) films utilizing an apparatus having at least one bowl or roller loaded against the internal diameter of a transparent ring having a larger radius than the bowl or roller. The lubricant to be tested is placed between the rotating roller and arraying thereby forming an EHL film where the ball and arraying contact. Roller and arraying rotating speeds are controlled to obtain different amounts of relative sliding motion between the respective surfaces. Contact between the surfaces and the resultant film are observed by way of a transparent ring which allows optical measurements of lubricating film thickness. Traction forces generated during contact are also measured. A schematic diagram of such a test apparatus is provided in
FIG. 5 . - Such an apparatus is used to test lubricant compositions in accordance with the present invention, using a film thickness of one to 1000 nm (±1 nm), speeds of 0.010-3.5 m/s, loads of 1 to 50 N, a slide/roll ratio (SSR) of 50%, contact pressures of up to approximately 3.0 GPa, a temperature range of from 40 to 100° C., a power supply of from 100 to about 240 V, a total weight of 50 kg and dimensions (W×H×D) of 50×50×30 cm. The results of this test indicate that lubricant compositions in accordance with preferred aspects of the present invention produced acceptable film thicknesses, especially at temperatures of 40° C., relative to other commercially available lubricant compositions, as identified in
FIG. 4 . - One property of lubricant compositions which is considered to be important, at least in certain applications, is the compatibility of the lubricant with nonmetal parts in the system and environment of use, especially including seals, gaskets and the like. Several tests are performed for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the relative performance of certain preferred lubricants in accordance with the present invention relative to several commercially available lubricants in connection with seal compatibility. The results of the test done for comparison purposes in connection with the commercially available products are identified under column
headings EMGARD® 4209,EMGARD® 2986, Comp Q and Comp S in Table 11 andFIG. 6 . The results of the tests performed in connection with two lubricant compositions of the present invention are based on the same formulation reported in Table 5 as E1 and E2, but labeled in Table 11 with rowheadings Cognis # 2 andCognis # 3, respectively. - Based upon the results reported in Table 11 and the associated graph,
FIG. 6 , it is seen that the lubricant compositions in accordance with the present invention exhibit, or would be expected to exhibit, excellent compatibility with the seals, gaskets and the like, used in connection with the systems and devices in which the present lubricant compositions are intended to be included. -
TABLE 6 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANT COMPOSITIONS, Physical EMGARD ® EMGARD ® Cognis Cognis Comp Comp Properties 4209 2986 #2 #3 Q S Kinematic ASTM 16.8 15.0 14.5 14.83 14.59 14.59 Viscosity D445 @ 100° C., cST Kinematic ASTM 115 103.0 95.45 100.25 94.73 93.55 Viscosity @ D445 40° C., cST Kinematic ASTM 115,000 92,000 83,000 130,500 161,200 168,000 Viscosity @ D445 −40° C., cSt Brookfield ASTM 186,000 90,000 68,000 62,000 121,300 82,200 Viscosity @ D2983 −40° C., cP Viscosity Index ASTM 160 152 158 154 160 154 (calculated) D2270 Viscosity Shear CEC L- 9.98 10.38 11.59 1.50 6.12 9.59 Loss, 60 h 45-A-99 Channel Point, FTMS- −45 −45 −45 −45 −45 −45 ° C. 3456.2 Pour Point, ° C. ASTM −50 −57 −45 −45 −45 −51 D97 Flash Point, ° C. ASTM 220 215 210 210 218 207 D92 Specific Gravity, ASTM 0.863 0.891 0.8573 0.8531 0.8607 0.8733 15.6° C. D4052 Density, g/L ASTM 863 891 856 853 868 872 @ 15.6° C. D1298 -
TABLE 7 CORROSION AND ANTI-WEAR PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANT COMPOSITIONS. EMGARD ® EMGARD ® Cognis Cognis Comp Comp 4209 2986 #2 #3 Q S Foam Test ASTM D892 Sequence I 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 20/0 0/0 Sequence II 10/0 50/0 0/0 0/0 270/0 100/0 Sequence III 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 20/0 0/0 Copper Strip ASTM D130 Corrosion 3 hrs @ 121° C. 1b 1a 1a 1b 2e 3a Four Ball EP ASTM D2783 Load-Wear 77.0 83.7 72.0 78.0 69.8 62.2 Index, kgf 400 500 400 400 315 400 Weld Point, kg Four Ball ASTM D4172 Wear Scar Diameter, 0.44 0.74 0.42 0.43 0.53 0.57 mm FZG, Step acc. FVA-243 >10 >10 >10 >10 Load (Sprung) S- (est) (est) Test, stage A10/16.6R/90 -
TABLE 8 STABILITY PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANT COMPOSITIONS. EMGARD ® EMGARD ® Cognis Cognis Comp Comp 4209 2986 #2 #3 Q S Oxidation DKA CEC L- (192 hrs., 160° C.) 48-A-00 Fresh Kinematic ASTM 16.87 14.97 14.65 14.92 14.44 14.52 Viscosity @ D445 100° C., cST Kinematic ASTM 117.3 103.46 96.99 97.73 93.3 105.33 Viscosity @ 40° C., D445 cSt TAN CEC L- 2.4 1.92 2.5 1.72 1.39 2.17 48-A-00 Aged Kinematic ASTM 31.84 26.28 22.09 18.95 20.46 24.81 Viscosity @ D445 100° C., cST Kinematic ASTM 261.9 202.73 161.9 132.75 139.54 207.42 Viscosity @ 40° C., D445 cSt TAN, mgKOH/g ASTM 5.8 4.03 5.1 2.11 2.62 6.68 D664 PAI (peak area CEC L- 143.9 18.70 100.3 17.59 26.94 41.57 increase) 48-A-00 Sludge Rating, CEC L- 3 1 2 3 3 1 Aspect 48-A-00 Dispersancy 86 (blotter test) Variation Variation 88.7 75.6 50.8 27.0 41.7 70.9 Kinematic Vis. @ 100° C., % Variation 123.3 96.0 66.9 35.8 49.6 96.9 Kinematic Vis. @ 40° C., % Variation TAN, 3.4 2.1 2.6 0.39 1.2 4.5 mgKOH/g -
TABLE 9 SLUDGE CONTROL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANT COMPOSITIONS. EMGARD ® EMGARD ® Cognis Cognis Comp Comp 4209 2986 #2 #3 Q S Oxidation L-60-1 ASTM (200 hrs, 163° C.) D5704 Viscosity 37.5 (50 h) 93 75.1 23.8 67.3 Increase, % C/V Rating, merit 9.55 (50 h) 9.1 9.0 1.5 8.5 Sludge Rating, 9.5 (50 h) 9.6 9.0 1.5 8.5 merit -
TABLE 10 WEAR CONTROL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANT COMPOSITIONS. EMGARD ® EMGARD ® Cognis Cognis Comp Comp 4209 2986 #2 #3 Q S High Temperature ASTM Towing HT-L-37 D6121 Ring Gear Wear 8.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 Rippling 9.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 Ridging 10 10.0 10.0 5.0 Pitting/Spalling 9.9 9.9 10.0 8.0 Scoring 10 10.0 10.0 10.0 Pinion Gear Wear 8.0 7.0 7.0 4.0 Rippling 9.0 9.0 10.0 7.0 Ridging 10 9.0 9.0 4.0 Pitting/Spalling 9.9 9.9 10.0 8.0 Scoring 10 10.0 10.0 10.0 -
TABLE 11 SEAL COMPATIBILITY PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANT COMPOSITIONS. EMGARD ® EMGARD ® Cognis Cognis Comp Comp 4209 2986 #2 #3 Q S Thickness @ 40° C. (1.133 419 480 380 419 441 435 m/s), nm Thickness @ 100° C. 105 103 111 100 103 127 (1.133 m/s), nm
Claims (13)
1. A method for operating Class 8 line haul trucks and vocational vehicles, comprising:
(a) obtaining an axle fluid, the axle fluid comprising:
i. basestock comprising at least one PAO having a viscosity in the range of about 4-12 centistokes,
ii. a viscosity improver comprising at least one PAO having a viscosity in the range of about 40 to about 1000 centistokes,
iii. an ester oil, and
iv. optionally, a co-thickener performance additive; and
(b) contacting an axle of a Class 8 line haul truck or vocational vehicle with the axle fluid.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting step comprises contacting moving metal parts.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein a horsepower loss reduction of at least about 3% is achieved.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein a sump temperature reduction of at least about 2% is achieved.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein improved fuel efficiency of the Class 8 line haul truck or vocational vehicle is achieved.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the axle fluid has a viscosity index in the range of 152-160.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the axle fluid further comprises, based on the composition, by weight: the basestock (a) in an amount in the range of about 10 to about 90%, the viscosity improver (b) an amount in the range of about 2 to about 70%, the ester oil (c) in an amount in the range of about 2 to about 30%, and performance additive (d) an amount in the range of about 2 to about 30%.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the axle fluid comprises, based on the composition, by weight: the basestock (a) in an amount in the range of about 15 to about 60%, the viscosity improver (b) in the range of about 5 to about 60%, the ester oil (c) in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 20%, and the performance additive (d) in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 15%.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said ester oil comprises at least one adipate ester.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said ester oil consists of one or more adipate esters selected from the group consisting of di-isodecyl adipate and di-tridecyl adipate, and is present in 2-30% by weight, based on the lubricant composition.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the axle fluid consists essentially of, based on the composition, by weight: the basestock (a) having a viscosity in the range of 6-8 centistokes in an amount in the range of about 15 to about 60%, the viscosity improver (b) having a viscosity in the range of 40-100 centistokes in the range of about 5 to about 60%, the ester oil (c) comprising diisodecyl adipate in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 20%, and the co-thickener (d) comprising a polyisobutylene (PIB), a polymethacrylate (PMA), or an olefin co-polymer (OCP) in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 15%.
12. The method of claim 6 , wherein a weight ratio of the at least one PAO having a viscosity in the range of about 4-12 centistokes to the ester oil is in the range of about 0.5:1 to about 12:1.
13. The method of claim 6 , wherein the axle fluid comprises:
(a) a PAO having a viscosity of about 4-12 centistokes in an amount in the range of about 50 to about 60% by weight of the axle fluid,
(b) a PAO having a viscosity of about 100 centistokes in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 40% by weight of the axle fluid, and
(c) di-isodecyl adipate in an amount of about 5% by weight of the axle fluid.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/227,193 US20140296118A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 | 2014-03-27 | Lubricant Compositions |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10025508P | 2008-09-25 | 2008-09-25 | |
PCT/EP2009/006681 WO2010034422A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 | 2009-09-16 | Lubricant compositions |
US201113121121A | 2011-03-25 | 2011-03-25 | |
US14/227,193 US20140296118A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 | 2014-03-27 | Lubricant Compositions |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US13/121,121 Continuation US20110237478A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 | 2009-09-16 | Lubricant Compositions |
PCT/EP2009/006681 Continuation WO2010034422A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 | 2009-09-16 | Lubricant compositions |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20140296118A1 true US20140296118A1 (en) | 2014-10-02 |
Family
ID=41351489
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US13/121,121 Abandoned US20110237478A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 | 2009-09-16 | Lubricant Compositions |
US14/227,193 Abandoned US20140296118A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 | 2014-03-27 | Lubricant Compositions |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US13/121,121 Abandoned US20110237478A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 | 2009-09-16 | Lubricant Compositions |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
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US (2) | US20110237478A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2352808A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2012503685A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2009296592A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0919037A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2738402A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2011003154A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010034422A1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
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US11085006B2 (en) | 2019-07-12 | 2021-08-10 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Lubricants for electric and hybrid vehicle applications |
US11326123B1 (en) | 2020-12-01 | 2022-05-10 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Durable lubricating fluids for electric vehicles |
US11634655B2 (en) | 2021-03-30 | 2023-04-25 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Engine oils with improved viscometric performance |
US11814599B2 (en) | 2022-03-31 | 2023-11-14 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Durable magnet wires and lubricating fluids for electric and hybrid vehicle applications |
US11912955B1 (en) | 2022-10-28 | 2024-02-27 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Lubricating compositions for reduced low temperature valve train wear |
US11939551B1 (en) | 2023-06-27 | 2024-03-26 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Lubricating fluid for an electric motor system |
US12024687B2 (en) | 2022-09-27 | 2024-07-02 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Lubricating composition for motorcycle applications |
US12043817B1 (en) | 2023-06-27 | 2024-07-23 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Low viscosity lubricating fluid for an electric motor system |
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JP2013510198A (en) * | 2009-11-06 | 2013-03-21 | コグニス・アイピー・マネージメント・ゲゼルシャフト・ミット・ベシュレンクテル・ハフツング | Lubricating oil composition |
WO2014184062A1 (en) | 2013-05-17 | 2014-11-20 | Basf Se | The use of polytetrahydrofuranes in lubricating oil compositions |
US20170044459A1 (en) * | 2013-05-17 | 2017-02-16 | Basf Se | Use Of Polytetrahydrofurans In Lubricating Oil Compositions |
US11952551B2 (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2024-04-09 | Basf Se | Gear oil composition |
CA3182968A1 (en) * | 2020-07-08 | 2022-03-17 | Brian R. Collett | Lubricating compositions comprising a non-silicone anti-foaming agent |
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- 2009-09-16 US US13/121,121 patent/US20110237478A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-09-16 MX MX2011003154A patent/MX2011003154A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2009-09-16 EP EP09736563A patent/EP2352808A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-09-16 WO PCT/EP2009/006681 patent/WO2010034422A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-09-16 BR BRPI0919037A patent/BRPI0919037A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-09-16 AU AU2009296592A patent/AU2009296592A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-09-16 CA CA2738402A patent/CA2738402A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-09-16 JP JP2011528218A patent/JP2012503685A/en active Pending
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US4956122A (en) * | 1982-03-10 | 1990-09-11 | Uniroyal Chemical Company, Inc. | Lubricating composition |
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US11085006B2 (en) | 2019-07-12 | 2021-08-10 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Lubricants for electric and hybrid vehicle applications |
US11512263B2 (en) | 2019-07-12 | 2022-11-29 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Lubricants for electric and hybrid vehicle applications |
US11326123B1 (en) | 2020-12-01 | 2022-05-10 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Durable lubricating fluids for electric vehicles |
US11634655B2 (en) | 2021-03-30 | 2023-04-25 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Engine oils with improved viscometric performance |
US11814599B2 (en) | 2022-03-31 | 2023-11-14 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Durable magnet wires and lubricating fluids for electric and hybrid vehicle applications |
US12024687B2 (en) | 2022-09-27 | 2024-07-02 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Lubricating composition for motorcycle applications |
US11912955B1 (en) | 2022-10-28 | 2024-02-27 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Lubricating compositions for reduced low temperature valve train wear |
US11939551B1 (en) | 2023-06-27 | 2024-03-26 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Lubricating fluid for an electric motor system |
US12043817B1 (en) | 2023-06-27 | 2024-07-23 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Low viscosity lubricating fluid for an electric motor system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20110237478A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
WO2010034422A1 (en) | 2010-04-01 |
AU2009296592A1 (en) | 2010-04-01 |
JP2012503685A (en) | 2012-02-09 |
EP2352808A1 (en) | 2011-08-10 |
CA2738402A1 (en) | 2010-04-01 |
BRPI0919037A2 (en) | 2015-12-08 |
MX2011003154A (en) | 2011-08-15 |
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