US20140065349A1 - Reinforced architectural panel - Google Patents

Reinforced architectural panel Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140065349A1
US20140065349A1 US14/013,084 US201314013084A US2014065349A1 US 20140065349 A1 US20140065349 A1 US 20140065349A1 US 201314013084 A US201314013084 A US 201314013084A US 2014065349 A1 US2014065349 A1 US 2014065349A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
architectural panel
main body
panel
major face
bracket
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US14/013,084
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Albert Kwok Hung Kwan
Dominic Yiu Wah Lai
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Archibuild Ltd
Original Assignee
Archibuild Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Archibuild Ltd filed Critical Archibuild Ltd
Assigned to ARCHIBUILD LIMITED reassignment ARCHIBUILD LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KWAN, ALBERT KWOK HUNG, LAI, DOMINIC YIU WAH
Publication of US20140065349A1 publication Critical patent/US20140065349A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/02—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements
    • E04B1/04—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements the elements consisting of concrete, e.g. reinforced concrete, or other stone-like material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • E04C2/06—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres reinforced
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/74—Removable non-load-bearing partitions; Partitions with a free upper edge
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/88—Curtain walls
    • E04B2/90—Curtain walls comprising panels directly attached to the structure
    • E04B2/94—Concrete panels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • E04C2/044—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres of concrete
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • E04C2/049—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres completely or partially of insulating material, e.g. cellular concrete or foamed plaster
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
    • E04C2/32—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure formed of corrugated or otherwise indented sheet-like material; composed of such layers with or without layers of flat sheet-like material
    • E04C2/326—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure formed of corrugated or otherwise indented sheet-like material; composed of such layers with or without layers of flat sheet-like material with corrugations, incisions or reliefs in more than one direction of the element
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24008—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including fastener for attaching to external surface
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
    • Y10T428/24322—Composite web or sheet
    • Y10T428/24331—Composite web or sheet including nonapertured component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
    • Y10T428/24322—Composite web or sheet
    • Y10T428/24331—Composite web or sheet including nonapertured component
    • Y10T428/24339—Keyed

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to architectural cladding and lining, and particularly to reinforced concrete panels.
  • Modern large buildings generally consist of a basic load bearing structure supporting the exterior cladding and internal linings of the walls.
  • This wall cladding or lining material should be lightweight, durable, of pleasing appearance and compatible with overall environmental objectives for the interior of the building.
  • the interior or exterior of some buildings are finished in polished natural stone, such as granite or marble or in a decorative concrete finish. This has a pleasing appearance, but these panels are generally large, and in order to have sufficient strength to avoid breakage must be heavy. Mounting such stone and concrete panels can therefore be difficult, and in some cases there has been a tendency for unevenly distributed weight to cause panel joints to fail over time.
  • an architectural panel comprising:
  • a panel according to the invention has a high strength-to-weight ratio, and exceptional thermal performance when correctly installed with the second major face disposed outwardly.
  • the panel In hot climates, when provision is made for air flow over the first major face, the panel is effective in reducing solar gains by dissipating heat to the air. In cool climates, when provision is made to prevent air flow over the first major face, the panel is effective in reducing heat loss from the building envelope.
  • the main body has a substantially rectangular prismatic form and the mesh sheets are rectangular.
  • each recess tapers inwardly from a mouth at the first major face to a base.
  • each recess comprises a plurality of intersecting flat faces.
  • each recess comprises five flat faces.
  • the openings in the first mesh are square and the mouth is square.
  • each recess extends from the square mouth to a square face at the base.
  • the four tapered faces have rotational symmetry about a central axis of each recess that extends substantially orthogonal to the first face.
  • the lightweight concrete may one of: sintered expanded clay as aggregate, expanded polystyrene beads as aggregate, pumice as aggregate, expanded shale as aggregate, bottom ash as aggregate, ceramics as aggregate, aerated concrete and foamed concrete.
  • each fixture cast into the main body to provide for mounting points, each fixture comprising a plate fixed to a projecting bracket and extending substantially perpendicular to the plate, an aperture in the bracket with an internal screw thread.
  • the fixture has generally the same dimension as the thickness of the panel.
  • the fixtures are fixed to the mesh sheets.
  • substantially the full length of the bracket is embedded in the concrete.
  • a backing layer extends over the first major face and keyed into the recesses, formed as by casting the backing layer after the body.
  • a facing layer may be bonded to the second major face so as to be exposed on installation for aesthetic purposes.
  • the facing layer may comprise lightweight concrete with a decorative finish, such as a patterned finish, or exposed aggregate finish.
  • the facing layer may alternatively comprise stone, such as polished marble or granite.
  • a decorative finish may instead be applied directly to the second major face.
  • This invention provides an architectural panel which is effective and efficient in operational use, which may be economically constructed and has an overall simple design which minimizes manufacturing costs and improves structural and thermal performance.
  • FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a panel according to an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary section indicated by AA on FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 is a fragmentary section indicated by BB on FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 4 is a fragmentary section corresponding to FIG. 2 but showing an additional facing layer bonded to the panel of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a longitudinal section through a fixture of the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a fragmentary section through of a panel according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 are fragmentary views of a major face of the panel of FIG. 6 .
  • FIG. 9 is a fragmentary section through of a panel according to a third embodiment of the invention.
  • a lightweight and structurally efficient architectural panel may have a generally rectangular prismatic main body 10 cast from lightweight concrete, and having a first major face 11 and an opposing second major face 12 .
  • the major faces 11 , 12 are substantially planar and parallel to one another.
  • a rectangular array of recesses 13 are disposed in the first major face 11 , and may be of like form and regularly spaced, with an uninterrupted margin 14 extending about the perimeter of the array of recesses 13 adjacent to a peripheral edge 15 of the main body 10 .
  • the main body 10 is reinforced with first and second substantially rectangular reinforcing mesh sheets 17 , 18 disposed substantially parallel to one another next to the first and second major faces 11 , 12 respectively.
  • a corner section of the mesh sheet 17 is illustrated by the dashed lines in FIG. 1 , while both sheets 17 , 18 are illustrated by the circular section wires in FIGS. 2-4 .
  • the mesh sheets 17 , 18 may be made of stainless steel wire and are embedded in the main body 10 such that edges 19 of each mesh sheet 17 , 18 are disposed inside and adjacent to the peripheral edge 15 .
  • Each mesh sheet 17 , 18 defines an array of square openings 20 , the two sheets being aligned such that the openings 20 are in registration with one another, and with the recesses 13 .
  • Each recess 13 has a mouth 16 at the first major face 11 and tapers inwardly from the mouth 16 to a base 21 .
  • the base 21 is below the level of the mesh sheet 17 such that each recess 13 extends through a respective one of the openings 20 in the first mesh sheet 17 , but stops short of the second mesh sheet 18 .
  • Each recess 13 has a concave form without undercut, allowing the recesses to be cast readily.
  • Each recess may have four intersecting planar faces 22 a - 22 d that taper inward as they extend toward the base 16 .
  • a face of the base 21 forms a fifth face bounding the recess.
  • the mesh openings 20 and recesses 13 are centred on a transverse axis 24 that extends substantially orthogonal to the first and second major faces 11 , 12 , the recesses 13 having a symmetrical shape such that the four tapered faces have rotational symmetry about a central axis.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a composite panel comprising a facing layer 26 bonded to the second major face 12 of the main body 10 .
  • the facing layer 26 may be formed with an exposed face 27 with a decorative finish, such as a patterned finish, or exposed aggregate finish.
  • the main body 10 and facing layer 26 may be cast from lightweight concrete, such as concrete including lightweight aggregates, especially expanded polystyrene beads, pumice, expanded shale, bottom ash and ceramics.
  • lightweight concrete may be foamed or aerated concrete.
  • the panels are self-supporting but may be non-structural and suitable lightweight concretes may have a density of about 1400-1500 kg/m 3 and compressive strength of 25-30 MPa.
  • Providing recesses 13 allows a further weight saving to be achieved and it is believed that the recessed inner major face 11 contributes to the improved thermal performance in reducing solar gains in hot climates (when provision is made for air flow over the first major face) by improving heat dissipation to the air. In cool climates, when made substantially airtight the recess provide a still air gap effective in reducing heat loss from the building envelope.
  • the recesses 13 also provide suitable locations for fasteners for fixing the panels.
  • a plurality of fixtures 30 are cast into the main body 10 , to provide mounting points on the panel for connection to the frame of a building.
  • Each fixture 30 may comprise a plate 31 fixed to a projecting bracket 32 , as by a screw fastener 33 .
  • the bracket 32 may extend perpendicular to the plate 31 , and include a longitudinally through-extending aperture 34 with an internal screw thread 35 .
  • An opening in the plate 31 for receiving the screw 33 may be disposed generally centrally.
  • the fixture 30 may have generally the same dimension as the thickness of the panel, such that the outer face 37 of the bracket 32 and outer face 36 of the plate 31 are generally coplanar with the first and second major faces 11 , 12 respectively. Edges 39 of the recesses 13 may be radiused.
  • the fixtures 30 may also be fixed to the mesh sheets 17 , 18 .
  • the fixtures 30 can also be used for supporting the mesh sheets 17 , 18 in position during casting, as with the outer faces 36 , 37 abutting opposite walls of a form (not shown) in which the panel is cast.
  • the bracket 32 may be connected to both wires 40 a , 40 b of the mesh panels 17 , 18 as by locating the bracket 32 adjacent the intersection between the wires 40 a , 40 b .
  • Substantially the full length of the bracket 32 is preferably embedded in the concrete, and this is achieved by locating the fixtures 30 outside the recesses 13 .
  • the regular, rectangular array of recesses 13 may be interrupted by areas adjacent the fixtures 30 without recesses 13 .
  • FIG. 6 also illustrates a second embodiment of the architectural panel comprising the body 10 with a facing layer 42 bonded to the second major face 12 and formed, for instance, from stone. Strips 43 of the same stone as the facing layer 42 may be fixed along the edges of the panel.
  • the outer face 36 may be bonded to the inner side 44 of the facing layer 42 as by a layer 45 of adhesive, such as epoxy. A cementitous bond is achieved between the rest of the inner side 44 and the body 10 by casting the body against the facing layer 42 , and the edge strips 43 .
  • FIG. 9 A third embodiment of the architectural panel is illustrated in FIG. 9 , having generally like construction to the second embodiment of FIG. 6 , but further including a backing layer 50 extending over the first major face 11 and keyed into the recesses 13 , being formed as by casting the backing layer 50 after casting the body 10 to provide a cementitous bond between the two.
  • the backing layer 50 may be formed from a lightweight concrete of lower density than that of the body 10 , and which provides increased thermal insulation.
  • the backing layer 50 may be fibre reinforced, as by glass fibre or synthetic fibre, providing a high strength-to-weight ratio.
  • the fixture 130 used with this panel is of like construction to the fixture 30 , but includes a longer bracket 132 that extends to the rear face 51 of the backing layer 50 .

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
US14/013,084 2012-09-03 2013-08-29 Reinforced architectural panel Abandoned US20140065349A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
HK12108586.9A HK1180525A2 (en) 2012-09-03 2012-09-03 Reinforced architectural panel
HK12108586.9 2012-09-03

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20140065349A1 true US20140065349A1 (en) 2014-03-06

Family

ID=49355807

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/013,084 Abandoned US20140065349A1 (en) 2012-09-03 2013-08-29 Reinforced architectural panel

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US20140065349A1 (zh)
CN (1) CN203783038U (zh)
GB (1) GB2507631A (zh)
HK (1) HK1180525A2 (zh)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20130269289A1 (en) * 2012-04-11 2013-10-17 Thomas C. Gilbert System, method and apparatus for fiber cement underlayment or backerboard
US20170080264A1 (en) * 2014-05-05 2017-03-23 Alonso P. Rodriguez Methods and compositions for enhanced reinforcement for refractory fire containment walls
US20190177974A1 (en) * 2016-05-16 2019-06-13 Soluciones E Innovaciones Estructurales S.A.S. Panel of compound sheets for the construction of light-weight one-way joist slabs
US20200141120A1 (en) * 2018-02-14 2020-05-07 Louisiana-Pacific Corporation Structural osb panels with integrated rainscreen

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112695949A (zh) * 2020-12-17 2021-04-23 泰安欧士达环保材料有限公司 一种蒸压加气混凝土防辐射板及生产工艺

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3110131A (en) * 1959-05-27 1963-11-12 Jeffress Dyer Inc Building construction
US5250578A (en) * 1991-07-05 1993-10-05 Cornwell Charles E Foamed cementitious composition and method of making
US20030167716A1 (en) * 2002-03-06 2003-09-11 Messenger Harold G Insulative building panel with transverse fiber reinforcement

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH10159246A (ja) * 1996-12-04 1998-06-16 Shimizu Corp 間仕切壁
WO2005108701A1 (en) * 2004-05-11 2005-11-17 The Australian Steel Company (Operations) Pty Ltd Cavity former
US6994495B1 (en) * 2004-11-17 2006-02-07 The Neel Company Reinforced retaining wall construction element

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3110131A (en) * 1959-05-27 1963-11-12 Jeffress Dyer Inc Building construction
US5250578A (en) * 1991-07-05 1993-10-05 Cornwell Charles E Foamed cementitious composition and method of making
US20030167716A1 (en) * 2002-03-06 2003-09-11 Messenger Harold G Insulative building panel with transverse fiber reinforcement

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Machine translation of CN 201991129 Zhong et al obtained from EPO on 7/8/2015. *

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20130269289A1 (en) * 2012-04-11 2013-10-17 Thomas C. Gilbert System, method and apparatus for fiber cement underlayment or backerboard
US20170080264A1 (en) * 2014-05-05 2017-03-23 Alonso P. Rodriguez Methods and compositions for enhanced reinforcement for refractory fire containment walls
US20190177974A1 (en) * 2016-05-16 2019-06-13 Soluciones E Innovaciones Estructurales S.A.S. Panel of compound sheets for the construction of light-weight one-way joist slabs
US11332928B2 (en) * 2016-05-16 2022-05-17 Soluciones E Innovaciones Estructurales S.A.S. Panel of compound sheets for the construction of light-weight one-way joist slabs
US20200141120A1 (en) * 2018-02-14 2020-05-07 Louisiana-Pacific Corporation Structural osb panels with integrated rainscreen
US11454024B2 (en) * 2018-02-14 2022-09-27 Louisiana-Pacific Corporation Structural OSB panels with integrated rainscreen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2507631A (en) 2014-05-07
HK1180525A2 (en) 2013-10-18
GB201315432D0 (en) 2013-10-16
CN203783038U (zh) 2014-08-20

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AS Assignment

Owner name: ARCHIBUILD LIMITED, CHINA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KWAN, ALBERT KWOK HUNG;LAI, DOMINIC YIU WAH;REEL/FRAME:031107/0589

Effective date: 20130824

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION