US20130105160A1 - Compositions and Methods for Well Treatment - Google Patents
Compositions and Methods for Well Treatment Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20130105160A1 US20130105160A1 US13/642,849 US201113642849A US2013105160A1 US 20130105160 A1 US20130105160 A1 US 20130105160A1 US 201113642849 A US201113642849 A US 201113642849A US 2013105160 A1 US2013105160 A1 US 2013105160A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- cement
- carbon dioxide
- borehole
- tubular body
- slurry
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 41
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 13
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000246 remedial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Al]=O.[O-][Al]=O XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000876 geopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000005156 Dehydration Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000247 superabsorbent polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004583 superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004606 Fillers/Extenders Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035876 healing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011396 hydraulic cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005300 metallic glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005504 petroleum refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices or the like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/24—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B24/36—Bituminous materials, e.g. tar, pitch
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/06—Inhibiting the setting, e.g. mortars of the deferred action type containing water in breakable containers ; Inhibiting the action of active ingredients
- C04B40/0675—Mortars activated by rain, percolating or sucked-up water; Self-healing mortars or concrete
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/42—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells
- C09K8/46—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells containing inorganic binders, e.g. Portland cement
- C09K8/467—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells containing inorganic binders, e.g. Portland cement containing additives for specific purposes
- C09K8/473—Density reducing additives, e.g. for obtaining foamed cement compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00663—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as filling material for cavities or the like
- C04B2111/00706—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as filling material for cavities or the like around pipelines or the like
Definitions
- compositions and methods for treating subterranean formations in particular, compositions and methods for cementing and completing wells which penetrate subterranean formations, into which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted.
- the tubular body may comprise drillpipe, casing, liner, coiled tubing or combinations thereof.
- the purpose of the tubular body is to support the wellbore and to act as a conduit through which desirable fluids from the well may travel and be collected.
- the tubular body is normally secured in the well by a cement sheath. The cement sheath provides mechanical support and hydraulic isolation between the zones or layers that the well penetrates.
- the latter function is important because it prevents hydraulic communication between zones that may result in contamination.
- the cement sheath blocks fluids from oil or gas zones from entering the water table and polluting drinking water.
- the cement sheath achieves hydraulic isolation because of its low permeability.
- intimate bonding between the cement sheath and both the tubular body and borehole is necessary to prevent leaks.
- the cement sheath can deteriorate and become permeable.
- the bonding between the cement sheath and the tubular body or borehole may become compromised.
- the principal causes of deterioration and debonding include physical stresses associated with tectonic movements, temperature changes and chemical deterioration of the cement.
- EP 1623089 describes the addition of superabsorbent polymers, that may be encapsulated. If the permeability of the cement matrix rises, or the bonding between the cement sheath and the tubular body or borehole wall is disrupted, the superabsorbent polymer becomes exposed to formation fluids. Most formation fluids contain some water, and the polymer swells upon water contact. The swelling fills voids in the cement sheath, restoring the low cement-matrix permeability.
- Carbon sequestration is a geo-engineering technique for the long-term storage of carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon, for various purposes such as the mitigation of “global warming”.
- Carbon dioxide may be captured as a pure byproduct in processes related to petroleum refining or from the flue gases from power plants that employ fossil fuels. The gas is then usually injected into subsurface saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reservoirs.
- One of the challenges is to trap the carbon dioxide and prevent leakage back to the surface; maintaining a competent and impermeable cement sheath is a critical requirement.
- the present disclosure pertains to improvements by providing cement systems that are self healing in a carbon-dioxide environment, and methods by which they may be prepared and applied in subterranean wells.
- embodiments relate to the use of a carbonaceous material in a pumpable cement slurry that ,once pumped downhole, sets to form a cement sheath that will self repair when contacted by carbon dioxide.
- embodiments relate to a method for maintaining zonal isolation in a subterranean well into which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted.
- embodiments aim at methods for cementing a subterranean well having a borehole, in which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted.
- a concentration range listed or described as being useful, suitable, or the like is intended that any and every concentration within the range, including the end points, is to be considered as having been stated.
- “a range of from 1 to 10” is to be read as indicating each and every possible number along the continuum between about 1 and about 10.
- Embodiments relate to methods for maintaining zonal isolation in a subterranean well having a borehole, into which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted.
- a tubular body is installed inside the borehole of the well, or inside a previously installed tubular body.
- a pumpable aqueous cement slurry containing a material that swells when contacted by carbon dioxide is pumped down the borehole. Then, the slurry is allowed to set and harden.
- FIG. 1 For purposes of this aspect of the invention, this aspect of the invention encompasses both primary and remedial cementing operations.
- the method may be the traditional process of pumping the cement slurry down the casing and up the annulus, or the reverse-cementing process by which the slurry is pumped down the annulus and up the casing.
- Remedial processes include plug cementing and squeeze cementing. Plug cementing may be particularly useful when the operator wishes to safely seal a well containing carbon dioxide.
- the remedial processes may be performed in either a cased-hole or open-hole environment.
- methods are disclosed for cementing a subterranean well having a borehole in which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted.
- a tubular body is installed inside the borehole of the well, or inside a previously installed tubular body.
- a pumpable aqueous cement slurry containing a material that swells when contacted by carbon dioxide is pumped down the borehole. After that, the slurry is allowed to set and harden.
- the material may be a carbonaceous material.
- Preferred materials comprise one or more members of the list comprising coal, petroleum coke, graphite and gilsonite.
- the concentration of the material may be between about 5% and 50% by volume of solids in the cement slurry, also known as “by volume of blend (BVOB).”
- BVOB by volume of blend
- the particle-size distribution of the material is preferably such that the minimum d 10 is about 100 ⁇ m, and the maximum d 90 is about 850 ⁇ m.
- the definition of d 10 is: the equivalent diameter where 10 wt % of the particles have a smaller diameter (and hence the remaining 90% is coarser).
- the definition of d 90 may be derived similarly.
- Persons skilled in the art will recognize that the present inventive use of carbonaceous materials like coal and gilsonite is different and distinct from their use as cement extenders (i.e., to reduce the amount of cement or to reduce the cement-slurry density).
- the present disclosure broadly relates to the use of a carbonaceous material in a pumpable cement slurry that once pumped downhole sets to form a cement sheath that will self repair when contacted by carbon dioxide.
- a carbonaceous material is petroleum coke.
- the cement may additionally comprise one or more members of the list comprising Portland cement, calcium aluminate cement, fly ash, blast furnace slag, lime-silica blends, geopolymers, Sorel cements and chemically bonded phosphate ceramics.
- the cement slurry may further comprise one or more members of the list comprising dispersing agents, fluid-loss-control agents, set retarders, set accelerators and antifoaming agents.
- the tubular body may comprise one or more members of the list comprising drillpipe, casing, liner and coiled tubing.
- the borehole may penetrate at least one fluid-containing reservoir, the reservoir preferably containing fluid with a carbon dioxide concentration greater than about five moles per liter.
- the first test was conducted at 22° C.
- the particles were allowed to equilibrate at the test temperature for 2 hours.
- the camera captured an image of the particles.
- carbon dioxide gas was introduced, and the pressure was gradually increased to 21 MPa.
- the particles were exposed to the gas for a 2-hour period.
- the camera captured another image of the particles inside the cell.
- the cross-sectional area of the particles was observed to increase by 6%.
- a second test was conducted at 42° C.
- the particles were allowed to equilibrate at the test temperature for 2 hours.
- the camera captured an image of the particles.
- carbon dioxide gas was introduced, and the pressure was gradually increased to 21 MPa.
- the particles were exposed to the gas for a 2-hour period.
- the camera captured another image of the particles inside the cell.
- the cross-sectional area of the particles was observed to increase by 2.1%.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
- Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
- Bulkheads Adapted To Foundation Construction (AREA)
Abstract
A self-healing cement for use in wells in which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted, comprises a carbonaceous material. In the event of cement-matrix failure, or bonding failure between the cement/casing interface or the cement/borehole-wall interface, the material swells when contacted by carbon dioxide. The swelling seals voids in the cement matrix, or along the bonding interfaces, thereby restoring zonal isolation.
Description
- The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
- This disclosure relates to compositions and methods for treating subterranean formations, in particular, compositions and methods for cementing and completing wells which penetrate subterranean formations, into which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted.
- During the construction of subterranean wells, it is common, during and after drilling, to place a tubular body in the wellbore. The tubular body may comprise drillpipe, casing, liner, coiled tubing or combinations thereof. Usually, a plurality of tubular bodies are placed sequentially and concentrically, with each successive tubular body having a smaller diameter than the previous tubular body, set at selected depths as drilling progresses. The purpose of the tubular body is to support the wellbore and to act as a conduit through which desirable fluids from the well may travel and be collected. The tubular body is normally secured in the well by a cement sheath. The cement sheath provides mechanical support and hydraulic isolation between the zones or layers that the well penetrates. The latter function is important because it prevents hydraulic communication between zones that may result in contamination. For example, the cement sheath blocks fluids from oil or gas zones from entering the water table and polluting drinking water. In addition, to optimize a well's production efficiency, it may be desirable to isolate, for example, a gas-producing zone from an oil-producing zone.
- The cement sheath achieves hydraulic isolation because of its low permeability. In addition, intimate bonding between the cement sheath and both the tubular body and borehole is necessary to prevent leaks. However, over time the cement sheath can deteriorate and become permeable. Alternatively, the bonding between the cement sheath and the tubular body or borehole may become compromised. The principal causes of deterioration and debonding include physical stresses associated with tectonic movements, temperature changes and chemical deterioration of the cement.
- There have been several proposals to deal with the problems of cement-sheath deterioration. One approach is to design the cement sheath to mechanically survive physical stresses that may be encountered during its lifetime (U.S. Pat. No. 6,296,057). Another approach is to employ additives that improve the physical properties of the set cement. U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,198 describes the addition amorphous metal fibers to improve the strength and impact resistance. EP 1129047 and WO 00/37387 describe the addition of flexible materials (rubber or polymers) to confer a degree of flexibility to the cement sheath. WO 01/70646 describes cement compositions that are formulated to be less sensitive to temperature fluctuations during the setting process.
- A number of proposals have been made concerning “self-healing” concretes in the construction industry. The concept involves the release of chemicals inside the set-concrete matrix. The release is triggered by matrix disruption arising from mechanical or chemical stresses. The chemicals are designed to restore and maintain the concrete-matrix integrity. These are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,841, U.S. Pat. No. 5,660,624, U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,360 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,849. This concept is also described in the following publication: Dry, CM: “Three designs for the internal release of sealants, adhesives and waterproofing chemicals into concrete to reduce permeability.” Cement and Concrete Research 30 (2000) 1969-1977. None of these concepts are immediately applicable to well-cementing operations because of the need for the cement slurry to be pumpable during placement, and because of the temperature and pressure conditions associated with subterranean wells.
- More recently, self-healing cement systems have been developed that are tailored to the mixing, pumping and curing conditions associated with cementing subterranean wells. For example, EP 1623089 describes the addition of superabsorbent polymers, that may be encapsulated. If the permeability of the cement matrix rises, or the bonding between the cement sheath and the tubular body or borehole wall is disrupted, the superabsorbent polymer becomes exposed to formation fluids. Most formation fluids contain some water, and the polymer swells upon water contact. The swelling fills voids in the cement sheath, restoring the low cement-matrix permeability. Likewise, should the cement/tubular body or cement/borehole wall bonds become disrupted, the polymer will swell and restore isolation. WO 2004/101951 describes the addition of rubber particles that swell when exposed to liquid hydrocarbons. Like the superabsorbent polymers, the swelling of the rubber particles restores and maintains zonal isolation.
- Detailed information concerning the performance of self-healing cements in the oilfield may be found in the following publications: Le Roy-Delage S et al.: “Self-Healing Cement System—A Step Forward in Reducing Long-Term Environmental Impact,” paper SPE 128226 (2010); Bouras H et al.: “Responsive Cementing Material Prevents Annular Leaks in Gas Wells,” paper SPE 116757 (2008); Roth J et al.: “Innovative Hydraulic Isolation Material Preserves Well Integrity,” paper SPE 112715 (2008); Cavanagh P et al.: “Self-Healing Cement—Novel Technology to Achieve Leak-Free Wells,” paper SPE 105781 (2007).
- The aforementioned technologies and publications are mainly concerned with traditional hydrocarbon producing wells. However, the well-cementing industry also has to contend with wells into which carbon dioxide is injected, in which carbon dioxide is stored or from which carbon dioxide is recovered. Carbon dioxide injection is a well-known enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique. In addition, there are some oil and gas wells whose reservoirs naturally contain carbon dioxide.
- A relatively new category of wells involving carbon dioxide is associated with carbon-sequestration projects. Carbon sequestration is a geo-engineering technique for the long-term storage of carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon, for various purposes such as the mitigation of “global warming”. Carbon dioxide may be captured as a pure byproduct in processes related to petroleum refining or from the flue gases from power plants that employ fossil fuels. The gas is then usually injected into subsurface saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reservoirs. One of the challenges is to trap the carbon dioxide and prevent leakage back to the surface; maintaining a competent and impermeable cement sheath is a critical requirement.
- The previously disclosed self-healing cement systems are concerned with traditional wells and swell when contacted by water and/or hydrocarbons; none of these aims at behavior of the cement sheath when contacted by carbon dioxide; therefore, despite the valuable contributions of the prior art, there remains a need for a self-healing cement system for wells involving carbon dioxide.
- The present disclosure pertains to improvements by providing cement systems that are self healing in a carbon-dioxide environment, and methods by which they may be prepared and applied in subterranean wells.
- In an aspect, embodiments relate to the use of a carbonaceous material in a pumpable cement slurry that ,once pumped downhole, sets to form a cement sheath that will self repair when contacted by carbon dioxide.
- In a further aspect, embodiments relate to a method for maintaining zonal isolation in a subterranean well into which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted.
- In yet a further aspect, embodiments aim at methods for cementing a subterranean well having a borehole, in which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted.
- At the outset, it should be noted that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation—specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with system related and business related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. In addition, the composition used/disclosed herein can also comprise some components other than those cited. In the summary of the invention and this detailed description, each numerical value should be read once as modified by the term “about” (unless already expressly so modified), and then read again as not so modified unless otherwise indicated in context. Also, in the summary of the invention and this detailed description, it should be understood that a concentration range listed or described as being useful, suitable, or the like, is intended that any and every concentration within the range, including the end points, is to be considered as having been stated. For example, “a range of from 1 to 10” is to be read as indicating each and every possible number along the continuum between about 1 and about 10. Thus, even if specific data points within the range, or even no data points within the range, are explicitly identified or refer to only a few specific, it is to be understood that inventors appreciate and understand that any and all data points within the range are to be considered to have been specified, and that inventors possessed knowledge of the entire range and all points within the range.
- As stated earlier, it would be advantageous to have self-healing cement systems that operate in an environment containing carbon dioxide. In a manner analogous to the self-healing mechanisms described earlier, such cement systems would contain materials that swell in the presence of carbon dioxide. And, the amount of swelling would have to be sufficient to close voids that may appear in the cement sheath.
- In the literature, there are several journal articles concerning the effects of carbon dioxide on the behavior of coal such as: Busch A et al.: “High-Pressure Sorption of Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide and their Mixtures on Argonne Premium Coals,” Energy Fuels, 2007, 21 (3) 1640-1645; Day S et al.: “Supercritical Gas Sorption on Moist Coals,” International Journal of Coal Geology 74 (2008) 203-214; Day S et al.: Effect of Coal Properties on CO2 Sorption Capacity Under Supercritical Conditions,” International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 2 (2008) 342-352; Krooss B M et al.: “High-Pressure Methane and Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Dry and Moisture-Equilibrated Pennsylvanian Coals,” International Journal of Coal Geology, 51 (2002) 69-92; Mazumder, S et al.: “Capillary Pressure and Wettability Behavior of Coal-Water-Carbon Dioxide System,” paper SPE 84339 (2003); Ozdemir E et al.: “CO2 Adsorption Capacity of Argonne Premium Coals,” Fuel, 83 (2004) 1085-1094; Pan Z et al.: “A Theoretical Model for Gas Adsorption-Induced Coal Swelling,” International Journal of Coal Geology, 69 (2006) 243-252; Reucroft P J and Sethuraman A R: “Effect of Pressure on Carbon Dioxide Induced Coal Swelling,” Energy Fuels, 1987, 1 (1) 72-75; or Siriwardane H et al.: “Influence of Carbon Dioxide on Coal Permeability Determined by Pressure Transient Methods,” International Journal of Coal Geology, 77 (2009) 109-118.
- Most of the references are aimed at studying the feasibility of sequestering carbon dioxide and other acid gases in coal seams. These studies discuss various advantages and drawbacks of such sequestration; those skilled in the art will appreciate that the chemical environment associated with well cementing is far different from that of a coal deposit. For example, the pH of most hydraulic cements is very high—usually greater than 12. In addition, the formation fluids encountered downhole are frequently very saline. Salinity and pH are known to affect the surface behavior of many materials, and the manner by which the materials interact with external species.
- The inventors surprisingly found that certain carbonaceous materials do have utility in the context of well cementing.
- Embodiments relate to methods for maintaining zonal isolation in a subterranean well having a borehole, into which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted. First, a tubular body is installed inside the borehole of the well, or inside a previously installed tubular body. Second, a pumpable aqueous cement slurry containing a material that swells when contacted by carbon dioxide is pumped down the borehole. Then, the slurry is allowed to set and harden. After that, in the event of cement-matrix failure, or failure of the cement/tubular body or cement/borehole wall bonds, exposing the set cement to wellbore fluids that contain carbon dioxide the material will swell and fill voids within the cement matrix or at the cement/tubular body or cement/borehole wall interfaces, thereby restoring zonal isolation.
- Further embodiments are methods for cementing a subterranean well having a borehole in which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted. First, a tubular body is installed inside the borehole of the well, or inside a previously installed tubular body. Then, a pumpable aqueous cement slurry containing a material that swells when contacted by carbon dioxide is pumped down the borehole. After that, the slurry is allowed to set and harden. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that this aspect of the invention encompasses both primary and remedial cementing operations. For primary cementing, the method may be the traditional process of pumping the cement slurry down the casing and up the annulus, or the reverse-cementing process by which the slurry is pumped down the annulus and up the casing. Remedial processes include plug cementing and squeeze cementing. Plug cementing may be particularly useful when the operator wishes to safely seal a well containing carbon dioxide. The remedial processes may be performed in either a cased-hole or open-hole environment.
- With respect now to further embodiments, methods are disclosed for cementing a subterranean well having a borehole in which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted. First, a tubular body is installed inside the borehole of the well, or inside a previously installed tubular body. Then, a pumpable aqueous cement slurry containing a material that swells when contacted by carbon dioxide is pumped down the borehole. After that, the slurry is allowed to set and harden.
- For all embodiments, the material may be a carbonaceous material. Preferred materials comprise one or more members of the list comprising coal, petroleum coke, graphite and gilsonite. The concentration of the material may be between about 5% and 50% by volume of solids in the cement slurry, also known as “by volume of blend (BVOB).” The preferred range is between about 10% and 40% BVOB. For optimal performance, the particle-size distribution of the material is preferably such that the minimum d10 is about 100 μm, and the maximum d90 is about 850 μm. The definition of d10 is: the equivalent diameter where 10 wt % of the particles have a smaller diameter (and hence the remaining 90% is coarser). The definition of d90 may be derived similarly. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that the present inventive use of carbonaceous materials like coal and gilsonite is different and distinct from their use as cement extenders (i.e., to reduce the amount of cement or to reduce the cement-slurry density).
- In fact, the present disclosure broadly relates to the use of a carbonaceous material in a pumpable cement slurry that once pumped downhole sets to form a cement sheath that will self repair when contacted by carbon dioxide. Preferably the carbonaceous material is petroleum coke.
- For all embodiments the cement may additionally comprise one or more members of the list comprising Portland cement, calcium aluminate cement, fly ash, blast furnace slag, lime-silica blends, geopolymers, Sorel cements and chemically bonded phosphate ceramics. The cement slurry may further comprise one or more members of the list comprising dispersing agents, fluid-loss-control agents, set retarders, set accelerators and antifoaming agents. Also, the tubular body may comprise one or more members of the list comprising drillpipe, casing, liner and coiled tubing. In addition the borehole may penetrate at least one fluid-containing reservoir, the reservoir preferably containing fluid with a carbon dioxide concentration greater than about five moles per liter.
- The following example are further illustrative:
- Several particles of petroleum coke were placed inside a pressure cell equipped with a window that allows one to observe the behavior of materials within the cell. The cell supplier is Temco Inc., located in Houston, Tex. USA. The cell temperature is also adjustable. A camera captures images from inside the pressure cell, and image-analysis software is employed to interpret the behavior of materials inside the cell. After the petroleum coke particles were introduced into the cell, the cell was sealed.
- The first test was conducted at 22° C. The particles were allowed to equilibrate at the test temperature for 2 hours. The camera captured an image of the particles. Then, carbon dioxide gas was introduced, and the pressure was gradually increased to 21 MPa. The particles were exposed to the gas for a 2-hour period. The camera captured another image of the particles inside the cell. The cross-sectional area of the particles was observed to increase by 6%.
- A second test was conducted at 42° C. The particles were allowed to equilibrate at the test temperature for 2 hours. The camera captured an image of the particles. Then, carbon dioxide gas was introduced, and the pressure was gradually increased to 21 MPa. The particles were exposed to the gas for a 2-hour period. The camera captured another image of the particles inside the cell. The cross-sectional area of the particles was observed to increase by 2.1%.
Claims (20)
1. A method comprising: (i) including a carbonaceous material in a pumpable cement slurry; (ii) pumping said slurry downhole; (iii) allowing the slurry to set thus forming a cement sheath that will self repair when contacted by carbon dioxide.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material is petroleum coke.
3. A method for maintaining zonal isolation in a subterranean well having a borehole in which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted, comprising the following steps:
(i) installing a tubular body inside the borehole of the well, or inside a previously installed tubular body;
(ii) pumping aqueous cement slurry comprising a material that swells when contacted by carbon dioxide into the borehole;
(iii) allowing the cement slurry to set and harden;
(iv) in the event of cement-matrix or bonding failure, exposing the set cement to wellbore fluids that contain carbon dioxide; and
(v) allowing the material to swell, thereby restoring zonal isolation.
4. A method for cementing a subterranean well having a borehole in which carbon dioxide is injected, stored or extracted, comprising the following steps:
(i) installing a tubular body inside the borehole of the well, or inside a previously installed tubular body;
(ii) pumping an aqueous cement slurry comprising a material that swells when contacted by carbon dioxide into the borehole; and
(iii) allowing the cement slurry to set and harden inside the annular region.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the cementing process is primary cementing, and the cement slurry is either pumped down the interior of the tubular body and up through the annular region, or down the annular region and up the interior of the tubular body.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the cementing process is remedial cementing, performed in either a cased or open hole.
7. The method of claim 3 , wherein the material is a carbonaceous material.
8. The method of claim 3 , wherein the material comprises one or more members of the list comprising coal, petroleum coke, graphite and gilsonite.
9. The method of claim 3 , wherein the concentration of the material in the cement matrix is between about 5 percent and about 50 percent by volume of solid blend (BVOB).
10. The method of claim 3 , wherein the concentration of the material in the cement matrix is between about 10 percent and 40 percent by volume of solid blend (BVOB).
11. The method of claim 3 , wherein the particle-size-distribution of the material is such that the minimum d10 is about 100 μm, and the maximum d90 is about 850 μm.
12. The method of claim 3 , wherein the cement comprises one or more members of the list comprising Portland cement, calcium aluminate cement, fly ash, blast furnace slag, lime-silica blends, geopolymers, Sorel cements and chemically bonded phosphate ceramics.
13. The method of claim 3 , wherein the cement slurry further comprises one or more members of the list comprising dispersing agents, fluid-loss-control agents, set retarders, set accelerators and antifoaming agents.
14. The method of claim 3 , wherein the tubular body comprises one or more members of the list comprising drillpipe, casing, liner and coiled tubing.
15. The method of claim 3 , wherein the borehole penetrates at least one fluid-containing reservoir, the reservoir containing fluid with a carbon dioxide concentration greater than about five moles per liter.
16. The method of claim 4 , wherein the material comprises one or more members of the list comprising coal, petroleum coke, graphite and gilsonite.
17. The method of claim 4 , wherein the concentration of the material in the cement matrix is between about 5 percent and about 50 percent by volume of solid blend (BVOB).
18. The method of claim 4 , wherein the particle-size-distribution of the material is such that the minimum d10 is about 100 μm, and the maximum d90 is about 850 μm.
19. The method of claim 4 , wherein the cement comprises one or more members of the list comprising Portland cement, calcium aluminate cement, fly ash, blast furnace slag, lime-silica blends, geopolymers, Sorel cements and chemically bonded phosphate ceramics.
20. The method of claim 4 , wherein the borehole penetrates at least one fluid-containing reservoir, the reservoir containing fluid with a carbon dioxide concentration greater than about five moles per liter.
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PCT/EP2011/056803 WO2011144433A1 (en) | 2010-05-19 | 2011-04-28 | Compositions and methods for well treatment |
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WO2023272587A1 (en) * | 2021-06-30 | 2023-01-05 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Fluidized coal mining method for implementing co2 underground storage |
WO2023244281A1 (en) * | 2022-06-14 | 2023-12-21 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Method to tailor cement composition to withstand carbon dioxide injection loads |
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US20140060836A1 (en) * | 2012-09-03 | 2014-03-06 | Fatma Daou | Methods for Maintaining Zonal Isolation in A Subterranean Well |
CN102838325B (en) * | 2012-09-28 | 2014-11-05 | 长沙理工大学 | Hole sealing grout stop material and grouting hole sealing process |
US20140110114A1 (en) * | 2012-10-23 | 2014-04-24 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Methods for Maintaining Zonal Isolation in A Subterranean Well |
EP2743444A1 (en) * | 2012-12-17 | 2014-06-18 | Services Pétroliers Schlumberger | Compositions and methods for well completions |
EP2806007B1 (en) | 2013-05-24 | 2017-04-05 | Services Pétroliers Schlumberger | Methods for maintaining zonal isolation in a subterranean well |
CA2832791A1 (en) | 2013-11-07 | 2015-05-07 | Trican Well Service Ltd. | Bio-healing well cement systems |
US20170174977A1 (en) * | 2014-03-31 | 2017-06-22 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Methods for maintaining zonal isolation in a subterranean well |
WO2023080909A1 (en) * | 2021-11-05 | 2023-05-11 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Carbon-swellable sealing element |
CA3226655A1 (en) * | 2021-11-05 | 2023-05-11 | Chad William GLAESMAN | Carbon-swellable sealing element |
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WO2023244281A1 (en) * | 2022-06-14 | 2023-12-21 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Method to tailor cement composition to withstand carbon dioxide injection loads |
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BR112012028422A2 (en) | 2016-11-16 |
CA2797283A1 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
WO2011144433A1 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
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