US20120240455A1 - Solid hydrogen fuel with initial heating - Google Patents

Solid hydrogen fuel with initial heating Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120240455A1
US20120240455A1 US13/206,076 US201113206076A US2012240455A1 US 20120240455 A1 US20120240455 A1 US 20120240455A1 US 201113206076 A US201113206076 A US 201113206076A US 2012240455 A1 US2012240455 A1 US 2012240455A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
hydrogen fuel
solid hydrogen
heating
promoter
heating mechanism
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Abandoned
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US13/206,076
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English (en)
Inventor
Jie-Ren Ku
Shing-Fen Tsai
Chan-Li Hsueh
Cheng-Yen Chen
Yu-Wen LU
Fanghei Tsau
Chung-Ching TU
Chia-Cheng WU
Yih-Hang CHEN
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Industrial Technology Research Institute ITRI
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Industrial Technology Research Institute ITRI
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Assigned to INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE reassignment INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHEN, CHENG-YEN, Chen, Yih-Hang, Hsueh, Chan-Li, KU, JIE-REN, LU, YU-WEN, TSAI, SHING-FEN, TSAU, FANGHEI, Tu, Chung-Ching, WU, CHIA-CHENG
Publication of US20120240455A1 publication Critical patent/US20120240455A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
    • C01B3/065—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents from a hydride
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0838—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by heat exchange with exothermic reactions, other than by combustion of fuel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/085—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by electric heating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/16—Controlling the process
    • C01B2203/1604—Starting up the process
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a solid hydrogen fuel, and in particular relates to a solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism.
  • hydrides are subjected to a hydrolysis reaction to release hydrogen and heat after contact with water.
  • temperature of the solid hydrogen fuel increases, which in turn, increases the hydrogen releasing rate of the hydrogen supplying device.
  • the hydrolysis reaction is an exothermal reaction, it takes some time for the solid hydrogen fuel to reach a temperature that is high enough for a desirable hydrogen releasing rate.
  • a conventional hydrogen supply source using solid hydrogen fuels requires a “turn-on” time to reach a desired power. Therefore, the conventional hydrogen fuel is not suitable for use as power sources for electronic devices.
  • An embodiment of the invention provides a solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism, comprising: a solid hydrogen fuel; and a heating promoter disposed on at least one surface of the solid hydrogen fuel, wherein the heating promoter proceeds with an exothermal reaction when contacted with water.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism, comprising: a solid hydrogen fuel; and a heating promoter disposed outside of the solid hydrogen fuel, wherein the heating promoter proceeds with an exothermal reaction when contacted with water to serve as a heating source.
  • Still another embodiment of the invention provides a solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism, comprising: a solid hydrogen fuel; and an electrical heating element in contact with the solid hydrogen fuel.
  • FIGS. 1-3 are solid hydrogen fuels having heating promoters according to several embodiments of the invention.
  • FIGS. 4-5 are solid hydrogen fuels having electrical heating elements according to several embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is the reaction temperature of a solid hydrogen fuel according to an example and a comparative example of the invention.
  • FIG. 7 is the hydrogen releasing rate of solid hydrogen fuels according to an example and a comparative example of the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is the hydrogen releasing rate of a solid hydrogen fuel according to a comparative example of the invention.
  • FIG. 9 is the reaction temperature of a solid hydrogen fuel according to another example and a comparative example of the invention.
  • FIG. 10 is the hydrogen releasing rate of a solid hydrogen fuel according to another example and a comparative example of the invention.
  • first and second features are formed in direct contact
  • additional features may be formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact
  • solid hydrogen fuels with an initial heating mechanism are provided.
  • the additional initial heating mechanism can rapidly increase the reaction temperature of the solid hydrogen fuels, such that hydrogen releasing rate is improved.
  • the initial heating mechanism may include a heating promoter disposed on the solid hydrogen fuel, a heating promoter disposed outside of the solid hydrogen fuel, or an electrical heating element in contact with the solid hydrogen fuel.
  • a heating promoter is disposed on at least one surface of the solid hydrogen fuel to increase the initial hydrogen releasing rate of a hydrogen supplying device.
  • the heating promoter releases a great amount of heat when contacting water, to rapidly increase the temperature of the solid hydrogen fuel. Therefore, the hydrogen releasing rate of solid hydrogen fuel also speeds up.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a heating promoter 104 disposed on a solid hydrogen fuel 102 .
  • the solid hydrogen fuel 102 is formed.
  • the heating promoter 104 is disposed on the solid hydrogen fuel 102 .
  • the heating promoter 104 is a thin film, and formed of a material different from that of the solid hydrogen fuel 102 .
  • the heating promoter 104 has a higher reactivity or higher reaction heat with water than the solid hydrogen fuel 102 .
  • the heating promoter 104 may be integrally formed on the solid hydrogen fuel 102 or attached to the solid hydrogen fuel 102 by adhesive or compression strength means.
  • the heating promoter 104 releases hydrogen when reacting with water.
  • the heating promoter 104 may include Li, LiAlH 4 , LiBH 4 , Na, NaAlH 4 , K, KAlH 4 , KBH 4 , NH 3 BH 3 , NaSi, or combinations thereof.
  • the advantage of the heating promoter 104 described previously is that it can not only increase the temperature of the solid hydrogen fuel 102 but also increase the hydrogen releasing amount of the hydrogen supplying device.
  • the heating promoter 104 releases no hydrogen when reacting with water but simply increases the temperature of the hydrogen supplying device.
  • the heating promoter 104 may include Mg, MgO, Al, CaO, or combinations thereof.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism includes 1 to 500 parts by weight of the heating promoter 104 , based on 100 parts by weight of the solid hydrogen fuel 102 .
  • the amount of the heating promoter 104 may be varied according to the required temperature and hydrogen releasing rate.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel may include metal boron hydride, metal hydride, boron nitrogen hydride, or combinations thereof.
  • the metal boron hydride may be such as NaBH 4 , LiBH 4 , Ca(BH 4 ) 2 , Mg(BH 4 ) 2 , KBH 4 , Al(BH 4 ) 3 , or combinations thereof.
  • the metal hydride may be such as LiH, NaH, or CaH.
  • the boron nitrogen hydride may be such as ammonia borane, diborane, diamino diborane, H 2 B(NH 3 ) 2 BH 4 , poly(amino borane), borazine, borane-morpholine complex, borane-tetrahydrofuran complex, or combinations thereof.
  • the boron nitrogen hydride may be such as B x N y H z compounds including H 3 BNH 3 , H 2 B(NH 3 ) 2 BH 4 , polyamine borane, B 3 N 3 H 6 , borane-tetrahydrofuran complex, ethylborane (B 2 H 6 ), or combinations thereof.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel includes a solid catalyst with or without a polymeric elastomer.
  • the solid catalyst may be such as Ru, Co, Ni, Cu, Fe, or combinations thereof.
  • the solid catalyst may be powder of Ru/resin, Co/resin, Ni/resin, Cu/resin, or Fe/resin.
  • the hydrophobic polymeric elastomer may be such as silicone, rubber, or silicone rubber.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a heating promoter 204 disposed on the solid hydrogen fuel 102 according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel 102 is formed.
  • the heating promoter 204 in a form of particles, are adhered to the solid hydrogen fuel 102 .
  • the solid hydrogen fuel 102 with the heating promoter 204 adhered thereon is then oven dried.
  • a particle size of the heating promoter 204 is between 0.1 ⁇ m and 1000 ⁇ m.
  • the heating promoter 204 can be adhered to the solid hydrogen fuel 102 by rolling the undried solid hydrogen fuel 102 on the heating promoter particles.
  • an adhesive can be used so that the heating promoter 204 is adhered to the solid hydrogen fuel 102 .
  • the adhesive may be resin, clay, glue, silicone, rubber, or silicone rubber.
  • the heating promoter 204 releases hydrogen when reacting with water.
  • the heating promoter 204 may include Li, LiAlH 4 , LiBH 4 , Na, NaAlH 4 , K, KAlH 4 , KBH 4 , NH 3 BH 3 , NaSi, or combinations thereof.
  • the advantage of the heating promoter 204 described previously is that it can not only increase the temperature of the solid hydrogen fuel but also increase the hydrogen releasing amount of the hydrogen supplying device.
  • the heating promoter 204 releases no hydrogen when reacting with water but simply increases the temperature of the solid hydrogen fuel.
  • the heating promoter 204 may include Mg, MgO, Al, CaO, or combinations thereof.
  • the heating promoter 204 and the solid hydrogen fuel are made of the same material. In another embodiment, the heating promoter 204 and the solid hydrogen fuel are made of different materials, and the heating promoter 204 has a higher reactivity or reaction heat with water than the solid hydrogen fuel 102 .
  • the solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism includes 1 to 500 parts by weight of the heating promoter 104 , based on 100 parts by weight of the solid hydrogen fuel 102 .
  • the amount of the heating promoter 104 may be varied according to the required temperature and hydrogen releasing rate.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a heating promoter 304 disposed outside of the solid hydrogen fuel 102 according to a further embodiment of the invention.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel 102 is formed.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel 102 is disposed in a reaction region 306 with water 310 therein.
  • the heating promoter 304 is disposed in a heating region 308 with water 312 therein.
  • a particle size of the heating promoter 304 is between 0.1 ⁇ m and 1000 ⁇ m.
  • the heating promoter 304 releases hydrogen when reacting with water.
  • the heating promoter 304 may include Li, LiAlH 4 , LiBH 4 , Na, NaAlH 4 , K, KAlH 4 , KBH 4 , NH 3 BH 3 , NaSi, or combinations thereof.
  • the advantage of the heating promoter 304 described previously is that it can not only increase the temperature of a hydrogen supplying device but also increase the hydrogen releasing amount of the hydrogen supplying device.
  • the heating promoter 304 releases no hydrogen when reacting with water.
  • the heating promoter 304 may include Mg, MgO, Al, CaO, or combinations thereof.
  • the heating promoter 304 and the solid hydrogen fuel are made of the same material.
  • the heating promoter 304 and the solid hydrogen fuel are made of different material, and the heating promoter 304 has a higher reactivity or reaction heat with water than the solid hydrogen fuel 102 .
  • the solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism includes 1 to 500 parts by weight of the heating promoter 104 , based on 100 parts by weight of the solid hydrogen fuel 102 .
  • the amount of the heating promoter 104 may be varied according to the required temperature and hydrogen releasing rate.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel in FIG. 1 is preferably used when only a single surface of the solid hydrogen fuel is to be contacted with water in a hydrogen supplying device.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel in FIG. 2 is preferably used when all surfaces of the solid hydrogen fuel is to be contacted with water in a hydrogen supplying device.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel in FIG. 3 is preferably used when the solid hydrogen fuel may be affected by the heating promoter that may result in a decrease of the original hydrogen releasing rate of the solid hydrogen fuel.
  • the hydrogen supplying device includes the solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism includes a heating promoter that can proceed with an exothermal reaction when reacting with water. Therefore, when the hydrogen supplying device is turned on, the temperature of the solid hydrogen fuel can increase rapidly to reach a desired hydrogen releasing rate, thereby considerably reducing the turn-on time.
  • a solid hydrogen fuel of a hydrogen supplying device is in contact with an electrical heating element to increase the initial hydrogen releasing rate of the hydrogen supplying device.
  • the electrical heating element may be metal meshes, heating resistors, heating plates, heating chips, or combinations thereof.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an electrical heating metal mesh 406 embedded within a solid hydrogen fuel 102 according to one embodiment of the invention. That is, the electrical heating metal mesh 406 is embedded in the solid hydrogen fuel 102 during its formation.
  • the electrical heating metal mesh 406 may be a nickel chromium wire mesh.
  • the material and the operating current of the electrical heating metal mesh 406 can be adjusted by those skilled in the art according to required turn-on time and hydrogen releasing rate.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an electrical heating metal mesh 406 which covers a top surface and a bottom surface of a solid hydrogen fuel 102 according to one embodiment of the invention. In another embodiment, the electrical heating metal mesh 406 covers only one surface of the solid hydrogen fuel.
  • the electrical heating metal mesh 406 may be a nickel chromium wire mesh.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism of the invention can be applied to any existing or future developed hydrogen supplying device.
  • references of hydrogen supplying devices can be made to U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,737,184, 7,763,388, or U.S. Pat. No. 7,419,518.
  • the hydrogen supplying device including the electrical heating element is not limited by the initial reaction rate between the solid hydrogen fuel and water. Instead, the reaction temperature can be rapidly increased by electrical heating, such that the time required for reaching a desired hydrogen releasing rate is reduced.
  • the hydrogen supplying device of the invention includes a solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism. Whether a heating promoter or an electrical heating element is used, the required time for achieving a desired power rate is reduced.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism can achieve a desired hydrogen releasing rate, such as 40 sccm, in 1 minute.
  • the amount of the heating promoter used in the hydrogen supplying device can be adjusted according to product demands.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel of the invention is also applicable in a low temperature environment, and applications of hydrogen supplying devices may be accordingly broadened.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel 102 was formed by the following steps:
  • step 2 The fuel powder from step 1 was placed into a mold and pressed (2 tons force) by an oil hydraulic press for 1 minute. A cylinder fuel tablet was then obtained.
  • thermocouple A gas mass flow controller and a K type thermocouple were used to measure and record the gas flow and liquid temperature during the experiment.
  • the heating promoter 104 (e.g. NaSi tablet) was formed by the following steps:
  • step 2 The fuel powder from step 1 was placed into a mold and pressed (2 tons force) by an oil hydraulic press for 1 minute. A cylinder fuel tablet was then obtained.
  • thermocouple A gas mass flow controller and a K type thermocouple were used to measure and record the gas flow and liquid temperature during the experiment.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel 102 was formed by the following steps:
  • step 2 The fuel powder from step 1 was placed into a mold and pressed (2 tons force) by an oil hydraulic press for 1 minute. A cylinder fuel tablet was then obtained.
  • thermocouple A gas mass flow controller and a K type thermocouple were used to measure and record the gas flow and liquid temperature during the experiment.
  • the heating promoter 104 (e.g. NaSi tablet) was formed (by coating) by the following steps:
  • step 2 The fuel powder from step 1 was placed into a mold and pressed (2 tons force) by an oil hydraulic press for 1 minute. A cylinder fuel tablet was then obtained.
  • the fuel tablet was placed into a reaction flask.
  • the NaSi particles were then coated onto the fuel tablet, such that the NaSi particles were distributed around and on the top surface of the fuel tablet (as shown in FIG. 2 ).
  • 9 g of DI water was added into the reaction flask.
  • the reaction flask was placed in a plastic sealed box to perform a hydrogen releasing reaction.
  • thermocouple A gas mass flow controller and a K type thermocouple were used to measure and record the gas flow and liquid temperature during the experiment.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the temperature of the solid hydrogen fuel with or without having the heating promoters thereon according to Example 1 and Example 2.
  • the initial temperature of the solid hydrogen fuel having the heating promoters thereon increased remarkably. Therefore, the solid hydrogen fuel having the heating promoters thereon had higher initial hydrogen releasing rate than the conventional one.
  • solid hydrogen fuel of a hydrogen supplying device was in contact with an electrical heating element to increase the initial hydrogen releasing rate of the hydrogen supplying device, wherein the electrical heating element was a heating metal mesh.
  • the experiment was proceeded by the following steps:
  • a heating resistor was placed on one side of the fuel tablet, and two absorbent cotton films were used to cover two sides of the fuel tablet. Then, an iron grid was disposed on the absorbent cotton films as a support. Next, a heat shrinkable film was placed to encapsulate the entire fuel tablet.
  • the encapsulated fuel tablet was disposed to a fixture and a heating electrical power source was connected thereto. A thermometer was used to measure the temperature of the fuel tablet.
  • the hydrogen releasing rate of the hydrogen supplying device was recorded during the process.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the hydrogen releasing rate of the solid hydrogen fuel with or without having the electrical heating element at an environment temperature of 15° C. Referring to FIG. 7 , the initial hydrogen releasing rate of the solid hydrogen fuel having the electrical heating element was remarkably higher than the conventional one.
  • the encapsulated fuel tablet was disposed to a fixture and placed into a constant temperature cabinet for 30 min to reach a desired temperature.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the hydrogen releasing rate of the conventional hydrogen supplying device at the environment temperature of 15° C., 25° C., and 35° C. respectively.
  • the dotted line 500 represents an ideal hydrogen releasing rate.
  • the initial hydrogen releasing rate of the conventional hydrogen supplying device was too slow because its hydrogen releasing rate relied on the heat released by itself. Therefore, before the first 600 sec, the hydrogen releasing rate was lower that 40 sccm, which would not meet industrial requirements.
  • the solid hydrogen fuel having the electrical heating element provided a peak value at the beginning of the hydrogen releasing process. That is, when the reaction began, the solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism provided a larger pressure to the hydrogen supplying device that could also purge impure gas out of the system.
  • the heating promoter e.g. NaSi tablet
  • the heating promoter was formed in a region outside of the original reaction region by the following steps:
  • step 2 The fuel powder from step 1 was placed into a mold and pressed (2 tons force) by an oil hydraulic press for 1 minute. A cylinder fuel tablet was then obtained.
  • reaction flask was placed in a 50 mL beaker. 9 g of water was added into the reaction flask and the beaker respectively.
  • the fuel tablet was added into the reaction flask, and the NaSi was added into the beaker (that is, heat was provided to the reaction region from the outside, as shown in FIG. 3 ).
  • the beaker was disposed inside a plastic sealed box for a hydrogen releasing reaction.
  • thermocouple A gas mass flow controller and a K type thermocouple were used to measure and record the gas flow and liquid temperature during the experiment.
  • FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate the temperature and the hydrogen releasing rate of the solid hydrogen fuel with or without having the heating promoter.
  • the initial temperature of the solid hydrogen fuel having the heating promoter increased rapidly. Therefore, referring to FIG. 10 , the initial hydrogen releasing rate of the solid hydrogen fuel having the heating promoter was much higher than the conventional one.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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US11760628B2 (en) 2018-12-21 2023-09-19 Hydrogen In Motion Inc. (H2M) Method for generating hydrogen from a nitrogen containing borane compound and active metal borohydride mixture

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