US20120203075A1 - White coherent laser light launched into nano fibers for surgical illumination - Google Patents

White coherent laser light launched into nano fibers for surgical illumination Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120203075A1
US20120203075A1 US13/313,105 US201113313105A US2012203075A1 US 20120203075 A1 US20120203075 A1 US 20120203075A1 US 201113313105 A US201113313105 A US 201113313105A US 2012203075 A1 US2012203075 A1 US 2012203075A1
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Prior art keywords
laser
illumination system
spectral range
surgical
light beam
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Abandoned
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US13/313,105
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English (en)
Inventor
Christopher Horvath
Michael J. Papac
Laszlo Romoda
Ronald T. Smith
Michael J. Yadlowsky
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Alcon Research LLC
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Alcon Research LLC
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Priority to US13/313,105 priority Critical patent/US20120203075A1/en
Assigned to ALCON RESEARCH, LTD. reassignment ALCON RESEARCH, LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PAPAC, MICHAEL J., SMITH, RONALD T., HORVATH, CHRISTOPHER, ROMODA, LASZLO, YADLOWSKY, MICHAEL J.
Publication of US20120203075A1 publication Critical patent/US20120203075A1/en
Priority to US14/076,215 priority patent/US9055885B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F9/007—Methods or devices for eye surgery
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
    • A61B1/06—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor with illuminating arrangements
    • A61B1/07—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor with illuminating arrangements using light-conductive means, e.g. optical fibres
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
    • A61B3/0008—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes provided with illuminating means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/30—Devices for illuminating a surgical field, the devices having an interrelation with other surgical devices or with a surgical procedure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F9/007—Methods or devices for eye surgery
    • A61F9/008—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/30—Devices for illuminating a surgical field, the devices having an interrelation with other surgical devices or with a surgical procedure
    • A61B2090/306—Devices for illuminating a surgical field, the devices having an interrelation with other surgical devices or with a surgical procedure using optical fibres

Definitions

  • an eye may be divided into two distinct parts—an anterior segment and a posterior segment.
  • the anterior segment includes a lens and extends from an outermost layer of the cornea (the corneal endothelium) to a posterior of a lens capsule.
  • the posterior segment includes a portion of the eye behind the lens capsule.
  • the posterior segment extends from an anterior hyaloid face (part of a vitreous body) to a retina, with which the posterior hyaloid face is in direct contact.
  • the posterior segment is much larger than the anterior segment.
  • the posterior segment includes the vitreous body—a clear, colorless, gel-like substance. It makes up approximately two-thirds of the eye's volume, giving it form and shape before birth.
  • the vitreous body is composed of 1% collagen and sodium hyaluronate and 99% water.
  • the anterior boundary of the vitreous body is the anterior hyaloid face, which touches the posterior capsule of the lens, while the posterior hyaloid face forms its posterior boundary, and is in contact with the retina.
  • the vitreous body is not free flowing like the aqueous humor and has normal anatomic attachment sites. One of these sites is the vitreous base, which is an approximately 3-4 mm wide band that overlies the ora serrata.
  • the optic nerve head, macula lutea, and vascular arcade are also sites of attachment.
  • the vitreous body's major functions are to hold the retina in place, maintain the integrity and shape of the globe, absorb shock due to movement, and to give support for the lens posteriorly.
  • the vitreous body is not continuously replaced.
  • the vitreous body becomes more fluid with age in a process known as syneresis. Syneresis results in shrinkage of the vitreous body, which can exert pressure or traction on its normal attachment sites. If enough traction is applied, the vitreous body may pull itself from its retinal attachment and create a retinal tear or hole.
  • Vitreo-retinal procedures are commonly performed in the posterior segment of the eye. Vitreo-retinal procedures are appropriate to treat many serious conditions of the posterior segment. Vitreo-retinal procedures treat conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy and diabetic vitreous hemorrhage, macular hole, retinal detachment, epiretinal membrane, CMV retinitis, and many other ophthalmic conditions.
  • AMD age-related macular degeneration
  • diabetic retinopathy and diabetic vitreous hemorrhage macular hole
  • retinal detachment epiretinal membrane
  • CMV retinitis CMV retinitis
  • a surgeon performs vitreo-retinal procedures with a microscope and special lenses designed to provide a clear image of the posterior segment. Several tiny incisions just a millimeter or so in length are made on the sclera at the pars plana. The surgeon inserts microsurgical instruments through the incisions, such as a fiber optic light source, to illuminate inside the eye; an infusion line to maintain the eye's shape during surgery; and instruments to cut and remove the vitreous body. A separate incision may be provided for each microsurgical instrument when using multiple instruments simultaneously.
  • a thin optical fiber is inserted into the eye to provide the illumination.
  • a light source such as a halogen tungsten lamp or high pressure arc lamp (metal-halides, Xe), may be used to produce the light carried by the optical fiber into the eye.
  • the light passes through several optical elements (typically lenses, mirrors, and attenuators) and is transmitted to the optical fiber that carries the light into the eye.
  • incisions are typically only made large enough to accommodate the size of the microsurgical instrument being inserted into the interior of the eye.
  • Efforts to minimize the incision size generally involve reducing the size of the microsurgical instrument.
  • Reducing the number of incisions may be accomplished by integrating various microsurgical instruments.
  • the optical fiber may be incorporated into the working end of a microsurgical instrument. This may eliminate the need for a separate illumination incision and offers the advantage of directing the light beam together with the microsurgical instrument onto the target site through a common opening in the sclera.
  • at least some prior attempts at integrating multiple microsurgical instruments resulted larger instruments requiring larger incisions for insertion into the interior region of the eye, or were accompanied by a corresponding decrease in performance of one or both of the integrated surgical instruments.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an eye illustrating an internal anatomy of the eye
  • FIG. 2 is schematic illustration of an exemplary illumination probe shown illuminating an interior region of the eye of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary intraocular illumination system employing a generally broadband laser light source that may be selectively optically connected to the illumination probe;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of an end of the illumination probe shown projecting through an incision in a sclera of the eye;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of an exemplary integrated infusion cannula and illumination probe that may be employed with the intraocular illumination systems of FIGS. 3 and 6 ;
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary intraocular illumination system employing multiple narrowband lasers as the light source
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of an exemplary illumination probe that may be employed with the intraocular illumination systems of FIGS. 3 and 6 , the illumination probe including a nano-scale optical fiber having a shaped end for selectively tailoring the distribution of light emitted from the illumination probe; and
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of an exemplary illumination probe including a high numerical aperture and a nano-scale optical illumination fiber that may be employed with the intraocular illumination systems of FIGS. 3 and 6 .
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an anatomy of an eye 20 , which includes a cornea 22 , an iris 24 , a pupil 26 , a lens 28 , a lens capsule 30 , zonules 32 , ciliary body 34 , sclera 36 , vitreous region 38 , retina 40 , macula 42 , and optic nerve 44 .
  • Cornea 22 is a clear, dome shaped structure on the surface of eye 20 that acts as a window, letting light into the eye.
  • Iris 24 which corresponds to the colored part of the eye, is a muscle surrounding pupil 26 that relaxes and contracts to control the amount of light entering eye 20 .
  • Pupil 26 is a round, central opening in iris 24 .
  • Lens 28 is a structure inside eye 20 that helps focus light on retina 40 .
  • Lens capsule 30 is an elastic bag that encapsulates lens 30 , helping to control the shape of lens 28 as the eye focuses on objects at different distances.
  • Zonules 32 are slender ligaments that attach lens capsule 30 to the inside of eye 20 , holding lens 28 in place.
  • Ciliary body 34 is a muscular area attached to lens 28 that contracts and relaxes to control the size of the lens for focusing.
  • Sclera 36 is a tough, outermost layer of eye 20 that maintains the shape of the eye.
  • Vitreous region 38 is a large, gel-filled section located towards a back of eye 20 that helps maintain the curvature of the eye.
  • Retina 40 is a light-sensitive nerve layer at the back of eye 20 that receives light and converts it into signals to send to the brain.
  • Macula 42 is an area in the back of eye 20 that includes receptors for detecting fine detail in a viewed image.
  • Optic nerve 44 transmits signals from eye 20 to the brain.
  • various microsurgical instruments may be inserted through sclera 36 (generally at the pars plana) into vitreous region 38 in connection with performing a vitreo-retinal procedure.
  • These may include, but are not limited to, a vitrectomy probe 46 , an infusion cannula 48 , and an illumination probe 50 for illuminating an interior of eye 20 .
  • Illumination probe 50 may include a fiber optic cable 52 for transferring light from a light source to illuminate the inside of vitreous region 38 of eye 20 during various intra-operative procedures, such as vitreo-retinal surgery.
  • an exemplary endoilluminator 51 may include an illuminator 52 and illumination probe 50 .
  • Illuminator 52 may include a light engine 54 for generating light at a particular luminous flux and chromaticity. Light produced by illuminator 52 may be transmitted to the interior region of the eye through illumination probe 50 .
  • Light engine 54 may employ a laser 56 for generating the light.
  • lasers Various types and configurations of lasers may be employed, including but not limited to, gas lasers, dye lasers, metal vapor lasers, solid state lasers, semiconductor lasers, fiber lasers, and supercontinuum lasers. The light may be emitted from laser 56 over a relatively wide or narrow spectral range depending on the type of laser employed.
  • Lasers are generally capable of producing light having a relatively high degree of spatial coherence, as compared to other light sources, such as LEDs and lamp based illuminators.
  • High spatial coherence enables the emitted light to be focused to smaller spot sizes for efficient transmission to fiber optic cables.
  • the ability to focus the emitted light to small spot sizes may enable the use of small optic fibers, such as nano-scaled optic fibers, which may in turn allow for smaller surgical incisions for inserting illumination probe 50 into eye 20 .
  • small optic fibers such as nano-scaled optic fibers
  • small optic fibers such as nano-scaled optic fibers
  • Smaller optic fibers generally require smaller surgical incisions for insertion into the eye.
  • the incision may be small enough to render the resulting wound substantially self-healing, thereby eliminating the need to employ additional procedures to close the incision, such as sutures.
  • Laser 56 may be configured to produce a generally broadband white light for illuminating the interior region of eye 20 .
  • laser 56 may be configured as a supercontinuum laser capable of producing a generally broadband light over a relatively wide spectral range.
  • Supercontinuum lasers operate, for example, by passing a generally narrow bandwidth pulsed pump beam through a dispersive, non-linear medium, such as a photonic crystal fiber. As the pump beam propagates through the dispersive, non-linear medium, a series of non-linear processes act upon the pump beam to cause spectral broadening of the initial pump beam. The result is a spectral continuum extending over at least a portion of the visible spectrum.
  • Laser 56 may also be configured to emit light covering the entire visible spectrum and extending into portions of the invisible spectrum.
  • illuminator 52 may include various devices for controlling and monitoring the operation of laser 56 , including but not limited to, drive electronics 58 , power monitor 60 , and controller 62 .
  • Power monitor 60 may be configured to monitor the power of a light beam 64 emitted from laser 56 .
  • a beam splitter 66 or another suitable optical device, may be used to direct a portion 68 of light beam 64 to power monitor 60 .
  • Power monitor 60 may be configured to generate an electronic signal indicative of the power of the light emitted from laser 56 .
  • Power monitor 60 may be electronically connected, either wired or wirelessly, to controller 62 .
  • Controller 62 may at least partly control the operation of drive electronics 58 .
  • Various informational inputs may be received by controller 62 , including but not limited to, various user inputs and the power signal transmitted from power monitor 60 , and then heuristics, i.e., logical rules or processes, may be applied to the inputs. Outputs may then be generated that influence operation of drive electronics 58 in the context of the overall operation of illuminator 52 .
  • Dispersive element 70 may be configured as a length of dispersive optic fiber.
  • Dispersive element 70 may include an optical coupler 71 for selectively optically coupling illumination probe 50 to illuminator 52 . Alternatively, dispersive element may be integrated as part of illumination probe 50 .
  • illuminator 52 may include an optical coupler 72 for capturing and focusing light beam 64 emitted from laser 56 , and focusing the light for delivery to dispersive element 70 .
  • Optical coupler 72 may include various optical elements, such as, for example, a collimating lens 74 for receiving the generally divergent light beam 64 emitted from laser 56 , and a condensing lens 76 arranged optically downstream of collimating lens 74 .
  • Collimating lens 74 receives light beam 64 emitted from laser 56 , and refracts the light to form a generally collimated light beam 77 .
  • Collimated light beam 77 passes through condensing lens 76 , which operates to focus the collimated light beam for delivery to dispersive element 70 .
  • Optical coupler 72 may alternatively employ a ball lens for optically coupling laser 56 to dispersive element 70 . These are just two examples of the various optical coupling systems that may be employed to optically couple laser 56 to fiber optic cable 52 . Other optical coupling systems may also be utilized.
  • illumination probe 50 may include a fiber optic cable 78 for transmitting light emitted from laser 56 to the interior of eye 20 .
  • Fiber optic cable 78 may include a fiber optic connector 80 for optically connecting fiber optic cable 78 to dispersive element 70 .
  • Fiber optic connector 80 releasably connects to correspondingly configured optical coupler 71 operably associated with illuminator 52 .
  • Optical connectors 71 and 80 enable fiber optic cable 78 to be selectively attached and detached from illuminator 52 .
  • fiber optic cable 78 is shown directly connected to dispersive element 70 .
  • illuminator 52 may be housed within a surgical console.
  • An optical connector configured similar to optical coupler 71 , may be arranged in a readily accessible location on the surgical console to provide access for optically connecting fiber optic cable 78 to the connector.
  • a series of optical elements such as an additional length of optical fiber (which may be permanent or disposable), may be employed to optically connect illuminator 52 to the optical connector arranged on the outside of the surgical console.
  • Other optical elements may also be employed for optically connecting fiber optic cable 78 to illuminator 52 .
  • Fiber optic cable 78 may have any of a variety of configurations.
  • Fiber optic cable 78 may include a flexible configuration to allow generally unimpeded manipulation of illumination probe 50 .
  • Fiber optic cable 78 may include an optically transmissive fiber optic core 82 surrounded by a cladding material 84 having a generally low index of refraction relative to fiber optic core 82 .
  • Fiber optic core 82 may be made of various materials, including but not limited to, glass and plastics.
  • Fiber optic cable 78 may also include additional layers depending on the requirements of a particular application.
  • fiber optic cable 78 may include a buffer material encasing cladding material 84 , as well as an outer protective jacket (such as a plastic or metal tube) for shielding the cable's interior components from damage.
  • the emitted light beam 64 When employing a supercontinuum laser as laser 56 , the emitted light beam 64 generally possesses a high degree of spatial coherence. High spatial coherence typically enables the beam to be focused to small spot sizes for delivery to fiber optic cabling. The ability to focus light emitted from a supercontinuum laser to small spot sizes may enable the use of nano-scale optic fibers for transmitting the light emitted from laser 56 to the interior of eye 20 . Nano-scale optic fibers generally have a diameter (or other largest cross-sectional dimension) of less than 100 microns.
  • the small diameter of nano-scale optic fiber may enable a reduction in the cross-sectional area of the probe, which in turn may reduce the size of the surgical incision in sclera 36 of eye 20 (see FIGS. 1 and 2 ) though which the probe is inserted.
  • illumination probe 50 Due to the small size of nano-scale optic fibers, it may be possible to integrate illumination probe 50 with another surgical instrument, including but not limited to, infusion cannula 48 (see FIG. 2 ), to reduce the number of surgical incision required for inserting surgical instruments during a vitreoretinal procedure.
  • infusion cannula 48 see FIG. 2
  • Some exemplary configurations of infusion cannulas employing integrated illumination optic fibers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,783,346, which issued to Smith et al. on Aug. 24, 2010 (the “'346 patent”). The '346 patent is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Referring to FIG.
  • an exemplary configured integrated illumination probe/infusion cannula 86 may include a nano-scale fiber optic cable 88 for transmitting light emitted from laser 56 to the interior of eye 20 .
  • a hose 90 may be provided for transporting liquid or gas for delivery to the interior of eye 20 .
  • a hub 92 interconnects nano-scale fiber optic cable 88 with hose 90 .
  • a cannula 94 may be attached to hub 92 .
  • Cannula 94 provides a passage for receiving an end 96 of nano-scale fiber optic cable 88 , and for delivering the fluid or gas to the interior of eye 20 .
  • Nano-scale fiber optic cable 88 and hose 90 may be enclosed in a protective sheath 98 .
  • the exemplary configuration of integrated illumination probe/infusion cannula 86 enables the two surgical instruments to simultaneously access the interior region of eye 20 through a single surgical incision.
  • Nano-scale fiber optic cable 88 may be similarly integrated with other microsurgical instruments.
  • an endoilluminator 100 may include an alternately configured light engine 102 for generating light at a particular luminous flux and chromaticity.
  • Light engine 102 may be similarly configured as light engine 54 (see FIG. 3 ), but differs by including multiple lasers for generating a generally broadband white light for illuminating an interior of eye 20 .
  • endoilluminator 100 is similarly configured as endoilluminator 52 illustrated in FIG. 3 .
  • a single laser such as the supercontinuum laser employed with laser light source 56 (see FIG.
  • light engine 102 of endoilluminator 100 utilizes two or more lasers to produce light having selected spectral properties.
  • light engine 102 includes four lasers 104 , 106 , 108 and 110 .
  • Each laser may be configured to generate light over a different portion of the desired spectral range.
  • a beam combiner 112 may be provided for combining the light beams emitted from the individual lasers into a single light beam 64 having a desired spectral range.
  • Light beam 64 will have a spectral range that includes the spectral ranges of the light beams emitted from lasers 104 , 106 , 108 and 110 .
  • each laser produces light over a different spectral range, it may be beneficial to have at least some overlap between the spectral ranges to help insure a uniform spectral distribution of the emitted light.
  • a light beam produced by combining multiple individual light beams to produce a single light beam having the spectral ranges of the individual light beams, such as implemented with light engine 102 , may be subject to a phenomenon referred to as speckling.
  • Speckling occurs when multiple light waves having different phases interfere with one another. When added together, the interferences produce a light wave having an intensity that varies randomly.
  • Options for reducing speckling include, for example, using rotating diffusers or lenses arranged in the optical path of light beam 64 to disrupt the spatial coherence of the emitted laser light.
  • Other options include passing the summed light beam through a vibrating or stretched coil of optic fiber, such as second dispersive element 70 , to produce a uniform illumination.
  • light emitted from illumination probe 50 may have a relatively wide angular distribution to enable illumination of corresponding wide surgical field within eye 20 .
  • Light emitted from nano-scale optic fibers such as may be employed with fiber optic cable 78 , may have a relatively small angular distribution due to the small numerical aperture of the fiber or the small numerical aperture of the beam within the fiber.
  • one option for achieving a wider angular distribution of emitted light is to selectively taper an end 114 of fiber optic core 82 .
  • Various tapers may be employed, such as a compound parabolic concentrator, depending on the design parameters of a particular application and the angular distribution desired.
  • Alternative methods such as adding a diffusing agent to the end of the fiber optic may be used to create a larger illumination angle.
  • the angular distribution of light emitted from fiber optic cable 78 may also be increased by employing a fiber optic cable having a high numerical aperture.
  • a high numerical aperture indicates a large difference in refractive index between fiber optic core 82 and cladding 84 .
  • Fiber optic cables having large numerical apertures can generally accept light over a broader range of incident angles than fiber optic cables having smaller numerical apertures.
  • Increasing an incidence angle 116 at which light enters fiber optic cable 78 generally results in an increase in the angular distribution of light emitted from the fiber optic cable.
  • Increasing the numerical aperture of fiber optic cable 78 when employed in conjunction with an increased incidence angle of the light delivered to the fiber optic cable, may improve the angular distribution of light emitted from illumination probe 50 .
  • photodarkening may occur.
  • Photodarkening is a multiphoton process, and the probability of its occurrence is proportional to the peak power of a pulse.
  • a pulse stretching element in the optical train may alleviate this condition.
  • a pulse stretching element may stretch a 100 to 200 picosecond (ps) pulse to 1 nanosecond (ns).
  • ns nanosecond
  • a temporally dispersive element may also accomplish this.

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US20140066723A1 (en) 2014-03-06
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