US20110184704A1

US20110184704A1 - Fairing of aircraft elevator

Info

Publication number: US20110184704A1
Application number: US12/927,380
Authority: US
Inventors: Vicente Martinez Valdegrama; Gonzalo Ramirez Blanco
Original assignee: Airbus Operations SL
Current assignee: Airbus Operations SL
Priority date: 2009-11-27
Filing date: 2010-11-12
Publication date: 2011-07-28
Also published as: EP2327624B1; ES2386442B1; ES2386442A1; EP2327624A2; EP2327624A3

Abstract

Fairing (9) which closes the internal end of an elevator (3) of an aircraft with respect to the fuselage section (1) on which the fairing (9) moves, with the elevator (3) arranged on a horizontal stabiliser (2) of the aircraft, such that the horizontal stabiliser (2) moves with a trim angle (α) with respect to the fuselage section (1) in turn rotating the elevator (3) with an elevator angle (β) with respect to the horizontal stabiliser (2), with the fairing (9) maintaining a distance (6) with respect to the fuselage section (1) during its movement in which the distance (6) is a minimised distance for all movement ranges of the elevator (3) for the trim angle (α) of the horizontal stabiliser (2) and the elevator angle (β) of the elevator (3), thereby reducing aerodynamic losses through parasitic resistance which is not caused by support of the aircraft. A method for obtaining the design of the fairing (9) is also disclosed.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention refers to a design for a fairing which closes the internal end of the elevator of an aircraft and a procedure or method for obtaining the fairing design.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

The elevator is a stabilising surface of aircraft generally situated at the back end, which controls orientation of the aircraft changing the pitch and angle of attack of the wing or dive of the aircraft. Thus the elevator causes the aircraft to rise or descend. Elevators may be the only control surfaces of the pitch control of the aircraft, in which case they are called mobile elevators or stabilisers or they may be mobile with respect to a fixed or adjustable surface known as a horizontal stabiliser.
The horizontal stabiliser of an aircraft in which the elevator is arranged has the opposite effect to a wing. In general it creates a descending pressure which counteracts the imbalance of the moment due to the fact that the aeroplane's centre of gravity is not situated exactly in the resulting pressure centre. The elevator reduces or increases the descending force created by the back part of the wing. A greater descending force produced by an upward elevator forces the aeroplane elevator to go downwards and the aeroplane nose to go upwards, thus reducing speed. A reduction in descending force in the elevator produced by a downward elevator permits the elevator to rise and the nose to descend and thus the aircraft must move more rapidly in order to produce the necessary elevation. Therefore the adjustment of the elevator determines the balance speed of the aircraft.
The elevator has a relative movement with respect to the aircraft fuselage on one of its ends, specifically on its interior end with respect to the horizontal stabiliser on which it is arranged, the closest to the fuselage, with the end closed by means of a fairing. Between both elements, fuselage and elevator, specifically between the fuselage and the elevator fairing, there should be no contact so that no surface penetrates in the opposite sense during movement of one of these (elevator). Thus there should always be between the fuselage and the elevator fairing, for all possible movements of the elevator, a minimum separation which prevents them from touching and causing damage to either of the two elements.
It would therefore be desirable for the fairing of the elevator to ensure that the distance between the fairing and the part or section of the fuselage of the aircraft on which the elevator moves should be as small as possible, in order to reduce to the maximum the aerodynamic losses due to parasitic resistance which is not due to support thereof. Furthermore, this should be maintained for all angles of action of the elevator.
The present designs of the fairing surfaces of an aircraft elevator are made through two intercutting planes, both planes being tangential to the part or section of the fuselage of the aircraft on which the elevator moves. These two planes are intercut for the design of the fairing making a connection radius between both which smoothes the surface. This known design ensures that a distance is maintained throughout the full range of action or movement of the elevator with respect to the aircraft fuselage, avoiding contact between both parts. However, this design does not reduce the aforementioned distance, which has to be maintained between the elevator and the fuselage, therefore, there are high aerodynamic losses on the elevator and as a result on the aircraft.
This invention provides a solution to the aforementioned problems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Thus, the invention develops the design of the fairing which closes the interior end of the elevator of an aircraft in such a way that it ensures that the distance to be maintained between the fairing of the elevator and the part or section of the fuselage on which the plane moves is as reduced as possible for all the surfaces of the aforementioned fairing, as well as for all ranges of action (slew range) of the elevator, in this way reducing aerodynamic losses through parasitic resistance which is not caused by supporting the aircraft.
The elevator is arranged on the horizontal stabiliser of the aircraft in such a way that apart from the rotation of the aforementioned elevator with respect to the surface of the horizontal stabiliser, which we shall call the elevator angle, the horizontal stabiliser of the aircraft also rotates in turn with respect to the fuselage, by means of a given trim angle. Thus, the purpose of the invention is to provide a fairing for the elevator of an aircraft so that the fairing maintains with respect to the section of the fuselage on which it moves, a minimum distance for all ranges of movement of the elevator, that is, both for the elevator angle of the elevator and for the trim angle of the stabiliser.
The procedure or method followed for obtaining the fairing of the invention is as follows:

- a) Firstly a special displacement or offset is made of the surface of the section of the fuselage on which the aforementioned fairing of the elevator is to move.
- b) It is initially based on a given position for the trim angle of the horizontal stabiliser which is that in which the trim angle is minimal.
- c) A solid is cut which simulates the volume of the elevator.
- d) For the aforementioned fixed trim angle of stage b) the elevator angle of the elevator begins to be varied beginning with the minimum elevator angle, cutting the solid for each value of the elevator angle, which simulates the volume of the elevator of stage c).
- e) Iterations of stage d) continue to be made until the elevator angle is maximum.
- f) It is then verified to ascertain whether for said maximum elevator angle, the trim angle is also maximum.
  - f.1) in the event that the trim angle is maximum, stage g) can be undertaken;
  - f.2) in the event that the trim angle is not maximum, iterations are carried out varying the aforementioned trim angle and making successive cuts to the solid simulating the volume of the elevator (stages b) and c)) until the aforementioned trim angle reaches maximum.
- g) The previous values of the trim angle and the elevator angle are extracted for the offset given the surface of the fuselage section.
- h) The surface that remains in the solid which simulates the volume of the elevator is extracted after the successive cuts made to it in the stages d) and f.2).
- i) Finally the surface obtained in h) is smoothed which as a result gives the fairing design for the optimised elevator.

In this way according to the invention, a surface is obtained for the internal fairing of the elevator of an aircraft which minimises the distance between the elevator and the fuselage for all the positions of the aforementioned plane.
Other characteristics and advantages of this invention shall be described in the detailed description which follows of an illustrative embodiment of its purpose in relation to the figures accompanying this description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the conventional stabilisation components of an aircraft.

FIG. 2 a shows in volume and diagram form the connection of the horizontal stabiliser and its elevator with the fuselage of an aircraft, with an elevator design according to the state of the art.

FIG. 2 b shows in volume and diagram form the connection of the horizontal stabiliser and its elevator with the fuselage of an aircraft when the plane has made a maximum rotation in one direction.

FIG. 2 c shows in volume and in diagram form the connection of the horizontal stabiliser and its elevator with the fuselage of an aircraft when the elevator has made the maximum rotation in the opposite direction to that of FIG. 2 b.

FIG. 3 shows a cross section diagram of the design of the elevator of an aircraft with respect to the fuselage of the same, according to the state of the art.

FIGS. 4 a, 4 b, and 4 c show the spatial rotation of the elevator on the section of aircraft fuselage according to the design of the fairing of invention.

FIGS. 5 a, 5 b, and 5 c show a fairing diagram which closes the interior end of the elevator of an aircraft, according to the design and procedure for obtaining the present invention.

FIG. 6 shows a diagram of the stages of the procedure for obtaining the fairing surface for the elevator of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As mentioned, the elevator 3 of an aircraft is a supporting mobile surface attached to the horizontal stabiliser 2 of the aircraft. In a conventional aircraft, there is also a mobile supporting surface, known as a rudder 5 which is attached to the vertical stabiliser 4 (FIG. 1).
Thus the fairing design 9 which covers the internal end of the elevator 3 according to the state of the art is made in such a way that it is always maintained at least at a distance 6 of separation between the fuselage 1 (specifically between the part of the section of fuselage 1 round which the elevator 3 moves) and the aforementioned fairing 9. This distance 6 has to be maintained in all the action or rotation angles of the elevator 3, marking in FIGS. 2 b and 2 c the maximum rotations of the elevator 3 in both directions.
Thus in current designs, the surface of the aforementioned fairing 9 is made through two planes, 20 and 21 which are intercut and through a radius between them as shown in FIG. 3. This design option ensures at least one distance 6 in the whole range of action of the elevator 3, between parts, fairing 9 and fuselage 1, which avoids contact between the same. Nevertheless, this distance 6 is not minimised, which produces high aerodynamic losses on the elevator 3 arrangement.
The design of the fairing 9 which closes the interior end of the elevator 3 according to this invention ensures that the distance 6 to be maintained between the fairing 9 of the elevator 3 and the part or section of the fuselage 1 on which it moves, is as minimal as possible throughout the surface of the aforementioned fairing 9, and for all ranges of action of movement (slew range) of the elevator 3 (FIGS. 4 a and 4 c) both for the trim angle α of the horizontal stabiliser 2 and for the elevator angle β of the elevator 3, thus reducing the aerodynamic losses due to parasitic resistance not caused by supporting the aircraft.
Thus the purpose of the invention is to provide a fairing design 9 of the elevator 3 of an aircraft such that the fairing 9 maintains, with respect to the section of the fuselage 1 on which it moves, a minimised distance 6, for all the movement ranges of the elevator 3, that is, both for the elevator angle β proper to the elevator 3 and for the trim angle α of the stabiliser 2.
According to another aspect of the invention, a procedure or method is developed (as shown in the diagram in FIG. 6) for obtaining the design of the fairing 9 in the invention, a procedure or method which comprises the following stages:

- a) Firstly a spatial displacement or offset of the surface of the fuselage section 1 is made on which the aforementioned fairing 9 of the elevator 3 will move, as appears in FIGS. 4 a, 4 b and 4 c.
- b) It is based on a given position for the trim angle α of the horizontal stabiliser 2 which is that in which the trim angle α is minimum, α₁(iteration i of trim angle α is equal to zero).
- c) A solid is cut which simulates the volume of the elevator 3.
- d) For the aforementioned fixed trim angle α₁of stage b) the elevator angle β of the elevator 3, beginning with the minimum elevator angle β (iteration j of the elevator angle β) cutting for each value of the elevator angle β the solid that simulates the volume of the elevator 3 of stage c).
- e) Iterations continue to be made in stage d) until the elevator angle β is maximum, β_m.
- f) It is then verified whether for said maximum elevator angle β_m, the trim angle α is also maximum α_m.
  - f.1) in the event that the trim angle is maximum, stage g) can be undertaken;
  - f.2) in the event that the trim angle is not maximum, iterations are carried out varying the aforementioned trim angle and making successive cuts to the solid simulating the volume of the elevator (stages b) and c)) until the aforementioned trim angle reaches maximum.
- g) The previous values of maximum trim angle α_mand maximum elevator angle β_mare extracted for the offset given the surface of the fuselage section 1.
- h) The surface remaining in the solid which simulates the volume of the elevator 3 is extracted following successive cuts made to the same in stages d) and f.2).
- i) Finally, the surface obtained in h) is smoothed which as a result gives the optimised design of fairing 9 for elevator 3 (FIGS. 5 a, 5 b, 5 c).

In this way according to the invention, a surface is obtained for the internal fairing 9 of the elevator 3 of an aircraft which minimises the distance 6 between the elevator 3 and the fuselage 1 for all the positions of the aforementioned elevator 3.
In the preferred embodiment that we have just described, modifications included in the scope defined in subsequent claims may be introduced.

Claims

1. A fairing (9) which closes the interior end of the elevator (3) of an aircraft with respect to the section of fuselage (1) on which said fairing, (9) moves, with the aforesaid elevator (3) arranged on a horizontal stabiliser (2) of the aircraft, so that the horizontal stabiliser (2) moves with a trim angle (α) with respect to the fuselage section (1) rotating in turn the elevator (3) with an elevator angle (β) with respect to the horizontal stabiliser (2), maintaining the fairing (9) at a distance (6) with respect to the fuselage section (1) during movement, characterised in that said distance (6) is a minimised distance for all the movement ranges of the elevator (3) both for the trim angle (α) of the horizontal stabiliser (2) and for the elevator angle (β) of the elevator (3) minimising in this way the aerodynamic losses through parasitic resistance not caused by supporting the aircraft.

2. A method for obtaining the design of a fairing (9) according to claim 1, characterised in that it includes the following stages:

a) spatial displacement or offset of the surface of the fuselage section (1) on which said fairing (9) of the elevator (3) is to move, starting from a given position of the trim angle (α) of the horizontal stabiliser (2).

b) cut of a solid which simulates the volume of the elevator (3);

c) variation for the aforementioned fixed trim angle (α) of stage a), of the elevator angle (β) of the elevator (3) cutting for each elevator angle (β) the solid which simulates the volume of the elevator (3) of stage b):

d) making of iterations of stage c) up until the elevator angle β is maximum (β_m)

e) verification of whether for said maximum elevator angle (β_m) the trim angle (α) is also maximum (α_m)

f) extraction of maximum trim angle (α_m) and maximum elevator angle (β_m) values for the given offset of the surface of the fuselage section (1);

g) extraction and smoothing of the surface obtained, which a result provides the optimised fairing design (9) for a elevator (3).

3. The method for obtaining the design of a fairing (9) according to claim 2, characterised in that in stage a) the starting position given for the trim angle (α) of the horizontal stabiliser (2) is that in which the trim angle (α) is minimal (α₁).

4. The method for obtaining the design of a fairing (9) according to claim 2, characterised in that in stage c) the basic position given for the elevator angle (β) of the elevator (3) is that in which the elevator angle (β) is minimal (β₁).

5. The method for obtaining the design of a fairing (9) according to claim 3, characterised in that in stage c) the basic position given for the elevator angle (β) of the elevator (3) is that in which the elevator angle (β) is minimal (β₁).

6. The method for obtaining the design of a fairing (9) according to claim 2 characterised in that in stage e) in the event that the trim angle (α) is maximum (α_m) it is possible to pass directly to stage g).

7. The method for obtaining the design of a fairing (9) according to claim 3 characterised in that in stage e) in the event that the trim angle (α) is maximum (α_m) it is possible to pass directly to stage g).

8. The method for obtaining the design of a fairing (9) according to claim 4 characterised in that in stage e) in the event that the trim angle (α) is maximum (α_m) it is possible to pass directly to stage g).

9. The method for obtaining the design of a fairing (9) according to claim 2 characterised in that in stage e) in the event that the trim angle (α) is not maximum (α_m) iterations are made varying the aforementioned trim angle (α) and making successive cuts to the solid which simulates the volume of the elevator (3) of stages b) and c) until the maximum aforementioned trim angle (α) is obtained (α_m).

10. The method for obtaining the design of a fairing (9) according to claim 3 characterised in that in stage e) in the event that the trim angle (α) is not maximum (α_m) iterations are made varying the aforementioned trim angle (α) and making successive cuts to the solid which simulates the volume of the elevator (3) of stages b) and c) until the maximum aforementioned trim angle (α) is obtained (α_m).

11. The method for obtaining the design of a fairing (9) according to claim 4 characterised in that in stage e) in the event that the trim angle (α) is not maximum (α_m) iterations are made varying the aforementioned trim angle (α) and making successive cuts to the solid which simulates the volume of the elevator (3) of stages b) and c) until the maximum aforementioned trim angle (α) is obtained (α_m).