US20090231714A1 - Transparent anti-reflective article and method of fabricating same - Google Patents
Transparent anti-reflective article and method of fabricating same Download PDFInfo
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- US20090231714A1 US20090231714A1 US12/404,863 US40486309A US2009231714A1 US 20090231714 A1 US20090231714 A1 US 20090231714A1 US 40486309 A US40486309 A US 40486309A US 2009231714 A1 US2009231714 A1 US 2009231714A1
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- refractive index
- reflective layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/006—Anti-reflective coatings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/28—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with organic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/70—Properties of coatings
- C03C2217/73—Anti-reflective coatings with specific characteristics
- C03C2217/732—Anti-reflective coatings with specific characteristics made of a single layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/70—Properties of coatings
- C03C2217/76—Hydrophobic and oleophobic coatings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/70—Properties of coatings
- C03C2217/77—Coatings having a rough surface
Definitions
- the present invention relates to transparent articles having an anti-reflection surface and method of fabricating a transparent anti-reflective structure.
- Transparent electronic display screens made of glass or plastic such as cell phone screens, computer screens, and TV monitors including liquid crystal displays (LCD) are difficult to view as external ambient light reflects off their surface.
- LCD liquid crystal displays
- This treatment consists of laminating a matte surface layer having a micrometer-scaled roughness to the screen surface. As light hits the rough surface, it bounces off at different angles, which reduces the intensity of light reflecting off of the surface and hitting a viewer's eyes. While this reduces the intensity of light, it does, however, leave a hazy image of the reflection which may block the onscreen image. This treatment also distorts the image generated by the LCD.
- anti-reflection screens do not have a rough matte anti-glare surface. Rather, anti-reflection screens use an anti-reflective coating material, such as magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), to reduce the reflected light by lowering the refractive index of the surface of the display panel to more closely approximate that of air. This process is known as index matching. This reduces the reflection and refraction of ambient light as it hits the surface of the display screen. Compared to anti-glare screens, the smooth gloss finish of an anti-reflection screen results in a crystal clear image. Anti-reflection screens also have a wider view angle and produce images with higher contrast and richer colors. However, there are very few transparent coating materials available with a low refractive index for index matching. Furthermore, it is difficult to find a transparent coating material to match the particular range of most glass and polymers.
- MgF 2 magnesium fluoride
- the present invention provides an anti-reflective transparent article and an anti-reflective display screen.
- the present invention further provides a method of fabricating an anti-reflective transparent structure.
- an anti-reflective transparent article comprises a transparent substrate having a first refractive index and a first surface.
- An anti-reflective layer is formed within the first surface of the transparent substrate through use of one of nanosphere lithography, deep ultra-violet photolithography, electron beam lithography, or nano-imprinting.
- the anti-reflective layer includes a subwavelength nano-structured second surface which includes a plurality of protuberances.
- protuberances have relatively similar shape and size, as well as a predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances and a predetermined height for a given wavelength such that the anti-reflective layer includes a second refractive index lower than the first refractive index to minimize light diffraction and random scattering therethrough.
- the predetermined height is approximately equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by the second refractive index.
- an anti-reflective display screen comprises a transparent display panel having a first refractive index and a viewing first surface.
- the first surface of the transparent display panel is modified to a subwavelength nano-structured second surface to define an anti-reflective layer formed within the first surface of the transparent display panel such that the transparent display panel and the anti-reflective layer are of the same material.
- the first surface is modified to define the anti-reflective layer using one of nanosphere lithography, deep ultra-violet photolithography, electron beam lithography, or nano-imprinting.
- the subwavelength nano-structured second surface includes a plurality of protuberances.
- Such protuberances have relatively similar shape and size, as well as a predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances and a predetermined height for a given wavelength such that the anti-reflective layer includes a second refractive index approximately equal to the square root of the first refractive index to minimize light diffraction and random scattering therethrough.
- the predetermined height is approximately equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by the second refractive index.
- a method of fabricating an anti-reflective optically transparent structure comprises providing an optically transparent substrate having a first refractive index and a first surface. The method further includes forming an anti-reflective layer within the first surface of the transparent substrate which includes forming a nano-scale pattern within the first surface defining a subwavelength nano-structured second surface of the anti-reflective layer including a plurality of protuberances.
- protuberances have relatively similar shape and size, as well as a predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances and a predetermined height for a given wavelength such that the anti-reflective layer includes a second refractive index lower than the first refractive index to minimize light diffraction and random scattering therethrough.
- the predetermined height is approximately equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by the second refractive index.
- a hydrophobic coating may be applied on the subwavelength nano-structured surface as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/050,807 filed on Mar. 18, 2008.
- a transparent structure includes a super-hydrophobic anti-reflective surface.
- FIG. 1 is a side view of a transparent substrate without an anti-reflective layer
- FIG. 2 is a side view of a transparent article having an anti-reflective layer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of section 3 in FIG. 2 of the transparent anti-reflective article
- FIG. 4 is a side view of a subwavelength nano-structured surface of the anti-reflective layer depicting an incident angle in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 5 is a flow chart depicting a method of fabricating an anti-reflective transparent structure in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is an enlarged side view of a transparent anti-reflective hydrophobic article in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention generally provides an anti-reflective transparent article.
- the anti-reflective transparent article may be used in display screens for computer and television monitors, cell phones, cameras, and pocket PCs.
- the anti-reflective transparent article may also be used in optical sensors and solar cells.
- the article comprises a transparent substrate having an anti-reflective layer including a subwavelength nano-structured surface having a plurality of protuberances.
- the subwavelength nano-structured surface is preferably formed through use of a nanosphere lithography technique. The subwavelength nano-structured surface lowers the refractive index of the transparent substrate and thus reduces the reflection of ambient light.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a transparent substrate 12 having a first surface 14 and a refractive index n 1 .
- FIG. 2 illustrates an anti-reflective transparent article 10 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- the article 10 comprises the transparent substrate 12 of FIG. 1 having an anti-reflective layer 16 formed within the first surface 14 thereof.
- the anti-reflective layer 16 includes a subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 including a plurality of protuberances 20 . As illustrated in FIG.
- the anti-reflective layer 16 is formed into the transparent substrate 12 , i.e., within the first surface 14 of the transparent substrate 12 , through use of dashed line 14 to show the that first surface 14 has been modified to the nano-structured surface 18 defining the anti-reflective layer 16 .
- the subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 is corrugated.
- each protuberance 20 includes a base and slightly tapers to an end. The protuberances 20 have relatively similar shape and size. Each protuberance 20 may take on a number of shapes including conical, cylindrical, or tapered shapes with an arcuate or a pointed end without falling beyond the scope or spirit of the present invention.
- each protuberance 20 has a predetermined maximum distance 22 to the adjacent neighbor for a given range of operation wavelengths. Such properties function to minimize light diffraction and random light scattering therethrough to define the transparent and anti-reflective properties of the article 10 .
- the predetermined distance 22 is such that the fraction of volume occupied by the protuberances 20 leads to an effective refractive index n 2 of the anti-reflective layer 16 lower than the refractive index n 1 of the transparent substrate 12 without the anti-reflective layer 16 .
- the refractive index n 2 of the anti-reflective layer 16 is equal to or close to the square root of refractive index n 1 of the substrate 12 .
- the predetermined maximum distance 22 between two adjacent protuberances 20 of the nano-structured surface 18 of the transparent substrate 12 may be up to about a few hundred nanometers.
- the predetermined maximum distance 22 between two adjacent protuberances may be between about 50 nm and 500 nm, preferably between about 100 nm and 400 nm, and most preferably about 300 nm for visible wavelengths.
- the predetermined height 24 of the protuberances 20 is equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by n 2 so that there is minimum reflection for spectrum centered at that wavelength.
- n 1 of the transparent substrate 12 is 1.69
- n 2 of the anti-reflective layer 16 is preferably 1.3 (i.e., the square root of 1.69) and the desired height 24 should therefore be around 106 nm (i.e., 1 ⁇ 4 of 550 nm, divided by 1.3).
- the predetermined maximum distance 22 between two adjacent protuberances 20 may be defined as:
- ⁇ represents the incident (operation) wavelength
- angle ⁇ represents the incident angle
- ⁇ represents the distance 22 between two adjacent protuberances 20 thereof
- argument n 3 represents the refractive index of the medium above the subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 (i.e., the refractive index of air)
- argument n 1 represents the refractive index of the medium below the surface 26 opposite the subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 (i.e., the refractive index of the substrate 12 )
- max represents the maximum of the arguments n 1 and n 3 .
- n 3 is equal to 1 (i.e., the refractive index of air) and the refractive index n 1 of the substrate 12 is equal to 1.5, and ⁇ is equal to 500 nm, and ⁇ is equal to 30 degrees, then ⁇ should be less than about 250 nm.
- FIG. 5 depicts a flow chart of a method 40 for fabricating an anti-reflective optically transparent structure in accordance with one example of the present invention.
- an optically transparent substrate 12 is provided in box 42 .
- the transparent substrate 12 has a first refractive index n 1 and a first surface 14 .
- the method 40 further comprises forming, in box 44 , an anti-reflective layer 16 within the first surface 14 of the transparent substrate 12 . This includes forming a nano-scale pattern within the first surface 14 of the transparent substrate to define a subwavelength nano-structured second surface 18 of the anti-reflective layer 16 .
- a nanosphere lithography technique is implemented to accomplish this.
- Such a technique includes several steps.
- the colloidal suspension may include, for example, monodisperse polystyrene nanoparticles, with diameters ranging from about 170 nm to about 300 nm, diluted with DI water.
- the nanoparticles are deposited onto the transparent substrate 12 via conventional drop-coating or spreading coating methods or any other suitable method known in art. After evaporation of water in the colloidal nanoparticles, close-packed monolayers of nanospheres are formed on the first surface 14 of the transparent substrate 12 .
- a first etching step is used to reduce the nano-particles to a desired size (diameter) and shape profile.
- this first etching step is implemented to create the desired volume fraction of the protuberances 20 to achieve the desired effective refractive index n 2 of the anti-reflective layer 16 .
- the size (diameter) of the masking nanospheres may be reduced via oxygen and fluorocarbon gases RIE in the first etching step.
- a second etching step is used to etch the transparent substrate 12 to create protuberances 20 with desired height 24 within the first surface 14 of the substrate 12 , thus modifying the surface of the transparent substrate 12 from the first surface 14 to the second subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 , thereby defining the anti-reflective layer 16 which has a lower refractive index n 2 than the refractive index n 1 of the transparent substrate 12 without the anti-reflective layer 16 .
- a second fluorocarbon gas RIE may be used to etch the transparent substrate 12 to transfer the mask patterns onto the surface 14 , thus modifying the surface 14 with the mask patterns to provide the anti-reflective layer 16 having a subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 and the reduced refractive index n 2 .
- the anti-reflective layer 16 defined by the subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 including a plurality of protuberances 20 .
- protuberances 20 have relatively similar shape and size, as well as a predetermined maximum distance 22 between adjacent protuberances 20 and a predetermined height 24 for a given wavelength to minimize light diffraction and random light scattering therethrough.
- the predetermined height 24 is equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by n 2 .
- the free parameters of the nano-structured surface 18 include the material refractive index n 1 of the transparent substrate 12 ; the size of the protuberances 20 , which determines the thickness, or height 24 , of the anti-reflective layer 16 ; and the volume fraction of the protuberances 20 .
- the effective refractive index n 2 of the anti-reflective layer 16 can be controlled to achieve total cancellation of reflection at a certain wavelength.
- etching parameters may be adjusted to control the desired height and refractive index n 2 . Specifically, etching time, etching gas flow rates and mixture ratio can be adjusted to obtain the desired parameters mentioned above.
- the anti-reflective layer 16 is formed into the transparent substrate 12 , modifying the first surface 14 to the second subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 , and the antireflective layer 16 is therefore the same material as the transparent substrate 12 as opposed to a film or coating of a different material on the top surface of the transparent substrate 12 .
- the subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 acts as an anti-reflection coating layer on the transparent substrate 12 .
- it is not a coating, but rather a patterned surface 18 with the same material as that of the transparent substrate 12 which therefore comprises anti-reflection features.
- V Sub is the filling factor (volume fraction) of the protuberances 20 in these 2D nanostructures
- the effective refractive index of the subwavelength structured surface 18 (for polarization TE and TM) is given by:
- n eff TE V Sub ⁇ n Sub 2 + ( 1 - V Sub ) ⁇ n Air 2 ( 1 )
- n eff TM 1 V Sub ⁇ 1 n Sub 2 + ( 1 - V Sub ) ⁇ 1 n Air 2 ( 2 )
- the present invention most preferably utilizes a nanosphere lithography technique and etching to form the subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 of the anti-reflective layer 16
- other techniques known in the art may be implemented to accomplish this.
- the following techniques may be implemented: deep ultra-violet photolithography and etching; electron beam lithography and etching; and nano-imprinting lithography.
- a further embodiment of the present invention includes a hydrophobic anti-reflective article including a hydrophobic coating 115 applied on a subwavelength nano-structured surface 118 of a transparent substrate 112 .
- the transparent substrate 112 includes an anti-reflective layer 116 including a subwavelength nano-structured surface 118 , as described in accordance with the anti-reflective layer 16 of the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 1-4 and the method described in FIG. 5 .
- a hydrophobic coating 115 as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/050,807 filed on Mar. 18, 2008, is applied on the subwavelength nano-structured surface 118 .
- a super-hydrophobic anti-reflective transparent article is obtained by applying a hydrophobic coating 115 to a transparent substrate 112 having an anti-reflective layer 116 defined by a subwavelength nano-structured surface 118 including a plurality of protuberances 120 with a predetermined height 124 approximately equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by the effective refractive index n 2 of the anti-reflective layer 116 , wherein the resultant effective refractive index n 2 of the anti-reflective layer 116 is approximately equal to the square root of the refractive index n 1 of the transparent substrate 112 without the subwavelength nano-structured surface 118 formed within the first surface 114 of the transparent substrate 112 .
- the hydrophobic coating 115 may be applied to the subwavelength nano-structured surface 118 by spin coating or any other method described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/050,807 or any other suitable method known in the art.
Abstract
A transparent anti-reflective article includes a transparent substrate having a first refractive index and a first surface. An anti-reflective layer is formed within the first surface of the transparent substrate through use of one of nanosphere lithography, deep ultra-violet photolithography, electron beam lithography, and nano-imprinting. The anti-reflective layer includes a subwavelength nano-structured second surface including a plurality of protuberances. Such protuberances have a predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances and a predetermined height for a given wavelength such that the anti-reflective layer includes a second refractive index lower than the first refractive index to minimize light diffraction and random scattering therethrough. The predetermined height is approximately equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by the second refractive index.
Description
- This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/050,807 filed on Mar. 18, 2008, entitled “TRANSPARENT HYDROPHOBIC ARTICLE HAVING SELF-CLEANING AND LIQUID REPELLANT FEATURES AND METHOD OF FABRICATING SAME,” which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2006/036187 filed on Sep. 15, 2006, entitled “TRANSPARENT HYDROPHOBIC ARTICLE HAVING SELF-CLEANING AND LIQUID REPELLANT FEATURES AND METHOD OF FABRICATING SAME” and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/718,587 filed on Sep. 19, 2005, entitled “TRANSPARENT HYDROPHOBIC ARTICLE HAVING SELF-CLEANING AND LIQUID REPELLANT FEATURES AND METHOD OF FABRICATING SAME,” the entire contents of each are incorporated herein by reference.
- The present invention relates to transparent articles having an anti-reflection surface and method of fabricating a transparent anti-reflective structure.
- Transparent electronic display screens made of glass or plastic, such as cell phone screens, computer screens, and TV monitors including liquid crystal displays (LCD), are difficult to view as external ambient light reflects off their surface. Researchers and engineers have worked on several techniques to minimize this reflection using various screen surfaces, including anti-glare and anti-reflection screens.
- Most anti-glare screens use a treatment on their top surface to diffuse the reflected light from external lighting sources. This treatment consists of laminating a matte surface layer having a micrometer-scaled roughness to the screen surface. As light hits the rough surface, it bounces off at different angles, which reduces the intensity of light reflecting off of the surface and hitting a viewer's eyes. While this reduces the intensity of light, it does, however, leave a hazy image of the reflection which may block the onscreen image. This treatment also distorts the image generated by the LCD.
- Alternatively, anti-reflection screens do not have a rough matte anti-glare surface. Rather, anti-reflection screens use an anti-reflective coating material, such as magnesium fluoride (MgF2), to reduce the reflected light by lowering the refractive index of the surface of the display panel to more closely approximate that of air. This process is known as index matching. This reduces the reflection and refraction of ambient light as it hits the surface of the display screen. Compared to anti-glare screens, the smooth gloss finish of an anti-reflection screen results in a crystal clear image. Anti-reflection screens also have a wider view angle and produce images with higher contrast and richer colors. However, there are very few transparent coating materials available with a low refractive index for index matching. Furthermore, it is difficult to find a transparent coating material to match the particular range of most glass and polymers.
- Thus, there is a need for transparent articles having anti-reflection surfaces for devices such as electronic display screens, optical sensors, and solar cells.
- The present invention provides an anti-reflective transparent article and an anti-reflective display screen. The present invention further provides a method of fabricating an anti-reflective transparent structure.
- In one embodiment, an anti-reflective transparent article comprises a transparent substrate having a first refractive index and a first surface. An anti-reflective layer is formed within the first surface of the transparent substrate through use of one of nanosphere lithography, deep ultra-violet photolithography, electron beam lithography, or nano-imprinting. The anti-reflective layer includes a subwavelength nano-structured second surface which includes a plurality of protuberances. Such protuberances have relatively similar shape and size, as well as a predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances and a predetermined height for a given wavelength such that the anti-reflective layer includes a second refractive index lower than the first refractive index to minimize light diffraction and random scattering therethrough. The predetermined height is approximately equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by the second refractive index.
- In another embodiment, an anti-reflective display screen comprises a transparent display panel having a first refractive index and a viewing first surface. The first surface of the transparent display panel is modified to a subwavelength nano-structured second surface to define an anti-reflective layer formed within the first surface of the transparent display panel such that the transparent display panel and the anti-reflective layer are of the same material. The first surface is modified to define the anti-reflective layer using one of nanosphere lithography, deep ultra-violet photolithography, electron beam lithography, or nano-imprinting. The subwavelength nano-structured second surface includes a plurality of protuberances. Such protuberances have relatively similar shape and size, as well as a predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances and a predetermined height for a given wavelength such that the anti-reflective layer includes a second refractive index approximately equal to the square root of the first refractive index to minimize light diffraction and random scattering therethrough. The predetermined height is approximately equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by the second refractive index.
- In another embodiment, a method of fabricating an anti-reflective optically transparent structure comprises providing an optically transparent substrate having a first refractive index and a first surface. The method further includes forming an anti-reflective layer within the first surface of the transparent substrate which includes forming a nano-scale pattern within the first surface defining a subwavelength nano-structured second surface of the anti-reflective layer including a plurality of protuberances. Such protuberances have relatively similar shape and size, as well as a predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances and a predetermined height for a given wavelength such that the anti-reflective layer includes a second refractive index lower than the first refractive index to minimize light diffraction and random scattering therethrough. The predetermined height is approximately equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by the second refractive index.
- In further embodiments of the present invention, a hydrophobic coating may be applied on the subwavelength nano-structured surface as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/050,807 filed on Mar. 18, 2008. In this embodiment, a transparent structure includes a super-hydrophobic anti-reflective surface.
- Further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from consideration of the following description and the appended claims when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
-
FIG. 1 is a side view of a transparent substrate without an anti-reflective layer; -
FIG. 2 is a side view of a transparent article having an anti-reflective layer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view ofsection 3 inFIG. 2 of the transparent anti-reflective article; -
FIG. 4 is a side view of a subwavelength nano-structured surface of the anti-reflective layer depicting an incident angle in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 5 is a flow chart depicting a method of fabricating an anti-reflective transparent structure in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and -
FIG. 6 is an enlarged side view of a transparent anti-reflective hydrophobic article in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. - The present invention generally provides an anti-reflective transparent article. The anti-reflective transparent article may be used in display screens for computer and television monitors, cell phones, cameras, and pocket PCs. The anti-reflective transparent article may also be used in optical sensors and solar cells. In one embodiment, the article comprises a transparent substrate having an anti-reflective layer including a subwavelength nano-structured surface having a plurality of protuberances. The subwavelength nano-structured surface is preferably formed through use of a nanosphere lithography technique. The subwavelength nano-structured surface lowers the refractive index of the transparent substrate and thus reduces the reflection of ambient light.
-
FIG. 1 illustrates atransparent substrate 12 having afirst surface 14 and a refractive index n1.FIG. 2 illustrates an anti-reflectivetransparent article 10 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As shown, thearticle 10 comprises thetransparent substrate 12 ofFIG. 1 having ananti-reflective layer 16 formed within thefirst surface 14 thereof. Theanti-reflective layer 16 includes a subwavelength nano-structuredsurface 18 including a plurality ofprotuberances 20. As illustrated inFIG. 3 , theanti-reflective layer 16 is formed into thetransparent substrate 12, i.e., within thefirst surface 14 of thetransparent substrate 12, through use ofdashed line 14 to show the thatfirst surface 14 has been modified to the nano-structuredsurface 18 defining theanti-reflective layer 16. As depicted, the subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 is corrugated. In this embodiment, eachprotuberance 20 includes a base and slightly tapers to an end. Theprotuberances 20 have relatively similar shape and size. Eachprotuberance 20 may take on a number of shapes including conical, cylindrical, or tapered shapes with an arcuate or a pointed end without falling beyond the scope or spirit of the present invention. - Preferably, each
protuberance 20 has a predeterminedmaximum distance 22 to the adjacent neighbor for a given range of operation wavelengths. Such properties function to minimize light diffraction and random light scattering therethrough to define the transparent and anti-reflective properties of thearticle 10. Preferably, thepredetermined distance 22 is such that the fraction of volume occupied by theprotuberances 20 leads to an effective refractive index n2 of theanti-reflective layer 16 lower than the refractive index n1 of thetransparent substrate 12 without theanti-reflective layer 16. Preferably, the refractive index n2 of theanti-reflective layer 16 is equal to or close to the square root of refractive index n1 of thesubstrate 12. - In this embodiment, the predetermined
maximum distance 22 between twoadjacent protuberances 20 of the nano-structuredsurface 18 of thetransparent substrate 12 may be up to about a few hundred nanometers. The predeterminedmaximum distance 22 between two adjacent protuberances may be between about 50 nm and 500 nm, preferably between about 100 nm and 400 nm, and most preferably about 300 nm for visible wavelengths. Thepredetermined height 24 of theprotuberances 20 is equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by n2 so that there is minimum reflection for spectrum centered at that wavelength. For example, for visible light, there is a central wavelength of around 550 nm and if n1 of thetransparent substrate 12 is 1.69, then n2 of theanti-reflective layer 16 is preferably 1.3 (i.e., the square root of 1.69) and the desiredheight 24 should therefore be around 106 nm (i.e., ¼ of 550 nm, divided by 1.3). - Referring now to
FIG. 4 , the predeterminedmaximum distance 22 between twoadjacent protuberances 20 may be defined as: -
Λ<λ/[max(n 3 ,n 1)+n 3 sin(α)], - wherein λ represents the incident (operation) wavelength, angle α represents the incident angle, and Λ represents the
distance 22 between twoadjacent protuberances 20 thereof, and argument n3 represents the refractive index of the medium above the subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 (i.e., the refractive index of air) and argument n1 represents the refractive index of the medium below thesurface 26 opposite the subwavelength nano-structured surface 18 (i.e., the refractive index of the substrate 12), and wherein max represents the maximum of the arguments n1 and n3. - For example, if n3 is equal to 1 (i.e., the refractive index of air) and the refractive index n1 of the
substrate 12 is equal to 1.5, and λ is equal to 500 nm, and α is equal to 30 degrees, then Λ should be less than about 250 nm. -
FIG. 5 depicts a flow chart of amethod 40 for fabricating an anti-reflective optically transparent structure in accordance with one example of the present invention. In one example, an opticallytransparent substrate 12 is provided inbox 42. Thetransparent substrate 12 has a first refractive index n1 and afirst surface 14. Themethod 40 further comprises forming, inbox 44, ananti-reflective layer 16 within thefirst surface 14 of thetransparent substrate 12. This includes forming a nano-scale pattern within thefirst surface 14 of the transparent substrate to define a subwavelength nano-structuredsecond surface 18 of theanti-reflective layer 16. - Preferably, a nanosphere lithography technique is implemented to accomplish this. Such a technique includes several steps. First, the
transparent substrate 12 is cleaned using standard methods, such as the conventional RCA process. Second, a colloidal suspension with nanoparticles is deposited onto thefirst surface 14 of thetransparent substrate 12. The colloidal suspension may include, for example, monodisperse polystyrene nanoparticles, with diameters ranging from about 170 nm to about 300 nm, diluted with DI water. The nanoparticles are deposited onto thetransparent substrate 12 via conventional drop-coating or spreading coating methods or any other suitable method known in art. After evaporation of water in the colloidal nanoparticles, close-packed monolayers of nanospheres are formed on thefirst surface 14 of thetransparent substrate 12. - After the formation of the nanosphere monolayer masks, two following etching steps are performed. A first etching step is used to reduce the nano-particles to a desired size (diameter) and shape profile. Preferably, this first etching step is implemented to create the desired volume fraction of the
protuberances 20 to achieve the desired effective refractive index n2 of theanti-reflective layer 16. For example, the size (diameter) of the masking nanospheres may be reduced via oxygen and fluorocarbon gases RIE in the first etching step. - Next, a second etching step is used to etch the
transparent substrate 12 to createprotuberances 20 with desiredheight 24 within thefirst surface 14 of thesubstrate 12, thus modifying the surface of thetransparent substrate 12 from thefirst surface 14 to the second subwavelength nano-structuredsurface 18, thereby defining theanti-reflective layer 16 which has a lower refractive index n2 than the refractive index n1 of thetransparent substrate 12 without theanti-reflective layer 16. For example, a second fluorocarbon gas RIE may be used to etch thetransparent substrate 12 to transfer the mask patterns onto thesurface 14, thus modifying thesurface 14 with the mask patterns to provide theanti-reflective layer 16 having a subwavelength nano-structuredsurface 18 and the reduced refractive index n2. Theanti-reflective layer 16 defined by the subwavelength nano-structuredsurface 18 including a plurality ofprotuberances 20.Such protuberances 20 have relatively similar shape and size, as well as a predeterminedmaximum distance 22 betweenadjacent protuberances 20 and apredetermined height 24 for a given wavelength to minimize light diffraction and random light scattering therethrough. Thepredetermined height 24 is equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by n2. - The free parameters of the nano-structured
surface 18 include the material refractive index n1 of thetransparent substrate 12; the size of theprotuberances 20, which determines the thickness, orheight 24, of theanti-reflective layer 16; and the volume fraction of theprotuberances 20. By properly choosing these parameters, the effective refractive index n2 of theanti-reflective layer 16 can be controlled to achieve total cancellation of reflection at a certain wavelength. For example, etching parameters may be adjusted to control the desired height and refractive index n2. Specifically, etching time, etching gas flow rates and mixture ratio can be adjusted to obtain the desired parameters mentioned above. - After this second etching step, the remaining nano-particles are washed off. Thus, the
anti-reflective layer 16 is formed into thetransparent substrate 12, modifying thefirst surface 14 to the second subwavelength nano-structuredsurface 18, and theantireflective layer 16 is therefore the same material as thetransparent substrate 12 as opposed to a film or coating of a different material on the top surface of thetransparent substrate 12. In effect, the subwavelength nano-structuredsurface 18 acts as an anti-reflection coating layer on thetransparent substrate 12. However, it is not a coating, but rather a patternedsurface 18 with the same material as that of thetransparent substrate 12 which therefore comprises anti-reflection features. - Based on the effective medium theory, suppose VSub is the filling factor (volume fraction) of the
protuberances 20 in these 2D nanostructures, the effective refractive index of the subwavelength structured surface 18 (for polarization TE and TM) is given by: -
- It is seen that by proper value of VSub, we can obtain the desired effective refractive index.
- While the present invention most preferably utilizes a nanosphere lithography technique and etching to form the subwavelength nano-structured
surface 18 of theanti-reflective layer 16, other techniques known in the art may be implemented to accomplish this. For example, the following techniques may be implemented: deep ultra-violet photolithography and etching; electron beam lithography and etching; and nano-imprinting lithography. - Referring to
FIG. 6 , a further embodiment of the present invention includes a hydrophobic anti-reflective article including ahydrophobic coating 115 applied on a subwavelength nano-structuredsurface 118 of atransparent substrate 112. In this embodiment, thetransparent substrate 112 includes ananti-reflective layer 116 including a subwavelength nano-structuredsurface 118, as described in accordance with theanti-reflective layer 16 of the embodiments depicted inFIGS. 1-4 and the method described inFIG. 5 . Ahydrophobic coating 115, as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/050,807 filed on Mar. 18, 2008, is applied on the subwavelength nano-structuredsurface 118. Thus, a super-hydrophobic anti-reflective transparent article is obtained by applying ahydrophobic coating 115 to atransparent substrate 112 having ananti-reflective layer 116 defined by a subwavelength nano-structuredsurface 118 including a plurality ofprotuberances 120 with apredetermined height 124 approximately equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by the effective refractive index n2 of theanti-reflective layer 116, wherein the resultant effective refractive index n2 of theanti-reflective layer 116 is approximately equal to the square root of the refractive index n1 of thetransparent substrate 112 without the subwavelength nano-structuredsurface 118 formed within thefirst surface 114 of thetransparent substrate 112. In this embodiment, thehydrophobic coating 115 may be applied to the subwavelength nano-structuredsurface 118 by spin coating or any other method described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/050,807 or any other suitable method known in the art. - While the present invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be understood, of course, that the invention is not limited thereto since modifications may be made to those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings.
Claims (20)
1. A transparent anti-reflective article comprising:
a transparent substrate having a first refractive index and a first surface, wherein an anti-reflective layer is formed within the first surface of the transparent substrate, the anti-reflective layer including a subwavelength nano-structured second surface including a plurality of protuberances having a predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances and a predetermined height for a given wavelength such that the anti-reflective layer includes a second refractive index lower than the first refractive index to minimize light diffraction and random scattering therethrough, wherein the anti-reflective layer is formed through use of one of one of nanosphere lithography, deep ultra-violet photolithography, electron beam lithography, and nano-imprinting.
2. The article of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined height is approximately equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by the second refractive index.
3. The article of claim 1 , wherein the second refractive index is approximately equal to the square root of the first refractive index.
4. The article of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances is defined as:
Λ<λ/[max(n 3 ,n 1)+n 3 sin(α)],
Λ<λ/[max(n 3 ,n 1)+n 3 sin(α)],
wherein λ represents an incident wavelength and Λ represents the distance between two adjacent protuberances thereof,
wherein argument n1 represents the first refractive index and argument n3 represents a third refractive index of a medium above the anti-reflective second surface, and
wherein max represents the maximum of the arguments.
5. The article of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances is between about 50 and 500 nm.
6. The article of claim 1 , wherein the transparent substrate comprises at least one of the following components: glass, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polymeric material, polyvinyl chloride, quartz, transparent dielectric, or diamond, or a mixture thereof.
7. The article of claim 1 , wherein the transparent substrate is a display screen, wherein the display screen includes one of a cell phone screen, a computer monitor screen, a television monitor screen, and a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen.
8. The article of claim 1 , further comprising a hydrophobic material disposed on the subwavelength nano-structured second surface, the hydrophobic material having a predetermined thickness and a predetermined hydrophobicity for self-cleaning and repelling from fluids thereon.
9. The article of claim 8 , wherein the hydrophobic material comprises polytetrafluoroethylene, silicone, paraffin wax, isotactic polypropylene, or polystyrene, or a mixture thereof.
10. An anti-reflective display screen comprising:
a transparent display panel having a first refractive index and a viewing first surface, wherein the first surface is modified to a subwavelength nano-structured second surface to define an anti-reflective layer formed within the first surface of the transparent display panel such that the transparent display panel and the anti-reflective layer are of the same material, the subwavelength nano-structured second surface including a plurality of protuberances having a predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances and a predetermined height for a given wavelength such that the anti-reflective layer includes a second refractive index approximately equal to the square root of the first refractive index to minimize light diffraction and random scattering therethrough, wherein the predetermined height is approximately equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by the second refractive index, and wherein the first surface is modified to define the anti-reflective layer through use of one of nanosphere lithography, deep ultra-violet photolithography, electron beam lithography, and nano-imprinting.
11. The display screen of claim 10 , wherein the display screen includes one of a cell phone screen, a computer monitor screen, a television monitor screen, and a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen.
12. The display screen of claim 10 , wherein the predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances is defined as:
Λ<λ/[max(n 3 ,n 1)+n 3 sin(α)],
Λ<λ/[max(n 3 ,n 1)+n 3 sin(α)],
wherein λ represents an incident wavelength and Λ represents the distance between two adjacent protuberances thereof,
wherein argument n1 represents the first refractive index and argument n3 represents a third refractive index of a medium above the anti-reflective second surface, and
wherein max represents the maximum of the arguments.
13. The article of claim 10 , further comprising a hydrophobic material disposed on the subwavelength nano-structured second surface, the hydrophobic material having a predetermined thickness and a predetermined hydrophobicity for self-cleaning and repelling from fluids thereon.
14. A method of fabricating an anti-reflective optically transparent structure, the method comprising:
providing an optically transparent substrate having a first refractive index and a first surface; and
forming an anti-reflective layer within the first surface of the transparent substrate which includes forming a nano-scale pattern within the first surface defining a subwavelength nano-structured second surface of the anti-reflective layer including a plurality of protuberances having a predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances and a predetermined height for a given wavelength such that the anti-reflective layer includes a second refractive index lower than the first refractive index to minimize light diffraction and random scattering therethrough, wherein the predetermined height is approximately equal to a quarter of the given wavelength divided by the second refractive index, and wherein one of nanosphere lithography, deep ultra-violet photolithography, electron beam lithography, and nano-imprinting is used to form the anti-reflective layer.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the second refractive index is approximately equal to the square root of the first refractive index.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances is defined as:
Λ<λ/[max(n 3 ,n 1)+n 3 sin(α)],
Λ<λ/[max(n 3 ,n 1)+n 3 sin(α)],
wherein λ represents an incident wavelength and Λ represents the distance between two adjacent protuberances thereof,
wherein argument n1 represents the first refractive index and argument n3 represents a third refractive index of a medium above the anti-reflective second surface, and
wherein max represents the maximum of the arguments.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the predetermined maximum distance between adjacent protuberances is between about 50 and 500 nm.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the transparent substrate comprises at least one of the following components: glass, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polymeric material, polyvinyl chloride, quartz, transparent dielectric, or diamond, or a mixture thereof.
19. The method of claim 14 , wherein the transparent substrate is a display screen, wherein the display screen includes one of a cell phone screen, a computer monitor screen, a television monitor screen, and a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen.
20. The method of claim 14 , further comprising:
coating the subwavelength nano-structured second surface with a layer of hydrophobic material having a predetermined hydrophobicity.
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US13/858,453 US9217086B2 (en) | 2005-09-19 | 2013-04-08 | Method of fabricating transparent anti-reflective article |
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US71858705P | 2005-09-19 | 2005-09-19 | |
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US12/050,807 US20080199659A1 (en) | 2005-09-19 | 2008-03-18 | Transparent hydrophobic article having self-cleaning and liquid repellant features and method of fabricating same |
US12/404,863 US20090231714A1 (en) | 2005-09-19 | 2009-03-16 | Transparent anti-reflective article and method of fabricating same |
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