US20090140275A1 - Nanoparticle coupled to waveguide - Google Patents
Nanoparticle coupled to waveguide Download PDFInfo
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- US20090140275A1 US20090140275A1 US11/444,222 US44422206A US2009140275A1 US 20090140275 A1 US20090140275 A1 US 20090140275A1 US 44422206 A US44422206 A US 44422206A US 2009140275 A1 US2009140275 A1 US 2009140275A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4202—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details for coupling an active element with fibres without intermediate optical elements, e.g. fibres with plane ends, fibres with shaped ends, bundles
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/0229—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by nanostructures, i.e. structures of size less than 100 nm, e.g. quantum dots
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
- G02B2006/1213—Constructional arrangements comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02319—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by core or core-cladding interface features
- G02B6/02323—Core having lower refractive index than cladding, e.g. photonic band gap guiding
- G02B6/02328—Hollow or gas filled core
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
- G02B6/02366—Single ring of structures, e.g. "air clad"
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4219—Mechanical fixtures for holding or positioning the elements relative to each other in the couplings; Alignment methods for the elements, e.g. measuring or observing methods especially used therefor
- G02B6/4228—Passive alignment, i.e. without a detection of the degree of coupling or the position of the elements
- G02B6/423—Passive alignment, i.e. without a detection of the degree of coupling or the position of the elements using guiding surfaces for the alignment
Definitions
- Nanotechnology and quantum information technology are emerging branches of science that involve the design of extremely small electronic and optical circuits that are built at the molecular level.
- Traditional opto-electronic circuits are fabricated using semiconductor wafers to form chips. Circuits are etched into the semiconductor wafers or chips. The etching process removes material from certain regions or layers of the chips.
- nanotechnology generally deals with devices built upward by adding material, often a single atom at a time. This technique results in a device where every particle could have a purpose.
- a logic gate could be constructed from only a few atoms.
- An electrical conductor can be built from a “nanowire” that is a single atom thick. A bit of data could be represented by the presence or absence of a single proton.
- Quantum information technology provides a new avenue for creating smaller and potentially more powerful computers. Scientific theories such as quantum superposition and quantum entanglement are now being used to explore the possibility of creating smaller, more powerful computing devices.
- the development in this field has led to the use of light particles, or photons, to convey information.
- Light can be polarized into various states (e.g., horizontally polarized, vertically polarized) and can also exist in various momentum and frequency states. Exploiting these properties allows a single photon to represent a single quantum bit of information.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an exploded view of a device comprising an exemplary nanoparticle coupled to a waveguide and a backreflector in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of an exemplary nanoparticle coupled to a waveguide and a backreflector in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of an exemplary nanoparticle embedded in two-dimensional photonic crystal, coupled to a waveguide and a backreflector in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of an exploded view of a device comprising an exemplary nanoparticle, waveguide and backreflector coupled to a single-mode optical fiber in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing of an exploded view of a device comprising an exemplary nanoparticle, waveguide and backreflector coupled to a lens in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- quantum bits provide researchers with significant potential advancements in computing technology.
- the ability to understand and utilize the theories of photon superposition and entanglement to generate information is a new field around which there is significant interest.
- one important issue that surrounds potential use of photons as quantum bits is the need to generate a photon on demand at the location where it is desired.
- a second important issue is the ability to detect and capture the photons; that is, to efficiently collect light emitted from the photon source.
- Both of the foregoing attributes are useful in creating single-photon sources and nonlinear devices.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an exploded view of a device according to an embodiment of the invention, comprising an exemplary nanoparticle 110 coupled to a waveguide 150 and a backreflector 130 .
- Nanoparticle 110 is able to emit a photon on demand, and thus can serve as a photon source.
- An exemplary nanoparticle 110 is a particle with dimensions smaller than the wavelength of light, that can be made to emit photons at a desired wavelength at which a device using an embodiment of the invention will operate.
- nanoparticle 110 is approximately 10-100 nm in diameter.
- the nanoparticle 110 must provide a single quantum system that can be addressed optically; or if there are multiple quantum systems, it must be possible to address them individually through frequency selection.
- the nanoparticle 110 is grown in a semiconductor substrate.
- Group IV, Group III-V, or Group II-VI semiconductor materials may be used.
- a typical material may comprise Si or GaAs.
- An exemplary nanoparticle 110 can be joined to either the backreflector 130 or to the waveguide 150 , or to both.
- the nanoparticle 110 can be placed or grown on the backreflector 130 , or can be placed or grown on the end of waveguide 150 .
- Illustrative examples of a suitable nanoparticle 110 include nanocrystals such as a diamond nanocrystal with nitrogen vacancy (NV) center, and a semiconductor nanocrystal.
- nanoparticle 110 can comprise an electrically driven or optically driven quantum dot. Quantum dots are capable of generating a single photon when excited by an electrical charge or an optical laser.
- Further examples of nanoparticle 110 include a self-assembled quantum dot placed or grown on the backreflector 130 or in a micropillar on the backreflector 130 .
- the waveguide 150 is photonic crystal fiber, which is capable of suppressing leaky modes.
- Photonic crystal fiber referred to as “holey” fiber, comprises a plurality of airhole passages 160 residing within the fiber.
- suitable photonic crystal fiber may be either solid or hollow core.
- the waveguide 150 can be a suitable hollow-core bandgap fiber capable of suppressing leaky modes, e.g., omniguide fiber.
- nanoparticle 110 can be positioned on an end of waveguide 150 , such as by growing or placing the nanoparticle 110 on the end of waveguide 150 , and the backreflector 130 (e.g., a distributed Bragg reflector) can be grown over the nanoparticle 110 and the end of waveguide 150 , thus forming a layer to seal the nanoparticle 110 to the end of waveguide 150 .
- the nanoparticle 110 may be, but need not be, perfectly centered on the end of waveguide 150 .
- nanoparticle 110 may be coupled to an airhole passage 160 , such as at an inner edge of the central airhole passage 160 .
- nanoparticle 110 is fully outside of airhole passage 160 ; in other embodiments, nanoparticle 110 may enter airhole passage 160 .
- Backreflector 130 is configured to reflect photons toward the waveguide 150 .
- An exemplary backreflector 130 comprises a Bragg reflector (e.g., a distributed Bragg reflector). Bragg reflectors are known within the art and are used in applications that require high reflectivity.
- backreflector 130 is a frequency-selective mirror.
- backreflector 130 comprises a metallic reflector, e.g., a metallic film.
- the waveguide 150 , nanoparticle 110 , and backreflector 130 may in some embodiments be secured in place; for example, using known techniques, such as using an adhesive.
- the backreflector 130 in some embodiments, can be mechanically coupled to the end of waveguide 150 , e.g., using glue or epoxy having a suitably low refractive index.
- the nanoparticle 110 can be triggered to emit a photon; for example, through pulsed optical excitation, in which the nanoparticle 110 is optically pumped using a pulse with an excitation wavelength that is shorter than the emission wavelength of the nanoparticle 110 .
- the excitation pulse can enter through the backreflector 130 if the backreflector 130 is partially transparent at the excitation wavelength; for example, as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 .
- the excitation pulse can enter through the side of the waveguide 150 , or directly through the guided mode of the waveguide 150 (e.g., from a second end of the waveguide 150 that is distal to nanoparticle 110 ).
- the excitation wavelength is different from the spontaneous emission wavelength of the nanoparticle 110 , spectral filtering can be applied later to separate the resulting emitted photon from the backreflected or scattered excitation pulse.
- excitation pulses can be timed or gated to distinguish the resulting emitted photon from the backreflected or scattered excitation pulse.
- a device according to an embodiment of the invention can serve as a nonlinear device if one or more input pulses with appropriate temporal profiles are resonant with optical transitions of the nanoparticle 110 .
- the pulses then interact with each other through the nonlinearity provided by the nanoparticle 110 , allowing for switching or entanglement in the reflected pulses.
- nanoparticle 110 can be grown in a substrate 200 .
- Nanoparticle 110 is positioned such that it aligns with or extends into an airhole passage 160 of the waveguide 150 , such as the central airhole passage 160 .
- the airhole passages 160 extend through the waveguide 150 , from a hole at the end of the waveguide 150 coupled to nanoparticle 110 to a corresponding hole at the opposite end of the waveguide 150 ; however, for clarity of illustration, the intervening portions of airhole passages 160 are not depicted in FIG. 2 .
- the waveguide 150 can be precisely positioned on the surface of a substrate 200 .
- the nanoparticle 110 is grown within a substrate 200 such as silicon.
- An indexing hole 140 into which the waveguide 150 can be positioned, is etched in the substrate 200 surrounding the nanoparticle 110 .
- the waveguide 150 may be secured in place; for example, by using known techniques, such as using an adhesive.
- backreflector 130 is placed or grown beneath the indexing hole 140 .
- backreflector 130 can comprise a Bragg reflector at the bottom of the indexing hole 140 .
- backreflector 130 can be positioned on a lower side 201 of substrate 200 , opposite the end of waveguide 150 .
- the waveguide 150 is positioned within the indexing hole 140 such that the nanoparticle 110 extends into a selected airhole passage 160 contained within the waveguide 150 .
- the nanoparticle 110 can be precisely positioned relative to the waveguide 150 .
- the coupling efficiency can be improved by means of mode-matching between the dipole radiation of the nanoparticle 110 and the guided mode of the waveguide 150 , coupled with the fact that photonic crystal fiber typically has a larger numerical aperture than conventional single mode fiber, such as is commonly used in the telecommunications industry (e.g., single mode fiber typically has a numerical aperture ranging from approximately 0.2-0.5 while photonic crystal fiber typically has a numerical aperture ranging from approximately 0.7-0.9).
- the direct coupling process may be improved by using a configuration as shown in FIG. 3 .
- a nanoparticle 110 may be embedded into a substrate 300 that comprises a two dimensional photonic crystal 302 .
- Two dimensional photonic crystals can provide Bragg reflections and large index dispersion in a two dimensional plane. At each interface within the crystal, light is partly reflected and partly transmitted.
- a pattern of holes 309 may be etched into the two dimensional photonic crystal, which may be used for aligning the waveguide 150 in a precise mechanical position relative to the nanoparticle 110 .
- Backreflector 130 is placed or grown beneath one or more of the holes 309 .
- backreflector 130 can comprise a Bragg reflector at the bottom of a hole 309 that contains nanoparticle 110 .
- backreflector 130 can be positioned on a lower side 311 of substrate 300 , opposite the end of waveguide 150 .
- a waveguide 150 can be positioned in close proximity (e.g., less than one micron) to the nanoparticle 110 to capture a generated photon.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an exploded view of a device comprising an exemplary nanoparticle 110 , waveguide 150 and backreflector 130 coupled to a single-mode optical fiber 410 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- a single-mode optical fiber 410 of arbitrary length is coupled to a photon source (not shown) at a source end 411 . Photons are transmitted through fiber 410 from the source end 411 to a destination end 412 .
- the fiber 410 can be crafted to approximately mode-match the mode of the waveguide 150 .
- the fiber 410 may in some embodiments be coupled (e.g., joined or spliced) to backreflector 130 and waveguide 150 ; for example, by using known techniques, such as using an adhesive.
- Backreflector 130 is configured to reflect photons into waveguide 150 , and is at least partially transparent at an excitation wavelength, so that photons can be transmitted at the excitation wavelength from the destination end 412 of fiber 410 to the nanoparticle 110 .
- the nanoparticle 110 can be optically pumped by transmitting a pulse through the fiber 410 to the nanoparticle 110 with an excitation wavelength that is shorter than the emission wavelength of the nanoparticle 110 .
- the backreflector 130 is a frequency-selective mirror. In other embodiments, backreflector 130 comprises a metallic reflector.
- a metallic backreflector 130 may be less than one percent (1%) transparent at the excitation frequency, but a sufficiently strong pulse can be provided through fiber 410 that the portion of the pulse that passes through the metallic backreflector 130 is sufficient to excite the nanoparticle 110 .
- FIG. 5 illustrates an exploded view of a device comprising an exemplary nanoparticle 110 , waveguide 150 and backreflector 130 optically coupled to a lens 520 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- the lens 520 is configured to focus an optical beam 510 on the nanoparticle 110 .
- the lens 520 in some embodiments, can be mounted in an objective (not shown).
- the lens 520 can be part of an optical train or system that includes multiple lenses, mirrors, and the like for directing and focusing the beam 510 on the nanoparticle 110 .
- Backreflector 130 is configured to reflect photons into waveguide 150 , and is at least partially transparent at an excitation wavelength, so that photons of the optical beam 510 can be transmitted at the excitation wavelength through the backreflector 130 to the nanoparticle 110 .
- the nanoparticle 110 can be optically pumped by transmitting a pulse through the lens 520 to the nanoparticle 110 with an excitation wavelength that is shorter than the emission wavelength of the nanoparticle 110 .
- the backreflector 130 is a frequency-selective mirror. In other embodiments, backreflector 130 comprises a metallic reflector.
- a metallic backreflector 130 may be less than one percent (1%) transparent at the excitation frequency, but a sufficiently strong pulse can be transmitted through lens 520 that the portion of the pulse that passes through the metallic backreflector 130 is sufficient to excite the nanoparticle 110 .
- either the fiber 410 shown in FIG. 4 or the lens 520 shown in FIG. 5 may be positioned on the side of the backreflector 130 shown in FIGS. 1-3 that is opposite the nanoparticle 110 .
- the lens 520 shown in FIG. 5 may be used to direct optical beam 510 onto the nanoparticle 110 shown in FIGS. 1-3 from a position, such as a side position, where the optical beam 510 does not pass through the backreflector 130 shown in FIGS. 1-3 .
Abstract
Description
- Nanotechnology and quantum information technology are emerging branches of science that involve the design of extremely small electronic and optical circuits that are built at the molecular level. Traditional opto-electronic circuits are fabricated using semiconductor wafers to form chips. Circuits are etched into the semiconductor wafers or chips. The etching process removes material from certain regions or layers of the chips. In contrast, nanotechnology generally deals with devices built upward by adding material, often a single atom at a time. This technique results in a device where every particle could have a purpose. Thus, extremely small devices, much smaller than devices formed by etching, are possible. For example, a logic gate could be constructed from only a few atoms. An electrical conductor can be built from a “nanowire” that is a single atom thick. A bit of data could be represented by the presence or absence of a single proton.
- Quantum information technology provides a new avenue for creating smaller and potentially more powerful computers. Scientific theories such as quantum superposition and quantum entanglement are now being used to explore the possibility of creating smaller, more powerful computing devices. The development in this field has led to the use of light particles, or photons, to convey information. Light can be polarized into various states (e.g., horizontally polarized, vertically polarized) and can also exist in various momentum and frequency states. Exploiting these properties allows a single photon to represent a single quantum bit of information.
- For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings one exemplary implementation; however, it is understood that this invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.
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FIG. 1 illustrates an exploded view of a device comprising an exemplary nanoparticle coupled to a waveguide and a backreflector in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of an exemplary nanoparticle coupled to a waveguide and a backreflector in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of an exemplary nanoparticle embedded in two-dimensional photonic crystal, coupled to a waveguide and a backreflector in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of an exploded view of a device comprising an exemplary nanoparticle, waveguide and backreflector coupled to a single-mode optical fiber in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing of an exploded view of a device comprising an exemplary nanoparticle, waveguide and backreflector coupled to a lens in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. - The use of quantum bits provides researchers with significant potential advancements in computing technology. The ability to understand and utilize the theories of photon superposition and entanglement to generate information is a new field around which there is significant interest. However, one important issue that surrounds potential use of photons as quantum bits is the need to generate a photon on demand at the location where it is desired. A second important issue is the ability to detect and capture the photons; that is, to efficiently collect light emitted from the photon source. Both of the foregoing attributes are useful in creating single-photon sources and nonlinear devices. Some exemplary devices and techniques for addressing these needs are described in copending and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/149,511, entitled “Fiber-Coupled Single Photon Source” (Attorney Docket No. 200406613-1), filed Jun. 10, 2005, the disclosure of which hereby is incorporated by reference herein.
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FIG. 1 illustrates an exploded view of a device according to an embodiment of the invention, comprising anexemplary nanoparticle 110 coupled to awaveguide 150 and abackreflector 130. Nanoparticle 110 is able to emit a photon on demand, and thus can serve as a photon source. - An
exemplary nanoparticle 110 is a particle with dimensions smaller than the wavelength of light, that can be made to emit photons at a desired wavelength at which a device using an embodiment of the invention will operate. Typically,nanoparticle 110 is approximately 10-100 nm in diameter. Generally, for ananoparticle 110 to be useful in a device according to an embodiment of the invention, thenanoparticle 110 must provide a single quantum system that can be addressed optically; or if there are multiple quantum systems, it must be possible to address them individually through frequency selection. - In some embodiments, the
nanoparticle 110 is grown in a semiconductor substrate. Group IV, Group III-V, or Group II-VI semiconductor materials may be used. A typical material may comprise Si or GaAs. - An
exemplary nanoparticle 110 can be joined to either thebackreflector 130 or to thewaveguide 150, or to both. For example, thenanoparticle 110 can be placed or grown on thebackreflector 130, or can be placed or grown on the end ofwaveguide 150. Illustrative examples of asuitable nanoparticle 110 include nanocrystals such as a diamond nanocrystal with nitrogen vacancy (NV) center, and a semiconductor nanocrystal. In a further embodiment,nanoparticle 110 can comprise an electrically driven or optically driven quantum dot. Quantum dots are capable of generating a single photon when excited by an electrical charge or an optical laser. Further examples ofnanoparticle 110 include a self-assembled quantum dot placed or grown on thebackreflector 130 or in a micropillar on thebackreflector 130. - In the illustrated embodiment, the
waveguide 150 is photonic crystal fiber, which is capable of suppressing leaky modes. Photonic crystal fiber, referred to as “holey” fiber, comprises a plurality ofairhole passages 160 residing within the fiber. Examples of suitable photonic crystal fiber may be either solid or hollow core. In other embodiments, thewaveguide 150 can be a suitable hollow-core bandgap fiber capable of suppressing leaky modes, e.g., omniguide fiber. - In one exemplary embodiment,
nanoparticle 110 can be positioned on an end ofwaveguide 150, such as by growing or placing thenanoparticle 110 on the end ofwaveguide 150, and the backreflector 130 (e.g., a distributed Bragg reflector) can be grown over thenanoparticle 110 and the end ofwaveguide 150, thus forming a layer to seal thenanoparticle 110 to the end ofwaveguide 150. In embodiments of the invention, thenanoparticle 110 may be, but need not be, perfectly centered on the end ofwaveguide 150. In some embodiments,nanoparticle 110 may be coupled to anairhole passage 160, such as at an inner edge of thecentral airhole passage 160. In some embodiments,nanoparticle 110 is fully outside ofairhole passage 160; in other embodiments,nanoparticle 110 may enterairhole passage 160. -
Backreflector 130 is configured to reflect photons toward thewaveguide 150. Anexemplary backreflector 130 comprises a Bragg reflector (e.g., a distributed Bragg reflector). Bragg reflectors are known within the art and are used in applications that require high reflectivity. In some embodiments,backreflector 130 is a frequency-selective mirror. In further embodiments,backreflector 130 comprises a metallic reflector, e.g., a metallic film. - To maintain alignment, the
waveguide 150,nanoparticle 110, andbackreflector 130 may in some embodiments be secured in place; for example, using known techniques, such as using an adhesive. Thebackreflector 130, in some embodiments, can be mechanically coupled to the end ofwaveguide 150, e.g., using glue or epoxy having a suitably low refractive index. - The
nanoparticle 110 can be triggered to emit a photon; for example, through pulsed optical excitation, in which thenanoparticle 110 is optically pumped using a pulse with an excitation wavelength that is shorter than the emission wavelength of thenanoparticle 110. In some exemplary embodiments, the excitation pulse can enter through thebackreflector 130 if thebackreflector 130 is partially transparent at the excitation wavelength; for example, as illustrated inFIGS. 4 and 5 . - In further embodiments, the excitation pulse can enter through the side of the
waveguide 150, or directly through the guided mode of the waveguide 150 (e.g., from a second end of thewaveguide 150 that is distal to nanoparticle 110). In some embodiments, if the excitation wavelength is different from the spontaneous emission wavelength of thenanoparticle 110, spectral filtering can be applied later to separate the resulting emitted photon from the backreflected or scattered excitation pulse. In further embodiments, excitation pulses can be timed or gated to distinguish the resulting emitted photon from the backreflected or scattered excitation pulse. - Alternatively, a device according to an embodiment of the invention can serve as a nonlinear device if one or more input pulses with appropriate temporal profiles are resonant with optical transitions of the
nanoparticle 110. The pulses then interact with each other through the nonlinearity provided by thenanoparticle 110, allowing for switching or entanglement in the reflected pulses. - Referring to
FIG. 2 , an alternative embodiment for enabling coupling of ananoparticle 110 to awaveguide 150 is shown. In some embodiments, thenanoparticle 110 can be grown in asubstrate 200.Nanoparticle 110 is positioned such that it aligns with or extends into anairhole passage 160 of thewaveguide 150, such as thecentral airhole passage 160. - The
airhole passages 160 extend through thewaveguide 150, from a hole at the end of thewaveguide 150 coupled tonanoparticle 110 to a corresponding hole at the opposite end of thewaveguide 150; however, for clarity of illustration, the intervening portions ofairhole passages 160 are not depicted inFIG. 2 . - Maintaining the desired mechanical positioning relationship between
nanoparticle 110 andwaveguide 150 can be difficult. To overcome this difficulty, thewaveguide 150 can be precisely positioned on the surface of asubstrate 200. In some embodiments, thenanoparticle 110 is grown within asubstrate 200 such as silicon. Anindexing hole 140, into which thewaveguide 150 can be positioned, is etched in thesubstrate 200 surrounding thenanoparticle 110. By accurately indexing thewaveguide 150 to the location of thenanoparticle 110, the mechanical positioning between thenanoparticle 110 and thewaveguide 150 can be better maintained and, as a result, the probability of capturing a generated photon is increased. To maintain the alignment, thewaveguide 150 may be secured in place; for example, by using known techniques, such as using an adhesive. - The
backreflector 130 is placed or grown beneath theindexing hole 140. For example,backreflector 130 can comprise a Bragg reflector at the bottom of theindexing hole 140. In some embodiments,backreflector 130 can be positioned on alower side 201 ofsubstrate 200, opposite the end ofwaveguide 150. - In the illustrated embodiment, the
waveguide 150 is positioned within theindexing hole 140 such that thenanoparticle 110 extends into a selectedairhole passage 160 contained within thewaveguide 150. Using this configuration, thenanoparticle 110 can be precisely positioned relative to thewaveguide 150. Additionally, the coupling efficiency can be improved by means of mode-matching between the dipole radiation of thenanoparticle 110 and the guided mode of thewaveguide 150, coupled with the fact that photonic crystal fiber typically has a larger numerical aperture than conventional single mode fiber, such as is commonly used in the telecommunications industry (e.g., single mode fiber typically has a numerical aperture ranging from approximately 0.2-0.5 while photonic crystal fiber typically has a numerical aperture ranging from approximately 0.7-0.9). - In some instances, the direct coupling process may be improved by using a configuration as shown in
FIG. 3 . Ananoparticle 110 may be embedded into asubstrate 300 that comprises a twodimensional photonic crystal 302. Two dimensional photonic crystals can provide Bragg reflections and large index dispersion in a two dimensional plane. At each interface within the crystal, light is partly reflected and partly transmitted. By using this property of photonic crystals, the photon emitted by thenanoparticle 110 can be better mode matched to the fundamental mode of awaveguide 150. A pattern ofholes 309 may be etched into the two dimensional photonic crystal, which may be used for aligning thewaveguide 150 in a precise mechanical position relative to thenanoparticle 110. -
Backreflector 130 is placed or grown beneath one or more of theholes 309. For example,backreflector 130 can comprise a Bragg reflector at the bottom of ahole 309 that containsnanoparticle 110. In some embodiments,backreflector 130 can be positioned on alower side 311 ofsubstrate 300, opposite the end ofwaveguide 150. - By embedding the
nanoparticle 110 in the twodimensional photonic crystal 302, radiation by thenanoparticle 110 into modes outside of thewaveguide 150 is suppressed. Further, by embedding thenanoparticle 110 into the two dimensionalphotonic crystal substrate 302, such as glass coated with a InGaAs or Si/SiO2 coating, radiation is prevented from emanating fromnanoparticle 110 in most directions. Awaveguide 150 can be positioned in close proximity (e.g., less than one micron) to thenanoparticle 110 to capture a generated photon. -
FIG. 4 illustrates an exploded view of a device comprising anexemplary nanoparticle 110,waveguide 150 andbackreflector 130 coupled to a single-modeoptical fiber 410 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. To provide optical pumping or optical excitation of thenanoparticle 110 in an embodiment of the invention, a single-modeoptical fiber 410 of arbitrary length is coupled to a photon source (not shown) at asource end 411. Photons are transmitted throughfiber 410 from the source end 411 to adestination end 412. Thefiber 410 can be crafted to approximately mode-match the mode of thewaveguide 150. Thefiber 410 may in some embodiments be coupled (e.g., joined or spliced) tobackreflector 130 andwaveguide 150; for example, by using known techniques, such as using an adhesive. -
Backreflector 130 is configured to reflect photons intowaveguide 150, and is at least partially transparent at an excitation wavelength, so that photons can be transmitted at the excitation wavelength from thedestination end 412 offiber 410 to thenanoparticle 110. In the illustrated embodiment, thenanoparticle 110 can be optically pumped by transmitting a pulse through thefiber 410 to thenanoparticle 110 with an excitation wavelength that is shorter than the emission wavelength of thenanoparticle 110. In some embodiments, thebackreflector 130 is a frequency-selective mirror. In other embodiments,backreflector 130 comprises a metallic reflector. In an illustrative example, ametallic backreflector 130 may be less than one percent (1%) transparent at the excitation frequency, but a sufficiently strong pulse can be provided throughfiber 410 that the portion of the pulse that passes through themetallic backreflector 130 is sufficient to excite thenanoparticle 110. -
FIG. 5 illustrates an exploded view of a device comprising anexemplary nanoparticle 110,waveguide 150 andbackreflector 130 optically coupled to alens 520 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. To provide optical pumping or optical excitation of thenanoparticle 110 in an embodiment of the invention, thelens 520 is configured to focus anoptical beam 510 on thenanoparticle 110. Thelens 520, in some embodiments, can be mounted in an objective (not shown). In further embodiments, thelens 520 can be part of an optical train or system that includes multiple lenses, mirrors, and the like for directing and focusing thebeam 510 on thenanoparticle 110. -
Backreflector 130 is configured to reflect photons intowaveguide 150, and is at least partially transparent at an excitation wavelength, so that photons of theoptical beam 510 can be transmitted at the excitation wavelength through thebackreflector 130 to thenanoparticle 110. In the illustrated embodiment, thenanoparticle 110 can be optically pumped by transmitting a pulse through thelens 520 to thenanoparticle 110 with an excitation wavelength that is shorter than the emission wavelength of thenanoparticle 110. In some embodiments, thebackreflector 130 is a frequency-selective mirror. In other embodiments,backreflector 130 comprises a metallic reflector. In an illustrative example, ametallic backreflector 130 may be less than one percent (1%) transparent at the excitation frequency, but a sufficiently strong pulse can be transmitted throughlens 520 that the portion of the pulse that passes through themetallic backreflector 130 is sufficient to excite thenanoparticle 110. - Although several embodiments have been described, features from different embodiments may be combined. For example, either the
fiber 410 shown inFIG. 4 or thelens 520 shown inFIG. 5 may be positioned on the side of thebackreflector 130 shown inFIGS. 1-3 that is opposite thenanoparticle 110. For example, thelens 520 shown inFIG. 5 may be used to directoptical beam 510 onto thenanoparticle 110 shown inFIGS. 1-3 from a position, such as a side position, where theoptical beam 510 does not pass through thebackreflector 130 shown inFIGS. 1-3 . A variety of modifications to the embodiments described will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure provided herein. Thus, the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof and, accordingly, reference should be made to the appended claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (4)
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EP07777226A EP2022145A2 (en) | 2006-05-31 | 2007-05-22 | Nanoparticle coupled to waveguide |
PCT/US2007/012242 WO2007142826A2 (en) | 2006-05-31 | 2007-05-22 | Nanoparticle coupled to waveguide |
JP2009513177A JP4871994B2 (en) | 2006-05-31 | 2007-05-22 | Nanoparticles coupled to a waveguide |
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US11/444,222 US7546013B1 (en) | 2006-05-31 | 2006-05-31 | Nanoparticle coupled to waveguide |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2007142826A2 (en) | 2007-12-13 |
JP2009539140A (en) | 2009-11-12 |
JP4871994B2 (en) | 2012-02-08 |
US7546013B1 (en) | 2009-06-09 |
EP2022145A2 (en) | 2009-02-11 |
WO2007142826A3 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
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