US20080165912A1 - Clad tube for nuclear fuel - Google Patents
Clad tube for nuclear fuel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080165912A1 US20080165912A1 US10/730,612 US73061203A US2008165912A1 US 20080165912 A1 US20080165912 A1 US 20080165912A1 US 73061203 A US73061203 A US 73061203A US 2008165912 A1 US2008165912 A1 US 2008165912A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- rhenium
- mandrel
- tube
- anode
- niobium alloy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/02—Fuel elements
- G21C3/04—Constructional details
- G21C3/06—Casings; Jackets
- G21C3/07—Casings; Jackets characterised by their material, e.g. alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D1/00—Electroforming
- C25D1/02—Tubes; Rings; Hollow bodies
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D1/00—Electroforming
- C25D1/20—Separation of the formed objects from the electrodes with no destruction of said electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/54—Electroplating of non-metallic surfaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
- Y10T428/12819—Group VB metal-base component
Definitions
- the invention is generally related to nuclear fuel rods and more particularly to a clad tube with a rhenium liner that is produced by an electro deposit process.
- uranium nitride nuclear fuel Numerous materials have been investigated for use as cladding for uranium nitride nuclear fuel. Near the end of the SP-100 space nuclear reactor program clad development was focused on a fuel pin design having a Nb (niobium)-1% Zr (zirconium) outer shell with a rhenium liner. The purpose of this design was two-fold. First was that the 1% Zr would be reduced by the free contaminant oxygen found in the niobium alloy. Second was that the rhenium also provided a boost in creep strength over an unlined Nb-1% Zr tube. The outer niobium alloy was generally a powder metallurgy fabricated tube that typically had trace ( ⁇ 1,000 ppm) impurities of oxygen.
- any free oxygen was scavenged from the clad by the lithium. This led to pitting in the pure niobium material and, ultimately, to clad/fuel failure. It was found that by adding 1% Zr to the niobium, the zirconium would “tie up” the free oxygen such that the lithium could not getter it from the clad and, hence, not form pits in the clad.
- the inner rhenium liner protects the niobium alloy from chemical attach by the uranium nitride fuel.
- the method of manufacture of the tubes during the SP-100 program was not direct and required subsequent forming to achieve a finished product.
- the basic process was a complicated forming of powder metallurgy rhenium sheet, followed by a multi-step rolling operation to form the rhenium into a tube shape.
- the tube seam was then EB (electron beam) welded along its length to form a closed tube.
- the rhenium tube was then slid into a close tolerance fit niobium tube and a specially developed braze/weld performed to join the rhenium and niobium. This resulting clad was then loaded with fuel and seal welded.
- a rhenium lined niobium alloy tube for use as a clad tube for nuclear fuel in a nuclear reactor.
- the tube is produced by an electro deposit process.
- a graphite mandrel is placed in the electro deposit chamber as the cathode material.
- Refined rhenium stock is used as the anode material.
- the chamber is filled with the chloride electrolyte.
- the chamber is closed and the electrolyte bath is heated.
- Current and voltage applied across the anode and cathode cause the rhenium to be deposited on the mandrel.
- Refined niobium alloy is then used as the anode material and applied over the rhenium on the mandrel to a desired thickness.
- the part is removed from the chamber and ground to the desired outside diameter.
- the graphite mandrel is removed from the tube.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal, partial section view of the tube.
- FIG. 2 is a longitudinal view of the graphite mandrel.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of the electro-deposit process depositing metal on the graphite mandrel.
- FIG. 4 is a longitudinal view of the graphite mandrel with the first layer of metal deposited.
- FIG. 5 is a longitudinal, partial section view of the graphite mandrel with first layer of metal deposited to a known thickness.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic depiction of the electro-deposit process depositing a second layer of metal (niobium alloy) on top of the first layer (rhenium) of metal.
- FIG. 7 is a longitudinal, partial view of the graphite mandrel with two layers of metal deposited.
- FIG. 8 is a longitudinal view of the graphite mandrel, rhenium layer, and niobium alloy layer following machining of the niobium alloy layer to final outside diameter and prior to removal of the graphite mandrel.
- FIG. 9 is a longitudinal view of the finished bilayer tube following removal of the graphite mandrel.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a clad tube formed by the process described below.
- the tube 10 is generally comprised of an inner liner of rhenium 12 and outer layer of niobium alloy 14 .
- the process of forming the tube is comprised of several steps.
- a graphite mandrel 16 seen in FIG. 2 , that has been machined to the desired final geometry of the inner diameter of the tube 10 is placed in an electro deposit chamber 18 as the cathode material as illustrated in FIG. 3 .
- Rhenium stock 20 is placed in the electro deposit chamber 18 as the anode material. It is preferable to use refined rhenium.
- the chloride electrolyte 22 is placed in the electro deposit chamber 18 .
- the chamber 18 is sealed and heating elements 24 are used to heat the electrolyte 22 to a desired temperature at less than 800 degrees Celsius.
- the electrolyte is a non-toxic molten salt mixture.
- Current and voltage are applied from a power source 26 to the mandrel cathode 16 and the rhenium stock anode 20 . This causes the release of rhenium into the electrolyte 22 and the deposition of rhenium on the mandrel cathode 16 .
- the current and voltage is applied until a desired thickness of rhenium is deposited on the mandrel to form the inner liner 12 of rhenium for the clad tube.
- the mandrel 16 with the rhenium deposited thereon is best seen in FIGS. 4 and 5 .
- the electrolyte solution 22 is allowed to cool and the mandrel 16 is removed from the electro deposit chamber 18 .
- the rhenium stock anode 20 is replaced with a niobium alloy stock anode 28 .
- the electrolyte solution 22 is heated to a desired temperature at less than 800 degrees Celsius.
- Current and voltage are applied to the mandrel cathode 16 and niobium alloy stock anode 28 . As above, this causes the release of niobium alloy into the electrolyte and the deposition of the niobium alloy on the rhenium that was previously deposited on the mandrel 16 .
- the deposition process is continued until a desired thickness of the niobium alloy is deposited on the rhenium liner 12 .
- the mandrel 16 with the niobium alloy deposited thereon is best seen in FIGS. 1 , 7 , and 8 . If it is desired to have the open end of the tube 10 be solid niobium as seen in FIGS. 1 , 7 , and 8 the mandrel 16 is lowered into the electrolyte 22 below the level of the rhenium deposited on the mandrel 16 before beginning the process to deposit the niobium.
- the mandrel 16 may be rotated during the electro deposit process to assist in uniform deposition.
- the current and voltage is shut off after the desired layer of niobium alloy is achieved and the chloride electrolyte is allowed to cool.
- the mandrel 16 is removed from the chamber and the niobium alloy is ground to the final outside diameter. As seen in FIG. 9 , the formed tube 10 is then removed from the graphite mandrel 16 by a combination of machining and etching to yield a close tolerance tube 10 .
- An advantage of using this electroforming process to form the clad tube 10 is that it allows the formation of multi-layer products using materials that are not normally suitable for welding together. The process results in an atomic level bonded interface between the differing metal alloys. Another advantage is that the electroforming process is less expensive, faster, and more uniform than the method employed during the SP-100 program. The tubes are more uniform than those produced during the SP-100 program because subsequent forming is not required to achieve the finished product.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Metal Extraction Processes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The invention is generally related to nuclear fuel rods and more particularly to a clad tube with a rhenium liner that is produced by an electro deposit process.
- 2. General Background
- Numerous materials have been investigated for use as cladding for uranium nitride nuclear fuel. Near the end of the SP-100 space nuclear reactor program clad development was focused on a fuel pin design having a Nb (niobium)-1% Zr (zirconium) outer shell with a rhenium liner. The purpose of this design was two-fold. First was that the 1% Zr would be reduced by the free contaminant oxygen found in the niobium alloy. Second was that the rhenium also provided a boost in creep strength over an unlined Nb-1% Zr tube. The outer niobium alloy was generally a powder metallurgy fabricated tube that typically had trace (˜1,000 ppm) impurities of oxygen. Since lithium was to be the reactor coolant, any free oxygen was scavenged from the clad by the lithium. This led to pitting in the pure niobium material and, ultimately, to clad/fuel failure. It was found that by adding 1% Zr to the niobium, the zirconium would “tie up” the free oxygen such that the lithium could not getter it from the clad and, hence, not form pits in the clad. The inner rhenium liner protects the niobium alloy from chemical attach by the uranium nitride fuel.
- The method of manufacture of the tubes during the SP-100 program was not direct and required subsequent forming to achieve a finished product. The basic process was a complicated forming of powder metallurgy rhenium sheet, followed by a multi-step rolling operation to form the rhenium into a tube shape. The tube seam was then EB (electron beam) welded along its length to form a closed tube. The rhenium tube was then slid into a close tolerance fit niobium tube and a specially developed braze/weld performed to join the rhenium and niobium. This resulting clad was then loaded with fuel and seal welded.
- The invention addresses the above problems. What is provided is a rhenium lined niobium alloy tube for use as a clad tube for nuclear fuel in a nuclear reactor. The tube is produced by an electro deposit process. A graphite mandrel is placed in the electro deposit chamber as the cathode material. Refined rhenium stock is used as the anode material. The chamber is filled with the chloride electrolyte. The chamber is closed and the electrolyte bath is heated. Current and voltage applied across the anode and cathode cause the rhenium to be deposited on the mandrel. Refined niobium alloy is then used as the anode material and applied over the rhenium on the mandrel to a desired thickness. The part is removed from the chamber and ground to the desired outside diameter. The graphite mandrel is removed from the tube.
- For a further understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention reference should be made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which like parts are given like reference numerals, and wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal, partial section view of the tube. -
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal view of the graphite mandrel. -
FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of the electro-deposit process depositing metal on the graphite mandrel. -
FIG. 4 is a longitudinal view of the graphite mandrel with the first layer of metal deposited. -
FIG. 5 is a longitudinal, partial section view of the graphite mandrel with first layer of metal deposited to a known thickness. -
FIG. 6 is a schematic depiction of the electro-deposit process depositing a second layer of metal (niobium alloy) on top of the first layer (rhenium) of metal. -
FIG. 7 is a longitudinal, partial view of the graphite mandrel with two layers of metal deposited. -
FIG. 8 is a longitudinal view of the graphite mandrel, rhenium layer, and niobium alloy layer following machining of the niobium alloy layer to final outside diameter and prior to removal of the graphite mandrel. -
FIG. 9 is a longitudinal view of the finished bilayer tube following removal of the graphite mandrel. - Referring to the drawings,
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a clad tube formed by the process described below. Thetube 10 is generally comprised of an inner liner ofrhenium 12 and outer layer ofniobium alloy 14. - The process of forming the tube is comprised of several steps.
- A
graphite mandrel 16, seen inFIG. 2 , that has been machined to the desired final geometry of the inner diameter of thetube 10 is placed in anelectro deposit chamber 18 as the cathode material as illustrated inFIG. 3 . - Rhenium
stock 20 is placed in theelectro deposit chamber 18 as the anode material. It is preferable to use refined rhenium. Thechloride electrolyte 22 is placed in theelectro deposit chamber 18. Thechamber 18 is sealed andheating elements 24 are used to heat theelectrolyte 22 to a desired temperature at less than 800 degrees Celsius. The electrolyte is a non-toxic molten salt mixture. Current and voltage are applied from apower source 26 to themandrel cathode 16 and therhenium stock anode 20. This causes the release of rhenium into theelectrolyte 22 and the deposition of rhenium on themandrel cathode 16. The current and voltage is applied until a desired thickness of rhenium is deposited on the mandrel to form theinner liner 12 of rhenium for the clad tube. Themandrel 16 with the rhenium deposited thereon is best seen inFIGS. 4 and 5 . - The
electrolyte solution 22 is allowed to cool and themandrel 16 is removed from theelectro deposit chamber 18. As seen inFIG. 6 , therhenium stock anode 20 is replaced with a niobiumalloy stock anode 28. Theelectrolyte solution 22 is heated to a desired temperature at less than 800 degrees Celsius. Current and voltage are applied to themandrel cathode 16 and niobiumalloy stock anode 28. As above, this causes the release of niobium alloy into the electrolyte and the deposition of the niobium alloy on the rhenium that was previously deposited on themandrel 16. The deposition process is continued until a desired thickness of the niobium alloy is deposited on therhenium liner 12. Themandrel 16 with the niobium alloy deposited thereon is best seen inFIGS. 1 , 7, and 8. If it is desired to have the open end of thetube 10 be solid niobium as seen inFIGS. 1 , 7, and 8 themandrel 16 is lowered into theelectrolyte 22 below the level of the rhenium deposited on themandrel 16 before beginning the process to deposit the niobium. - The
mandrel 16 may be rotated during the electro deposit process to assist in uniform deposition. - The current and voltage is shut off after the desired layer of niobium alloy is achieved and the chloride electrolyte is allowed to cool. The
mandrel 16 is removed from the chamber and the niobium alloy is ground to the final outside diameter. As seen inFIG. 9 , the formedtube 10 is then removed from thegraphite mandrel 16 by a combination of machining and etching to yield aclose tolerance tube 10. - An advantage of using this electroforming process to form the clad
tube 10 is that it allows the formation of multi-layer products using materials that are not normally suitable for welding together. The process results in an atomic level bonded interface between the differing metal alloys. Another advantage is that the electroforming process is less expensive, faster, and more uniform than the method employed during the SP-100 program. The tubes are more uniform than those produced during the SP-100 program because subsequent forming is not required to achieve the finished product. - Because many varying and differing embodiments may be made within the scope of the inventive concept herein taught and because many modifications may be made in the embodiment herein detailed in accordance with the descriptive requirement of the law, it is to be understood that the details herein are to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (1)
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US10/730,612 US7400697B1 (en) | 2003-12-08 | 2003-12-08 | Clad tube for nuclear fuel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US10/730,612 US7400697B1 (en) | 2003-12-08 | 2003-12-08 | Clad tube for nuclear fuel |
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US20080165912A1 true US20080165912A1 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
US7400697B1 US7400697B1 (en) | 2008-07-15 |
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US10/730,612 Active 2026-07-27 US7400697B1 (en) | 2003-12-08 | 2003-12-08 | Clad tube for nuclear fuel |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20050165436A1 (en) * | 2003-12-25 | 2005-07-28 | Nidek Co., Ltd. | Vitreous body cutter, vitreous body surgical equipment using the cutter, and method for manufacturing vitreous body cutter |
Families Citing this family (5)
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EP2428963A4 (en) * | 2009-05-04 | 2016-03-30 | Postech Acad Ind Found | Method for forming fine protrusions on cladding surface of nuclear fuel rod containing zirconium |
US9786391B2 (en) | 2015-02-19 | 2017-10-10 | X-Energy, Llc | Nuclear fuel pebble and method of manufacturing the same |
US10522255B2 (en) | 2015-02-19 | 2019-12-31 | X-Energy, Llc | Nuclear fuel pebble and method of manufacturing the same |
WO2023049690A1 (en) | 2021-09-21 | 2023-03-30 | Abilene Christian University | Stabilizing face ring joint flange and assembly thereof |
US12012827B1 (en) | 2023-09-11 | 2024-06-18 | Natura Resources LLC | Nuclear reactor integrated oil and gas production systems and methods of operation |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3024522A (en) * | 1959-07-24 | 1962-03-13 | Gen Electric | Rhenium bonded composite material and method |
US3330974A (en) * | 1964-02-03 | 1967-07-11 | Gen Electric | Power generation apparatus |
US5824425A (en) * | 1996-05-29 | 1998-10-20 | Allied Signal Inc | Method for joining rhenium to niobium |
US5928799A (en) * | 1995-06-14 | 1999-07-27 | Ultramet | High temperature, high pressure, erosion and corrosion resistant composite structure |
US6381949B1 (en) * | 1997-08-29 | 2002-05-07 | Kurt B. Kreiner | Rocket engine having a transition attachment between a combustion chamber and an injector |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5928958B2 (en) * | 1975-07-01 | 1984-07-17 | シンクウヤキン カブシキガイシヤ | High-temperature structures and high-temperature heating elements made of Ta, Nb and alloys of these metals |
-
2003
- 2003-12-08 US US10/730,612 patent/US7400697B1/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3024522A (en) * | 1959-07-24 | 1962-03-13 | Gen Electric | Rhenium bonded composite material and method |
US3330974A (en) * | 1964-02-03 | 1967-07-11 | Gen Electric | Power generation apparatus |
US5928799A (en) * | 1995-06-14 | 1999-07-27 | Ultramet | High temperature, high pressure, erosion and corrosion resistant composite structure |
US5824425A (en) * | 1996-05-29 | 1998-10-20 | Allied Signal Inc | Method for joining rhenium to niobium |
US6381949B1 (en) * | 1997-08-29 | 2002-05-07 | Kurt B. Kreiner | Rocket engine having a transition attachment between a combustion chamber and an injector |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20050165436A1 (en) * | 2003-12-25 | 2005-07-28 | Nidek Co., Ltd. | Vitreous body cutter, vitreous body surgical equipment using the cutter, and method for manufacturing vitreous body cutter |
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US7400697B1 (en) | 2008-07-15 |
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