US20050224310A1 - Method for optimizing groove structure of friction plate of wet type friction engagement apparatus - Google Patents
Method for optimizing groove structure of friction plate of wet type friction engagement apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- US20050224310A1 US20050224310A1 US11/062,107 US6210705A US2005224310A1 US 20050224310 A1 US20050224310 A1 US 20050224310A1 US 6210705 A US6210705 A US 6210705A US 2005224310 A1 US2005224310 A1 US 2005224310A1
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- outgoing flow
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 26
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005206 flow analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D65/00—Parts or details
- F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
- F16D65/12—Discs; Drums for disc brakes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D13/00—Friction clutches
- F16D13/58—Details
- F16D13/60—Clutching elements
- F16D13/64—Clutch-plates; Clutch-lamellae
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D13/00—Friction clutches
- F16D13/58—Details
- F16D13/60—Clutching elements
- F16D13/64—Clutch-plates; Clutch-lamellae
- F16D13/648—Clutch-plates; Clutch-lamellae for clutches with multiple lamellae
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D13/00—Friction clutches
- F16D13/58—Details
- F16D13/74—Features relating to lubrication
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D25/00—Fluid-actuated clutches
- F16D25/12—Details not specific to one of the before-mentioned types
- F16D25/123—Details not specific to one of the before-mentioned types in view of cooling and lubrication
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
- F16D2069/004—Profiled friction surfaces, e.g. grooves, dimples
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D25/00—Fluid-actuated clutches
- F16D25/06—Fluid-actuated clutches in which the fluid actuates a piston incorporated in, i.e. rotating with the clutch
- F16D25/062—Fluid-actuated clutches in which the fluid actuates a piston incorporated in, i.e. rotating with the clutch the clutch having friction surfaces
- F16D25/063—Fluid-actuated clutches in which the fluid actuates a piston incorporated in, i.e. rotating with the clutch the clutch having friction surfaces with clutch members exclusively moving axially
- F16D25/0635—Fluid-actuated clutches in which the fluid actuates a piston incorporated in, i.e. rotating with the clutch the clutch having friction surfaces with clutch members exclusively moving axially with flat friction surfaces, e.g. discs
- F16D25/0638—Fluid-actuated clutches in which the fluid actuates a piston incorporated in, i.e. rotating with the clutch the clutch having friction surfaces with clutch members exclusively moving axially with flat friction surfaces, e.g. discs with more than two discs, e.g. multiple lamellae
Definitions
- the present invention belongs to the technical field of a groove structure of a clutch of a wet-type friction engagement apparatus or a wet-type friction brake etc., used in a transmission for motor vehicles or in a transmission for industrial or construction machines.
- a multiple disk friction engagement apparatus 20 conventionally comprises a hydraulic-actuated piston 21 , and a plurality of wet-type friction plates 22 and mating plates 23 arranged alternately so as to be engaged with each other by the piston 21 .
- the wet-type friction disk 22 comprises a core plate 24 and friction members 25 , 25 fixedly attached on both sides of the core plate 24 .
- a plurality of grooves 30 are radially formed (e. g., Unexamined Patent Publication No. 53674/1997).
- These grooves are for draining lubricating oil supplied for cooling, and when the wet-type friction disks with the friction members 25 fixedly attached thereon are rotated relative to the mating plates in the non-engaging state of the wet-type friction disk, the lubricating oil supplied from the center is dragged and drained towards the outer circumference.
- torque is not transmitted between the wet-type friction disk 22 and the mating plate 23 when they are in non-engaging state.
- torque is transmitted to some degree from the wet-type friction disk 22 to the mating plate 23 , or from the mating plate 23 to the wet-type friction disk 22 .
- Such torque is called a drag torque, and this may cause a loss of motive power in an automatic transmission.
- This drag torque is caused by shear resistance of lubricating oil. It is known that shear resistance decreases in case lubricating oil on the friction side contains much air, but on the other hand, shear resistance increases when lubricating oil on the friction side contains little air. In addition, air content in lubricating oil on the friction surface can be increased by increasing outgoing flow of lubricating oil. Therefore, in order to reduce drag torque of the wet-type friction disk 22 and the mating plate 23 , which are rotated relatively, it is effective to increase outgoing flow of lubricating oil on the friction surface, increase the content of air in lubricating oil, and thus to reduce shear resistance of lubricating oil.
- the object of the present invention is to provide an optimizing method for a groove structure of a wet-type friction engaging element, which can reduce drag torque by increasing outgoing flow of lubricating oil on the friction surface, and by increasing the content of air in the lubricating oil.
- This invention solved the above-mentioned problems by providing an optimizing method for a groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element, specifically for a groove structure comprising a sectoral inner section widening inwardly formed on the surface of the friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element, wherein the outgoing flow per groove area is calculated based on the entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ of the inner section and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section; and then a range for said entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ of the inner section and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section where said outgoing flow per groove area is at least a certain value is determined.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing a relation between the number of rotations of a wet-type friction disk, maximum outgoing flow of lubricating oil and drag torque, where supply flow of lubricating oil is constant.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory representation of the camputation method of flow.
- FIG. 4 is an diagram showing the shape of a groove and the rate of groove area, when entrance angle (opening angle) of the inner section and the ratio of the full length of a groove to the length of the inner section are variously changed.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing outgoing flow of the friction member with inner diameter of 140 mm and outer diameter of 160 mm, in case the entrance angle (opening angle) and the ratio of the full length of a groove to the length of the inner section are variously changed.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing outgoing flow of the friction member with inner diameter of 178 mm and outer diameter of 200 mm, in case the entrance angle (opening angle) of the inner section and the ratio of the full length of a groove to the length of the inner section are variously changed.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing outgoing flow of the friction member with inner diameter of 78 mm and outer diameter of 100 mm, in case the entrance angle (opening angle) of the inner section and the ratio of the full length of a groove to the length of the inner section are variously changed.
- FIG. 8 is a graph combining the results from the calculations of FIGS. 5-7 .
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing drag torque of an example and a comparative example, with varied rotation numbers.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a multiple-disk friction engagement apparatus.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing a conventional groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element.
- An optimizing method for a groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element is an optimizing method specifically for a groove structure comprising grooves 10 having a sectoral inner section 12 widening inwardly formed on the surface of the friction disk of the wet-type friction engaging element; wherein the outgoing flow per groove area is calculated based on the entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ of the inner section and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section; and then a range for said entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ of the inner section and said ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section where said outgoing flow per groove area is at least a certain value is determined.
- a groove 10 on the outer circumferential side is slightly widening by an angle of 5 degrees in FIG. 1 , its shape is not limited to this, and the sides of the groove 10 on the outer circumferential side may be in parallel as of the prior art.
- the outgoing flow increases in case the widening angle on the outer circumferential side is large; however, this is not preferable since an area occupied by the friction member is reduced simultaneously.
- the widening angle on the outer circumferential side is appropriately determined in the range above 0 degree to the maximum angle where the required area of the friction member can be secured.
- FIG. 2 shows a relation between the number of rotations a supply wet-type friction disk, maximum outgoing flow of lubricating oil and drag torque, where the outgoing flow of lubricating oil is constant.
- the maximum outgoing flow of lubricating oil means the maximum outgoing flow of the disk, which is obtained from the theoretically-calculated value of the outgoing flow, which is not influenced by the actual supply flow.
- drag torque reaches its maximum when the supply flow and maximum outgoing flow are equal.
- the present invention can obtain an ideal groove structure of the friction member by calculating outgoing flow per groove based on the entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ of the inner section and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section; and then determining a range for said entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ of the inner section and said ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section where the outgoing flow per groove area is at least a certain value.
- the groove structure which can increase outgoing flow of lubricating oil on the friction surface without losing heat resistance property, increase the content of air in lubricating oil, and reduce drag torque, can be easily obtained.
- a model was set to be one segment applying periodical boundary and comprising a groove.
- Lubricating oil for analysis was assumed to be in a steady state.
- Analytic region was divided into a stationary region and a rotation region, wherein the section comprising a groove was a rotation region, and the mating flat section was a stationary region.
- a finite volume method was used for discretization method; and k- ⁇ model was used for a turbulent flow model.
- the horizontal axis is the entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ of the inner section 12 ;
- the vertical axis is the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove 10 to the length h of the inner section 12 ; and the outgoing flow per groove area is shown with the contour lines.
- FIG. 6 The result is shown in FIG. 6 . From FIG. 6 , it can be seen that relatively large outgoing flow per groove square of at least 0.19645 cc/min/mm 2 can be obtained in the region covered with diagonal lines.
- FIG. 7 The result is shown in FIG. 7 . From FIG. 7 , it can be seen that relatively large outgoing flow per groove area of at least 0.08385 cc/min/mm 2 can be obtained in the region covered with diagonal lines.
- FIG. 8 shows a graph combining all the results from the calculations of FIGS. 5-7 . From FIG. 8 , it can be seen that in case the outer dimension of the friction disk is between 100 mm-200 mm, a relatively large outgoing flow per groove area can be obtained when the entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section are within the region defined by joining point a (60.0, 0), point b (43.4, 0), point c (28.3, 0.20), point i (20.5, 0.28), point k (15.5, 0.40), point l (20.0, 0.41), point f (30.0, 0.42), point h (45.0, 0.30) and point i (60.0, 0.23) with the line segments on Cartesian coordinates (including the section surrounded by the dotted line fl, dotted line cj, solid line cf and solid line j 1 ), in comparison with the outside of said region.
- the entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ is in the range of 15-60 degrees
- the ratio h/w of the full length w of a groove to the length h of the inner section is in the range of 0.1-0.4.
- the groove structure having relatively large outgoing flow per groove area, can be obtained comparatively easily.
- An example of the present invention is a friction disk with inner diameter of 140 mm and outer diameter of 160 mm, wherein an inner section of the groove widens inwardly of the friction disk, and the groove is formed with the entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ of 30 degrees and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section of 0.3, using the optimizing method according to the present invention.
- a comparative example has the same structure as the example including the number of grooves and depth of grooves, except the structure wherein both sides of a groove are in parallel to one another as shown in FIG. 11 .
- FIG. 9 The result is shown in FIG. 9 . It can be seen in FIG. 9 that the groove structure obtained by the optimizing method according to the present invention has a remarkable effect in reducing drag torque in comparison with a conventional groove structure.
- the optimum values of the entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length of the inner section were selected from the results of the calculations of the outgoing flow per groove area of the friction disks with the outer diameters of 200 mm and 100 mm shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 , and drag torque was examined following the same procedures as the above example. As a result, equally excellent effects as that of the example was obtained for the friction disks with outer dimensions of 200 mm and 100 mm.
- a groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element specifically the groove structure comprising sectoral inner section widening inwardly formed on the surface of the friction disk of the wet-type friction engaging element, by calculating the outgoing flow per groove area based on the entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section; and then determining a ranges of said entrance angle (opening angle) ⁇ of the inner section and said ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section where said outgoing flow per groove area is at least a certain value; and therefore, it has an anadvantage that a groove structure of a friction disk, which can increase the outgoing flow of lubricating oil on the friction surface without losing heat-resistance property, increase the content of air in lubricating oil, and reduce drag torque, can be easily obtained.
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Abstract
The object of the present invention is to provide an optimizing method for a groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element, which can reduce drag torque by increasing outgoing flow of lubricating oil on the friction surface and increasing the content of air in the lubricating oil. The optimizing method for a groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engagement element comprising a sectoral inner section 12 of a groove 10 widening inwardly formed on the surface of a friction member of the wet-type friction engaging element, wherein the outgoing flow per groove area is calculated based on the entrance angle (opening angle) θ of the inner section 12 and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove 10 to the length h of the inner section; and then a range of the entrance angle (opening angle) θ of the inner section and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section is determined where the outgoing flow per groove area is at least a certain value.
Description
- The present invention belongs to the technical field of a groove structure of a clutch of a wet-type friction engagement apparatus or a wet-type friction brake etc., used in a transmission for motor vehicles or in a transmission for industrial or construction machines.
- Conventionally, a wet-type friction engaging element has been used for example in an automatic transmission for motor vehicles.
- As the wet-type friction engaging element of the automatic transmission, there have been used a friction plate, a brake band, etc. in a multiple disk friction engagement apparatus. As shown in
FIG. 10 , a multiple diskfriction engagement apparatus 20 conventionally comprises a hydraulic-actuatedpiston 21, and a plurality of wet-type friction plates 22 andmating plates 23 arranged alternately so as to be engaged with each other by thepiston 21. - The wet-
type friction disk 22 comprises acore plate 24 andfriction members core plate 24. - As shown in
FIG. 11 , on the surface 26 of thefriction member 25 which is in contact with themating plate 23, a plurality ofgrooves 30, of which sides are in parallel, are radially formed (e. g., Unexamined Patent Publication No. 53674/1997). - These grooves are for draining lubricating oil supplied for cooling, and when the wet-type friction disks with the
friction members 25 fixedly attached thereon are rotated relative to the mating plates in the non-engaging state of the wet-type friction disk, the lubricating oil supplied from the center is dragged and drained towards the outer circumference. - Theoretically, torque is not transmitted between the wet-
type friction disk 22 and themating plate 23 when they are in non-engaging state. However, since there is lubricating oil between the wet-type friction disk 22 and themating plate 23, in reality, torque is transmitted to some degree from the wet-type friction disk 22 to themating plate 23, or from themating plate 23 to the wet-type friction disk 22. Such torque is called a drag torque, and this may cause a loss of motive power in an automatic transmission. - This drag torque is caused by shear resistance of lubricating oil. It is known that shear resistance decreases in case lubricating oil on the friction side contains much air, but on the other hand, shear resistance increases when lubricating oil on the friction side contains little air. In addition, air content in lubricating oil on the friction surface can be increased by increasing outgoing flow of lubricating oil. Therefore, in order to reduce drag torque of the wet-
type friction disk 22 and themating plate 23, which are rotated relatively, it is effective to increase outgoing flow of lubricating oil on the friction surface, increase the content of air in lubricating oil, and thus to reduce shear resistance of lubricating oil. - The object of the present invention is to provide an optimizing method for a groove structure of a wet-type friction engaging element, which can reduce drag torque by increasing outgoing flow of lubricating oil on the friction surface, and by increasing the content of air in the lubricating oil.
- This invention solved the above-mentioned problems by providing an optimizing method for a groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element, specifically for a groove structure comprising a sectoral inner section widening inwardly formed on the surface of the friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element, wherein the outgoing flow per groove area is calculated based on the entrance angle (opening angle) θ of the inner section and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section; and then a range for said entrance angle (opening angle) θ of the inner section and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section where said outgoing flow per groove area is at least a certain value is determined.
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element according to the present invention. -
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a relation between the number of rotations of a wet-type friction disk, maximum outgoing flow of lubricating oil and drag torque, where supply flow of lubricating oil is constant. -
FIG. 3 is an explanatory representation of the camputation method of flow. -
FIG. 4 is an diagram showing the shape of a groove and the rate of groove area, when entrance angle (opening angle) of the inner section and the ratio of the full length of a groove to the length of the inner section are variously changed. -
FIG. 5 is a graph showing outgoing flow of the friction member with inner diameter of 140 mm and outer diameter of 160 mm, in case the entrance angle (opening angle) and the ratio of the full length of a groove to the length of the inner section are variously changed. -
FIG. 6 is a graph showing outgoing flow of the friction member with inner diameter of 178 mm and outer diameter of 200 mm, in case the entrance angle (opening angle) of the inner section and the ratio of the full length of a groove to the length of the inner section are variously changed. -
FIG. 7 is a graph showing outgoing flow of the friction member with inner diameter of 78 mm and outer diameter of 100 mm, in case the entrance angle (opening angle) of the inner section and the ratio of the full length of a groove to the length of the inner section are variously changed. -
FIG. 8 is a graph combining the results from the calculations ofFIGS. 5-7 . -
FIG. 9 is a graph showing drag torque of an example and a comparative example, with varied rotation numbers. -
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a multiple-disk friction engagement apparatus. -
FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing a conventional groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element. - An optimizing method for a groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element according to the present invention will be explained, referring to
FIG. 1 . - An optimizing method for a groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element according to the present invention is an optimizing method specifically for a groove
structure comprising grooves 10 having a sectoralinner section 12 widening inwardly formed on the surface of the friction disk of the wet-type friction engaging element; wherein the outgoing flow per groove area is calculated based on the entrance angle (opening angle) θ of the inner section and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section; and then a range for said entrance angle (opening angle) θ of the inner section and said ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section where said outgoing flow per groove area is at least a certain value is determined. - Although a
groove 10 on the outer circumferential side is slightly widening by an angle of 5 degrees inFIG. 1 , its shape is not limited to this, and the sides of thegroove 10 on the outer circumferential side may be in parallel as of the prior art. In this connection, the outgoing flow increases in case the widening angle on the outer circumferential side is large; however, this is not preferable since an area occupied by the friction member is reduced simultaneously. - Therefore, the widening angle on the outer circumferential side is appropriately determined in the range above 0 degree to the maximum angle where the required area of the friction member can be secured.
-
FIG. 2 shows a relation between the number of rotations a supply wet-type friction disk, maximum outgoing flow of lubricating oil and drag torque, where the outgoing flow of lubricating oil is constant. Here, the maximum outgoing flow of lubricating oil means the maximum outgoing flow of the disk, which is obtained from the theoretically-calculated value of the outgoing flow, which is not influenced by the actual supply flow. - Accordingly, it can be seen that drag torque reaches its maximum when the supply flow and maximum outgoing flow are equal.
- As a result of experimenting and measuring outgoing flow of lubricating oil at the point where said drag torque reaches its maximum with grooves of the friction disk being changed to various forms, it is discovered by the inventors that it has a significant effect for improving outgoing flow when the inner section of the groove is widening inwardly.
- In addition, it is necessary to improve not only mere outgoing flow of the friction disk but also outgoing flow per groove area. This is due to the consideration that heat-resistance is required for the friction disk and thus area of a groove should be kept as small as possible.
- Consequently, the present invention can obtain an ideal groove structure of the friction member by calculating outgoing flow per groove based on the entrance angle (opening angle) θ of the inner section and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section; and then determining a range for said entrance angle (opening angle) θ of the inner section and said ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section where the outgoing flow per groove area is at least a certain value. According to the present invention, the groove structure, which can increase outgoing flow of lubricating oil on the friction surface without losing heat resistance property, increase the content of air in lubricating oil, and reduce drag torque, can be easily obtained.
- Concretely, a software for three-dimensional heat-flow analysis “SCRYU/Tetra for Windows (provided by Software Cradle Co., Ltd.)” was used for calculation.
- Giving consideration to the volume of calculations required, a model was set to be one segment applying periodical boundary and comprising a groove. Lubricating oil for analysis was assumed to be in a steady state. Analytic region was divided into a stationary region and a rotation region, wherein the section comprising a groove was a rotation region, and the mating flat section was a stationary region. In this calculation, a finite volume method was used for discretization method; and k-ε model was used for a turbulent flow model.
- In addition, the outgoing flow per groove area of the friction disk of which inner diameter is 140 mm and outer diameter is 160 mm was examined, using the models shown in
FIGS. 3 and 4 , while the number of rotations of the wet-type friction disk is set as 500 rpm, and entrance angle (opening angle) of the inner section and the ratio of the full length of the groove to the length of the inner section were variously changed. - The result is shown in
FIG. 5 . InFIG. 5 , the horizontal axis is the entrance angle (opening angle) θ of theinner section 12; the vertical axis is the ratio h/w of the full length w of thegroove 10 to the length h of theinner section 12; and the outgoing flow per groove area is shown with the contour lines. - In this connection, the range of calculation shown in
FIG. 5 was limited to the horizontal axis of 15-60 degrees and the vertical axis of 0.1-0.5, in view of the actual specifications of friction disks as well as the possibility of manufacturing. - From
FIG. 5 , it can be seen that relatively large outgoing flow per groove area of above 0.14075 cc/min/mm2 is obtained in the region covered with diagonal lines. Concretely, it can be seen that a relatively large outgoing flow per groove area of at least 0.14075 cc/min/mm2 can be obtained when the entrance angle (opening angle) θ of the inner secion and the ratio of the full length w of the groove to the length h of said inner section are within the region defined by joining point a (60.0, 0), point b (43.4, 0), point c (28.3, 0.20), point d (27.9, 0.3), point e (26.3, 0.40), point f (30.0, 0.42), point g (32.0, 0.4), point h (45.0, 0.30) and point i (60.0, 0.23) with line segments on the Cartesian coordinates (including the line segments themselves). - Subsequently, the outgoing flow per groove area of the friction disk, of which inner diameter is 178 mm and outer diameter is 200 mm, was examined, using the same method as described above.
- The result is shown in
FIG. 6 . FromFIG. 6 , it can be seen that relatively large outgoing flow per groove square of at least 0.19645 cc/min/mm2 can be obtained in the region covered with diagonal lines. - Furthermore, the outgoing flow per groove area of the friction member of which inner diameter is 78 mm and outer diameter is 100 mm, was examined, using the same method as described above.
- The result is shown in
FIG. 7 . FromFIG. 7 , it can be seen that relatively large outgoing flow per groove area of at least 0.08385 cc/min/mm2 can be obtained in the region covered with diagonal lines. -
FIG. 8 shows a graph combining all the results from the calculations ofFIGS. 5-7 . FromFIG. 8 , it can be seen that in case the outer dimension of the friction disk is between 100 mm-200 mm, a relatively large outgoing flow per groove area can be obtained when the entrance angle (opening angle) θ and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section are within the region defined by joining point a (60.0, 0), point b (43.4, 0), point c (28.3, 0.20), point i (20.5, 0.28), point k (15.5, 0.40), point l (20.0, 0.41), point f (30.0, 0.42), point h (45.0, 0.30) and point i (60.0, 0.23) with the line segments on Cartesian coordinates (including the section surrounded by the dotted line fl, dotted line cj, solid line cf and solid line j1), in comparison with the outside of said region. When shown in a rough square, it can be said that the entrance angle (opening angle) θ is in the range of 15-60 degrees, and the ratio h/w of the full length w of a groove to the length h of the inner section is in the range of 0.1-0.4. - Consequently, according to the present invention, the groove structure, having relatively large outgoing flow per groove area, can be obtained comparatively easily.
- An example and a comparative example of the present invention will be explained below.
- An example of the present invention is a friction disk with inner diameter of 140 mm and outer diameter of 160 mm, wherein an inner section of the groove widens inwardly of the friction disk, and the groove is formed with the entrance angle (opening angle) θ of 30 degrees and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section of 0.3, using the optimizing method according to the present invention.
- A comparative example has the same structure as the example including the number of grooves and depth of grooves, except the structure wherein both sides of a groove are in parallel to one another as shown in
FIG. 11 . - Drag torque of the example and the comparative example were examined with various numbers of rotations.
- The result is shown in
FIG. 9 . It can be seen inFIG. 9 that the groove structure obtained by the optimizing method according to the present invention has a remarkable effect in reducing drag torque in comparison with a conventional groove structure. - In addition, the optimum values of the entrance angle (opening angle) θ and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length of the inner section were selected from the results of the calculations of the outgoing flow per groove area of the friction disks with the outer diameters of 200 mm and 100 mm shown in
FIGS. 6 and 7 , and drag torque was examined following the same procedures as the above example. As a result, equally excellent effects as that of the example was obtained for the friction disks with outer dimensions of 200 mm and 100 mm. - As discussed above, according to the present invention, it is possible to optimize the groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element, specifically the groove structure comprising sectoral inner section widening inwardly formed on the surface of the friction disk of the wet-type friction engaging element, by calculating the outgoing flow per groove area based on the entrance angle (opening angle) θ and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section; and then determining a ranges of said entrance angle (opening angle) θ of the inner section and said ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section where said outgoing flow per groove area is at least a certain value; and therefore, it has an anadvantage that a groove structure of a friction disk, which can increase the outgoing flow of lubricating oil on the friction surface without losing heat-resistance property, increase the content of air in lubricating oil, and reduce drag torque, can be easily obtained.
Claims (2)
1. An optimizing method for a groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element comprising a sectoral inner section widening inwardly formed on the surface of the friction disk of the wet-type friction engaging element, wherein the outgoing flow per groove area is calculated based on an entrance angle (opening angle) θ of the inner section and the ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section; and then a range for said entrance angle (opening angle) θ and said ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section is determined where said outgoing flow per groove area is at least a certain value.
2. A groove structure of a friction disk of a wet-type friction engaging element, comprising a sectoral inner section widening inwardly formed on the surface of the friction disk of the wet-type friction engaging element, wherein said entrance angle (opening angle) θ of the inner section is in the range of 15-60 degrees, and said ratio h/w of the full length w of the groove to the length h of the inner section is in the range of 1-0.4.
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JP3802109B2 (en) | 1995-08-11 | 2006-07-26 | 株式会社ダイナックス | Groove structure of wet friction engagement element |
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US6601684B2 (en) * | 2001-09-12 | 2003-08-05 | Borgwarner Inc. | Unitary, circumferentially edge wound friction material clutch plate, and method of making same |
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