US20030234092A1 - Directional solidification method and apparatus - Google Patents

Directional solidification method and apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030234092A1
US20030234092A1 US10/177,658 US17765802A US2003234092A1 US 20030234092 A1 US20030234092 A1 US 20030234092A1 US 17765802 A US17765802 A US 17765802A US 2003234092 A1 US2003234092 A1 US 2003234092A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
mold
cooling medium
furnace
casting
impinge
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
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US10/177,658
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English (en)
Inventor
John Brinegar
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Howmet Corp
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Howmet Research Corp
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Publication date
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Priority to US10/177,658 priority Critical patent/US20030234092A1/en
Assigned to HOWMET RESEARCH CORPORATION reassignment HOWMET RESEARCH CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BRINEGAR, JOHN R.
Priority to JP2003151960A priority patent/JP2004017158A/ja
Priority to EP03012565A priority patent/EP1375034A3/fr
Publication of US20030234092A1 publication Critical patent/US20030234092A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould
    • B22D27/045—Directionally solidified castings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to directional solidification apparatus and processes wherein heat is removed in a unidirectional manner from a metallic melt in a mold to form a columnar grain or single crystal casting.
  • the low heat capacity of cooling gas creates a disadvantage in that large gas quantities are needed to effect cooling and in that the presence of the cooling gas below the baffle has a negative impact on the thermal profile of the mold heater in the casting furnace due to a chimney effect.
  • the large quantities of cooling gas require complex and expensive vacuum pumping and recycling systems associated with the casting apparatus as well as more complex heat shielding and cooling of the casting furnace equipment.
  • liquid metal cooling bath adds significantly to complexity of the mold design and withdrawal apparatus since the mold must be lowered into a hot circulating cooling media. Complex bath circulation and level control systems are needed. In addition, the liquid metal cooling bath can be subject to contamination and reactions should a prior cast investment mold experience a leak or significant run-out of molten metal into the bath.
  • the present invention provides in an embodiment a method and apparatus for DS casting wherein a liquid cooling medium is sprayed directly on exterior surfaces of a melt-filled ceramic investment mold as it is withdrawn from an end of a DS casting furnace by relative movement therebetween so as to extract heat from the mold and improve the thermal gradient in the melt residing in the mold.
  • the liquid cooling medium preferably is collected for reuse after it impinges on the exterior mold surfaces.
  • a plurality of spray nozzles are disposed beneath a thermal baffle at a lower end of the DS casting furnace.
  • the nozzles are spaced about a baffle opening through which the investment mold is withdrawn downwardly out of the casting furnace.
  • the spray nozzles are oriented to spray a liquid metallic cooling medium in directions transverse to the path of mold withdrawal through the opening so that the sprays impinge directly on the exterior mold surfaces as the mold is withdrawn from the casting furnace by relative movement therebetween.
  • the invention provides a high heat extraction capability from the melt-filled mold without the disadvantages described above associated with use of a cooling gas and/or liquid metal cooling bath in which a mold is immersed.
  • the invention will be described in more detail below in connection with the following drawings.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a DS casting apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 1A is a partial schematic cross-sectional view of the DS casting furnace of another embodiment where the nozzles are oriented at an upward angle relative to horizontal.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view taken along lines 2 - 2 of FIG. 1 of the bottom of the thermal baffle showing spray nozzles disposed about the baffle opening as well as liquid metal supply piping.
  • the mold is schematically and partially shown in cross-section for convenience.
  • FIG. 3 and 4 are a schematic cross-sectional views of DS casting apparatus in accordance with other embodiment of the invention.
  • the present invention provides a DS casting method and apparatus especially useful, although not limited, to casting of nickel, cobalt and iron base superalloys to produce a columnar grain or a single crystal cast microstructure.
  • casting apparatus in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention for DS casting nickel, cobalt and iron base superalloys to produce columnar grain or a single crystal cast microstructure includes a vacuum casting chamber 10 having a casting furnace 12 disposed therein in conventional manner. Thermal insulation members 13 a , 13 b form a furnace enclosure.
  • the thermal insulation member 13 b Positioned within the tubular thermal insulation member 13 a is an inner solid graphite tubular member 15 forming a susceptor that is heated by energization of the induction coil 18 .
  • the thermal insulation member 13 b includes an aperture 13 c through which molten metal or alloy (metallic melt), such as a molten superalloy, can be introduced into the mold 20 from a crucible (not shown) residing in the chamber 10 above the casting furnace 12 in conventional manner.
  • Induction coil 18 disposed about the susceptor 15 is energized by a conventional electrical power source (not shown).
  • the induction coil 18 heats tubular graphite susceptor 15 disposed interiorly thereof.
  • the mold is preheated to a suitable casting temperature for receiving the metallic melt by the heat provided by the susceptor 15 .
  • the mold 20 typically comprises a conventional ceramic investment shell gang or cluster mold formed by the well know lost wax process to include a pour cup 20 a that receives the melt from the crucible and that communicates via sprues 20 b to a plurality of shell molds 21 each having a mold cavity 22 in the shape of the article to be cast. Although two shell molds 21 are illustrated in FIG. 1, four or more shell molds 21 can be disposed around the center post 20 d . Each mold cavity 22 communicates to a chill plate 26 at an open bottom end of each mold cavity in conventional manner to provide unidirectional heat removal from the metallic melt residing in the mold and thus a thermal gradient in the metallic melt M in the mold extending along the longitudinal axis of the mold.
  • a seed or crystal selector (not shown), such as pigtail passage, will be incorporated into the mold above the open lower end thereof to select a single crystal for propagation through the metallic melt, all as is well known.
  • the invention is not limited to use with a gang or cluster mold 20 having a plurality of shell molds 21 and can be practiced with any type of refractory shell mold having one or more mold cavities.
  • the mold 20 is formed with an integral mold base 20 c and central support post 20 d that rest on the chill plate 26 as shown.
  • the base 20 c can be clamped thereto in conventional manner if desired.
  • the chill plate resides on a ram 28 raised and lowered by a fluid actuator (not shown) to move the mold 20 into and out of the casting furnace 12 .
  • the invention envisions using any relative movement between mold 20 and casting furnace 12 to effect withdrawal of the melt-filled mold 20 from the end of the furnace 12 .
  • the mold 20 on chill plate 26 and collection vessel 50 can be disposed in a fixed position, while the casting furnace 12 and nozzles 40 are moved together to effect withdrawal of the melt-filled mold 20 from the end of the furnace 12 .
  • each mold cavity 22 will have a root region 22 a corresponding to a root of the blade or vane and a relatively large platform cavity 22 b corresponding to the platform portion of the blade or vane to be cast.
  • Each mold cavity 22 also will have a relatively smaller or narrower airfoil cavity region 22 c corresponding to the airfoil portion of the blade or vane to be cast.
  • a stationary thermal baffle 30 is disposed at the lower end of the casting furnace 12 and is connected in conventional manner to the walls W of the vacuum chamber 10 .
  • the baffle 30 includes an opening 30 a oriented perpendicular to the mold withdrawal direction (vertical direction in FIG. 1) and having a cross-sectional configuration selected to accommodate movement of the relatively large platform region or profile of the melt-filled molds 21 therepast with only a small gap (e.g. 1 ⁇ 2 inch) present between the platform region 22 b and the inner periphery of the baffle 30 .
  • the baffle 30 typically is made of graphite material, although other refractory materials can be used.
  • a plurality of spray nozzles 40 are disposed beneath thermal baffle 30 at the lower end of the DS casting furnace 12 .
  • the nozzles 40 are spaced about the periphery of baffle opening 30 a through which the metallic melt-filled investment mold 20 is withdrawn downwardly out of the casting furnace.
  • the spray nozzles 40 are oriented to spray a liquid cooling medium as a plurality of liquid cooling sprays S in generally horizontal directions transverse to the downward vertical path of mold withdrawal through the opening 30 a so that the sprays S impinge directly on and around the exterior surfaces of shell molds 21 as the mold 20 is withdrawn from the casting furnace.
  • each nozzle 40 is shown horizontally oriented to provide spray coverage of the exterior surfaces of the mold.
  • each nozzle 40 can be mounted on a bracket 41 to angle the nozzle 40 at an upward angle relative to horizontal as shown in FIG. 1A to this end.
  • the nozzles 40 are mounted by any suitable mounting means on the structural frame F that supports the casting furnace 12 in vacuum casting chamber 10 .
  • the spray nozzles 40 preferably are of the type that produce a flat fan-shaped spray of the liquid cooling medium to provide the sharpest temperature transition and to minimize the number of nozzles needed to cool the mold surfaces.
  • the nozzles can be made of any suitable material that can withstand prolonged contact with the cooling medium, such as for example a liquid tin cooling medium.
  • the sprays S each can comprise a relatively low melting point, relatively high heat capacity liquid metal or alloy, or other liquid material such as a molten salt or oxide, that is compatible with the shell mold material so as not to react adversely therewith.
  • a relatively low melting point of the liquid cooling metal or alloy is with respect to the melting point of the metal or alloy to be cast and directionally solidified in the molds 21 .
  • the relatively high heat capacity of the liquid cooling metal or alloy is with respect to the heat capacity provided by a cooling gas, such as Ar or other inert gas, used in the past to cool molds.
  • liquid tin is used as the sprayed liquid cooing medium
  • the liquid tin temperature is typically in the range of 300 to 500 degrees F., whereas for purposes of illustration, the temperature of a molten nickel base superalloy residing in the molds 21 is typically in the range of 2800 to 2300 degrees F.
  • liquid aluminum is used as the sprayed liquid cooing medium, the liquid aluminum temperature is typically in the range of 900 to 1400 degrees F.
  • the nozzles 40 are supplied with the liquid cooling medium via a common distribution or manifold pipe 42 connected to a pump 44 , FIG. 2.
  • the pump 44 is connected to a heated storage tank 46 containing the liquid cooling metal or alloy.
  • the tank 46 can comprise a conventional metal (e.g. steel) or ceramic tank used to heat the liquid metal or alloy, such as molten tin or aluminum, to desired use temperature and store it for use.
  • the pump 46 provides the liquid cooling metal or alloy under pressure to the nozzles 40 to generate sprays S.
  • a typical pressure range of the liquid cooling metal or alloy supplied to the nozzles 40 will depend on the type of nozzle 40 selected for use and typically can be in the range of 40 to 250 psi.
  • the pump 44 and tank 46 are disposed outside the vacuum chamber 10 and are connected to the nozzles 40 by the piping 43 that supplies the liquid cooling metal or alloy to the distribution or manifold pipe 42 .
  • the still liquid cooling medium such as still liquid tin or aluminum
  • the liquid cooling medium falls by gravity from the mold 20 into a collection vessel 50 in vacuum chamber 10 .
  • the liquid cooling medium then is returned via piping 51 and pump 52 back to tank 46 for conditioning and reuse in closed loop manner.
  • the tank 46 can be effective to thermally condition the liquid cooling medium to an appropriate temperature as well as filter or separate out any contaminates therein that might plug the nozzles 40 .
  • an empty mold 20 is positioned in the furnace 12 by upward movement of the ram 28 .
  • the induction coil 18 is energized to preheat via susceptor 15 the mold 20 to a suitable casting temperature, such as above 2500 degrees F. for casting nickel base superalloys.
  • the mold is filled with molten metal or alloy to be cast from a crucible above the furnace.
  • the metallic melt-filled mold 20 is withdrawn downwardly past baffle 30 out of the furnace 12 for example by lowering of the ram 28 (or any relative movement between furnace 12 and mold 20 ) at a controlled withdrawal rate to establish a thermal gradient in the melt to achieve a solidification front that progresses upwardly through the melt residing in the shell molds 21 during withdrawal to form either a columnar grain or a single crystal microstructure, if a single crystal selector or seed is present in the mold.
  • the nozzles 40 are supplied with the liquid cooling medium, such as a liquid metallic cooling medium, to generate cooling sprays S that impinge on the exterior surfaces of the shell molds 21 as they past the baffle 30 out of the furnace 12 .
  • the liquid cooling metal or alloy of relatively high heat capacity and relatively low temperature impinges on and around the hot mold exterior surfaces to extract heat and improve the thermal gradient in the melt residing in the molds 21 above the solidification front progressing through the melt.
  • the still liquid cooling metal or alloy is collected in vacuum chamber 10 in vessel 50 and returned by pump 56 to tank 46 for conditioning and reuse.
  • the invention envisions using other nozzle or orifice arrangements to generate one or more sprays S of the liquid cooling medium to impinge on the exterior mold surfaces.
  • the invention envisions using a manifold pipe 42 ′ that has a plurality of individual orifices 42 a ′ spaced about its inner periphery facing the mold 20 to generate the sprays S.
  • a manifold pipe 42 ′′ may be provided with an annular slit or slot orifice 42 a ′′ on its inner periphery facing the mold 20 to generate a spray S in the form an annulus or other suitable shape to impinge on the exterior mold surfaces.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
US10/177,658 2002-06-20 2002-06-20 Directional solidification method and apparatus Abandoned US20030234092A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/177,658 US20030234092A1 (en) 2002-06-20 2002-06-20 Directional solidification method and apparatus
JP2003151960A JP2004017158A (ja) 2002-06-20 2003-05-29 方向性凝固方法および装置
EP03012565A EP1375034A3 (fr) 2002-06-20 2003-06-03 Procédé et dispositif pour la coulée par solidification dirigée de métal en fusion

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/177,658 US20030234092A1 (en) 2002-06-20 2002-06-20 Directional solidification method and apparatus

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US (1) US20030234092A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1375034A3 (fr)
JP (1) JP2004017158A (fr)

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20070000429A1 (en) * 2003-05-13 2007-01-04 Shin-Etsu Handotai Co., Ltd Method for producing single crystal and single crystal
US20070044707A1 (en) * 2005-08-25 2007-03-01 Frederick Schmid System and method for crystal growing
US20090173277A1 (en) * 2008-01-03 2009-07-09 Green Energy Technology Inc. Cooling structure for body of crystal-growing furnace
US20100132906A1 (en) * 2008-12-03 2010-06-03 Graham Lawrence D Method of casting a metal article
CN101786156A (zh) * 2010-03-17 2010-07-28 上海大学 一种用于定向凝固的冷却方法及装置
CN102632223A (zh) * 2012-04-28 2012-08-15 沈阳工业大学 一种液态金属冷却定向凝固叶片表面防粘锡方法
CN103147117A (zh) * 2013-04-01 2013-06-12 东方电气集团东方汽轮机有限公司 一种高温合金的定向凝固装置及其使用方法
US20150027653A1 (en) * 2012-01-24 2015-01-29 Snecma Shell mould for manufacturing aircraft turbomachine bladed elements using the lost-wax moulding technique and comprising screens that form heat accumulators
WO2015054446A1 (fr) * 2013-10-10 2015-04-16 Option 3 Solutions, Inc. Système et procédé de moulage de morceaux consécutifs
CN104907541A (zh) * 2014-03-13 2015-09-16 赛科/沃里克欧洲有限责任公司 燃气轮机叶片铸件的定向凝固方法和生产该铸件的装置
CN105964991A (zh) * 2016-05-23 2016-09-28 西北工业大学 能够消除铸件中雀斑的定向凝固方法
CN107649665A (zh) * 2017-09-26 2018-02-02 吉林大学 通过定向凝固的方法制备t91耐热钢的工艺
US10082032B2 (en) 2012-11-06 2018-09-25 Howmet Corporation Casting method, apparatus, and product
US10589351B2 (en) * 2017-10-30 2020-03-17 United Technologies Corporation Method for magnetic flux compensation in a directional solidification furnace utilizing an actuated secondary coil
CN110958921A (zh) * 2017-06-09 2020-04-03 金属铸造技术股份有限公司 用于反重力模具填充的方法和装置
US10711367B2 (en) 2017-10-30 2020-07-14 Raytheon Technoiogies Corporation Multi-layer susceptor design for magnetic flux shielding in directional solidification furnaces
US10760179B2 (en) 2017-10-30 2020-09-01 Raytheon Technologies Corporation Method for magnetic flux compensation in a directional solidification furnace utilizing a stationary secondary coil
CN113458381A (zh) * 2021-06-30 2021-10-01 中国航发动力股份有限公司 一种定向凝固结晶炉用接料盘及其制造方法
CN114318544A (zh) * 2021-11-19 2022-04-12 上海大学 液态金属喷淋增强冷却(lmsc)定向凝固设备、方法及工艺
WO2024054782A1 (fr) * 2022-09-07 2024-03-14 Ge Infrastructure Technology Llc Systèmes et procédés de refroidissement amélioré pendant la solidification directionnelle d'un composant de coulée

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US20100071812A1 (en) * 2008-09-25 2010-03-25 General Electric Company Unidirectionally-solidification process and castings formed thereby
CN102380588B (zh) * 2010-09-02 2013-04-17 辽宁科技大学 中频感应定向凝固铸锭方法及其装置
CN103878344A (zh) * 2012-12-21 2014-06-25 陕西宏远航空锻造有限责任公司 一种铝合金铸件的制备方法
WO2014164593A1 (fr) 2013-03-12 2014-10-09 United Technologies Corporation Ensemble tube d'injection isothermique
EP3099439B1 (fr) 2014-01-28 2020-04-01 United Technologies Corporation Appareil et procédé de moulage permettant de former une microstructure monocristalline multitexturée
CN105364001B (zh) * 2015-10-16 2017-10-27 沈阳工业大学 液态金属冷却定向凝固叶片表面除锡方法
CN106694857B (zh) * 2016-12-31 2018-08-10 西安交通大学青岛研究院 一种TiAl金属间化合物铸锭的真空铸造方法
CN109773166B (zh) * 2019-03-27 2020-12-04 宁国市华成金研科技有限公司 一种液态金属循环冷却***及其冷却方法

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US6311760B1 (en) * 1999-08-13 2001-11-06 Asea Brown Boveri Ag Method and apparatus for casting directionally solidified article
US6308767B1 (en) * 1999-12-21 2001-10-30 General Electric Company Liquid metal bath furnace and casting method
JP2003191067A (ja) * 2001-12-21 2003-07-08 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 方向性凝固鋳造装置、方向性凝固鋳造方法

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US4724887A (en) * 1983-11-10 1988-02-16 Aluminum Company Of America Direct chill casting of lithium-containing alloys
US4932460A (en) * 1988-04-26 1990-06-12 Vickers Plc Composite casting of bearing alloys to bushes

Cited By (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7582159B2 (en) * 2003-05-13 2009-09-01 Shin-Etsu Handotai Co., Ltd. Method for producing a single crystal
US20070000429A1 (en) * 2003-05-13 2007-01-04 Shin-Etsu Handotai Co., Ltd Method for producing single crystal and single crystal
US8177910B2 (en) 2005-08-25 2012-05-15 Gt Crystal Systems, Llc System and method for crystal growing
US20070044707A1 (en) * 2005-08-25 2007-03-01 Frederick Schmid System and method for crystal growing
US20080035051A1 (en) * 2005-08-25 2008-02-14 Crystal Systems, Inc. System and method for crystal growing
US7344596B2 (en) 2005-08-25 2008-03-18 Crystal Systems, Inc. System and method for crystal growing
US7918936B2 (en) 2005-08-25 2011-04-05 Gt Crystal Systems, Llc System and method for crystal growing
US20110146566A1 (en) * 2005-08-25 2011-06-23 Gt Crystal Systems, Llc System and method for crystal growing
US20090173277A1 (en) * 2008-01-03 2009-07-09 Green Energy Technology Inc. Cooling structure for body of crystal-growing furnace
US7604698B2 (en) * 2008-01-03 2009-10-20 Green Energy Technology Inc. Cooling structure for body of crystal-growing furnace
US20100132906A1 (en) * 2008-12-03 2010-06-03 Graham Lawrence D Method of casting a metal article
CN101786156A (zh) * 2010-03-17 2010-07-28 上海大学 一种用于定向凝固的冷却方法及装置
US20150027653A1 (en) * 2012-01-24 2015-01-29 Snecma Shell mould for manufacturing aircraft turbomachine bladed elements using the lost-wax moulding technique and comprising screens that form heat accumulators
CN102632223A (zh) * 2012-04-28 2012-08-15 沈阳工业大学 一种液态金属冷却定向凝固叶片表面防粘锡方法
US10082032B2 (en) 2012-11-06 2018-09-25 Howmet Corporation Casting method, apparatus, and product
US10711617B2 (en) 2012-11-06 2020-07-14 Howmet Corporation Casting method, apparatus and product
CN103147117A (zh) * 2013-04-01 2013-06-12 东方电气集团东方汽轮机有限公司 一种高温合金的定向凝固装置及其使用方法
WO2015054446A1 (fr) * 2013-10-10 2015-04-16 Option 3 Solutions, Inc. Système et procédé de moulage de morceaux consécutifs
CN104907541A (zh) * 2014-03-13 2015-09-16 赛科/沃里克欧洲有限责任公司 燃气轮机叶片铸件的定向凝固方法和生产该铸件的装置
CN105964991A (zh) * 2016-05-23 2016-09-28 西北工业大学 能够消除铸件中雀斑的定向凝固方法
US11364539B2 (en) 2017-06-09 2022-06-21 Metal Casting Technology, Inc. Method and apparatus for counter-gravity mold filling
CN110958921A (zh) * 2017-06-09 2020-04-03 金属铸造技术股份有限公司 用于反重力模具填充的方法和装置
CN107649665A (zh) * 2017-09-26 2018-02-02 吉林大学 通过定向凝固的方法制备t91耐热钢的工艺
US10906096B2 (en) 2017-10-30 2021-02-02 Raytheon Technologies Corporation Method for magnetic flux compensation in a directional solidification furnace utilizing an actuated secondary coil
US10760179B2 (en) 2017-10-30 2020-09-01 Raytheon Technologies Corporation Method for magnetic flux compensation in a directional solidification furnace utilizing a stationary secondary coil
US10711367B2 (en) 2017-10-30 2020-07-14 Raytheon Technoiogies Corporation Multi-layer susceptor design for magnetic flux shielding in directional solidification furnaces
US10907270B2 (en) 2017-10-30 2021-02-02 Raytheon Technologies Corporation Method for magnetic flux compensation in a directional solidification furnace utilizing a stationary secondary coil
US10907269B2 (en) 2017-10-30 2021-02-02 Raytheon Technologies Corporation Multi-layer susceptor design for magnetic flux shielding in directional solidification furnaces
US10589351B2 (en) * 2017-10-30 2020-03-17 United Technologies Corporation Method for magnetic flux compensation in a directional solidification furnace utilizing an actuated secondary coil
CN113458381A (zh) * 2021-06-30 2021-10-01 中国航发动力股份有限公司 一种定向凝固结晶炉用接料盘及其制造方法
CN114318544A (zh) * 2021-11-19 2022-04-12 上海大学 液态金属喷淋增强冷却(lmsc)定向凝固设备、方法及工艺
WO2024054782A1 (fr) * 2022-09-07 2024-03-14 Ge Infrastructure Technology Llc Systèmes et procédés de refroidissement amélioré pendant la solidification directionnelle d'un composant de coulée
US11998976B2 (en) 2022-09-07 2024-06-04 Ge Infrastructure Technology Llc Systems and methods for enhanced cooling during directional solidification of a casting component

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JP2004017158A (ja) 2004-01-22
EP1375034A3 (fr) 2005-06-22
EP1375034A2 (fr) 2004-01-02

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