US20030231943A1 - Tree fastener - Google Patents
Tree fastener Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20030231943A1 US20030231943A1 US10/170,888 US17088802A US2003231943A1 US 20030231943 A1 US20030231943 A1 US 20030231943A1 US 17088802 A US17088802 A US 17088802A US 2003231943 A1 US2003231943 A1 US 2003231943A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- wings
- extending
- fastener
- shank
- distance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002991 molded plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B19/00—Bolts without screw-thread; Pins, including deformable elements; Rivets
- F16B19/002—Resiliently deformable pins
- F16B19/004—Resiliently deformable pins made in one piece
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B21/00—Means for preventing relative axial movement of a pin, spigot, shaft or the like and a member surrounding it; Stud-and-socket releasable fastenings
- F16B21/06—Releasable fastening devices with snap-action
- F16B21/08—Releasable fastening devices with snap-action in which the stud, pin, or spigot has a resilient part
- F16B21/084—Releasable fastening devices with snap-action in which the stud, pin, or spigot has a resilient part with a series of flexible ribs or fins extending laterally from the shank of the stud, pin or spigot, said ribs or fins deforming predominantly in a direction parallel to the direction of insertion of the shank
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S411/00—Expanded, threaded, driven, headed, tool-deformed, or locked-threaded fastener
- Y10S411/904—Fastener or fastener element composed of nonmetallic material
- Y10S411/908—Resinous material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S411/00—Expanded, threaded, driven, headed, tool-deformed, or locked-threaded fastener
- Y10S411/913—Self-expanding anchor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to tree fasteners useful for fastening items to sheet metal, panels, and similar structures.
- Tree fasteners with radially extending wings or branches for insertion into apertures in sheet metal, panels, and other similar structures are known in the prior art.
- tree fasteners are arranged to be driven axially into preformed openings in a sheet metal or other panel and to engage the surface near the opening on the opposing side of the structure by virtue of radially extending flexible tabs or wing-like members.
- Fasteners of this variety are often referred to as fir tree fasteners because of the shape of the fastener.
- Fasteners of this type have flexible tabs or wing-like members that extend outwardly from a shank as branches do from the trunk of a tree. They are also sometimes referred to as plastic drive fasteners.
- a tree fastener with split wings is described in Meyer, U.S. Pat. No. 5,907,891.
- a plastic drive fastener with wings designed to increase the force required for removal from apertures is described in Chisholm et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,238.
- a plastic drive fastener having axially offset wing elements is described in Lewis, U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,098.
- a fir tree fastener may be used to secure one panel to another panel. Additionally, a fir tree fastener may be an integral part of a cable tie that is used to secure a wiring harness to an automotive panel. There are many other possible applications.
- Tree fasteners known in the prior art generally provide acceptable performance characteristics when applied to a narrow range of aperture sizes, shapes, and panel thicknesses. Outside of this range of application, performance, such as the force required to engage and/or disengage the fastener, can significantly change.
- the invention enables a fastener to be installed with relatively low force while maintaining a high disengage force, and a high ratio between disengage force to engage force over a range of aperture sizes and shapes and panel thicknesses.
- the fastener also provides resistance to vibration and rattling over a range of aperture sizes and shapes and panel thicknesses.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the fastener of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a cross-section view of the fastener of the present invention taken along line 2 - 2 viewing in the direction of the arrows in FIG. 3;
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the fastener 10 of the present invention.
- the fastener 10 is formed of a molded plastic or a similar material.
- the fastener 10 includes a base 12 and a shank 14 (shown in FIG. 2). While the present invention shows the base 12 as being an integral part of a cable tie 16 , it should be recognized by those skilled in the art that this is merely one example of a base form.
- Such a fastener can have a base comprised of a single head such as a dome, or it may include a multiplicity of axially spaced heads of the type normally used to fasten trim panels to automotive door interiors, not shown.
- the shank 14 is generally cylindrical in shape, having a longitudinal axis 18 extending vertically away from the base 12 and a longitudinal surface 20 extending radially from the longitudinal axis 18 .
- the shank can have other shapes.
- the cross-section may also be oval, elliptical, or polygonal.
- the longitudinal surface 20 is comprised of four diametrically opposing longitudinally extending segments 20 a,b,c,d, from which four corresponding columns of wings extend, each segment 20 a,b,c,d extending the length of the longitudinal surface 20 . It will be appreciated that the advantages of the present invention may also be achieved with more or less than four columns of wings.
- Extending radially outward from each of a first pair of opposing segments 20 a , 20 b and angled toward the base 12 are a plurality of axially spaced flexible, resilient first wings 22 extending a first radial distance 24 from the longitudinal axis 18 and having an axial spacing 26 between adjacent first wings 22 .
- Extending radially outward from each of the second pair of opposing segments 20 c , 20 d and angled toward the base 12 are a plurality of axially spaced flexible, resilient second wings 28 extending a second radial distance 30 from the longitudinal axis 18 that is less than the first radial distance 24 and having an axial spacing 26 between adjacent second wings 28 .
- Each of the first wings 22 are axially offset an axial offset distance 32 relative to each of the corresponding second wings 28 .
- the axial offset distance 32 is half of the axial spacing 26 .
- Two opposing slots 34 a,b extend longitudinally outside the longitudinal surface 20 of the shank 14 between adjacent sets of first and second wings 22 , 28 . This provides a gap between a radial edge 42 of each first wing 22 and a first radial edge 44 of each corresponding second wing 28 .
- Each of the second wings 28 has a distal edge 38 that is eccentric with respect to the longitudinal axis 18 of the shank 14 .
- each of the second wings 28 has a flattened portion 36 on the distal edge 38 of the second wing 28 that extends to a second radial edge 46 of the second wing 28 .
- the nose portion 40 is illustrated in the present embodiment as a rounded arrow shaped member that extends vertically from the end of the shank 14 .
- the advantages of the fastener of the present invention can also be achieved with variations of the design described above.
- the two opposing wings can essentially be replaced by one wing having two large slots.
- the slots 34 and flattened portion 36 on the distal edge 38 of the second wings 28 can also be variations in the slots 34 and flattened portion 36 on the distal edge 38 of the second wings 28 that still permit free flexing of the wings and prevent wing interference as a fastener is inserted into an aperture of a structure.
- some of the advantages may be achieved if the features described above are embodied on a subset of the fastener.
- advantages can be achieved if features described above are embodied in an axially extending span of the shank and the wings that extend therefrom.
- the axially extending span may, for example, extend the distance represented by an axial spacing 26 or a plurality of axial spacings.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Insertion Pins And Rivets (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to tree fasteners useful for fastening items to sheet metal, panels, and similar structures.
- Tree fasteners with radially extending wings or branches for insertion into apertures in sheet metal, panels, and other similar structures are known in the prior art. Typically, tree fasteners are arranged to be driven axially into preformed openings in a sheet metal or other panel and to engage the surface near the opening on the opposing side of the structure by virtue of radially extending flexible tabs or wing-like members. Fasteners of this variety are often referred to as fir tree fasteners because of the shape of the fastener. Fasteners of this type have flexible tabs or wing-like members that extend outwardly from a shank as branches do from the trunk of a tree. They are also sometimes referred to as plastic drive fasteners.
- A tree fastener with split wings is described in Meyer, U.S. Pat. No. 5,907,891. A plastic drive fastener with wings designed to increase the force required for removal from apertures is described in Chisholm et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,238. A plastic drive fastener having axially offset wing elements is described in Lewis, U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,098.
- A fir tree fastener may be used to secure one panel to another panel. Additionally, a fir tree fastener may be an integral part of a cable tie that is used to secure a wiring harness to an automotive panel. There are many other possible applications.
- For many applications it is desirable to have a low insertion force when installing the fastener into an aperture of a structure and to have a high disengage force for removal. It is advantageous to many manufacturers, suppliers, and users for the fastener to perform over a broad range of aperture sizes, shapes, and panel thicknesses. It is also desirable in applications subject to vibration, such as machinery, or vehicles of all kinds, to have the fastener fit snugly into an aperture to resist the vibration and minimize rattling noise.
- Tree fasteners known in the prior art generally provide acceptable performance characteristics when applied to a narrow range of aperture sizes, shapes, and panel thicknesses. Outside of this range of application, performance, such as the force required to engage and/or disengage the fastener, can significantly change.
- There are no universally accepted standards for aperture size or shape or panel thickness. Fastener producers and merchants must carry a large variety of fasteners and large number of fastener part numbers to accommodate the wide range of applications. Significant costs are incurred by manufacturers, merchants, and users as a result of having to manage each additional part number. These costs include, but are not limited to, costs for designing, producing, inventorying, tracking, and accounting for each additional part number.
- The present invention relates to a universal tree fastener that can fit and function over a range of aperture diameter, shape, and thickness applications.
- These and other advantages are achieved by providing a tree fastener wherein a cylindrical shank vertically extends from a base and wings radially extend from the shank in longitudinally extending segments or columns. The wings extending from two of the opposing segments are smaller than wings extending from two other opposing segments. Multiple opposing sets of wings with different radial dimensions enable the present invention to function over a broad range of aperture sizes and shapes.
- Advantages are also achieved by providing a fastener wherein wings extend from the shank in longitudinally extending segments or columns. The invention allows free flexing of the wings and prevents wing interference as the fastener is inserted into an aperture of a structure.
- Furthermore, the invention enables a fastener to be installed with relatively low force while maintaining a high disengage force, and a high ratio between disengage force to engage force over a range of aperture sizes and shapes and panel thicknesses. The fastener also provides resistance to vibration and rattling over a range of aperture sizes and shapes and panel thicknesses.
- The present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the fastener of the present invention;
- FIG. 2 is a cross-section view of the fastener of the present invention taken along line2-2 viewing in the direction of the arrows in FIG. 3; and
- FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the fastener of the present invention.
- Referring to the figures wherein like numerals refer to like elements throughout the several views, FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the
fastener 10 of the present invention. Thefastener 10 is formed of a molded plastic or a similar material. As shown in FIGS. 1-3, thefastener 10 includes abase 12 and a shank 14 (shown in FIG. 2). While the present invention shows thebase 12 as being an integral part of acable tie 16, it should be recognized by those skilled in the art that this is merely one example of a base form. Such a fastener, as contemplated by the present invention, can have a base comprised of a single head such as a dome, or it may include a multiplicity of axially spaced heads of the type normally used to fasten trim panels to automotive door interiors, not shown. - As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the
shank 14 is generally cylindrical in shape, having alongitudinal axis 18 extending vertically away from thebase 12 and alongitudinal surface 20 extending radially from thelongitudinal axis 18. It will be appreciated that the shank can have other shapes. For example, the cross-section may also be oval, elliptical, or polygonal. Thelongitudinal surface 20 is comprised of four diametrically opposing longitudinally extendingsegments 20 a,b,c,d, from which four corresponding columns of wings extend, eachsegment 20 a,b,c,d extending the length of thelongitudinal surface 20. It will be appreciated that the advantages of the present invention may also be achieved with more or less than four columns of wings. - Extending radially outward from each of a first pair of
opposing segments base 12 are a plurality of axially spaced flexible, resilientfirst wings 22 extending a firstradial distance 24 from thelongitudinal axis 18 and having anaxial spacing 26 between adjacentfirst wings 22. Extending radially outward from each of the second pair ofopposing segments base 12 are a plurality of axially spaced flexible, resilientsecond wings 28 extending a secondradial distance 30 from thelongitudinal axis 18 that is less than the firstradial distance 24 and having anaxial spacing 26 between adjacentsecond wings 28. - Each of the
first wings 22 are axially offset anaxial offset distance 32 relative to each of the correspondingsecond wings 28. In the preferred embodiment theaxial offset distance 32 is half of theaxial spacing 26. Two opposing slots 34 a,b extend longitudinally outside thelongitudinal surface 20 of theshank 14 between adjacent sets of first andsecond wings radial edge 42 of eachfirst wing 22 and a firstradial edge 44 of each correspondingsecond wing 28. Each of thesecond wings 28 has adistal edge 38 that is eccentric with respect to thelongitudinal axis 18 of theshank 14. In the preferred embodiment, each of thesecond wings 28 has aflattened portion 36 on thedistal edge 38 of thesecond wing 28 that extends to a secondradial edge 46 of thesecond wing 28. - The
nose portion 40 is illustrated in the present embodiment as a rounded arrow shaped member that extends vertically from the end of theshank 14. - It will be appreciated that the advantages of the fastener of the present invention can also be achieved with variations of the design described above. For example, where two identical opposing wings are shown with offset adjacent wings, the two opposing wings can essentially be replaced by one wing having two large slots. There can also be variations in the
slots 34 and flattenedportion 36 on thedistal edge 38 of thesecond wings 28 that still permit free flexing of the wings and prevent wing interference as a fastener is inserted into an aperture of a structure. In addition, some of the advantages may be achieved if the features described above are embodied on a subset of the fastener. For example, advantages can be achieved if features described above are embodied in an axially extending span of the shank and the wings that extend therefrom. The axially extending span may, for example, extend the distance represented by anaxial spacing 26 or a plurality of axial spacings. - This invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiment and modifications thereto. Further modifications and alterations may occur to others upon reading and understanding the specification. It is intended to include all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the invention. For example, one skilled in the art would realize that where a rounded arrow shaped
nose portion 40 is illustrated, the nose portion can also be rounded, pointed, or some other configuration. Theshank 14 can also be blunt at the end.
Claims (21)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/170,888 US6669426B1 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2002-06-13 | Tree fastener |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/170,888 US6669426B1 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2002-06-13 | Tree fastener |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20030231943A1 true US20030231943A1 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
US6669426B1 US6669426B1 (en) | 2003-12-30 |
Family
ID=29732624
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/170,888 Expired - Lifetime US6669426B1 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2002-06-13 | Tree fastener |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US6669426B1 (en) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100196091A1 (en) * | 2009-01-31 | 2010-08-05 | Stephen Selle | Fastener and method of using same |
USD778715S1 (en) * | 2015-07-08 | 2017-02-14 | Zephyros, Inc. | Tree fastener for use of automobile cavity |
US20190288451A1 (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2019-09-19 | Aptiv Technologies Limited | Wiring-harness with connector staging device |
USD891235S1 (en) * | 2019-01-10 | 2020-07-28 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Fastener |
JP2020172951A (en) * | 2019-04-08 | 2020-10-22 | 劉 怡汝 | Coupling tool |
CN112081802A (en) * | 2019-06-14 | 2020-12-15 | 伊利诺斯工具制品有限公司 | Fastening clip |
USD942845S1 (en) * | 2019-09-23 | 2022-02-08 | Evolve Products Group, Llc | Dowel pin |
NL2027522B1 (en) * | 2021-02-08 | 2022-09-09 | Pipelife Nederland Bv | Adaptive pipe cap |
US11519441B2 (en) | 2019-01-10 | 2022-12-06 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Tree fastener removal assemblies and methods therefor |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20130119208A1 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2013-05-16 | Hellermanntyton Corporation | Fir tree mount for cable ties |
US20060239796A1 (en) * | 2005-04-20 | 2006-10-26 | Franks John R | Cable tie with fir-tree type fastener |
US7762503B2 (en) * | 2005-04-20 | 2010-07-27 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Cable tie with oxygen sensor connector fastener |
US20070134073A1 (en) * | 2005-12-14 | 2007-06-14 | Shereyk David A | Fastener |
WO2007070207A1 (en) | 2005-12-14 | 2007-06-21 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Fastener |
US8003888B2 (en) * | 2007-10-18 | 2011-08-23 | Federal-Mogul Ignition Company | Electrical junction assembly for wiring harness |
US7891926B2 (en) * | 2008-01-28 | 2011-02-22 | A. Raymond, Inc. | Fastener |
DE202008007783U1 (en) * | 2008-06-11 | 2008-08-07 | Newfrey Llc, Newark | In a hole fastenable retaining element |
US8029222B2 (en) * | 2008-07-24 | 2011-10-04 | Zephyros, Inc. | Push-pin fastening system |
US8221042B2 (en) * | 2009-03-05 | 2012-07-17 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Anti-rotation fastener for an automotive component and panel |
USD752952S1 (en) | 2015-01-26 | 2016-04-05 | Zephyros, Inc. | Fastener |
USD751887S1 (en) | 2015-01-26 | 2016-03-22 | Zephyros, Inc. | Sealer |
USD1039362S1 (en) | 2022-03-16 | 2024-08-20 | Zephyros, Inc. | Fastening device |
Family Cites Families (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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AU533940B2 (en) * | 1980-02-20 | 1983-12-22 | W.A. Deutsher Pty Ltd | Winged fastener |
DE3014745A1 (en) * | 1980-04-17 | 1981-10-22 | Itw-Ateco Gmbh, 2000 Norderstedt | ONE-PIECE FASTENING ELEMENT FROM PLASTIC (SELF-CENTERING TREE CLIP) |
US4728238A (en) | 1980-06-16 | 1988-03-01 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Plastic drive fastener |
US4396329A (en) | 1981-01-26 | 1983-08-02 | Phillips Plastics Corporation | Pine tree clip |
JPH0315847Y2 (en) * | 1986-03-31 | 1991-04-05 | ||
US5039267A (en) | 1989-05-30 | 1991-08-13 | Phillips Plastics Corporation | Tee tree fastener |
JP2582404Y2 (en) | 1992-05-26 | 1998-10-08 | 株式会社ニフコ | clip |
US5306098A (en) | 1993-02-02 | 1994-04-26 | Trw Inc. | Plastic drive fastener |
US5393185A (en) * | 1993-10-01 | 1995-02-28 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Push-in fastener having fins with work-piece engagement ribs |
US5468108A (en) | 1994-09-12 | 1995-11-21 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Spiral flex tree fastener |
FR2741122B1 (en) * | 1995-11-13 | 1998-01-30 | Itw De France | FIXING ELEMENT |
US5672038A (en) | 1995-11-20 | 1997-09-30 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Fastener |
US5907891A (en) | 1998-02-24 | 1999-06-01 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Tree fastener with split wings |
-
2002
- 2002-06-13 US US10/170,888 patent/US6669426B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100196091A1 (en) * | 2009-01-31 | 2010-08-05 | Stephen Selle | Fastener and method of using same |
US8459920B2 (en) * | 2009-01-31 | 2013-06-11 | Stafast Products, Inc. | Fastener |
USD778715S1 (en) * | 2015-07-08 | 2017-02-14 | Zephyros, Inc. | Tree fastener for use of automobile cavity |
US20190288451A1 (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2019-09-19 | Aptiv Technologies Limited | Wiring-harness with connector staging device |
US10547143B2 (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2020-01-28 | Aptiv Technologies Limited | Wiring-harness with connector staging device |
USD891235S1 (en) * | 2019-01-10 | 2020-07-28 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Fastener |
US11519441B2 (en) | 2019-01-10 | 2022-12-06 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Tree fastener removal assemblies and methods therefor |
JP2020172951A (en) * | 2019-04-08 | 2020-10-22 | 劉 怡汝 | Coupling tool |
CN112081802A (en) * | 2019-06-14 | 2020-12-15 | 伊利诺斯工具制品有限公司 | Fastening clip |
USD942845S1 (en) * | 2019-09-23 | 2022-02-08 | Evolve Products Group, Llc | Dowel pin |
NL2027522B1 (en) * | 2021-02-08 | 2022-09-09 | Pipelife Nederland Bv | Adaptive pipe cap |
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