US20030215571A1 - Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent - Google Patents
Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20030215571A1 US20030215571A1 US10/309,879 US30987902A US2003215571A1 US 20030215571 A1 US20030215571 A1 US 20030215571A1 US 30987902 A US30987902 A US 30987902A US 2003215571 A1 US2003215571 A1 US 2003215571A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- water
- weight
- polymer
- copolymer
- dialkoxythiophene
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 264
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 174
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 129
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 121
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 229920000447 polyanionic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 194
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 151
- -1 poly(3,4-methylenedioxy-thiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 49
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine Chemical class O1CCOC2=CSC=C21 GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- FPZWZCWUIYYYBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOCCOCCOC(C)=O FPZWZCWUIYYYBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003577 thiophenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007646 gravure printing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007645 offset printing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- AVBCFBRGFCGJKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,4-d][1,3]dioxole Chemical class S1C=C2OCOC2=C1 AVBCFBRGFCGJKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 157
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 43
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 42
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 38
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 37
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 33
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 26
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 26
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 25
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 25
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 23
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 20
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 19
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 19
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 16
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 14
- BPSIOYPQMFLKFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOCC1CO1 BPSIOYPQMFLKFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229940093476 ethylene glycol Drugs 0.000 description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 9
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 8
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 7
- YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[SiH](OC)OC YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000424 optical density measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000006072 paste Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VVOPUZNLRVJDJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1=CC2=C3/N=C4\N=C(/N=C5\N/C(=N\C6=N/C(=N\C(=C2C=C1)N3)C1=C6C=CC=C1)C1=C5C=CC=C1)C1=C4C=CC=C1.[Cu] Chemical compound C1=CC2=C3/N=C4\N=C(/N=C5\N/C(=N\C6=N/C(=N\C(=C2C=C1)N3)C1=C6C=CC=C1)C1=C5C=CC=C1)C1=C4C=CC=C1.[Cu] VVOPUZNLRVJDJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 0 [1*]OC1=C(C)SC(C)=C1O[2*] Chemical compound [1*]OC1=C(C)SC(C)=C1O[2*] 0.000 description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000004183 alkoxy alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium titanate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[Ba+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])([O-])[O-] JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002113 barium titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 3
- XPFVYQJUAUNWIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfuryl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CO1 XPFVYQJUAUNWIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 208000019585 progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CC(C)(C)O SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001120493 Arene Species 0.000 description 2
- 229920002799 BoPET Polymers 0.000 description 2
- YPBLZUNUTKUMJI-BABDSMLMSA-N COC1=CC(NC(=O)C(/N=N/C2=CC=C(C3=CC(Cl)=C(/N=N/C(C(=O)NC4=C(OC)C=C(Cl)C(OC)=C4)=C(/C)O)C=C3)C=C2Cl)=C(\C)O)=C(OC)C=C1Cl Chemical compound COC1=CC(NC(=O)C(/N=N/C2=CC=C(C3=CC(Cl)=C(/N=N/C(C(=O)NC4=C(OC)C=C(Cl)C(OC)=C4)=C(/C)O)C=C3)C=C2Cl)=C(\C)O)=C(OC)C=C1Cl YPBLZUNUTKUMJI-BABDSMLMSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100035087 Ectoderm-neural cortex protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100020760 Ferritin heavy chain Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101000877456 Homo sapiens Ectoderm-neural cortex protein 1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101001002987 Homo sapiens Ferritin heavy chain Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101001135391 Homo sapiens Prostaglandin E synthase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101100533279 Homo sapiens SERPINH1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000987017 Homo sapiens Tumor protein p53-inducible protein 11 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000794517 Homo sapiens Uncharacterized protein C1orf21 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229920002153 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 241001082241 Lythrum hyssopifolia Species 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)=O NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Natural products CCC(C)C(C)=O UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910004882 Na2S2O8 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052774 Proactinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 102100027287 Serpin H1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 238000003854 Surface Print Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100027873 Tumor protein p53-inducible protein 11 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100030065 Uncharacterized protein C1orf21 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101100168408 Uromyces fabae CYP67 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100026624 Zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing protein 9 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 239000012615 aggregate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 2
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- LZCLXQDLBQLTDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)O LZCLXQDLBQLTDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003951 lactams Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229940043265 methyl isobutyl ketone Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229960004793 sucrose Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004400 (C1-C12) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006527 (C1-C5) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005654 1,2-cyclohexylene group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([*:2])C([H])([*:1])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- CLBQRQIEDKYLHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one;propane-1,2-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CO.CN1CCCC1=O CLBQRQIEDKYLHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNGREZUHAYWORS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-pentadecafluorooctanoate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F SNGREZUHAYWORS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-phenylmethoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CSC(C=2C=C(OCC=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=2)=N1 OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004493 2-methylbut-1-yl group Chemical group CC(C*)CC 0.000 description 1
- YZTJKOLMWJNVFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-sulfobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1S(O)(=O)=O YZTJKOLMWJNVFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNOOCRQGKGWSJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dihydro-2h-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine Chemical class O1CCCOC2=CSC=C21 WNOOCRQGKGWSJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002126 Acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- GVZGIHSLVRGGKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N COC(=O)C1=CC(NC(=O)CCC(=O)NC2=CC(C(=O)OC)=CC(C(=O)OC)=C2)=CC(C(=O)OC)=C1 Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC(NC(=O)CCC(=O)NC2=CC(C(=O)OC)=CC(C(=O)OC)=C2)=CC(C(=O)OC)=C1 GVZGIHSLVRGGKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100322243 Caenorhabditis elegans deg-3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002284 Cellulose triacetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanamide Chemical compound NC#N XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001159 Fisher's combined probability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101001102158 Homo sapiens Phosphatidylserine synthase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical group [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHLUUHNLEMFGTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylacetamide Chemical compound CNC(C)=O OHLUUHNLEMFGTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NYZGMENMNUBUFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N P.[S-2].[Zn+2] Chemical group P.[S-2].[Zn+2] NYZGMENMNUBUFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000144 PEDOT:PSS Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102100039298 Phosphatidylserine synthase 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910006069 SO3H Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920004482 WACKER® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N [(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-diacetyloxy-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-triacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O1)OC(C)=O)COC(=O)C)[C@@H]1[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005396 acrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010533 azeotropic distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001555 benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001743 benzylic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ABDBNWQRPYOPDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonofluoridic acid Chemical class OC(F)=O ABDBNWQRPYOPDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004181 carboxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008119 colloidal silica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002993 cycloalkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001687 destabilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000664 diazo group Chemical group [N-]=[N+]=[*] 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013681 dietary sucrose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004815 dispersion polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001041 dye based ink Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012799 electrically-conductive coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940116333 ethyl lactate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007701 flash-distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940051250 hexylene glycol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920013821 hydroxy alkyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000360 iron(III) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005397 methacrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- VNKYTQGIUYNRMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxypropane Chemical compound CCCOC VNKYTQGIUYNRMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007764 o/w emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M octanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC([O-])=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003791 organic solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- SNGREZUHAYWORS-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluorooctanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F SNGREZUHAYWORS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N phenyl(114C)methanol Chemical compound O[14CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000191 poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006289 polycarbonate film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001444 polymaleic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000135 prohibitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001507 sample dispersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006748 scratching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002393 scratching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010356 sorbitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000005402 stannate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)OC LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- HTVULPNMIHOVRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[2-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CC(C)OCC1CO1 HTVULPNMIHOVRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadate(3-) Chemical class [O-][V]([O-])([O-])=O LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsulfonic acid Chemical class OS(=O)(=O)C=C NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium(III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Y+3].[Y+3] RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G75/02—Polythioethers
- C08G75/06—Polythioethers from cyclic thioethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D165/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/48—Conductive polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
- H01G9/025—Solid electrolytes
- H01G9/028—Organic semiconducting electrolytes, e.g. TCNQ
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
- C08G2261/12—Copolymers
- C08G2261/122—Copolymers statistical
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
- C08G2261/14—Side-groups
- C08G2261/142—Side-chains containing oxygen
- C08G2261/1424—Side-chains containing oxygen containing ether groups, including alkoxy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
- C08G2261/14—Side-groups
- C08G2261/142—Side-chains containing oxygen
- C08G2261/1426—Side-chains containing oxygen containing carboxy groups (COOH) and/or -C(=O)O-moieties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
- C08G2261/14—Side-groups
- C08G2261/145—Side-chains containing sulfur
- C08G2261/1452—Side-chains containing sulfur containing sulfonyl or sulfonate-groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/32—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/322—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed
- C08G2261/3223—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed containing one or more sulfur atoms as the only heteroatom, e.g. thiophene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/40—Polymerisation processes
- C08G2261/43—Chemical oxidative coupling reactions, e.g. with FeCl3
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/50—Physical properties
- C08G2261/51—Charge transport
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/70—Post-treatment
- C08G2261/79—Post-treatment doping
- C08G2261/794—Post-treatment doping with polymeric dopants
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31533—Of polythioether
Definitions
- the present invention relates to method of preparing a composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,609 discloses an electrically conductive coating composition
- an electrically conductive coating composition comprising: a dispersion comprising dispersed particle of an intrinsically conductive polymer and, a solution which comprises a hydrophobic film-forming thermoplastic polymer, a highly polar plasticizer, and, an acid anhydride surfactant, in an organic solvent; wherein said thermoplastic polymer is soluble in said solvent to at least 1 percent by weight; and, wherein said dispersion comprises from about 1 to about 50 percent by weight of said intrinsically conductive polymer.
- EP-A 440 957 discloses dispersions of polythiophenes, constructed from structural units of formula (I):
- R 1 and R 2 independently of one another represent hydrogen or a C 1-4 -alkyl group or together form an optionally substituted C 1-4 -alkylene residue, in the presence of polyanions.
- EP-A-686 662 discloses mixtures of A) neutral polythiophenes with the repeating structural unit of formula (I),
- R 1 and R 2 independently of one another represent hydrogen or a C 1-4 -alkyl group or together represent an optionally substituted C 1-4 -alkylene residue, preferably an optionally with alkyl group substituted methylene, an optionally with C 1-12 -alkyl or phenyl group substituted 1,2-ethylene residue or a 1,2-cyclohexene residue, and B) a di- or polyhydroxy- and/or carboxy groups or amide or lactam group containing organic compound; and conductive coatings therefrom which are tempered to increase their resistance preferably to ⁇ 300 ohm/square.
- WO 99/34371 discloses a screen paste with a viscosity of 1 to 200 dPa.s (10 2 to 2 ⁇ 10 4 mPa.s) containing a solution or dispersion of a conductive polymer paste and optionally binders, thickeners and fillers.
- WO 99/34371 further discloses a process for preparing screen pastes in which a solution or dispersion with a content of ⁇ 2% by weight of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) [PEDOT]/poly(styrene sulphonate) [PSS] is concentrated to a solids content of >2% by removing the solvent and in which subsequently binder and/or filler are optionally added.
- PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
- PSS poly(styrene sulphonate)
- Example 1 discloses evaporation of water from a 1.3% by weight solids dispersion of PEDOT/PSS in water to a 3% by weight solids dispersion in a rotary evaporator at 45° C. and 20 hPa (mbar).
- EP-A 1 081 549 discloses a coating composition comprising a solution of a substituted or unsubstituted thiophene-containing electrically-conductive polymer, a film-forming binder, and an organic solvent media; the media having a water content of less than 37 weight percent.
- Coating dispersions with 0.1% by weight of PEDOT/PSS, i.e. 0.0294% by weight of PEDOT since BAYTRON® P contains a weight ratio PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4, and with between 8 and 25% by weight of water were disclosed in the invention examples using BAYTRON® P, a 1.22% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS in water, as the starting material.
- EP-A 1 081 546 discloses a coating composition
- a coating composition comprising a solution of an electrically-conductive polymer and an organic solvent media wherein the solvents are selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, cycloalkanes, arenes, esters, glycol ethers and their mixtures; the media having a water content of less than 12 weight percent.
- BAYTRON® P contains a weight ratio PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4, and with between 2 and 8% by weight of water were disclosed in the invention examples using BAYTRON® P, a 1.22% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS in water, as the starting material.
- EP-A 1 081 548 discloses a coating composition comprising a substituted or unsubstituted thiophene-containing electrically-conductive polymer and an organic solvent media; the media having a water content of less than 12 weight percent.
- Coating dispersions with PEDOT/PSS concentrations between 0.02 and 0.1% by weight, i.e. between 0.00588 and 0.0294% by weight of PEDOT since BAYTRON® P contains a weight ratio PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4, and with between 2 is and 8% by weight of water were disclosed in the invention examples using BAYTRON® P, a 1.22% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS in water, as the starting material.
- WO 02/042352 discloses a process for producing a water-dispersible powder essentially consisting of polymer particles T with repeating thiophene units and at least one further polyanionic polymer P characterized in that a dispersion or solution containing said polymer T is mixed with a compound which forms an azeotrope with water, the water is removed by azeotropic distillation and the polymer obtained isolated and dried.
- WO 02/067273 discloses a method for exchanging solvent in a mixture comprising water and an optionally substituted polythiophene, the method comprising: a) heating at least one solvent in a vessel under conditions suitable for vaporizing water; b) contacting the heated solvent with the mixture comprising water and optionally substituted polythiophene, the contact being sufficient to remove at least part of the water from the mixture as vapor; and c) exchanging the water removed from the mixture with the solvent.
- WO 02/072660 discloses a process for the preparation of dispersions or solutions, containing optionally substituted polythiophenes in organic solvents, characterized in that: a) a with water-miscible organic solvent or a with water-miscible organic solvent mixture is added to an aqueous dispersion or solution containing optionally substituted polythiophenes and b) the water is at least in part removed from the resulting mixtures.
- WO 02/072714 discloses solutions and/or dispersions of organic semiconductors in a solvent mixture of at least two different organic solvents, characterized in that (A) each of the solvents on its own exhibits a boiling point below 200° C. and a melting point less than or equal to 15° C., (B) at least one of the solvents exhibits a boiling point between 140° C. and 200° C., (C) the solvents used do not contain benzylic CH 2 — or CH-groups, (D) the solvents used are not benzene derivatives, which contain tertiary butyl substituents or more than two methyl substituents.
- the coating medium of the conductive polymer dispersion be largely non-aqueous to aid surface wettability and reduce the energy requirements for drying.
- the concentration of conductive polymer should be as high as possible. This can be realized by diluting aqueous dispersions with organic solvents, but this results in extreme dilution of the conductive polymer to 0.00588 to 0.0294% by weight, as disclosed in EP-A 1 081 546, EP-A 1 081 548 and EP-A 1 081 549.
- aspects of the present invention are realized by a method for preparing a composition containing between 0.08 and 3.0% by weight of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene in which the two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, a polyanion and at least one non-aqueous solvent from a dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion in water which is prepared in the substantial absence of oxygen, comprising in the following order the steps of: i) mixing at least one of the non-aqueous solvents, with the aqueous dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion; and ii) evaporating water from the mixture prepared in step i) until the content of water therein is reduced by at least 65% by weight.
- aspects of the present invention are also realized by a coating composition, capable of yielding layers with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency, prepared according to the above-described method.
- aspects of the present invention are also realized by a coating process comprising the steps of: providing the above-described coating composition; coating the coating composition on an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer thereby producing a layer with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency.
- aspects of the present invention are also realized by a printing ink or paste, capable of yielding layers with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency, prepared according to the above-described method.
- aspects of the present invention are also realized by a printing process comprising the steps of: providing the above-described printing ink; printing the printing ink on an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer thereby producing a layer with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency.
- alkoxy means all variants possible for each number of carbon atoms in the alkoxy group i.e. for three carbon atoms: n-propyl and isopropyl; for four carbon atoms: n-butyl, isobutyl and tertiary-butyl; for five carbon atoms: n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl and 2-methyl-butyl etc.
- oxyalkylenealkoxy means two oxygen atoms linked by an alkylene group.
- An alkylene group is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group e.g. a —(CH 2 ) n — group where n is an integer between 1 and 5, which may be substituted with an alkoxy, aryloxy, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, alkyloxyalkyl, alkyloxyalkaryl, alkyloxyaryl, hydroxy, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carboxyamino, sulfo or alkylsulfo group.
- derivatives as used in connection with a particular polymer refers to variants thereof substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, alkyloxyalkyl, carboxy, alkylsulfonato and carboxy ester groups.
- non-aqueous solvent means one or more non-aqueous solvents as opposed to the term “a non-aqueous solvent” which means a single non-aqueous solvent.
- polyhydroxy non-aqueous solvent means a non-aqueous 0.40 solvent having at least two hydroxy groups.
- azeotrope otherwise known as azeotropic mixture, as used in the disclosing the present invention means a solution of two or more liquids, the composition of which does not change upon distillation.
- solution as used in disclosing the present invention means a mixture of at least one solid in at least one-solvent, which is liquid and in which the solids are molecularly dissolved i.e. the vast majority of the solid molecules are actually dissolved and are not present in the form of aggregates or nano- or micro-particles.
- dispersion as used in disclosing the present invention means a mixture of at least one solid in at least one solvent, which is liquid and in which the solids are not molecularly dissolved i.e. the vast majority of the solid molecules are not dissolved, but are present in the form of aggregates or nano-or micro-particles.
- aqueous dispersions of PEDOT/PSS refers to aqueous dispersions of PEDOT/PSS prepared according to the polymerization process disclosed in EP-A 0 440 957 except that the polymerization process is carried out in the substantial absence of oxygen.
- the term “enhanced electrical conductivity at a given transparency” means that the electrical conductivity of a coating obtained with a composition derived from a dispersion of a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and a polyanion in water prepared in the substantial absence of oxygen is higher than with the same transparency obtained with a composition with the same ingredients in the same concentrations only differing in having been derived from a dispersion of a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and a polyanion in water prepared in the presence of a substantial concentration of oxygen.
- transparent means having the property of transmitting at least 70% of the incident light without diffusing it.
- the term translucent as used in disclosing the present invention means allowing the passage of light, yet diffusing it so as not to render bodies lying beyond clearly visible.
- the term flexible as used in disclosing the present invention means capable of following the curvature of a curved object such as a drum e.g. without being damaged.
- PEDOT as used in the present disclosure represents poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).
- PSS as used in the present disclosure represents poly(styrene sulphonic acid) or poly(styrene sulphonate).
- PET as used in the present disclosure represents poly(ethylene terephthalate).
- screen printing includes all types of printing in which printing is carried out through a screen e.g. silk screen printing.
- aqueous dispersions of PEDOT/PSS refers to aqueous dispersions of PEDOT/PSS prepared according to the polymerization process disclosed in EP-A 0 440 957.
- the method further comprises the step of homogenization of the dispersion prepared in step (i) at least once during step (ii).
- the method further comprises the step of homogenization of the dispersion prepared in step (i) at least twice during step (ii).
- the dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion in water is produced under inert gas e.g. nitrogen, helium or argon.
- inert gas e.g. nitrogen, helium or argon.
- step i) further comprises mixing the non-aqueous solvent and the aqueous dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion with an organic liquid which forms an azeotrope with water.
- step i) further comprises mixing the non-aqueous solvent and the aqueous dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion with an organic liquid which forms an azeotrope with water.
- n-Butanol for example, enables water contents below 5% by weight to be easily achieved.
- the ratio by weight of polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) to polyanion in the dispersion is in the range of 1:2.0 to 1:6.0.
- the water in the mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 70% by weight.
- the water in the mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 80% by weight.
- the water in the mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 90% by weight.
- the water in the mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 95% by weight.
- the water in the mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 99% by weight.
- At least 30% by weight of the composition is non-aqueous solvent.
- At least 65% by weight of the composition is non-aqueous solvent.
- composition 80% by weight of composition is non-aqueous solvent.
- the composition contains between 0.15 and 2.5% by weight of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene.
- the composition contains between 0.2 and 1.6% by weight of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene.
- the composition contains between 0.2 and 0.8% by weight of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene.
- the composition contains between 0.2 and 0.4% by weight of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene.
- a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene)[PEDOT]/poly(styrene sulphonate)[PSS] dispersion prepared according to the process of EP 440 957 typically has a pH of about 1.9.
- the pH of the dispersion can be varied between 1.2 and 3.2 without adversely affecting the properties of compositions prepared according to the present invention.
- the degree to which water can be removed in the process will depend upon the ability of the water to diffuse through the dispersion to the surface, which is dependent upon the viscosity of the PEDOT/PSS-dispersion under the evaporation conditions.
- the viscosity of PEDOT/PSS-dispersions is strongly dependent upon the PEDOT/PSS-content in the final dispersion.
- Water-contents of 1 to 5% by weight can be easily realized with dispersions of 0.8% by weight PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4, but just increasing the content of PEDOT/PSS, with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4, to 1.0% by weight has such a strong influence on the viscosity of the dispersion that the easily realizable water-content increases to 10 to 15% by weight.
- the temperature at which the distillation is carried out a temperature at or below 80° C., particularly preferably at or below 70° C. Distillation at a temperature of 88-89° C. has been found to yield a PEDOT/PSS-dispersion, which upon working up to a screen printing paste gives prints with a significantly higher surface resistance.
- the polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) has the formula
- each of R 1 and R 2 independently represents hydrogen or a C 1-5 -alkyl group or together represent an optionally substituted C 1-5 alkylene group or a cycloalkylene group.
- the polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) is a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene)in which the two alkoxy groups together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge.
- the polymers or copolymers of a (3,4-dialkoxy-thiophenes) are polymers or copolymers of a (3,4-dialkoxy-thiophenes) in which the two alkoxy groups together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge are selected from the group consisting of: poly(3,4-methylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-methylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, poly(3,4-butylenedioxythiophene) and poly(3,4-butylenedioxythiophene) derivatives and copolymers thereof.
- the polymers or copolymers of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophenes), the substituents for the oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge are alkyl, alkoxy, alkyloxyalkyl, carboxy, alkylsulphonato, alkyloxyalkylsulphonato and carboxy ester groups.
- the two alkoxy groups together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge which is a 1,2-ethylene group, an optionally alkyl-substituted methylene group, an optionally C 1-12 -alkyl- or phenyl-substituted 1,2-ethylene group, a 1,3-propylene group or a 1,2-cyclohexylene group.
- the dispersion of a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and a polyanion in water is prepared with an initiator in a reaction medium in the presence of polyanions under oxidizing or reducing conditions under an inert atmosphere such that when said initiator is added less than 3 mg of oxygen per litre of the reaction medium is present in the reaction medium.
- the dispersion of a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and a polyanion in water is prepared with an initiator in a reaction medium in the presence of polyanions under oxidizing or reducing conditions under an inert atmosphere such that when said initiator is added less than 1.5 mg of oxygen per litre of the reaction medium is present in the reaction medium.
- the dispersion of a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and a polyanion is prepared with an initiator in the presence of polyanions under oxidizing or reducing conditions under an inert atmosphere such that when said initiator is added less than 0.5 mg of oxygen per litre of the reaction medium is present in the reaction medium.
- the concentration of oxygen in the reaction medium can be regulated by any means e.g. freeze-thaw techniques, prolonged bubbling of an inert gas such as argon, nitrogen or helium through the reaction medium, consumption of oxygen in a sacrificial reaction under an inert gas blanket.
- the polymerization reaction can be carried out at room temperature i.e. ca. 25° C. and at atmospheric pressure.
- polyanions include the polyanions of polymeric carboxylic acids, e.g. polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, or polymaleic acids, and polysulphonic acids, e.g. poly(styrene sulphonic acid).
- polymeric carboxylic acids e.g. polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, or polymaleic acids
- polysulphonic acids e.g. poly(styrene sulphonic acid).
- These polycarboxylic acids and polysulphonic acids can also be copolymers of vinylcarboxylic acids and vinylsulphonic acids with other polymerizable monomers, e.g. acrylic acid esters, methacrylic acid esters and styrene.
- the polyanion is a polyanion of poly(styrenesulphonic acid) or of a copolymer of poly(styrene sulphonic acid) with styrene.
- the molar ratio of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene, in which the two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, to polyanion is in the range of 1:0.95 to 1:6.5.
- the molar ratio of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene, in which the two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, to polyanion is in the range of 1:0.95 to 1:3.0.
- the non-aqueous solvent is incapable of forming an azeotrope with water.
- non-aqueous solvent is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, arenes, esters, ethers, and their mixtures.
- the non-aqueous solvent is a glycol ether or a cyclic ether, such as tetrahydrofuran.
- non-aqueous solvent is a di- or polyhydroxy- and/or carboxy groups or amide or lactam group containing organic compound for example sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol, mannitol, saccharose and fructose, diethylene glycol, 1,2-propandiol, propylene glycol N-methylpyrrolidinone and conductive coatings therefrom which are tempered to increase their resistance preferably to ⁇ 300 ohm/square as disclosed in EP-A 686 662, hereby incorporated by reference.
- sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, saccharose and fructose, diethylene glycol, 1,2-propandiol, propylene glycol N-methylpyrrolidinone and conductive coatings therefrom which are tempered to increase their resistance preferably to ⁇ 300 ohm/square as disclosed in EP-A 686 662, hereby incorporated by reference.
- non-aqueous solvents can be evaluated by mixing 8 g of a 1.2% by weight aqueous dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with 12 g of solvent. If miscibility is observed without gel formation, the non-aqueous solvent is regarded as suitable. Tetrahydrofuran is miscible, but the dispersions are very viscous. Suitability according to the above miscibility test does not rule out phase separation upon further dilution of the PEDOT/PSS-dispersion with the same solvent, as is observed with tetrahydrofuran. It will be understood by one skilled in the art that a PEDOT/PSS-dispersion cannot be diluted to an unlimited extent without the possibility of phase separation.
- Ethyl lactate induces gel-formation and hence is unsuitable.
- Benzyl alcohol, furfuryl alcohol and cyclohexane produced phase separation and hence are unsuitable.
- non-aqueous solvent is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-propandiol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, N-methylpyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, glycerol, hexylene glycol and carbitol acetate.
- a binder is added in a further process step.
- This binder binds together the ingredients of the antistatic or electroconductive layer produced with the composition according to the present invention such that a non-planar structure on a support can be better coated.
- This binder may also increase the viscosity of the composition produced according to the method of the present invention.
- a binder is added in a further process step, wherein the binder is a polyester urethane copolymer e.g. DISPERCOLL U VP KA 8481 from BAYER.
- the binder is a polyester urethane copolymer e.g. DISPERCOLL U VP KA 8481 from BAYER.
- a binder is added in a further process step, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting polyacrylates, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxylate-containing copolymers with sulfonic acid groups, hydroxy-modified acrylic acid copolymers and poly(vinyl alcohol).
- binders were assessed by adding 0.1% by weight of the particular binder to a typical dispersion medium for the PEDOT/PSS-containing compositions of the present invention such as 87% by weight of 1,2-propandiol, 9% by weight of diethylene glycol, 3% by weight of deionized water, 0.5% by weight of ZONYL® FSO and 0.5% by weight of silicone antifoam agent X50860A.
- a binder which dissolved in such a dispersion medium to the extent of 0.1% by weight was regarded as suitable for the compositions according to the present invention.
- Particularly suitable binders are:
- binder 01 CARBOPOL® ETD-2623, a homo- and copolymers of acrylic acid crosslinked with a polyalkenyl polyether, from B. F. Goodrich;
- binder 02 CARBOPOL® Aqua 30, a latex of a copolymer of acrylic acid and ethyl acrylate from B. F. Goodrich;
- binder 03 AMBERGUM® 3021, a carboxymethylcellulose from Hercules Inc.;
- binder 04 LUVISKOL® K30, a polyvinyl pyrrolidone from BASF;
- binder 05 a hydroxyalkyl cellulose methylpropylether from Shin-Etsu Chemical Company
- binder 06 KLUCEL® L, hydroxypropylcellulose from Hercules Inc.
- binder 07 NEOCRYL® BT24, an acrylate-based aqueous latex from Zenica;
- binder 08 AQUACER® 503, an acrylate-based aqueous latex from BYC Cera;
- binder 09 POLYPHOBE® TR117, an acrylate-based aqueous latex from Union Carbide;
- binder 10 AMOREX® CR2900, an acrylate-based aqueous latex from Westvaco Corporation;
- binder 11 CRX-8057-45, an acrylate-based aqueous latex from Westvaco Corporation;
- binder 12 PRIMALTM EP-5380, a 54% by weight acrylate-based aqueous latex from Rohm and Haas;
- binder 13 JAGOTEX® KEM1020, a 58% by weight acrylate-based aqueous latex from Ernst Jager Chem. Rohstoffe GmbH;
- binder 15 JAGOTEX® KEM4009, a 55% by weight acrylate copolymer aqueous latex from Ernst Jager Chem. Rohstoffe GmbH;
- binder 16 GOOD RITE® K797, a 50% by weight acrylic acid-AMPS copolymer aqueous latex from B. F. Goodrich;
- binder 17 GOOD RITE® K-7058, a 50% by weight water-soluble acrylic acid polymer from B. F. Goodrich;
- binder 18 NARLEX® DX2020, an acrylic acid/styrene copolymer latex from Alco Chemical;
- binder 19 ALCOPERSE® 725, an acrylic acid/styrene copolymer latex from Alco Chemical;
- binder 20 CARBOPOL® EP2, a 18.1% by weight non-crosslinked methacrylate acid/ethyl acrylate copolymer latex from B. F. Goodrich
- binder 21 97.5-99.5% hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) from WACKER CHEMIE.
- binder 22 DISPERCOLLTM U VP KA 8481, a polyester urethane copolymer dispersion from BAYER
- Binders 1, 2 and 20 have a very strong influence upon the viscosity of the dispersion independent of the PEDOT/PSS-content.
- a pigment or dye is added in a further process step to provide coloured or non-transparent compositions.
- Transparent coloured compositions can be realized by incorporating coloured dyes or pigments e.g. diazo and phthalocyanine pigments.
- Non-transparent compositions can also be realized by incorporating a black pigment such as LEVANYL® A-SF from BAYER, LEVANYL® NLF from BAYER, KL1925, a carbon black dispersion from Degussa, and MHI Black 8102M, a carbon black dispersion from Mikuni, or titanium dioxide pigments in a weight sufficient to give non-transparency in the layer thickness being coated.
- a black pigment such as LEVANYL® A-SF from BAYER, LEVANYL® NLF from BAYER, KL1925
- a carbon black dispersion from Degussa and MHI Black 8102M
- a carbon black dispersion from Mikuni a carbon black dispersion from Mikuni
- titanium dioxide pigments in a weight sufficient to give non-transparency in the layer thickness being coated.
- Suitable pigments are: Pig- Manu- ment nr. Pigment facturer PIG01 FLEXON- YL ® Blue B2G CLARI- ANT PIG02 LEVAN- YL ®Yellow HR- LF BAYER PIG03 NOVO- PERM ®Yellow HR02 CLARI- ANT PIG04 LEVAN- YL ®Blue G-LF BAYER PIG05 HOSTA- PERM ®Blue B2G CLARI- ANT PIG06 HOSTA- PERM ®Blue B2G-L CLARI- ANT PIG07 LEVAN- BAYER a carbon black pigment dispersed in water YL ® N-LF PIG08 LEVAN- BAYER a carbon black pigment dispersed in water YL ® A-SF PIG09 MHI 8102M DE- a carbon black pigment dispersed in water GUSSA PIG10 GA Black 1 Mikuni a carbon black pigment dispersed in water Color Ltd PIG
- a cross-linking agent is added in a further process step.
- Suitable cross-linking agents are epoxysilane (e.g 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane), hydrolysis products of silanes (e.g. hydrolysis products of tetraethyoxysilane or tetramethoxy-silane) as disclosed in EP 564 911, herein incorporated by reference, and di- or oligo-isocyanates optionally in blocked form.
- an anti-foaming agent is added.
- a suitable anti-foaming agent is the silicone antifoam agent X50860A.
- a surfactant is added.
- an anionic surfactant is added.
- a non-ionic surfactant is added e.g. ethoxylated/fluroralkyl surfactants, polyethoxylated silicone surfactants, polysiloxane/polyether surfactants, ammonium salts of perfluro-alkylcarboxylic acids, polyethoxylated surfactants and fluorine-containing surfactants.
- Suitable non-ionic surfactants include:
- Surfactant no. 03 ZONYL® FS300, a 40% by weight aqueous solution of a fluorinated surfactant, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 06 Tegoglide® 410, a polysiloxane-polymer copolymer surfactant, from Goldschmidt;
- Surfactant no. 07 Tegowet®, a polysiloxane-polyester copolymer surfactant, from Goldschmidt;
- Surfactant no. 08 FLUORAD®FC431: CF 3 (CF 2 ) 7 SO 2 (C 2 H 5 )N—CH 2 CO—(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n OH from 3M;
- Surfactant no. 09 FLUORAD®FC126, a mixture of the ammonium salts of perfluorocarboxylic acids, from 3M;
- Surfactant no. 10 Polyoxyethylene-10-lauryl ether
- Surfactant no. 11 FLUORAD®FC430, a 98.5% active fluoroaliphatic ester from 3M;
- Suitable anionic surfactants include:
- Surfactant no. 12 ZONYL® 7950, a fluorinated surfactant, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 13 ZONYL® FSA, 25% by weight solution of F(CF 2 CF 2 ) 1-9 CH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 COOLi in a 50% by weight solution of isopropanol in water, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 18 ZONYL® TBS: a 33% by weight solution of F(CF 2 CF 2 ) 3-8 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 H in a 4.5% by weight solution of acetic acid in water, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 19 ammonium salt of perfluoro-octanoic acid
- the printing ink or paste is a lithographic printing ink, a gravure printing ink, a flexographic printing ink, a screen printing ink, an ink-jet printing ink or an offset printing ink.
- the suitability of a composition, produced according to the method of the present invention, for a particular printing process is substantially determined by the viscosity of the composition.
- Lithographic inks have a viscosity under printing conditions which varies from about 15 Pa.s to 35 Pa.s depending on the ink formulation, drying mechanism, printing machine and speed of printing.
- Gravure and flexographic inks vary greatly, depending on whether one considers the viscosity of the inks in the can or the diluted inks on the printing press.
- dye-based inks tend to be of lower viscosity than pigmented inks, owing to pigment settling problems both in the can and on the printing press.
- a typical press-ink viscosity while being printed would be around 15 mPa.s.
- Ink-jet inks have-viscosities under printing conditions which vary from about 2 mPa.s to 20 mPa.s depending on the type of ink-jet process, nozzle construction, printing speed, ink-drying mechanism and print quality required.
- a printing process comprising the steps of: providing a printing ink or paste according to the present invention; printing the printing ink or paste on an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer thereby producing a layer with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency.
- Layers of the pastes exhibit excellent adhesion to phosphor layers, polyacrylate subbing layers, polycarbonate and polyesters e.g. poly(ethylene terephthalate) and surface resistances ⁇ 1000 ⁇ /square at visual light transmissions >75%, with ⁇ 85% being obtainable.
- the electroluminescent phosphors to which the printing ink or paste can be applied are II-VI semiconductors e.g. ZnS, or are a combination of group II elements with oxidic anions, the most common being silicates, phosphates, carbonates, germanates, stannates, borates, vanadates, tungstates and oxysulphates.
- Typical dopants are metals and all the rare earths e.g. Cu, Ag, Mn, Eu, Sm, Tb and Ce.
- the electroluminescent phosphor may be encapsulated with a transparent barrier layer against moisture e.g. Al 2 O 3 and AlN.
- Such phosphors are available from Sylvania, Shinetsu polymer KK, Durel, Acheson and Toshiba.
- An example of coatings with such phosphors is 72 ⁇ , available from Sylvania/GTE, and coatings disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,189.
- Suitable electroluminescent phosphors are ZnS doped with manganese, copper or terbium, CaGa 2 S 4 doped with cerium, electroluminescent phosphor pastes supplied by DuPont e.g.: Luxprint® type 7138J, a white phosphor; Luxprint® type 7151J, a green-blue phosphor; and Luxprint® type 7174J, a yellow-green phosphor; and Electrodag® EL-035A supplied by Acheson.
- a particularly preferred electroluminescent phosphor is a zinc sulphide phosphor doped with manganese and encapsulated with AlN.
- any dielectric material may be used, with yttria and barium titanate being preferred e.g. the barium titanate paste Luxprint® type 7153E high K dielectric insulator supplied by DuPont and the barium titanate paste Electrodag® EL-040 supplied by Acheson.
- the printing process is a process for producing an electroluminescent device comprising the steps of: (i) printing a transparent or translucent support with a printing ink or paste according to the present invention, to produce the transparent or translucent first conductive layer; (ii) printing the first conductive layer with a layer comprising an electroluminescent phosphor; (iii) optionally printing the layer comprising an electroluminescent phosphor with a dielectric layer; and (iv) printing the dielectric layer if present, or the layer comprising the electroluminescent phosphor if no dielectric layer is present, with a solution, dispersion or paste comprising a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) to produce the second conductive layer, wherein the polymer or copolymer of the (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) in the solution, dispersion or paste used in step (i) may be the same or different from the
- the printing process is a process for producing an electroluminescent device comprising the steps of: (i) printing a support with a printing ink or paste according to the present invention to produce the second conductive layer; (ii) optionally printing the second conductive layer with a dielectric layer; (iii) printing the dielectric layer if present, or the second conductive layer if no dielectric layer is present, with a layer comprising an electroluminescent phosphor; and (iv) printing the electroluminescent phosphor layer with a transparent solution, dispersion or paste comprising a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) to produce the transparent or translucent first conductive layer, wherein the polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) in the solution, dispersion or paste used in step (i) may be the same or different from the polymer or copolymer of a (3,
- a coating process comprising the steps of: providing a coating composition according to the above-described process; coating the coating composition on an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer thereby producing a layer with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency.
- the support is paper, polymer film, glass or ceramic.
- the support is a transparent or translucent polymer film.
- a transparent or translucent support suitable for use in the electroluminescent device of the present invention may be rigid or flexible and consist of a glass, a glass-polymer laminate, a polymer laminate, a thermoplastic polymer or a duroplastic polymer.
- thin flexible supports are those made of a cellulose ester, cellulose triacetate, polypropylene, polycarbonate or polyester, with poly(ethylene terephthalate) or poly(ethylene naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylate) being particularly preferred.
- the coating composition according to the present invention can, for example, be used to apply antistatic or electroconductive coatings to an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer.
- the printing ink or paste according to the present invention can, for example, be used to apply antistatic or electroconductive patterns to an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer.
- This can, for example, be a step in the production of electroluminescent devices which can be used in lamps, displays, back-lights e.g. LCD, automobile dashboard and keyswitch backlighting, emergency lighting, cellular phones, personal digital assistants, home electronics, indicator lamps and other applications in which light emission is required.
- AUTOSTAT® a 175 ⁇ m thick heat-stabilized poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] subbed on both sides supplied by AUTOTYPE INTERNATIONAL LTD;
- MAKROFOL® DE 1-1 SC a 125 ⁇ m polycarbonate film from BAYER AG;
- BAYFOL® CR 1-4 a 115 ⁇ m thick extruded film of a blend of polycarbonate and poly(butylene terephthalate) from BAYER AG.
- Subbing layer Nr. 01 has the composition: copolymer of 88% vinylidene chloride, 10% methyl acrylate 79.1% and 2% itaconic acid Kieselsol ® 100 F, a colloidal silica from BAYER 18.6% Mersolat ® H, a surfactant from BAYER 0.4% Ultravon ® W, a surfactant from CIBA-GEIGY 1.9%
- Subbing layer Nr. 02 has the composition: copolymer of 50 mol % ethylene glycol, 26.5 mol % terephthalic 77.2% acid, 20 mol % isophthalic acid, 3.45 mol % sulfoisophthalic acid and 0.05 mol % of copolymer of 20% ethyl acrylate and 80% methacrylic acid 5.8% Hordamer ® PE02, aqueous dispersion of polyethylene from 2.4% HOECHST PAREZ RESIN ® 707, a melamine-formaldehyde resin from AMERICAN 14.6% CYANAMID
- CA carbitol acetate [di(ethyleneglycol) ethyl ether acetate]
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidinone
- X50860A silicone antifoam agent X50860A from Shin-Etsu
- the resulting mixture was additionally thermally treated at 950C for 2 h and the resulting viscous mixture (50730 g, 1.03 wt %) was first diluted with 14585 g of deionized water and secondly treated with high shear [microfluidizer at 40 MPa (400 Bar)]. This procedure yielded 65.315 kg of a 0.82 wt % blue dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.46.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 13 were prepared by mixing the solvent given in Table 1 in the quantity also given in Table 1 with the quantity of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water given in Table 1 and evaporating with stirring from the resulting mixtures by distillation at 45° C. at a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the compositions also given in Table 1.
- the content of PEDOT in these compositions obtained by dividing the content of PEDOT/PSS by 3.4, varied between 0.27 and 1.57% by weight.
- the viscosities at 20° C. and a shear rate of 1 s 1 were determined using an AR1000 plate and cone rheometer (diameter 4 cm; cone angle 2°) and are also given in Table 1.
- the particle size of the PEDOT/PSS-latex particles in the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 3 was determined with a Chemical Process Specialists CPS DCP24000 Disc Centrifuge in which particle size distributions are determined using differential centrifugal sedimentation. Particles settle in a fluid under centrifugal field according to Stokes' Law. Sedimentation velocity increases as the square of the particle diameter, so particles that differ in size by only a few percent settle at significantly different rates. In differential sedimentation, all the particles in a sample begin sedimentation as a thin band.
- a sample of particles was produced by diluting 1 mL of the composition with 4 mL of 1,2-propandiol and then diluting the resulting mixture with 10 mL of deionized water and then further with 3 mL of ethanol. 0.1 mL of the resulting dispersion was then added to the top of the 9.5 mL of clear liquid consisting of a 8% aqueous solution of sucrose at the start of the analysis and the particles settled down in the centrifugal field.
- the detector initially read maximum intensity, but the signal was reduced when particles reached the detector beam. The reduction in intensity indicated the concentration of particles in the detector beam.
- Mie theory light scattering can be applied to the intensity data to calculate the particle concentration.
- a mean latex particle size of 223 nm was found with a d10 of 223 nm and a d90 of 461 nm for the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 3.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 10 were screen printed though the screen given in Table 2 onto a PET film provided with the subbing layer also given in Table 2 and the print dried at 120° C. for 240 s.
- the surface resistance of the print was measured by contacting the printed layer with parallel copper electrodes each 35 mm long and 35 mm apart capable of forming line contacts, the electrodes being separated by a TEFLON® insulator. This enabled a direct measurement of the surface resistance to be realized.
- Table 2 The results are also summarized in Table 2.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 16 and 17 was prepared by adding 400 g of diethylene glycol (DEG) to 400 g of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water and then evaporating the resulting mixtures in a rotary evaporator at 600C and a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the composition in Table 5.
- DEG diethylene glycol
- PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water
- a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the composition in Table 5.
- TABLE 5 INVENTION EXAMPLE 16 INVENTION EXAMPLE 17 wt % 0.315 0.307 PEDOT wt % 1.07 1.045 PEDOT/ PSS wt. % 87.93 83.955 DEC wt % 11.00 15.00 deionized water
- This composition can be used directly for coating or different ingredients may be added to produce non-aqueous solvent containing printing inks and pastes for different printing techniques.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 18 to 22 were prepared by adding 400 g of 1,2-propandiol, optionally 49 g diethylene glycol and 400 g of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water and evaporating the resulting mixture in a rotary evaporator at 60° C. under a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the composition and subsequently adding CARBOPOL® ETD 2623 or 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane to give the compositions given in Table 8.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 18 to 22 were screen printed on an AUTOSTATTM CT7 support using a screen printer with a P120 screen and dried at 120° C. for 120 s.
- the adhesion of the printed layers was determined by a tape test: first scratching the layer cross-wise with a razor blade over an area of ca. 4 ⁇ 10 cm 2 , applying a 10 ⁇ 24 cm 2 piece of TESAPACK® 4122 brown tape, pressing by rubbing with a hard object and finally removing the tape from one end in a single movement in an upward direction.
- adhesion assessment of 0 no removal of the layer with the tape was determined visually on a scale of 0 to 5, 0 corresponding to no removal of the layer with the tape, according to the following criteria: adhesion assessment of 0 no removal of the layer with the tape; adhesion assessment of 1: removal of an area equal to 25% of the area of the tape with the tape; adhesion assessment of 2: removal of an area equal to 50% of the area of the tape with the tape; adhesion assessment of 3: removal of an area equal to 75% of the area of the tape with the tape; adhesion assessment of 4: removal of an area equal to the area of the tape with the tape; adhesion assessment of 5: removal of an area greater than the area of the tape with the tape.
- composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 23 was prepared as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 16 and 17 and consisted of: 0.75% by weight of PEDOT/PSS, 93% by weight of 1,2-propandiol, 5.9% by weight of water and 0.5% by weight of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 24 to 34 were prepared by adding different surfactants in different concentrations, as given in Table 10, to the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 23.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 23 to 34 were screen printed on an AUTOSTATTM CT7 support, the standard layer of LUXPRINTTM 7153E and the standard layer of LUXPRINTTM 7138J through a P120 screen and dried at 120° C. for 120 s.
- mottle assessment of 0 no mottle observed upon visual inspection mottle assessment of 1: mottle over between 1 and 10% of print; mottle assessment of 2: mottle over between 11 and 20% of print; mottle assessment of 3: mottle over between 21 and 40% of print; mottle assessment of 4: mottle over between 41 and 60% of print; mottle assessment of 5: mottle over more than 60% of the print.
- the starting material for the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 41 was prepared by adding 34.68 kg of 1,2-propandiol and 3.84 kg of diethylene glycol to 25.6 kg of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in a reactor, then distilling off 15 L of water by heating with an oil bath at 62° C. under stirring at a vacuum which varied between 31 and 55 hPa (mbar) over a period of 234 minutes, cooling the resulting mixture to 20° C. and then distilling off a further 4.85 L of water by heating with an oil bath at 60.5° C. under stirring at a vacuum which varied between 24 and 26 hPa (mbar) over a period of 287 minutes.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLE 35 to 41 were then prepared by adding deionized water, ZONYL® FSO-100, silicone antifoam agent X50860A and CARBOPOL® AQUA 30 with 30 minutes stirring in the quantities given in Table 11.
- CARBOPOL® EP2 A similar situation is also observed with CARBOPOL® EP2 as can be seen from the dependence of viscosity upon shear rate for the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 41 and a solution of CARBOPOL® EP2 in the same medium is given in Table 16.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 38 and 40 were screen printed on an AUTOSTATTM CT7 support, the standard layer of LUXPRINTTM 7153E and the standard layer of LUXPRINTTM 7138J using a screen printer with a P120 screen and dried at 120° C. for 120 s.
- the haze values reflect the amount of light-scattering in the printed layer and increase as the number of visually observable flecks, i.e. number of light-scattering spots in the print, increases. Lower haze and fewer or no flecks were observed with prints produced with the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 37, 38 and 40 than with the prints of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 and 36. TABLE 17 Print on AUTOSTAT TM CT7 of composition of Invention Example Nr 35 Nr 36 Nr 37 nr 38 nr 40 Print flecks flecks A few flecks no flecks no flecks quality Haze [%] 5.99 5.66 — 3.57 2.57 D vis 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLE 42 to 45 were prepared from the starting material used in INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 41 by adding deionized water, ZONYL FSO, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, silicone antifoam agent X50860A and optionally Flexonyl® Blue B2G with 30 minutes stirring in the quantities given in Table 22.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 42 to 45 were screen printed with a manual press and a P120 screen onto AUTOSTAT CT7 support.
- the surface resistance and optical densities were determined as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15. The results are given in Table 24.
- TABLE 24 Invention Surface resistance example nr Screen D blue D green D red D vis [ ⁇ /square] 42 P120 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03 1663 43 P120 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 1917 44 P120 0.08 0.18 0.83 0.38 2843 45 P120 0.09 0.18 0.74 0.37 3583
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLE 46 to 51 were prepared from the starting material used in INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 41 by adding deionized water, different non-ionic and anionic fluoro-surfactants as given in Table 25, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy-silane and silicone antifoam agent X50860A with 30 minutes stirring in the quantities given in Table 25.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 46 to 51 were screen printed with a manual press and a P120 screen onto a AUTOSTAT CT7 support and standard Luxprint® 7138J and Luxprint® 7153E layers as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 38 and 40.
- the surface resistance and optical densities were determined as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15.
- the mottle and adhesion quality were determined as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 23 to 34 and INVENTION EXAMPLES 18 to 22. The results are given in Table 27.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 52 to 58 were prepared by mixing the solvent given in Table 28 in the quantity also given in Table 28 to the quantity of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water given in Table 28 and evaporating with stirring from the resulting mixtures by distillation at 60° C. at a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the compositions also given in Table 28.
- the content of PEDOT in these compositions obtained by dividing the content of PEDOT/PSS by 3.4, varied between 0.53 and 1.03% by weight.
- composition non-aqueous 1.2 wt % non-aqueous Invention solvent
- PEDOT/PSS wt % PEDOT/ solvent example quantity dispersion water PSS quantity water surfactant Nr type [g] in water removed [wt %] type [wt. %] [wt %] nr.
- compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 52 to 58 were screen printed though the screen given in Table 29 onto AUTOSTAT® CT7 and the print dried at 120° C. for 240 s.
- composition for preparing the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 59 to 69 was prepared by first adding 18 kg of 1,2-propandiol and 2 kg of diethylene glycol to 20 kg of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water, then evaporating water with stirring at 60° C. and a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) until 15.05 kg of liquid (mainly water) had been removed and finally adding the ingredients given in Table 30 to 297 g thereof with stirring to obtain the starting composition given therein.
- TABLE 30 quantities [g] used in preparation of compositions of Invention Examples 59 to 69 Starting material 297 2-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 1.5 ZONYL ® FSO 0.75 X50860A 0.75
- the starting compositions for preparing the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 70 and 71 and INVENTION EXAMPLE 72 respectively were prepared by first adding 594 g of 1,2-propandiol and 6 g of N-methyl-pyrrolidinone and 540 g of 1,2-propandiol and 60 g of N-methyl-pyrrolidinone respectively to 400 g of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water and then evaporating water with stirring by distillation at 60° C.
- compositions were then used as the starting compositions for preparing the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 70 and 71 and INVENTION EXAMPLE 72 respectively by adding the appropriate quantities of the ingredients given in Table 35 to prepare the compositions given therein.
- the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 73 was prepared by first adding 54 kg of 1,2-propandiol and 6 kg of diethylene glycol to 40 kg of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water and then evaporating water with stirring by distillation at 60° C. (heating element temperature) and a vacuum of 83 hPa (mbar) for 11 hours whereupon 39.75 kg of liquid had been removed and the residual water concentration was 2.7% by weight.
- the ingredients given in Table 40 for INVENTION EXAMPLE 73 were then added with stirring to obtain the composition given therein.
- composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 73 was then used as the starting composition for preparing the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLE 74 to 76 by adding the appropriate quantities of DISPERCOLL® U VP KA 8481 to give the compositions given in Table 40.
- composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 77 was prepared by adding 239 g of n-butanol, 631 g of 1,2-propandiol and 69 g of diethylene glycol to 1635 g of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water and then evaporating water in part as pure water and in part as an azeotropic mixture with n-butanol (42.8% by weight water and 57.2% by weight n-butanol with a boiling point at atmospheric pressure of 92.7° C. compared with 100° C. for water and 117° C.
- the starting compositions for preparing the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 78 and 79 were prepared by first adding 34.56 kg of diethylene glycol to 230.4 kg of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water to a 400 L vessel and then evaporating water with stirring by distillation at 88-89° C. using an oil bath at 110° C. for INVENTION EXAMPLE 78 and at 55° C. using a water both at 60° C.
- compositions were then used as the starting compositions for preparing the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 78 and 79 respectively by adding the appropriate quantities of the ingredients given in Table 46 to prepare 200 g of the compositions given therein.
- TABLE 46 Composition of Invention Example [wt %] Ingredient nr 78 nr 79 PEDOT 0.238 0.211 PEDOT/PSS 0.808 0.719 PD 86.956 80.543 DEG 9.653 8.964 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 0.5 0.5 ZONYL ® FSO100 0.5 0.5 X50860A 0.5 0.5 deionized water 1.084 8.274
- the starting compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 80 to 83 were prepared by mixing the solvent given in Table 49 in the quantity also given in Table 49 to the quantity of improved 0.82% by weight aqueous dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PSS to PEDOT 2.4:1 given in Table 49 and evaporating with stirring from the resulting mixtures by distillation using a water bath at the temperature given in Table 49 and a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the compositions also given in Table 49.
- composition non-aqueous 0.82% of non-aqueous Invention solvent PEDOT/PSS water
- PEDOT/ solvent example quantity dispersion bath PSS quantity water Nr type [g] in water [° C.] [wt %] type [wt.
- the content of PEDOT in these compositions obtained by dividing the content of PEDOT/PSS by 3.4, varied between 0.806 and 0.912% by weight.
- the starting compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 84 to 95 were prepared by mixing the solvent given in Table 53 in the quantity also given in Table 53 to the quantity of improved 0.82% by weight aqueous dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PSS to PEDOT 2.4:1 given in Table 53 and evaporating with stirring from the resulting mixtures by distillation using a water bath at 60° C. and a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the compositions also given in Table 53.
- EXAMPLE 1 of WO 02/042352 was repeated by first polymerizing EDOT in the presence of PSS as disclosed in EP-A-0 440 957, 150 g of the resulting dispersion mixed with 600 g (690 mL) of toluene forming an oil in water emulsion and 260 mL of the water/toluene azeotrope distilled off at 90° C., using an oil bath whose temperature did not exceed 135° C., over a period of 2 hours. Overnight the PEDOT/PSS-layer settled out and a precipitate was observed on the thermometer. The distillation of the azeotrope was resumed at a temperature of 92° C.
- SAMPLES XVII to XXIII of WO 02/00759 were prepared by adding different solvents optionally together with CARBOPOLTM ETD2623 to a powder prepared by freeze-drying a 1.2% by weight aqueous dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio PEDOT:PSS of 1:2.46 under high vacuum (0.7 hPa (mbar)) in a CHRIST BETA2-16 shelf freeze-dryer until all of the water was evaporated (i.e.
- Such high energy dispersion techniques are disadvantageous compared with the process, according to the present invention, which realizes exchange of water for an organic medium without the expenditure of such high energy over such long periods.
- the complex viscosity ⁇ * of Sample XXIII was determined with a AR1000 cone and plate Rheometer at 25° C. and frequencies of 10, 1 and 0.1 Hz to be 1000 Pa.s, 5000 Pa.s and 40,000 Pa.s respectively.
- composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 96 was prepared by adding 570 g of ethylene glycol to 430 g of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.46 in water and then evaporating the resulting mixtures in a rotary evaporator at 60° C. and a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the composition in Table 59.
- the particle size of the PEDOT/PSS-latex in the solvent-exchanged dispersion was determined as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15 and the results given in Table 59. Viscosity measurements were carried out with an AR1000 plate and cone rheometer at 25° C. with a cone with an angle of 20 and a plate 4 cm in diameter with increasing shear rate from 0.1 to 1000 s ⁇ 1 , viscosities are given in Table 59 for shear rates of 1 s ⁇ 1 and 25 s ⁇ 1 . A shear rate of 25 s ⁇ 1 approximately corresponds to the shear rate realized with a Brookfield viscometer with a #2 spindle.
- the frequency of aggregates was assessed by pipetting 0.1 g of the solvent-exchanged dispersion taken from the centre of the pot onto a A5-size sheet of AUTOSTATM CT7 and then placing an A5-size sheet of AUTOSTATM CT7 on top and visually inspecting the dispersion on a scale of 1 to 3, according to the following criteria: aggregate assessment of 0: no aggregates observed; aggregate assessment of 1: 1 to 2 aggregates; aggregate assessment of 2: 3 to 5 aggregates observed; aggregate assessment of 3: more than 5 aggregates observed.
- the starting materials for the pastes of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 3 to 5 were prepared according to the process disclosed in WO 02/067273.
- a 500 mL in a 3-neck flask was filled with 100 mL of ethylene glycol which was heated to 1200C on an oil bath and stirred with an ULTRA-TURRAX stirrer at 2000 rpm.
- 76 mL of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.46 in water was added with a perfusor pump at a rate of 1 mL/min while flushing continuously with nitrogen. Much of the water evaporated escaped via the shaft of the ULTRA-TURRAX stirrer.
- COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 a Dean Stark trap was used and in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 4 and 5 the Dean Stark trap was replaced with a conventional distillation set-up using a condenser to improve the rate of distillation.
- the conventional PEDOT/PSS dispersion used in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 3 and 4 came from the same batch as that used in preparing the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 96 and BAYTRONTM P obtained from BAYER was used for preparing the composition of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5.
- the particle size of the PEDOT/PSS-latex in the solvent-exchanged dispersion was determined as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15 and the results given in Table 61. Viscosity measurements were carried out with an AR1000 plate and cone rheometer at 250C with a cone with an angle of 2° and a plate 4 cm in diameter with increasing shear rate from 0.1 to 1000 s ⁇ 1 , viscosities are given in Table 61 for shear rates of 1 s ⁇ 1 and 25 s ⁇ 1 . A shear rate of 25 s ⁇ 1 approximately corresponds to the shear rate realized with a Brookfield viscometer with a #2 spindle.
- the weight-averaged mean particle size increased with decreasing water content and increasing viscosity.
- compositions of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 3 to 5 were then spin-coated onto a glass plate by spinning for 6 s at 800 rpm and then 50 s at 1500 rpm followed by drying for 30 minutes at 25° C. followed by 5 minutes at 85° C. Further layers were coated on the spin-coated layer following the same procedure.
- the layers obtained by 1, 2 and 3 spin-coatings were characterized as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 10 and the results obtained are given in Table 62.
- the present invention may include any feature or combination of features disclosed herein either implicitly or explicitly or any generalisation thereof irrespective of whether it relates to the presently claimed invention.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
- Ink Jet (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
A method for preparing a composition containing between 0.08 and 3.0% by weight of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene in which the two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, a polyanion and at least one non-aqueous solvent from a dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion in water which is prepared in the substantial absence of oxygen, comprising in the following order the steps of: i) mixing at least one of the non-aqueous solvents with the aqueous dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion; and ii) evaporating water from the mixture prepared in step i) until the content of water therein is reduced by at least 65% by weight; a printing ink, printing paste or coating composition, capable of yielding layers with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency, prepared according to the above-described method; a coating process with the coating composition thereby producing a layer with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency; and a printing process with the printing ink or paste thereby producing a layer with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency.
Description
- The application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/349,573 filed Jan. 18, 2002, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/350,453 filed Jan. 22, 2002 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/382,577 filed May 22, 2002, all of which are incorporated by reference.
- The present invention relates to method of preparing a composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,609 discloses an electrically conductive coating composition comprising: a dispersion comprising dispersed particle of an intrinsically conductive polymer and, a solution which comprises a hydrophobic film-forming thermoplastic polymer, a highly polar plasticizer, and, an acid anhydride surfactant, in an organic solvent; wherein said thermoplastic polymer is soluble in said solvent to at least 1 percent by weight; and, wherein said dispersion comprises from about 1 to about 50 percent by weight of said intrinsically conductive polymer.
-
- in which R1 and R2 independently of one another represent hydrogen or a C1-4-alkyl group or together form an optionally substituted C1-4-alkylene residue, in the presence of polyanions.
-
- in which R1 and R2 independently of one another represent hydrogen or a C1-4-alkyl group or together represent an optionally substituted C1-4-alkylene residue, preferably an optionally with alkyl group substituted methylene, an optionally with C1-12-alkyl or phenyl group substituted 1,2-ethylene residue or a 1,2-cyclohexene residue, and B) a di- or polyhydroxy- and/or carboxy groups or amide or lactam group containing organic compound; and conductive coatings therefrom which are tempered to increase their resistance preferably to <300 ohm/square.
- WO 99/34371 discloses a screen paste with a viscosity of 1 to 200 dPa.s (102 to 2×104 mPa.s) containing a solution or dispersion of a conductive polymer paste and optionally binders, thickeners and fillers. WO 99/34371 further discloses a process for preparing screen pastes in which a solution or dispersion with a content of <2% by weight of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) [PEDOT]/poly(styrene sulphonate) [PSS] is concentrated to a solids content of >2% by removing the solvent and in which subsequently binder and/or filler are optionally added. Example 1 discloses evaporation of water from a 1.3% by weight solids dispersion of PEDOT/PSS in water to a 3% by weight solids dispersion in a rotary evaporator at 45° C. and 20 hPa (mbar).
- EP-A 1 081 549 discloses a coating composition comprising a solution of a substituted or unsubstituted thiophene-containing electrically-conductive polymer, a film-forming binder, and an organic solvent media; the media having a water content of less than 37 weight percent. Coating dispersions with 0.1% by weight of PEDOT/PSS, i.e. 0.0294% by weight of PEDOT since BAYTRON® P contains a weight ratio PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4, and with between 8 and 25% by weight of water were disclosed in the invention examples using BAYTRON® P, a 1.22% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS in water, as the starting material.
- EP-A 1 081 546 discloses a coating composition comprising a solution of an electrically-conductive polymer and an organic solvent media wherein the solvents are selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, cycloalkanes, arenes, esters, glycol ethers and their mixtures; the media having a water content of less than 12 weight percent. Coating dispersions with PEDOT/PSS concentrations between 0.02 and 0.1% by weight, i.e. between 0.00588 and 0.0294% by weight of PEDOT since BAYTRON® P contains a weight ratio PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4, and with between 2 and 8% by weight of water were disclosed in the invention examples using BAYTRON® P, a 1.22% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS in water, as the starting material.
- EP-A 1 081 548 discloses a coating composition comprising a substituted or unsubstituted thiophene-containing electrically-conductive polymer and an organic solvent media; the media having a water content of less than 12 weight percent. Coating dispersions with PEDOT/PSS concentrations between 0.02 and 0.1% by weight, i.e. between 0.00588 and 0.0294% by weight of PEDOT since BAYTRON® P contains a weight ratio PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4, and with between 2 is and 8% by weight of water were disclosed in the invention examples using BAYTRON® P, a 1.22% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS in water, as the starting material.
- WO 02/042352 discloses a process for producing a water-dispersible powder essentially consisting of polymer particles T with repeating thiophene units and at least one further polyanionic polymer P characterized in that a dispersion or solution containing said polymer T is mixed with a compound which forms an azeotrope with water, the water is removed by azeotropic distillation and the polymer obtained isolated and dried.
- WO 02/067273 discloses a method for exchanging solvent in a mixture comprising water and an optionally substituted polythiophene, the method comprising: a) heating at least one solvent in a vessel under conditions suitable for vaporizing water; b) contacting the heated solvent with the mixture comprising water and optionally substituted polythiophene, the contact being sufficient to remove at least part of the water from the mixture as vapor; and c) exchanging the water removed from the mixture with the solvent.
- WO 02/072660 discloses a process for the preparation of dispersions or solutions, containing optionally substituted polythiophenes in organic solvents, characterized in that: a) a with water-miscible organic solvent or a with water-miscible organic solvent mixture is added to an aqueous dispersion or solution containing optionally substituted polythiophenes and b) the water is at least in part removed from the resulting mixtures.
- WO 02/072714 discloses solutions and/or dispersions of organic semiconductors in a solvent mixture of at least two different organic solvents, characterized in that (A) each of the solvents on its own exhibits a boiling point below 200° C. and a melting point less than or equal to 15° C., (B) at least one of the solvents exhibits a boiling point between 140° C. and 200° C., (C) the solvents used do not contain benzylic CH2— or CH-groups, (D) the solvents used are not benzene derivatives, which contain tertiary butyl substituents or more than two methyl substituents.
- For many applications it is desirable that the coating medium of the conductive polymer dispersion be largely non-aqueous to aid surface wettability and reduce the energy requirements for drying. However, to avoid excessive dilution of the conductive polymer, large coating thicknesses and excessive use of solvent, the concentration of conductive polymer should be as high as possible. This can be realized by diluting aqueous dispersions with organic solvents, but this results in extreme dilution of the conductive polymer to 0.00588 to 0.0294% by weight, as disclosed in EP-A 1 081 546, EP-A 1 081 548 and EP-A 1 081 549.
- It is therefore an aspect of the present invention to provide a method of preparing a composition containing concentrations of conductive polymers of at least 0.08% by weight in a largely non-aqueous medium or an aqueous medium with a solvent concentration of at least 30 percent by weight.
- It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a coating composition containing concentrations of conductive polymers of at least 0.08% by weight in a largely non-aqueous medium or an aqueous medium with a solvent concentration of at least 30 percent by weight.
- It is also an aspect of the present invention to provide a coating process for coating a composition containing concentrations of conductive polymers of at least 0.08% by weight in a largely non-aqueous medium or an aqueous medium with a solvent concentration of at least 30 percent by weight.
- It is also an aspect of the present invention to provide a printing ink or paste containing concentrations of conductive polymers of at least 0.08% by weight in a largely non-aqueous medium or an aqueous medium with a solvent concentration of at least 30 percent by weight.
- It is also an aspect of the present invention to provide a printing process for printing a printing ink or paste containing concentrations of conductive polymers of at least 0.08% by weight in a largely non-aqueous medium or an aqueous medium with a solvent concentration of at least 30 percent by weight.
- Further aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description hereinafter.
- Evaporation of a 1.2% by weight PEDOT/PSS dispersion in water at 60° C. and a pressure of 50 hPa (mbar) as disclosed in EXAMPLE 1 of WO 99/34371 only enables 60% of the water to be removed due to the increase in viscosity of the dispersion. Upon two-fold dilution of the resulting very viscous PEDOT/PSS mass, containing 96% by weight of water and 4% by weight of PEDOT/PSS, with a non-aqueous solvent, the resulting paste still contained 50 to 55% by weight of water. Further dilution of the PEDOT/PSS mass to 70 to 85% by weight of non-aqueous solvent produced an inhomogeneous dispersion with a reduced viscosity. Surprisingly it has been found that addition of the non-aqueous solvent to a 1.2% by weight PEDOT/PSS dispersion in water prior to evaporation of the water enabled more than 60% of the water to be removed and more than 99% water removal to be realized without colloidal destabilization of the PEDOT/PSS-latex.
- Aspects of the present invention are realized by a method for preparing a composition containing between 0.08 and 3.0% by weight of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene in which the two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, a polyanion and at least one non-aqueous solvent from a dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion in water which is prepared in the substantial absence of oxygen, comprising in the following order the steps of: i) mixing at least one of the non-aqueous solvents, with the aqueous dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion; and ii) evaporating water from the mixture prepared in step i) until the content of water therein is reduced by at least 65% by weight.
- Aspects of the present invention are also realized by a coating composition, capable of yielding layers with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency, prepared according to the above-described method.
- Aspects of the present invention are also realized by a coating process comprising the steps of: providing the above-described coating composition; coating the coating composition on an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer thereby producing a layer with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency.
- Aspects of the present invention are also realized by a printing ink or paste, capable of yielding layers with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency, prepared according to the above-described method.
- Aspects of the present invention are also realized by a printing process comprising the steps of: providing the above-described printing ink; printing the printing ink on an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer thereby producing a layer with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency.
- Preferred embodiments are disclosed in the dependent claims.
- The term alkoxy means all variants possible for each number of carbon atoms in the alkoxy group i.e. for three carbon atoms: n-propyl and isopropyl; for four carbon atoms: n-butyl, isobutyl and tertiary-butyl; for five carbon atoms: n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl and 2-methyl-butyl etc.
- The term oxyalkylenealkoxy means two oxygen atoms linked by an alkylene group. An alkylene group is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group e.g. a —(CH2)n— group where n is an integer between 1 and 5, which may be substituted with an alkoxy, aryloxy, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, alkyloxyalkyl, alkyloxyalkaryl, alkyloxyaryl, hydroxy, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carboxyamino, sulfo or alkylsulfo group.
- The term derivatives as used in connection with a particular polymer refers to variants thereof substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, alkyloxyalkyl, carboxy, alkylsulfonato and carboxy ester groups.
- The term “non-aqueous solvent” means one or more non-aqueous solvents as opposed to the term “a non-aqueous solvent” which means a single non-aqueous solvent.
- The term “polyhydroxy non-aqueous solvent” means a non-aqueous 0.40 solvent having at least two hydroxy groups.
- The term azeotrope, otherwise known as azeotropic mixture, as used in the disclosing the present invention means a solution of two or more liquids, the composition of which does not change upon distillation.
- The term solution as used in disclosing the present invention means a mixture of at least one solid in at least one-solvent, which is liquid and in which the solids are molecularly dissolved i.e. the vast majority of the solid molecules are actually dissolved and are not present in the form of aggregates or nano- or micro-particles.
- The term dispersion as used in disclosing the present invention means a mixture of at least one solid in at least one solvent, which is liquid and in which the solids are not molecularly dissolved i.e. the vast majority of the solid molecules are not dissolved, but are present in the form of aggregates or nano-or micro-particles.
- The expression “in the substantial absence of oxygen” in connection with the preparation of a dispersion of a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and a polyanion in water means that from the addition of initiator to the completion of the polymerization the reaction medium contains substantially no oxygen and the polymerization reaction is carried out under an inert gas atmosphere.
- The term improved in referring to aqueous dispersions of PEDOT/PSS refers to aqueous dispersions of PEDOT/PSS prepared according to the polymerization process disclosed in EP-A 0 440 957 except that the polymerization process is carried out in the substantial absence of oxygen.
- The term “enhanced electrical conductivity at a given transparency” means that the electrical conductivity of a coating obtained with a composition derived from a dispersion of a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and a polyanion in water prepared in the substantial absence of oxygen is higher than with the same transparency obtained with a composition with the same ingredients in the same concentrations only differing in having been derived from a dispersion of a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and a polyanion in water prepared in the presence of a substantial concentration of oxygen.
- The term transparent as used in disclosing the present invention means having the property of transmitting at least 70% of the incident light without diffusing it.
- The term translucent as used in disclosing the present invention means allowing the passage of light, yet diffusing it so as not to render bodies lying beyond clearly visible.
- The term flexible as used in disclosing the present invention means capable of following the curvature of a curved object such as a drum e.g. without being damaged.
- PEDOT as used in the present disclosure represents poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).
- PSS as used in the present disclosure represents poly(styrene sulphonic acid) or poly(styrene sulphonate).
- PET as used in the present disclosure represents poly(ethylene terephthalate).
- The term screen printing as used in the present disclosure includes all types of printing in which printing is carried out through a screen e.g. silk screen printing.
- The term conventional in referring to aqueous dispersions of PEDOT/PSS refers to aqueous dispersions of PEDOT/PSS prepared according to the polymerization process disclosed in EP-A 0 440 957.
- According to the present invention a method for preparing a composition containing between 0.08 and 3.0% by weight of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene in which the two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, a polyanion and at least one non-aqueous solvent from a dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion in water which is prepared in the substantial absence of oxygen, comprising in the following order the steps of: i) mixing at least one of the non-aqueous solvents, with the aqueous dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion; and ii) evaporating water from the mixture prepared in step i) until the content of water therein is reduced by at least 65% by weight.
- It has been found that to minimize flocking of the polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene in which the two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge and polyanion, the evaporation to reduce the water content by at least 65% by weight is best carried out with regular homogenization either on-line in a continuous process or off-line in a discontinuous process. In this way high concentrations of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene in which the two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge and polyanion can be realized without a prohibitive rise in viscosity due to flocking of the polymer/polyanion. Otherwise pronounced flocking is observed forming a highly viscous “skin” on the evaporating dispersion, which strongly reduces the evaporation rate of water. This can be regarded as phase separation, although water and the organic liquid may be perfectly miscible in the absence of the polymer or copolymer/polyanion. It is believed that a phase separation may take place during the evaporation into a water-deficient phase in which the polyanion chains are present in coils resulting in flocking and a water-rich phase in which the polyanion chains are extended.
- According to a first embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the method further comprises the step of homogenization of the dispersion prepared in step (i) at least once during step (ii).
- According to a second embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the method further comprises the step of homogenization of the dispersion prepared in step (i) at least twice during step (ii).
- According to a third embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion in water is produced under inert gas e.g. nitrogen, helium or argon.
- According to a fourth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, step i) further comprises mixing the non-aqueous solvent and the aqueous dispersion of the polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and the polyanion with an organic liquid which forms an azeotrope with water. This enables the water to be evaporated off more rapidly and is advantageously added once the water content has been substantially reduced to expedite the reduction of the residual water content. Ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, methylisobutylketone, ethyl acetate and are all examples of organic liquids, which form binary azeotropes with water. n-Butanol, for example, enables water contents below 5% by weight to be easily achieved.
- According to a fifth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention the ratio by weight of polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) to polyanion in the dispersion is in the range of 1:2.0 to 1:6.0.
- According to a sixth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the water in the mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 70% by weight.
- According to a seventh embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the water in the mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 80% by weight.
- According to an eighth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the water in the mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 90% by weight.
- According to a ninth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the water in the mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 95% by weight.
- According to a tenth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the water in the mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 99% by weight.
- According to an eleventh embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, at least 30% by weight of the composition is non-aqueous solvent.
- According to a twelfth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, at least 65% by weight of the composition is non-aqueous solvent.
- According to a thirteenth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, 80% by weight of composition is non-aqueous solvent.
- According to a fourteenth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the composition contains between 0.15 and 2.5% by weight of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene.
- According to a fifteenth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the composition contains between 0.2 and 1.6% by weight of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene.
- According to a sixteenth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the composition contains between 0.2 and 0.8% by weight of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene.
- According to a seventeenth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the composition contains between 0.2 and 0.4% by weight of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene.
- A poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene)[PEDOT]/poly(styrene sulphonate)[PSS] dispersion prepared according to the process of EP 440 957 typically has a pH of about 1.9. The pH of the dispersion can be varied between 1.2 and 3.2 without adversely affecting the properties of compositions prepared according to the present invention.
- In general the degree to which water can be removed in the process, according to the present invention, will depend upon the ability of the water to diffuse through the dispersion to the surface, which is dependent upon the viscosity of the PEDOT/PSS-dispersion under the evaporation conditions. However, the viscosity of PEDOT/PSS-dispersions is strongly dependent upon the PEDOT/PSS-content in the final dispersion. Water-contents of 1 to 5% by weight can be easily realized with dispersions of 0.8% by weight PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4, but just increasing the content of PEDOT/PSS, with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4, to 1.0% by weight has such a strong influence on the viscosity of the dispersion that the easily realizable water-content increases to 10 to 15% by weight.
- It is preferred that the temperature at which the distillation is carried out a temperature at or below 80° C., particularly preferably at or below 70° C. Distillation at a temperature of 88-89° C. has been found to yield a PEDOT/PSS-dispersion, which upon working up to a screen printing paste gives prints with a significantly higher surface resistance.
- It should be pointed out that the viscoelastic properties of the PEDOT/PSS-dispersions obtained with the method, according to the present invention, are stable upon storage under ambient conditions.
-
- in which, each of R1 and R2 independently represents hydrogen or a C1-5-alkyl group or together represent an optionally substituted C1-5 alkylene group or a cycloalkylene group.
- According to a nineteenth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) is a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene)in which the two alkoxy groups together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge.
- According to a twentieth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the polymers or copolymers of a (3,4-dialkoxy-thiophenes) are polymers or copolymers of a (3,4-dialkoxy-thiophenes) in which the two alkoxy groups together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge are selected from the group consisting of: poly(3,4-methylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-methylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, poly(3,4-butylenedioxythiophene) and poly(3,4-butylenedioxythiophene) derivatives and copolymers thereof.
- According to a twenty-first embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the polymers or copolymers of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophenes), the substituents for the oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge are alkyl, alkoxy, alkyloxyalkyl, carboxy, alkylsulphonato, alkyloxyalkylsulphonato and carboxy ester groups.
- According to a twenty-second embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, in the poly(3,4-dialkoxythiophenes) the two alkoxy groups together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge which is a 1,2-ethylene group, an optionally alkyl-substituted methylene group, an optionally C1-12-alkyl- or phenyl-substituted 1,2-ethylene group, a 1,3-propylene group or a 1,2-cyclohexylene group.
- Such polymers are disclosed in Handbook of Oligo- and Polythiophenes Edited by D. Fichou, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (1999); by L. Groenendaal et al. in Advanced Materials, volume 12, pages 481-494 (2000); L. J. Kloeppner et al. in Polymer Preprints, volume 40(2), page 792 (1999); P. Schottland et al. in Synthetic Metals, volume 101, pages 7-8 (1999); and D. M. Welsh et al. in Polymer Preprints, volume 38(2), page 320 (1997).
- According to a twenty-third embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the dispersion of a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and a polyanion in water is prepared with an initiator in a reaction medium in the presence of polyanions under oxidizing or reducing conditions under an inert atmosphere such that when said initiator is added less than 3 mg of oxygen per litre of the reaction medium is present in the reaction medium.
- According to a twenty-fourth embodiment of the process, according to the present invention, the dispersion of a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and a polyanion in water is prepared with an initiator in a reaction medium in the presence of polyanions under oxidizing or reducing conditions under an inert atmosphere such that when said initiator is added less than 1.5 mg of oxygen per litre of the reaction medium is present in the reaction medium.
- According to a twenty-fifth embodiment of the process, according to the present invention, the dispersion of a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and a polyanion is prepared with an initiator in the presence of polyanions under oxidizing or reducing conditions under an inert atmosphere such that when said initiator is added less than 0.5 mg of oxygen per litre of the reaction medium is present in the reaction medium.
- The concentration of oxygen in the reaction medium can be regulated by any means e.g. freeze-thaw techniques, prolonged bubbling of an inert gas such as argon, nitrogen or helium through the reaction medium, consumption of oxygen in a sacrificial reaction under an inert gas blanket. The polymerization reaction can be carried out at room temperature i.e. ca. 25° C. and at atmospheric pressure.
- According to a twenty-sixth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, polyanions include the polyanions of polymeric carboxylic acids, e.g. polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, or polymaleic acids, and polysulphonic acids, e.g. poly(styrene sulphonic acid). These polycarboxylic acids and polysulphonic acids can also be copolymers of vinylcarboxylic acids and vinylsulphonic acids with other polymerizable monomers, e.g. acrylic acid esters, methacrylic acid esters and styrene.
- According to a twenty-seventh embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the polyanion is a polyanion of poly(styrenesulphonic acid) or of a copolymer of poly(styrene sulphonic acid) with styrene.
- According to a twenty-eighth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the molar ratio of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene, in which the two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, to polyanion is in the range of 1:0.95 to 1:6.5.
- According to a twenty-ninth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the molar ratio of polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene, in which the two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, to polyanion is in the range of 1:0.95 to 1:3.0.
- According to an thirtieth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, the non-aqueous solvent is incapable of forming an azeotrope with water.
- According to an thirty-first embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, wherein the non-aqueous solvent is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, arenes, esters, ethers, and their mixtures.
- According to a thirty-second embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, wherein the non-aqueous solvent is a glycol ether or a cyclic ether, such as tetrahydrofuran.
- According to a thirty-third embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, wherein the non-aqueous solvent is water-miscible.
- According to a thirty-fourth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, wherein non-aqueous solvent is added in a further process step.
- According to a thirty-fifth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, wherein the non-aqueous solvent is a di- or polyhydroxy- and/or carboxy groups or amide or lactam group containing organic compound for example sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol, mannitol, saccharose and fructose, diethylene glycol, 1,2-propandiol, propylene glycol N-methylpyrrolidinone and conductive coatings therefrom which are tempered to increase their resistance preferably to <300 ohm/square as disclosed in EP-A 686 662, hereby incorporated by reference.
- The suitability of particular non-aqueous solvents can be evaluated by mixing 8 g of a 1.2% by weight aqueous dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with 12 g of solvent. If miscibility is observed without gel formation, the non-aqueous solvent is regarded as suitable. Tetrahydrofuran is miscible, but the dispersions are very viscous. Suitability according to the above miscibility test does not rule out phase separation upon further dilution of the PEDOT/PSS-dispersion with the same solvent, as is observed with tetrahydrofuran. It will be understood by one skilled in the art that a PEDOT/PSS-dispersion cannot be diluted to an unlimited extent without the possibility of phase separation.
- Ethyl lactate induces gel-formation and hence is unsuitable. Benzyl alcohol, furfuryl alcohol and cyclohexane produced phase separation and hence are unsuitable.
- According to a thirty-sixth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, wherein the non-aqueous solvent is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-propandiol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, N-methylpyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, glycerol, hexylene glycol and carbitol acetate.
- According to a thirty-seventh embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, a binder is added in a further process step. This binder binds together the ingredients of the antistatic or electroconductive layer produced with the composition according to the present invention such that a non-planar structure on a support can be better coated. This binder may also increase the viscosity of the composition produced according to the method of the present invention.
- According to a thirty-eighth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, a binder is added in a further process step, wherein the binder is a polyester urethane copolymer e.g. DISPERCOLL U VP KA 8481 from BAYER.
- According to a thirty-ninth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, a binder is added in a further process step, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting polyacrylates, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxylate-containing copolymers with sulfonic acid groups, hydroxy-modified acrylic acid copolymers and poly(vinyl alcohol).
- The suitability of binders was assessed by adding 0.1% by weight of the particular binder to a typical dispersion medium for the PEDOT/PSS-containing compositions of the present invention such as 87% by weight of 1,2-propandiol, 9% by weight of diethylene glycol, 3% by weight of deionized water, 0.5% by weight of ZONYL® FSO and 0.5% by weight of silicone antifoam agent X50860A. A binder which dissolved in such a dispersion medium to the extent of 0.1% by weight was regarded as suitable for the compositions according to the present invention.
- Particularly suitable binders are:
- binder 01=CARBOPOL® ETD-2623, a homo- and copolymers of acrylic acid crosslinked with a polyalkenyl polyether, from B. F. Goodrich;
- binder 02=CARBOPOL® Aqua 30, a latex of a copolymer of acrylic acid and ethyl acrylate from B. F. Goodrich;
- binder 03=AMBERGUM® 3021, a carboxymethylcellulose from Hercules Inc.;
- binder 04=LUVISKOL® K30, a polyvinyl pyrrolidone from BASF;
- binder 05=a hydroxyalkyl cellulose methylpropylether from Shin-Etsu Chemical Company;
- binder 06=KLUCEL® L, hydroxypropylcellulose from Hercules Inc.;
- binder 07=NEOCRYL® BT24, an acrylate-based aqueous latex from Zenica;
- binder 08=AQUACER® 503, an acrylate-based aqueous latex from BYC Cera;
- binder 09=POLYPHOBE® TR117, an acrylate-based aqueous latex from Union Carbide;
- binder 10=AMOREX® CR2900, an acrylate-based aqueous latex from Westvaco Corporation;
- binder 11=CRX-8057-45, an acrylate-based aqueous latex from Westvaco Corporation;
- binder 12=PRIMAL™ EP-5380, a 54% by weight acrylate-based aqueous latex from Rohm and Haas;
- binder 13=JAGOTEX® KEM1020, a 58% by weight acrylate-based aqueous latex from Ernst Jager Chem. Rohstoffe GmbH;
- binder 14=PERMUTEX® PS-34=320, a 54% by weight acrylate-based aqueous latex from Stahl Holland BV;
- binder 15=JAGOTEX® KEM4009, a 55% by weight acrylate copolymer aqueous latex from Ernst Jager Chem. Rohstoffe GmbH;
- binder 16=GOOD RITE® K797, a 50% by weight acrylic acid-AMPS copolymer aqueous latex from B. F. Goodrich;
- binder 17=GOOD RITE® K-7058, a 50% by weight water-soluble acrylic acid polymer from B. F. Goodrich;
- binder 18=NARLEX® DX2020, an acrylic acid/styrene copolymer latex from Alco Chemical;
- binder 19 ALCOPERSE® 725, an acrylic acid/styrene copolymer latex from Alco Chemical;
- binder 20=CARBOPOL® EP2, a 18.1% by weight non-crosslinked methacrylate acid/ethyl acrylate copolymer latex from B. F. Goodrich
- binder 21=97.5-99.5% hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) from WACKER CHEMIE.
- binder 22=DISPERCOLL™ U VP KA 8481, a polyester urethane copolymer dispersion from BAYER
- Binders 1, 2 and 20 have a very strong influence upon the viscosity of the dispersion independent of the PEDOT/PSS-content.
- According to a fortieth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, a pigment or dye is added in a further process step to provide coloured or non-transparent compositions. Transparent coloured compositions can be realized by incorporating coloured dyes or pigments e.g. diazo and phthalocyanine pigments.
- Non-transparent compositions can also be realized by incorporating a black pigment such as LEVANYL® A-SF from BAYER, LEVANYL® NLF from BAYER, KL1925, a carbon black dispersion from Degussa, and MHI Black 8102M, a carbon black dispersion from Mikuni, or titanium dioxide pigments in a weight sufficient to give non-transparency in the layer thickness being coated.
- Suitable pigments are:
Pig- Manu- ment nr. Pigment facturer PIG01 FLEXON- YL ® Blue B2G CLARI- ANT PIG02 LEVAN- YL ®Yellow HR- LF BAYER PIG03 NOVO- PERM ®Yellow HR02 CLARI- ANT PIG04 LEVAN- YL ®Blue G-LF BAYER PIG05 HOSTA- PERM ®Blue B2G CLARI- ANT PIG06 HOSTA- PERM ®Blue B2G-L CLARI- ANT PIG07 LEVAN- BAYER a carbon black pigment dispersed in water YL ® N-LF PIG08 LEVAN- BAYER a carbon black pigment dispersed in water YL ® A-SF PIG09 MHI 8102M DE- a carbon black pigment dispersed in water GUSSA PIG10 GA Black 1 Mikuni a carbon black pigment dispersed in water Color Ltd PIG11 Bonjet Orient a carbon black pigment dispersed in water Black CW-2 Chemicals Industries Ltd PIG12 Bonjet Orient a carbon black pigment dispersed in water Black CW-1 Chemicals Industries Ltd PIG13 FX-GBI-015 Nagase a carbon black pigment dispersed in 2- Nippon butanone (50-80%) + methylisobutylketone Shokubai (8-20%) PIG14 LEVAN- BAYER a carbon black pigment dispersed in water YL ® B-LF PIG15 TPX100 CABOT a 20% dispersion of a modified carbon CORP black in water PIG16 TPX100 CABOT a 15% dispersion of a modified carbon CORP black in water - According to a forty-first embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, a cross-linking agent is added in a further process step. Suitable cross-linking agents are epoxysilane (e.g 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane), hydrolysis products of silanes (e.g. hydrolysis products of tetraethyoxysilane or tetramethoxy-silane) as disclosed in EP 564 911, herein incorporated by reference, and di- or oligo-isocyanates optionally in blocked form.
- According to a forty-second embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, an anti-foaming agent is added.
- A suitable anti-foaming agent is the silicone antifoam agent X50860A.
- According to a forty-third embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, a surfactant is added.
- According to a forty-fourth embodiment of the method, according to the present invention, an anionic surfactant is added.
- According to a forty-fifth embodiment of the method, according to the method of the present invention a non-ionic surfactant is added e.g. ethoxylated/fluroralkyl surfactants, polyethoxylated silicone surfactants, polysiloxane/polyether surfactants, ammonium salts of perfluro-alkylcarboxylic acids, polyethoxylated surfactants and fluorine-containing surfactants.
- Suitable non-ionic surfactants include:
- Surfactant no. 01=ZONYL® FSN, a 40% by weight solution of F(CF2CF2)1-9CH2CH2O(CH2CH2O)xH in a 50% by weight solution of isopropanol in water where x=0 to about 25, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 02=ZONYL® FSN-100: F(CF2CF2)1-9CH2CH2O(CH2CH2O)xH where x=0 to about 25, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 03=ZONYL® FS300, a 40% by weight aqueous solution of a fluorinated surfactant, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 04=ZONYL® FSO, a 50% by weight solution of a mixture of ethoxylated non-ionic fluoro-surfactant with the formula: F(CF2CF2)1-7CH2CH2O(CH2CH2O)yH where y=0 to ca. 15 in a 50% by weight solution of ethylene glycol in water, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 05=ZONYL® FSO-100, a mixture of ethoxylated non-ionic fluoro-surfactant from DuPont with the formula: F(CF2CF2)1-7CH2CH2O(CH2CH2O)yH where y=0 to ca. 15 from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 06=Tegoglide® 410, a polysiloxane-polymer copolymer surfactant, from Goldschmidt;
- Surfactant no. 07=Tegowet®, a polysiloxane-polyester copolymer surfactant, from Goldschmidt;
- Surfactant no. 08=FLUORAD®FC431: CF3(CF2)7SO2(C2H5)N—CH2CO—(OCH2CH2)nOH from 3M;
- Surfactant no. 09=FLUORAD®FC126, a mixture of the ammonium salts of perfluorocarboxylic acids, from 3M;
- Surfactant no. 10=Polyoxyethylene-10-lauryl ether
- Surfactant no. 11=FLUORAD®FC430, a 98.5% active fluoroaliphatic ester from 3M;
- Suitable anionic surfactants include:
- Surfactant no. 12=ZONYL® 7950, a fluorinated surfactant, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 13=ZONYL® FSA, 25% by weight solution of F(CF2CF2)1-9CH2CH2SCH2CH2COOLi in a 50% by weight solution of isopropanol in water, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 14=ZONYL® FSE, a 14% by weight solution of [F(CF2CF2)1-7CH2CH2O]xP(O)(ONH4)y where x=1 or 2; y=2 or 1; and x+y=3 in a 70% by weight solution of ethylene glycol in water, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 15=ZONYL® FSJ, a 40% by weight solution of a blend of F(CF2CF2)1-7CH2CH2O]xP(O) (ONH4)y where x=1 or 2; y=2 or 1; and x+y=3 with a hydrocarbon surfactant in 25% by weight solution of isopropanol in water, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 16=ZONYL® FSP, a 35% by weight solution of [F(CF2CF2)1-7CH2CH2O]xP(O) (ONH4)y where x=1 or 2; y=2 or 1 and x+y=3 in 69.2% by weight solution of isopropanol in water, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 17=ZONYLS UR: [F(CF2CF2)1-7CH2CH2O]xP(O) (OH)y where x=1 or 2; y=2 or 1 and x+y=3, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 18=ZONYL® TBS: a 33% by weight solution of F(CF2CF2)3-8CH2CH2SO3H in a 4.5% by weight solution of acetic acid in water, from DuPont;
- Surfactant no. 19=ammonium salt of perfluoro-octanoic acid;
- According to a first embodiment of the printing ink or paste according to the present invention, the printing ink or paste is a lithographic printing ink, a gravure printing ink, a flexographic printing ink, a screen printing ink, an ink-jet printing ink or an offset printing ink. The suitability of a composition, produced according to the method of the present invention, for a particular printing process is substantially determined by the viscosity of the composition.
- Lithographic inks have a viscosity under printing conditions which varies from about 15 Pa.s to 35 Pa.s depending on the ink formulation, drying mechanism, printing machine and speed of printing.
- Gravure and flexographic inks vary greatly, depending on whether one considers the viscosity of the inks in the can or the diluted inks on the printing press. In addition, dye-based inks tend to be of lower viscosity than pigmented inks, owing to pigment settling problems both in the can and on the printing press. As a general guide, a typical press-ink viscosity while being printed would be around 15 mPa.s.
- Screen printing inks depend on the type of ink, screen mesh and printing speed. Typical viscosities of the diluted ink while being printed from the screen are between 0.5 and 5 Pa.s for rapid processing (shear rate=ca. 100 s−1) and 8 to 40 Pa.s for slow processing (shear rate=ca. 1 s−1) and 50 to 800 Pa.s at rest (shear rate=ca. 10−2 s−1).
- Ink-jet inks have-viscosities under printing conditions which vary from about 2 mPa.s to 20 mPa.s depending on the type of ink-jet process, nozzle construction, printing speed, ink-drying mechanism and print quality required.
- Aspects of the present invention are realized by a printing process comprising the steps of: providing a printing ink or paste according to the present invention; printing the printing ink or paste on an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer thereby producing a layer with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency.
- Layers of the pastes exhibit excellent adhesion to phosphor layers, polyacrylate subbing layers, polycarbonate and polyesters e.g. poly(ethylene terephthalate) and surface resistances ≦1000 Ω/square at visual light transmissions >75%, with ≧85% being obtainable.
- Among the electroluminescent phosphors to which the printing ink or paste can be applied are II-VI semiconductors e.g. ZnS, or are a combination of group II elements with oxidic anions, the most common being silicates, phosphates, carbonates, germanates, stannates, borates, vanadates, tungstates and oxysulphates. Typical dopants are metals and all the rare earths e.g. Cu, Ag, Mn, Eu, Sm, Tb and Ce. The electroluminescent phosphor may be encapsulated with a transparent barrier layer against moisture e.g. Al2O3 and AlN. Such phosphors are available from Sylvania, Shinetsu polymer KK, Durel, Acheson and Toshiba. An example of coatings with such phosphors is 72×, available from Sylvania/GTE, and coatings disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,189. Suitable electroluminescent phosphors are ZnS doped with manganese, copper or terbium, CaGa2S4 doped with cerium, electroluminescent phosphor pastes supplied by DuPont e.g.: Luxprint® type 7138J, a white phosphor; Luxprint® type 7151J, a green-blue phosphor; and Luxprint® type 7174J, a yellow-green phosphor; and Electrodag® EL-035A supplied by Acheson. A particularly preferred electroluminescent phosphor is a zinc sulphide phosphor doped with manganese and encapsulated with AlN.
- Any dielectric material may be used, with yttria and barium titanate being preferred e.g. the barium titanate paste Luxprint® type 7153E high K dielectric insulator supplied by DuPont and the barium titanate paste Electrodag® EL-040 supplied by Acheson.
- According to a first embodiment of the printing process according to the present invention, the printing process is a process for producing an electroluminescent device comprising the steps of: (i) printing a transparent or translucent support with a printing ink or paste according to the present invention, to produce the transparent or translucent first conductive layer; (ii) printing the first conductive layer with a layer comprising an electroluminescent phosphor; (iii) optionally printing the layer comprising an electroluminescent phosphor with a dielectric layer; and (iv) printing the dielectric layer if present, or the layer comprising the electroluminescent phosphor if no dielectric layer is present, with a solution, dispersion or paste comprising a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) to produce the second conductive layer, wherein the polymer or copolymer of the (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) in the solution, dispersion or paste used in step (i) may be the same or different from the polymer or copolymer of the (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) used in the solution, dispersion or paste used in step (iv).
- According to a second embodiment of the printing process according to the present invention, the printing process is a process for producing an electroluminescent device comprising the steps of: (i) printing a support with a printing ink or paste according to the present invention to produce the second conductive layer; (ii) optionally printing the second conductive layer with a dielectric layer; (iii) printing the dielectric layer if present, or the second conductive layer if no dielectric layer is present, with a layer comprising an electroluminescent phosphor; and (iv) printing the electroluminescent phosphor layer with a transparent solution, dispersion or paste comprising a polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) to produce the transparent or translucent first conductive layer, wherein the polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) in the solution, dispersion or paste used in step (i) may be the same or different from the polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) in the transparent solution, dispersion or paste used in step (iv).
- Aspects of the present invention are realized by a coating process comprising the steps of: providing a coating composition according to the above-described process; coating the coating composition on an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer thereby producing a layer with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency.
- According to a first embodiment of the coating process or third embodiment of the printing process, according to the present invention, the support is paper, polymer film, glass or ceramic.
- According to a second embodiment of the coating process or a fourth embodiment of the printing process, according to the present invention, the support is a transparent or translucent polymer film.
- A transparent or translucent support suitable for use in the electroluminescent device of the present invention may be rigid or flexible and consist of a glass, a glass-polymer laminate, a polymer laminate, a thermoplastic polymer or a duroplastic polymer. Examples of thin flexible supports are those made of a cellulose ester, cellulose triacetate, polypropylene, polycarbonate or polyester, with poly(ethylene terephthalate) or poly(ethylene naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylate) being particularly preferred.
- The coating composition according to the present invention can, for example, be used to apply antistatic or electroconductive coatings to an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer.
- The printing ink or paste according to the present invention can, for example, be used to apply antistatic or electroconductive patterns to an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer. This can, for example, be a step in the production of electroluminescent devices which can be used in lamps, displays, back-lights e.g. LCD, automobile dashboard and keyswitch backlighting, emergency lighting, cellular phones, personal digital assistants, home electronics, indicator lamps and other applications in which light emission is required.
- The invention is illustrated hereinafter by way of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES and INVENTION EXAMPLES. The percentages and ratios given in these examples are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
- The following supports were used in the COMPARATIVE and INVENTION EXAMPLES
- AUTOSTAT®=a 175 μm thick heat-stabilized poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] subbed on both sides supplied by AUTOTYPE INTERNATIONAL LTD;
- 100 μm thick heat-stabilized PET coated with subbing layer nr. 01;
- 100 μm thick heat-stabilized PET coated with subbing layer nr. 02;
- 100 μm thick heat-stabilized PET without a subbing layer;
- MAKROFOL® DE 1-1 SC=a 125 μm polycarbonate film from BAYER AG;
- BAYFOL® CR 1-4=a 115 μm thick extruded film of a blend of polycarbonate and poly(butylene terephthalate) from BAYER AG.
- Subbing layer Nr. 01 has the composition:
copolymer of 88% vinylidene chloride, 10% methyl acrylate 79.1% and 2% itaconic acid Kieselsol ® 100 F, a colloidal silica from BAYER 18.6% Mersolat ® H, a surfactant from BAYER 0.4% Ultravon ® W, a surfactant from CIBA-GEIGY 1.9% - Subbing layer Nr. 02 has the composition:
copolymer of 50 mol % ethylene glycol, 26.5 mol % terephthalic 77.2% acid, 20 mol % isophthalic acid, 3.45 mol % sulfoisophthalic acid and 0.05 mol % of copolymer of 20% ethyl acrylate and 80% methacrylic acid 5.8% Hordamer ® PE02, aqueous dispersion of polyethylene from 2.4% HOECHST PAREZ RESIN ® 707, a melamine-formaldehyde resin from AMERICAN 14.6% CYANAMID - The following layers were used in the COMPARATIVE and INVENTION EXAMPLES
- a layer of LUXPRINT™ 7153E (a high K dielectric insulator) screen printed through a P55 screen;
- a layer of LUXPRINT™ 7138J (a white phosphor) screen printed through a P55 screen.
- The following ingredients not mentioned above were used in the compositions of the COMPARATIVE and INVENTION EXAMPLES:
- non-aqueous solvents:
- CA=carbitol acetate [di(ethyleneglycol) ethyl ether acetate]
- DEG=diethylene glycol
- NMP=N-methylpyrrolidinone
- PD=1,2-propandiol (propylene glycol)
- BuOH=n-butanol
- X50860A=silicone antifoam agent X50860A from Shin-Etsu
- Conventional 1.2% by Weight Aqueous Dispersion of PEDOT/PSS Containing a Weight Ratio PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 used in INVENTION Examples 1 to 79 and the Comparative Examples
- In the pastes described in INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 79 a conventional 1.2% by weight aqueous dispersion of PEDOT/PSS containing a weight ratio PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 prepared as disclosed in EP-A 440 957, herein disclosed by reference, and having a typical viscosity measured using an AR1000 plate and cone rheometer (diameter 4 cm; cone angle 2°) at 20° C. of 38 mPa.s at a shear rate of 5 s−1 decreasing to 33.5 mPa.s at a shear rate of 35 s−1 and has a typical pH of 1.9.
- Improved 1.2 Wt % Aqueous Dispersion of PEDOT/PSS Containing a PEDOT to PSS Weight Ratio of 1:2.4 Used in Invention Examples 80 to 95:
- In the pastes described in INVENTION EXAMPLES 80 to 95 the 1.2% by weight aqueous dispersion of PEDOT/PSS containing a weight ratio PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 used was prepared in the substantial absence of oxygen, which yielded prints having the same optical transparency but with substantially higher conductivity than those prepared by the above-described “conventional process”.
- This improved process was carried out as follows: at room temperature, 10649 g of a 4.93% by weight aqueous solution of poly(styrene sulphonic acid)[PSS] (Mw=290,000) and 39.351 kg deionized water were mixed in a 60L Buchi reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer (180 rpm) and a nitrogen inlet. After bubbling nitrogen through this mixture for 30 minutes, 213 g (1.5 mol) of EDOT was added to this solution. The reaction mixture was heated to 30° C. The concentration of oxygen in this solution was 0.08 mg/L as measured with a Knick Process Unit 73 O2, using InPro 6000 Series O2. 3.75 g Fe2(SO4)3 9H2O and 428.2 g Na2S2O8 were then added to initiate the polymerization reaction. The reaction mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 7 h, after which a further 71.6 g of Na2S2O8 was added. After an additional reaction time of 16 h the reaction mixture was cooled to RT and N2-bubbling was stopped. The dispersion was treated 2 times with ion exchanger (5000 ml Lewatit™ S100MB+8320 ml Lewatit™ M600 MB). The resulting mixture was additionally thermally treated at 950C for 2 h and the resulting viscous mixture (50730 g, 1.03 wt %) was first diluted with 14585 g of deionized water and secondly treated with high shear [microfluidizer at 40 MPa (400 Bar)]. This procedure yielded 65.315 kg of a 0.82 wt % blue dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.46.
- The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 13 were prepared by mixing the solvent given in Table 1 in the quantity also given in Table 1 with the quantity of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water given in Table 1 and evaporating with stirring from the resulting mixtures by distillation at 45° C. at a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the compositions also given in Table 1.
- The content of PEDOT in these compositions, obtained by dividing the content of PEDOT/PSS by 3.4, varied between 0.27 and 1.57% by weight. The viscosities at 20° C. and a shear rate of 1 s1 were determined using an AR1000 plate and cone rheometer (diameter 4 cm; cone angle 2°) and are also given in Table 1.
- The particle size of the PEDOT/PSS-latex particles in the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 3 was determined with a Chemical Process Specialists CPS DCP24000 Disc Centrifuge in which particle size distributions are determined using differential centrifugal sedimentation. Particles settle in a fluid under centrifugal field according to Stokes' Law. Sedimentation velocity increases as the square of the particle diameter, so particles that differ in size by only a few percent settle at significantly different rates. In differential sedimentation, all the particles in a sample begin sedimentation as a thin band. A sample of particles was produced by diluting 1 mL of the composition with 4 mL of 1,2-propandiol and then diluting the resulting mixture with 10 mL of deionized water and then further with 3 mL of ethanol. 0.1 mL of the resulting dispersion was then added to the top of the 9.5 mL of clear liquid consisting of a 8% aqueous solution of sucrose at the start of the analysis and the particles settled down in the centrifugal field. The detector initially read maximum intensity, but the signal was reduced when particles reached the detector beam. The reduction in intensity indicated the concentration of particles in the detector beam. When a monochromatic light source is used, Mie theory light scattering can be applied to the intensity data to calculate the particle concentration. When all the particles had passed the detector, the signal returned to the original level. A plot of the particle concentration against the calculated particle diameter provided a differential distribution.
TABLE 1 mixture before dewatering (final) composition non-aqueous 1.2 wt % non-aqueous viscosity Invention solvent PEDOT/PSS PEDOT/ solvent in Pa · s at example quantity dispersion PSS quantity water shear rate Nr type [g] in water [wt %] type [wt. %] [wt %] of 1 s−1 1 DEG 400 400 1.006 DEG 84 15 10 2 PD 400 400 1.03 PD 84.97 14.0 15 3 PD 400 400 1.09 PD 89.91 9.0 — 4 PD + DEG 400 + 61.35 400 0.92 PD + DEG 74.98 + 11.5 12.6 16 5 PD + DEG 400 + 54.32 400 0.98 PD + DEG 81.0 + 11 7.02 — 6 DEG 300 300 1.09 DEG 87.91 11 — 7 DEG 200 400 1.62 DEG 65.38 33 50 8 DEG 200 400 1.66 DEG 68.84 29.5 70 9 NMP 70 700 3.28 NMP 23.72 73 100-300 10 NMP 70 700 3.64 NMP 28.91 67.45 200 11 CA 70 700 3.23 CA 23.77 73 100 12 CA 70 700 5.35 CA 42.59 52.06 4000 13 DEG 200 400 1.65 DEG 67.35 31 150 - A mean latex particle size of 223 nm was found with a d10 of 223 nm and a d90 of 461 nm for the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 3.
- The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 10 were screen printed though the screen given in Table 2 onto a PET film provided with the subbing layer also given in Table 2 and the print dried at 120° C. for 240 s.
- The optical density of the print was determined using a MacBeth TR924 densitometer in transmission with blue, green, red and visible filters. The results are summarized in Table 2.
- The surface resistance of the print was measured by contacting the printed layer with parallel copper electrodes each 35 mm long and 35 mm apart capable of forming line contacts, the electrodes being separated by a TEFLON® insulator. This enabled a direct measurement of the surface resistance to be realized. The results are also summarized in Table 2.
TABLE 2 Surface Invention subbing resistance example nr Screen layer no Dblue Dgreen Dred Dvis [Ω/square] 1A P77 1 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.08 500 1B P77 2 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.07 570 2 P77 1 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.07 560 3 P77 2 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.08 580 4 P77 1 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.07 710 5 P77 2 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.06 940 6 P59 1 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.09 460 7 P59 1 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.10 1150 9 P59 1 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.25 210 11 P59 1 0.13 0.16 0.21 0.17 460 13 P77 1 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.09 1340 - Further ingredients were then added to the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 8 and 11 to the produce screen pastes of INVENTION EXAMPLES 14 and 15 respectively.
TABLE 3 added non-aqueous (final) composition Invention solvent PEDOT/ non-aq. solvent Example quantity PSS quantity water nr Dispersion type [g] [wt %] type [wt. %] [wt %] 14 60 g of Inv. DEG 30 2.52 NMP + DEG 18.1 + 23.38 56 example 8 15 60 g of Inv. DEG 30 2.15 CA + DEG 15.84 + 33.3 48.6 example 11 - The content of PEDOT in the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 14 and 15, obtained by dividing the content of PEDOT/PSS by 3.4, were 0.74 and 0.63% by weight respectively. The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 14 and 15 were screen printed though the screen given in Table 4 onto a PET film provided with the subbing layer also given in Table 4 and the print dried at 1200C for 240 s. These prints were characterized as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 13 and the results obtained are given in Table 4.
TABLE 4 Surface Invention subbing resistance example nr Screen layer no Dblue Dgreen Dred Dvis [Ω/square] 14 P59 1 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.16 380 15 P59 1 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.11 940 - The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 16 and 17 was prepared by adding 400 g of diethylene glycol (DEG) to 400 g of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water and then evaporating the resulting mixtures in a rotary evaporator at 600C and a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the composition in Table 5.
TABLE 5 INVENTION EXAMPLE 16 INVENTION EXAMPLE 17 wt % 0.315 0.307 PEDOT wt % 1.07 1.045 PEDOT/ PSS wt. % 87.93 83.955 DEC wt % 11.00 15.00 deionized water - The viscosities at 20° C. of compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLE 13 and a 1.2 wt. % dispersion of PEDOT/PSS in water were measured with increasing shear rate and the results are given for particular shear rates in Table 6.
TABLE 6 viscosity [Pa · s] Shear rate 1.2 wt. % dispersion of Composition of INVENTION [s−1] PEDOT/PSS in water EXAMPLE 17 0.10 0.142 49.20 0.50 0.066 14.74 1.00 0.076 8.962 5.01 0.079 3.251 10.00 0.073 2.227 50.12 0.060 1.032 100.00 0.053 0.761 500.00 0.037 0.376 - This composition can be used directly for coating or different ingredients may be added to produce non-aqueous solvent containing printing inks and pastes for different printing techniques.
- The composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 17 without added ingredients was screen printed through different screens onto unsubbed PET and dried at 120° C. for 120 s. These prints were characterized as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 10 and the results obtained are given in Table 7.
- Prints with the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 16 gave analogous results to those given in Table 7 with the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 17.
TABLE 7 Prints screen with the composition of Invention example nr. 17 type surface resistance [Ω/square] Optical density Dvis P34 250 0.17 P59 408 0.08 P77 540 0.07 P120 830 0.04 - The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 18 to 22 were prepared by adding 400 g of 1,2-propandiol, optionally 49 g diethylene glycol and 400 g of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water and evaporating the resulting mixture in a rotary evaporator at 60° C. under a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the composition and subsequently adding CARBOPOL® ETD 2623 or 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane to give the compositions given in Table 8.
TABLE 8 Composition of Invention Example [% by weight] Ingredient Nr 18 nr 19 nr 20 nr 21 nr 22 PEDOT 0.300 0.279 0.318 0.279 0.300 PEDOT/PSS 1.02 0.95 1.08 0.95 1.02 DEG — 11.0 — 11.0 — PD 84.08 78.25 89.42 78.25 84.08 3-glycidoxypropyl- — — — — 3.00 trimethoxysilane CARBOPOL ® ETD — 0.40 0.40 — 2623 deionized water 14.90 9.80 9.10 9.40 11.90 - The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 18 to 22 were screen printed on an AUTOSTAT™ CT7 support using a screen printer with a P120 screen and dried at 120° C. for 120 s.
- The optical densities through a visible filter and surface resistance of the prints prepared with the compositions of INVENTION EXAMLES 18 to 22 were evaluated as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 13 and the results are given in Table 9.
- The adhesion of the printed layers was determined by a tape test: first scratching the layer cross-wise with a razor blade over an area of ca. 4×10 cm2, applying a 10×24 cm2 piece of TESAPACK® 4122 brown tape, pressing by rubbing with a hard object and finally removing the tape from one end in a single movement in an upward direction. The adhesion of the printed layers was determined visually on a scale of 0 to 5, 0 corresponding to no removal of the layer with the tape, according to the following criteria:
adhesion assessment of 0 no removal of the layer with the tape; adhesion assessment of 1: removal of an area equal to 25% of the area of the tape with the tape; adhesion assessment of 2: removal of an area equal to 50% of the area of the tape with the tape; adhesion assessment of 3: removal of an area equal to 75% of the area of the tape with the tape; adhesion assessment of 4: removal of an area equal to the area of the tape with the tape; adhesion assessment of 5: removal of an area greater than the area of the tape with the tape. - Intermediate assessments such as 0/1, 1/2, 2/3 and 3/4 were also possible. The results of the evaluation of the adhesion of prints obtained with the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 18 to 22 are also given in Table 9.
TABLE 9 Evaluation of Invention Example nr 18 nr 19 nr 20 nr 21 nr 22 adhesion quality 0 0 0 0 5 optical density, Dvis 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 surface resistance [ohm/ 560 1100 550 615 2060 square] - The results in Table 9 showed that the adhesion quality was excellent and the surface resistance was low for all prints except in the case of the print using the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 22 containing 3% by weight of 3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane.
- The composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 23 was prepared as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 16 and 17 and consisted of: 0.75% by weight of PEDOT/PSS, 93% by weight of 1,2-propandiol, 5.9% by weight of water and 0.5% by weight of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
- The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 24 to 34 were prepared by adding different surfactants in different concentrations, as given in Table 10, to the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 23.
- The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 23 to 34 were screen printed on an AUTOSTAT™ CT7 support, the standard layer of LUXPRINT™ 7153E and the standard layer of LUXPRINT™ 7138J through a P120 screen and dried at 120° C. for 120 s.
- The optical density and surface resistance of the prints on AUTOSTAT® CT7 were evaluated as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 13. The results obtained with prints prepared with the compositions of INVENTION EXAMLES 23 to 34 are given in Table 10.
- The adhesion of the prints AUTOSTAT™ CT7 support, the standard layer of LUXPRINT™ 7153E and the standard layer of LUXPRINT™ 7138J was evaluated as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 18 to 22. The results obtained with prints prepared with the compositions of INVENTION EXAMLES 23 to 34 are also given in Table 10.
- The mottle of the printed layers on AUTOSTAT™ CT7 support and the standard layers of LUXPRINT™ 7153E and LUXPRINT™ 7138J was determined visually on a scale of 0 to 5, 0 corresponding to a good mottle-free layer, according to the following criteria:
mottle assessment of 0 no mottle observed upon visual inspection; mottle assessment of 1: mottle over between 1 and 10% of print; mottle assessment of 2: mottle over between 11 and 20% of print; mottle assessment of 3: mottle over between 21 and 40% of print; mottle assessment of 4: mottle over between 41 and 60% of print; mottle assessment of 5: mottle over more than 60% of the print. - The mottle results for prints obtained with the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 23 to 34 are also given in Table 10.
- The results in Table 10 show that the incorporation of different non-ionic surfactants reduces the mottle and improves the adhesion of prints of compositions according to the present invention.
TABLE 10 Composition surfactant layer on AUTOSTAT CT7 assessment of mottle in of in surface layer on invention composition resistance AUTOSTAT LUXPRINT LUXPRINT example nr Nr. wt. % [Ω/square] Dvis adhesion CT7 7138J 7153E 23 — — 2380 0.02 0 1 4 4 24 03 0.125 2280 0.02 — 1 3 4 25 02 0.125 2640 0.02 — 1 2 2 26 04 0.125 2260 0.03 0 1 1-2 4 27 0.25 0.03 0 1 2 2 28 0.50 0.03 0 1 2 2 29 05 0.125 2090 0.03 0 1 1-2 3 30 19 1.0 2090 0.03 0 1 4 5 31 06 0.125 4000 0.03 1 1 3 4 32 0.25 0.03 1 1 3 4 33 0.50 0.03 0-1 1 1-2 3 34 1.0 0.03 2 2 1 1-2 - The starting material for the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 41 was prepared by adding 34.68 kg of 1,2-propandiol and 3.84 kg of diethylene glycol to 25.6 kg of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in a reactor, then distilling off 15 L of water by heating with an oil bath at 62° C. under stirring at a vacuum which varied between 31 and 55 hPa (mbar) over a period of 234 minutes, cooling the resulting mixture to 20° C. and then distilling off a further 4.85 L of water by heating with an oil bath at 60.5° C. under stirring at a vacuum which varied between 24 and 26 hPa (mbar) over a period of 287 minutes. The water content in the 38.1 kg of paste produced, as determined by the Karl Fischer method, was 3.9% by weight.
- The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLE 35 to 41 were then prepared by adding deionized water, ZONYL® FSO-100, silicone antifoam agent X50860A and CARBOPOL® AQUA 30 with 30 minutes stirring in the quantities given in Table 11.
TABLE 11 Ingredient quantities [g] used in preparation of compositions of Invention Example Nr 35 nr 36 nr 37 nr 38 Nr 39 nr 40 nr 41 starting material 4,950 8,372.5 3,726 92.83 92.09 93.09 87.65 2-glycidoxypropyl- 25 42.5 — — 0.5 — 0.5 trimethoxysilane CARBOPOL ® AQUA 30 — — 7.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 — CARBOPOL ® EP2 — — — — — — 2.0 Deionized water 9.4 31.9 30.5 4.80 4.66 4.72 9.1 ZONYL ® FSO-100* 6.25 21.25 9.5 0.25 0.25 0.125 0.25 X50860A 6.25 21.25 9.5 0.12 0.5 — 0.5 DEG 3 10.6 5 — — 0.063 — Total 5,000 8,500 3,788 100 100 100 100 - The final compositions are given in Table 12.
TABLE 12 COMPOSITION OF INVENTION EXAMPLES [% by weight] Ingredient nr 35 nr 36 Nr 37 nr 38 Nr 39 nr 40 Nr 41 PEDOT 0.224 0.224 0.224 0.209 0.208 0.210 0.197 PEDOT/PSS 0.760 0.760 0.760 0.712 0.706 0.715 0.672 DEG 9.000 9.000 9.000 8.417 8.350 8.460 7.947 PD 85.040 84.540 84.540 79.094 78.463 79.467 74.681 3-glycidoxypropyl- 0.500 0.500 — — 0.500 — 0.500 trimethoxysilane CARBOPOL ® AQUA 30 — — 0.2000 2.000 2.000 2.000 — CARBOPOL ® EP2 2.000 ZONYL ® FSO100 0.125 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.125 0.250 X50860A 0.120 0.240 0.240 0.120 0.500 — 0.500 ethylene glycol 0.063 0.125 0.125 — — 0.063 — deionized water 4.262 4.375 4.885 9.407 9.231 9.17 13.450 - The particle sizes of the PEDOT/PSS latex in the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35-37 were determined as described above for the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 3 and the mean latex particle sizes, d10-values and d90-values of the particle size distribution of the PEDOT/PSS-latexes in these compositions are given in Table 13.
TABLE 13 mean Invention PEDOT/PSS- d10 of PEDOT/PSS d90 of PEDOT/PSS Example Nr. latex size [nm] latex [nm] latex [nm] 35 184 46 344 36 187 44 342 37 182 53 327 - The viscosities at 20° C. of screen paste of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 and 36 were measured with an AR1000 plate and cone rheometer (diameter 4 cm; cone angle 2°) with increasing shear rate at particular shear rates are given in Table 14.
TABLE 14 Viscosity [Pa · s] 1.2 wt. % Shear PEDOT/ Composition Composition Composition Composition rate PSS dispersion of Invention of Invention of Invention of Invention [s−1] in water Example 35 Example 36 Example 37 Example 39 0.10 0.142 17.59 18.66 37.55 111.1 0.50 0.066 7.843 8.262 14.08 0.63 28.8 1.00 0.076 5.540 5.864 9.103 21.25 5.01 0.079 2.506 2.658 3.380 6.31 6.899 10.00 0.073 1.793 1.903 2.258 5.345 50.12 0.060 0.851 0.908 0.956 63.10 2.109 100.00 0.053 0.634 0.674 0.686 1.684 500.00 0.037 0.325 0.348 0.343 631.00 0.6579 - The increase in viscosity upon addition of CARBOPOL® AQUA 30 is partly due to the non-Newtonian behaviour of the CARBOPOL® AQUA 30 solution itself as can be seen from the dependence of viscosity upon shear rate of a 2% by weight solution of CARBOPOL® AQUA 30 in the same medium given in Table 15.
TABLE 15 Viscosity [Pa, s] of 2% CARBOPOL ® AQUA 30 in a solvent mixture consisting Shear rate of 87% PG, 9% DEG, 3% water, 0.25% ZONYL ® [s−1] FSO100 and 0.5% silicone antifoam agent X50860A 0.10 2.479 0.63 0.820 1.00 0.633 6.31 0.475 10.00 0.443 63.10 0.308 100.00 0.280 631.00 0.197 - A similar situation is also observed with CARBOPOL® EP2 as can be seen from the dependence of viscosity upon shear rate for the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 41 and a solution of CARBOPOL® EP2 in the same medium is given in Table 16.
TABLE 16 Viscosity [Pa, s] Solution of 2% CARBOPOL ® EP2 in a solvent Composition of mixture consisting of 87% PG, 9% DEG, 3% Shear rate Invention water, 0.25% ZONYL ® FSO100 and 0.5% [s−1] Example nr 41 silicone antifoam agent X50860A 0.10 188.6 2.962 0.63 53.960 2.014 1.00 40.210 1.829 6.31 12.670 1.250 10.00 9.517 1.127 63.10 3.213 0.706 100.00 2.494 0.630 631.00 0.939 0.360 - The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 38 and 40 were screen printed on an AUTOSTAT™ CT7 support, the standard layer of LUXPRINT™ 7153E and the standard layer of LUXPRINT™ 7138J using a screen printer with a P120 screen and dried at 120° C. for 120 s.
- For coatings of the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 38 and 40 on AUTOSTAT® CT7, the optical densities through a visible filter were evaluated as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 13, the haze was determined spectrally according to ASTM D1003-61 and the print quality assessed visually. The results for printing through a P120 mesh are given in Table 17.
- The haze values reflect the amount of light-scattering in the printed layer and increase as the number of visually observable flecks, i.e. number of light-scattering spots in the print, increases. Lower haze and fewer or no flecks were observed with prints produced with the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 37, 38 and 40 than with the prints of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 and 36.
TABLE 17 Print on AUTOSTAT ™ CT7 of composition of Invention Example Nr 35 Nr 36 Nr 37 nr 38 nr 40 Print flecks flecks A few flecks no flecks no flecks quality Haze [%] 5.99 5.66 — 3.57 2.57 Dvis 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 - For coatings of the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 38 and 40 on AUTOSTAT® CT7, MAKROFOL DE 1-1 SC1, PET with subbing layer 1 and layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E, the mottle of the prints was evaluated as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 23 to 34. The results for printing through a P120 mesh are given in Table 18.
- Very low mottle was observed upon printing with all compositions on all the films and on the layer of LUXPRINT® 7138J. Only in the case of prints on LUXPRINT® 7153E was a significant variation in mottle observed as a function of coating composition with the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 and 36 performing significantly more poorly than the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 37, 38 and 40
TABLE 18 Print using composition of Invention Example MOTTLE TEST nr 35 nr 36 nr 37 nr 38 nr 40 AUTOSTAT ™ CT7 1 1 1 1 1 MAKROFOL DE 1-1 1 1 — 1 1 SC1 PET with subbing 1 1 — 1 1 layer no 1 LUXPRINT 7138J 2 2 0-1 0-1 1 LUXPRINT 7153E 4 3 1 1 1-2 - For coatings of the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 38 and 40 on AUTOSTAT® CT7, MAKROFOL DE 1-1 SC1, PET with subbing layer 1 and layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRIN™ 7153E, the adhesion quality was evaluated as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 18 to 22. The results for printing through a P120 mesh are given in Table 19.
TABLE 19 Print using composition of Invention Example ADHESION QUALITY nr 35 nr 36 nr 37 nr 38 nr 40 AUTOSTAT ™ CT7 0 0 0 0 0 MAKROFOL ™ DE 1-1 3 3 — 3 — SC1 PET with subbing 0 0 — 0 0 layer no 1 LUXPRINT 7138J 1 0 0 0 0 LUXPRINT 7153E 0 0 0 0 0 - Excellent adhesion was observed except for MAKROFOL™ DE 1-1 SC1.
- For coatings of the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 38 and 40 on AUTOSTAT® CT7, MAKROFOL DE 1-1 SC1, PET with subbing 20 layer 1 and layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E, the surface resistance of the prints were evaluated as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 13. The results for printing through a P120 mesh are given in Table 20.
TABLE 20 SURFACE RESISTANCE in [ohm/square] of a print using composition of Invention Example nr 35 nr 36 nr 37 nr 38 nr 40 AUTOSTAT ™ CT7 1423 1390 2200 1723 1523 MAKROFOL DE 1-1 SC1 1393 1343 — 1546 1503 PET with subbing 1296 1256 — 1583 1566 layer no 1 LUXPRINT 7138J 3150 2360 5700 4050 2200 LUXPRINT 7153E 5200 1800 2390 1725 1850 - The surface resistances for prints on film produced with the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 and 36 were significantly lower than those produced with the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 37, 38 and 40. The variation in the surface resistances observed on LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT® 7153E layers was due to layer thickness variation as a result of the different wetting behaviour of the different compositions.
- The results for layers printed through different mesh sizes onto AUTOSTAT CT7 and unsubbed PET are given in Table 21. The surface resistance increased significantly and the optical density decreased significantly with increasing layer thickness.
TABLE 21 Invention Example 35 Evaluation of prints on AUTOSTAT CT7 Unsubbed PET Invention Example 35 Invention Example 36 Silk Surface surface surface Screen resistance resistance resistance type [Ω/square] Dvis adhesion [Ω/square] Dvis Adhesion [Ω/square] Dvis P43 — — — 423 0.09 — 463 0.09 P59 — — — 562 0.08 — 586 0.07 P79 — — 0 700 0.05 — 796 0.05 P120 1200 0.03 0 1423 0.03 0 1390 0.03 - The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLE 42 to 45 were prepared from the starting material used in INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 41 by adding deionized water, ZONYL FSO, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, silicone antifoam agent X50860A and optionally Flexonyl® Blue B2G with 30 minutes stirring in the quantities given in Table 22.
TABLE 22 Ingredient quantities [g] used in preparation of compositions of Invention Example nr 42 nr 43 nr 44 nr 45 Starting material 297 295.5 99.0 98.5 2-glycidoxypropyl- 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 trimethoxysilane ZONYL ® FSO 0.75 1.5 0.25 0.5 X50860A 0.75 1.5 0.25 0.5 PIG01 — — 6.0 6.0 - The final compositions are given in Table 23.
TABLE 23 COMPOSITION OF INVENTION EXAMPLES [% by weight] Ingredient nr 42 nr 43 Nr 44 nr 45 PEDOT 0.224 0.223 0.211 0.211 PEDOT/PSS 0.762 0.759 0.719 0.716 DEG 9.032 8.986 8.521 8.477 PD 85.344 84.913 80.513 80.107 3-glycidoxypropyl- 0.500 0.500 0.472 0.472 trimethoxysilane ZONYL ® FSO100 0.125 0.250 0.118 0.118 X50860A 0.250 0.500 0.236 0.472 ethylene glycol 0.063 0.125 0.059 0.118 deionized water 3.924 3.967 3.702 3.742 PIG01 — — 5.660 5.660 - The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 42 to 45 were screen printed with a manual press and a P120 screen onto AUTOSTAT CT7 support. The surface resistance and optical densities were determined as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15. The results are given in Table 24.
TABLE 24 Invention Surface resistance example nr Screen Dblue Dgreen Dred Dvis [Ω/square] 42 P120 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03 1663 43 P120 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 1917 44 P120 0.08 0.18 0.83 0.38 2843 45 P120 0.09 0.18 0.74 0.37 3583 - The optical density results for prints printed with the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 44 and 45 show them to be transparent and blue.
- The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLE 46 to 51 were prepared from the starting material used in INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 41 by adding deionized water, different non-ionic and anionic fluoro-surfactants as given in Table 25, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy-silane and silicone antifoam agent X50860A with 30 minutes stirring in the quantities given in Table 25.
TABLE 25 Composition of Invention Example Ingredient 46 47 48 49 50 51 starting material 98.75 98.5 98.0 97.22 98.29 98.75 3-glycidoxypropyl- 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 trimethoxysilane Zonyl ® FSO100 0.25 — — — — — Zonyl ® FSO — 0.5 — — — — Zonyl ® FSA — — 1 — — — Zonyl ® FSE — — — 1.78 — — Zonyl ® FSP — — — — 0.71 — ammonium perfluoro- — — — — — 0.25 octanoate X50860A 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 - The final compositions are given in Table 26.
TABLE 26 Composition of Invention Example Ingredient 46 47 48 49 50 51 PEDOT/PSS 0.762 0.760 0.756 0.750 0.758 0.762 DEG 9.023 9.000 8.954 8.883 8.981 9.023 PD 84.754 84.540 84.110 83.441 84.359 84.754 3- 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 glycid- oxypropyl- trimethoxy- silane Zonyl ® 0.250 — — — — — FSO100 (active) Zonyl ® — 0.250 — — — — FSO (active) Zonyl ® — — 0.250 — — — FSA (active) Zonyl ® — — — 0.250 — — FSE (active) Zonyl ® — — — — 0.249 — FSP (active) Ammonium — — — — — 0.012 perfluoro- octanoate silicone 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 antifoam agent X50860A ethylene glycol — 0.125 — 1.071 — — isopropanol — — 0.325 — 0.319 — deionized water 4.471 4.586 4.815 4.865 4.594 4.711 - The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 46 to 51 were screen printed with a manual press and a P120 screen onto a AUTOSTAT CT7 support and standard Luxprint® 7138J and Luxprint® 7153E layers as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 35 to 38 and 40. The surface resistance and optical densities were determined as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15. The mottle and adhesion quality were determined as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 23 to 34 and INVENTION EXAMPLES 18 to 22. The results are given in Table 27.
- The mottle of layers of the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 46 to 51 were either good or very good, very low mottle being observed with layers containing both non-ionic and anionic surfactants.
- Excellent adhesion on the standard Luxprint® 7138J and Luxprint® 7153E layers was realized both with compositions with non-ionic surfactant (INVENTION EXAMPLES 46 and 47) and with compositions with anionic surfactants (INVENTION EXAMPLES 48 and 51). However, the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 49 and 50, with phosphate anionic surfactants, gave poor adhesion on one or both layers. In the case of Autostat® CT7 all the compositions realized excellent or very good adhesion, regardless of whether the compositions contained non-ionic or anionic surfactants.
TABLE 27 Composition of Invention Example nr 46 47 48 49 50 51 Dvis 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.04 Mottle test Autostat ® 1 1 1-2 1 1-2 1 CT7 Adhesion Quality Autostat ® 0-1 0 0 0-1 0-1 0 CT7 Luxprint ® 0 0 0 0-1 4 0 7138J Luxprint ® 0 0 0 4 4 0 7153E Surface resistance in ohm/square Autostat ® 695 773 833 763 786 850 CT7 Luxprint ® 3090 2900 2350 1475 1400 3600 7138J Luxprint ® 710 740 705 875 775 795 7153E - The surface resitivities realized on Autostat® CT7 and the standard Luxprint® 7138J and Luxprint® 7153E layers varied with the choice of surfactant. The lower surface resistances realized on the standard Luxprint® 7138J with compositions containing ZONYL® FSE and ZONYL® FSP, both anionic phosphate surfactants (see INVENTION EXAMPLES 49 and 50) are notable, but this in the case of the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 50 was associated with poor adhesion.
- These results clearly show that non-ionic and anionic surfactants can be used in the compositions according to the present invention.
- The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 52 to 58 were prepared by mixing the solvent given in Table 28 in the quantity also given in Table 28 to the quantity of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water given in Table 28 and evaporating with stirring from the resulting mixtures by distillation at 60° C. at a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the compositions also given in Table 28. The content of PEDOT in these compositions, obtained by dividing the content of PEDOT/PSS by 3.4, varied between 0.53 and 1.03% by weight.
TABLE 28 mixture before dewatering (final) composition non-aqueous 1.2 wt % non-aqueous Invention solvent PEDOT/PSS wt % PEDOT/ solvent example quantity dispersion water PSS quantity water surfactant Nr type [g] in water removed [wt %] type [wt. %] [wt %] nr. wt % 52 PD 50 150 68.2 1.8 PD 50 47.2 05 1 53 PD 75 150 85.0 1.8 PD 75 22.2 05 1 54 PD 20 267 71.3 3.2 PD 20 75.8 11 1 55 DEG 20 291.7 74.5 3.5 DEG 20 73.6 11 2.9 56 DEG 20 241.7 68.7 2.9 DEG 20 74.7 11 2.4 57 PD + DEG 17 200 68.0 2.4 PD + DEG 17 + 17 63.26 * 0.34 17 58 DEG 17 241.7 66.9 2.9 DEG 17 79.1 05 1 - The compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 52 to 58 were screen printed though the screen given in Table 29 onto AUTOSTAT® CT7 and the print dried at 120° C. for 240 s.
- The surface resistance and optical densities were determined as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15. The results are summarized in Table 29.
- The results in Table 29 show that there is significant reduction in surface resistance upon increasing the concentration of PEDOT/PSS in the composition coated.
TABLE 29 P48 screen P77 screen Composition Surface Surface of Invention layer resistance layer resistance example nr quality Dvis [Ω/square] quality Dvis [Ω/square] 52 excellent 0.16 150 excellent 0.10 250 53 — — many micro- 0.07 430 bubbles 54 — — — excellent 0.15 175 55 a few 0.25 85 — — — bubbles 56 a few 0.21 100 many bubbles 0.18 115 bubbles 57 marginal 0.40 140 — — — adhesion 58 good 0.21 85 — — — adhesion - The composition for preparing the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 59 to 69 was prepared by first adding 18 kg of 1,2-propandiol and 2 kg of diethylene glycol to 20 kg of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water, then evaporating water with stirring at 60° C. and a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) until 15.05 kg of liquid (mainly water) had been removed and finally adding the ingredients given in Table 30 to 297 g thereof with stirring to obtain the starting composition given therein.
TABLE 30 quantities [g] used in preparation of compositions of Invention Examples 59 to 69 Starting material 297 2-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 1.5 ZONYL ® FSO 0.75 X50860A 0.75 - PIG01 to PIG07 were then added to the composition given in Table 30 in the quantities necessary to obtain the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 59 to 69 given in Table 31 below
TABLE 31 COMPOSITION OF INVENTION EXAMPLE NR. [% by weight] Ingredient 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 PEDOT 0.306 0.312 0.306 0.312 0.294 0.306 0.312 0.312 0.312 0.312 0.306 PEDOT/PSS 1.04 1.06 1.04 1.06 1.00 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.04 DEG 7.79 7.92 7.79 7.92 7.53 7.79 7.92 7.92 7.92 7.92 7.79 PD 69.87 71.04 69.87 71.04 67.53 69.87 71.04 71.04 71.04 71.04 69.87 3-glycidoxypropyl- 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 trimethoxysilane CARBOPOL ® AQUA 30 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 ZONYL ® FSO100 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 x50860A 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 PIG01 0.6 0.3 — — — — — — — — — PIG02 — — 1.0 0.5 — — — — — — — PIG03 — — — — 1.2 0.6 — — — — — PIG04 — — — — — — 0.6 — — — — PIG05 — — — — — — — 1.5 — — — PIG06 — — — — — — — — 1.5 — — PIG07 — — — — — — — — — 0.57 1.14 deionized water 17.92 16.90 17.52 16.70 19.97 17.92 16.60 15.70 15.70 15.70 17.38 - The pastes of INVENTION EXAMPLES 59 to 69 were screen printed through a P43 mesh using a hand screen printing press onto an AUTOSTAT® CT7 support and layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E and dried at 120° C. for 2 minutes for AUTOSTAT® CT7 and 1300C for 5 minutes for the layers of LUXPRINT™ 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E. The print quality, adhesion, surface resistance and optical density were then evaluated as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15. The results for prints on AUTOSTAT® CT7 are given in Table 32.
TABLE 32 Properties of layers coated through P43 screen on Autostat ® CT7 Invention surface Example adhesion using resistance optical density in reflection number Tesapack 4122 [Ω/square] dblue dgreen dred dvis 59 0 410 0.25 0.48 2.12 0.80 60 0 360 0.21 0.34 1.34 0.59 61 0 430 1.53 0.22 0.17 0.20 62 0 330 1.17 0.22 0.19 0.21 63 0 410 1.11 0.24 0.18 0.22 64 0 440 0.80 0.21 0.19 0.21 65 0 370 0.14 0.18 0.44 0.27 66 0 330 0.22 0.27 0.49 0.36 67 1 340 0.15 0.19 0.29 0.21 68 0-1 370 1.01 0.98 0.88 0.91 69 0 400 1.78 1.62 1.52 1.59 - Significantly coloured prints were obtained with excellent adhesion and low surface resistances: ca. 400 Ω/square were obtained with all pastes of INVENTION EXAMPLES 59 to 69. The properties of the prints appeared to be little affected by the choice of pigment.
- The results for prints on layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E are given in Table 33.
TABLE 33 Invention P43 coating on 7153 layer P43 coating on 7138 layer Example surface resistance [Ω/square] surface resistance [Ω/square] number single layer double layer single layer double layer 59 440 — 560 — 60 330 170 390 170 61 390 200 410 220 62 340 180 340 180 63 410 200 460 214 64 400 230 430 220 65 350 190 370 200 66 310 170 390 165 67 340 160 400 160 68 320 170 330 160 69 380 185 490 190 - Again single prints obtained with the pastes of INVENTION EXAMPLES 59 to 69 all had surface resistances of ca. 400 Ω/square, which decreased to ca. 200 Ω/square when a second print was printed on top of the first print.
- These results show that pigmented compositions, according to the present invention, can be used to produce prints with significant optical densities with surface resistances of ca. 400 Ω/square independent of the choice of pigment.
- The starting compositions for preparing the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 70 and 71 and INVENTION EXAMPLE 72 respectively were prepared by first adding 594 g of 1,2-propandiol and 6 g of N-methyl-pyrrolidinone and 540 g of 1,2-propandiol and 60 g of N-methyl-pyrrolidinone respectively to 400 g of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water and then evaporating water with stirring by distillation at 60° C. and a vacuum of 98 kPa (0.98 bar) until 391 g and 398 g of liquid (mainly water) respectively had been removed after 70 and 90 minutes respectively. The compositions thereby obtained are given in Table 34.
TABLE 34 Starting composition for Invention Starting composition for Examples 70 & 71 [%] Invention Example 72 [%] PEDOT/PSS 0.788 0.797 PD 96.7 89.2 NMP 0.98 9.9 deionized water 1.48 0.03 - These compositions were then used as the starting compositions for preparing the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 70 and 71 and INVENTION EXAMPLE 72 respectively by adding the appropriate quantities of the ingredients given in Table 35 to prepare the compositions given therein.
TABLE 35 Composition of Invention Example [wt %] Ingredient nr 70 nr 71 nr 72 PEDOT 0.215 0.203 0.215 PEDOT/PSS 0.73 0.69 0.73 PD 89.4 85.2 81.4 DEG — 0.95 — NMP 0.93 0.88 9.04 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 0.50 0.48 0.49 CARBOPOL ® AQUA 30 6.66 6.35 6.58 ZONYL ® FSO100 0.25 0.24 0.25 X50860A 0.05 0.05 0.05 DISPERCOLL ® U VP KA 8481 — 3.81 — deionized water 1.39 1.32 1.37 - The non-pigmented pastes of INVENTION EXAMPLES 70 to 72 were screen printed through a P79 mesh using a hand screen printing press onto BAYFOL® CR 1-4 and AUTOSTAT® CT7 supports and layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E and dried at 80° C. for 10 minutes for BAYFOL® CR 1-4, 120° C. for 2 minutes for AUTOSTAT® CT7 and 130° C. for 5 minutes for layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRIN™ 7153E. The print quality, adhesion, surface resistance and optical density were then evaluated as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15.
- The print quality results are given in Table 36, the surface resistance results in Table 37, the optical density measurements in Table 38 and the adhesion results in Table 39.
TABLE 36 Invention Print on BAYFOL ® CR 1-4 Example nr mottle pinholes haze 70 2 0 — 71 0 0 1 72 1 3 2 -
TABLE 37 Surface resistance [Ω/square] P79 layer on P79 layer on P79 Invention BAYFOL ® AUTOSTAT ® layer on LUXPRINT ® Example nr CR 1-4 CT7 7138J layer 70 2800 2800 3200 71 3200 3100 3300 72 2000 2350 3440 -
TABLE 38 Invention P79 layer on AUTOSTAT ® CT 7 Example nr dblue dgreen dred dvis 70 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 71 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 72 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.01 -
TABLE 39 In- ven- tion Adhesion according to TESAPACK ® 4122 TEST Ex- P79 layer on P79 layer on am- P79 layer on P79 layer on LUXPRINT ® LUXPRINT ® ple BAYFOL ® AUTOSTAT ® 7138J 7153E nr CR 1-4 CR7 layer layer 70 4 0 4 4 71 0 0 0 0 72 4 0 0 0 - The results in Table 39 clearly show a higher adhesion with the print produced with the paste of INVENTION EXAMPLE 71 with DISPERCOLL® U VP KA 8481 than with prints produced with the pastes of INVENTION EXAMPLES 70 and 72 without DISPERCOLL® U VP KA 8481. This demonstrates the efficacious effect of DISPERCOLL® U VP KA 8481 on the adhesion of pastes, according to the present invention, on BAYFOL® CR 1-4.
- The composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 73 was prepared by first adding 54 kg of 1,2-propandiol and 6 kg of diethylene glycol to 40 kg of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water and then evaporating water with stirring by distillation at 60° C. (heating element temperature) and a vacuum of 83 hPa (mbar) for 11 hours whereupon 39.75 kg of liquid had been removed and the residual water concentration was 2.7% by weight. The ingredients given in Table 40 for INVENTION EXAMPLE 73 were then added with stirring to obtain the composition given therein.
- The composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 73 was then used as the starting composition for preparing the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLE 74 to 76 by adding the appropriate quantities of DISPERCOLL® U VP KA 8481 to give the compositions given in Table 40.
TABLE 40 Composition of Invention Example [wt %] Ingredient nr 73 nr 74 nr 75 nr 76 PEDOT 0.229 0.224 0.221 0.209 PEDOT/PSS 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.71 PD 80.9 79.3 77.7 73.4 DEG 9.35 9.17 8.99 8.50 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.46 CARBOPOL ® AQUA 30 6.74 6.60 6.47 6.12 ZONYL ® FSO100 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.23 X50860A 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 DISPERCOLL ® U VP KA 8481 — 1.98 3.89 9.18 deionized water 1.40 1.38 1.35 1.27 - The pastes of INVENTION EXAMPLES 73 to 76 were screen printed through a P79 mesh using a hand screen printing press onto BAYFOL® CR 1-4 and AUTOSTAT® CT7 supports and layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E and dried at 80° C. for 10 minutes for BAYFOL® CR 1-4, 120° C. for 2 minutes for AUTOSTAT® CT7 and 130° C. for 5 minutes for layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRIN™ 7153E. The print quality, adhesion, surface resistance and optical density were then evaluated as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15.
- The print quality results on BAYFOL® CR 1-4 are given in Table 41, the surface resistance results on all the media in Table 42 and the optical density measurements of prints on BAYFOL® CR 1-4 and AUTOSTAT® CT7 in Table 43.
TABLE 41 Invention Print on BAYFOL ® CR 1-4 Example nr mottle pinholes haze 73 0 0 1 -
TABLE 42 Surface resistance [Ω/square] of P79 layer Invention on BAYFOL ® CR 1-4 on on on Example before after 100% AUTOSTAT ® LUXPRINT ® LUXPRINT ® nr stretch stretching at 120° C. CR7 7138J layer 7153E layer 73 740 10700 1050 1050 840 74 990 10800 840 840 — 75 1430 23000 1000 1000 — 76 1240 20100 960 960 — -
TABLE 43 P79 layer on BAYFOL ® CR 1-4 Invention dvis P79 layer Example before dvis after 100% on AUTOSTAT ® CR7 nr stretch stretching at 120° C. dblue dgreen dred dvis 73 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 74 0.04 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.03 75 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 76 0.03 0.11 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.02 - The adhesion measurements on all the media are given in Table 44.
TABLE 44 Adhesion according to TESAPACK ® 4122 TEST on P79 layer on BAYFOL ® CR 1-4 Invention after 100% on on on Example before stretching at AUTOSTAT ® LUXPRINT ® LUXPRINT ® nr stretch 120° C. CT7 7138J layer 7153E layer 73 4 5 1 0 0 74 0 0 0 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 76 0 0 0 0 0 - The adhesion measurements of the prints on AUTOSTAT® CT7 and the layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E were excellent for all the pastes evaluated i.e. with or without DISPERCOLL® U VP KA 8481. However, with BAYFOL® CR 1-4 there was a significant improvement in adhesion with prints produced with the pastes of INVENTION EXAMPLES 74 to 76 containing DISPERCOLL® U VP KA 8481 compared with prints produced with the paste of INVENTION EXAMPLE 73 without DISPERCOLL® U VP KA 8481. Furthermore, this excellent adhesion on BAYFOL® CR 1-4 was maintained upon stretching the printed support by 100% at 1200C in the cases of prints produced with pastes, according to the present invention, containing DISPERCOLL® U VP KA 8481. This stretching was accompanied by an increase in optical density from 0.02 to 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.11 and a 10- to 16-fold increase in surface resistance. This increase in resistance upon stretching was significantly lower in the case of prints produced with the paste of INVENTION EXAMPLE 74 compared with prints produced with the pastes of INVENTION EXAMPLES 75 and 76 indicating that an excess of DISPERCOLL® U VP KA 8481 over that required to realize good adhesion results in an increase in surface resistance of the resulting print which is much greater upon stretching.
- The composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 77 was prepared by adding 239 g of n-butanol, 631 g of 1,2-propandiol and 69 g of diethylene glycol to 1635 g of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water and then evaporating water in part as pure water and in part as an azeotropic mixture with n-butanol (42.8% by weight water and 57.2% by weight n-butanol with a boiling point at atmospheric pressure of 92.7° C. compared with 100° C. for water and 117° C. for n-butanol) with stirring by distillation at 60° C. (heat source temperature) and a vacuum of 30 hPa (mbar) for 16 hours whereupon 1793 g of liquid had been removed and a final PEDOT/PSS concentration of 2.5% by weight had been realized with a residual water content of 3.9% by weight as determined using the Karl Fisher method.
- The starting compositions for preparing the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 78 and 79 were prepared by first adding 34.56 kg of diethylene glycol to 230.4 kg of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.4 in water to a 400 L vessel and then evaporating water with stirring by distillation at 88-89° C. using an oil bath at 110° C. for INVENTION EXAMPLE 78 and at 55° C. using a water both at 60° C. for INVENTION EXAMPLE 79 in both cases at a vacuum of 20 hPa (mbar), while simultaneously 311.04 kg of 1,2-propandiol were added at a rate of 31 kg per hour, until 242.9 kg of mainly water had evaporated and the concentration of water had been reduced to a concentration of 1.1% by weight and 8.4% by weight respectively. The compositions thereby obtained are given in Table 45.
TABLE 45 Starting composition for Starting composition for Invention Invention Example 78 [wt %] Example 79 [wt %] PEDOT/PSS 0.82 0.73 PD 88.28 81.77 DEG 9.8 9.1 deionized water 1.1 8.4 - These compositions were then used as the starting compositions for preparing the compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 78 and 79 respectively by adding the appropriate quantities of the ingredients given in Table 46 to prepare 200 g of the compositions given therein.
TABLE 46 Composition of Invention Example [wt %] Ingredient nr 78 nr 79 PEDOT 0.238 0.211 PEDOT/PSS 0.808 0.719 PD 86.956 80.543 DEG 9.653 8.964 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 0.5 0.5 ZONYL ® FSO100 0.5 0.5 X50860A 0.5 0.5 deionized water 1.084 8.274 - The pastes of INVENTION EXAMPLES 78 and 79 were screen printed through a P120 mesh using a hand screen printing press onto AUTOSTAT® CT7 supports and layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E and dried at 120° C. for 2 minutes for AUTOSTAT® CT7 and 130° C. for 5 minutes for layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E. The print quality, adhesion, surface resistance and optical density were then evaluated as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15.
- The print quality results, optical density measurements and surface resistance results for INVENTION EXAMPLES 78 and 79 are given in Tables 47 and 48 respectively.
TABLE 47 Surface Print resistance Ad- quality Dblue Dgreen Dred Dvis [Ω/square] hesion Autostat mat 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 13800 1 CT7 Luxprint — — — — — 50000 0 7138J Luxprint — — — — — 34000 0 7153E -
TABLE 48 Surface Print resistance quality Dblue Dgreen Dred Dvis [Ω/square] Adhesion Autostat slight 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 2170 0-1 CT7 mottle Luxprint — — — — — 5100 0-1 7138J Luxprint — — — — — 5300 0 7153E - The results in Tables 47 and 48 clearly show that prints obtained with the paste of INVENTION EXAMPLE 47 prepared from a starting composition prepared by evaporation at 88-89° C. exhibited inferior coating quality and surface resistances to those obtained with the paste of INVENTION EXAMPLE 48 with the same composition but prepared from a starting composition prepared by evaporation at 55° C.
- The starting compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 80 to 83 were prepared by mixing the solvent given in Table 49 in the quantity also given in Table 49 to the quantity of improved 0.82% by weight aqueous dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PSS to PEDOT 2.4:1 given in Table 49 and evaporating with stirring from the resulting mixtures by distillation using a water bath at the temperature given in Table 49 and a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the compositions also given in Table 49.
TABLE 49 mixture before dewatering Temperature (final) composition non-aqueous 0.82% of non-aqueous Invention solvent PEDOT/PSS water PEDOT/ solvent example quantity dispersion bath PSS quantity water Nr type [g] in water [° C.] [wt %] type [wt. %] [wt %] 80 BuOH 2335 2333 60 2.74 PD + DEG 93.06 4.2 PD 900 DEG 98 81 BuOH 2335 2333 70 3.10 PD + DEG 94.70 2.2 PD 900 DEG 98 82 PD 900 2333 60 2.88 PD + DEG 91.02 6.1 DEG 98 83 PD 900 2333 70 3.00 PD + DEG 94.50 2.5 DEG 98 - The content of PEDOT in these compositions, obtained by dividing the content of PEDOT/PSS by 3.4, varied between 0.806 and 0.912% by weight.
- These starting compositions for INVENTION EXAMPLES 80 to 83 were themselves screen printed through the screen given in Table 50 onto AUTOSTAT™ CT07 supports using a manually operated press and the resulting prints dried for 130° C. for 2 minutes.
- The surface resistance and optical density were then evaluated as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15. The print quality was assessed as regards mottle as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 23 to 34 and as regards comets (print defects in which a point defect has a trail behind it like a comet) visually on a scale of 0 to 5, 0 corresponding to a good comet-free layer, according to the following criteria:
comet assessment of 0: no comets observed upon visual inspection; comet assessment of 1: comets over between 0 and 1% of print; comet assessment of 2: comets over between 1.1 and 5% of print; comet assessment of 3: comets over between 5.1 and 10% of print; comet assessment of 4: comets over between 10.1 and 15% of print; comet assessment of 5: comets over more than 15% of the print. - The print quality results and optical density measurements and surface resistance results are given in Table 50.
TABLE 50 Starting composition for Invention Example nr 80 81 82 83 screen used P34 P34 P34 P34 Dblue 0.29 0.32 0.29 0.29 Dgreen 0.36 0.39 0.36 0.37 Dred 0.47 0.52 0.48 0.49 Dvis 0.30 0.34 0.31 0.31 Mottle test 3 3 3 3 Comet test 1 1 1 1 Surface resistance 101 90 96 95 [ohm/square] - There was no significant difference in print properties for prints produced with starting materials produced by azeotropic evaporation of water with the water bath at 60° C. and those produced by azeotropic evaporation of water with the water bath at 70° C. Addition of alcohols, such as isopropanol or n-butanol, improved the print quality by reducing the mottle and presence of comets.
- These starting compositions were then used for preparing the opaque compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 80 to 83 by adding the appropriate quantities of the ingredients given in Table 51, including the black pigment PIG07, to prepare 100 g of the compositions given therein.
TABLE 51 Composition of Invention Example [wt %] Ingredient nr 80 nr 81 nr 82 nr 83 PEDOT 0.733 0.830 0.771 0.803 PEDOT/PSS 2.494 2.822 2.622 2.731 PD + DEG + BuOH 88.546 88.218 88.418 88.309 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 ZONYL ® FSO100 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 X50860A 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 binder 02 6.66 6.66 6.66 6.66 PIG07 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 - The opaque compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 80 to 83 were screen printed though the screen given in Table 51 using a manually operated screen press onto AUTOSTAT® CT7 supports and layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E and dried at 120° C. for 2 minutes for AUTOSTAT® CT7 and 130° C. for 5 minutes for layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E. The surface resistance and optical density and print quality was assessed as described above.
- The print quality results and optical density measurements for prints on AUTOSTAT™ CT7 are given in Table 52 and the surface resistance results for prints on AUTOSTAT™ CT7, LUXPRINT 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E are also given in Table 52.
TABLE 52 Opaque composition of Invention Example nr 80 81 82 83 screen used P34 P34 P34 P34 on Autostat ® CT7 Dblue 1.57 1.52 1.28 1.42 Dgreen 1.54 1.47 1.26 1.35 Dred 1.52 1.45 1.25 1.37 Dvis 1.54 1.46 1.26 1.39 mottle test 1 1 2 2 comet test 1 1 2 2 Surface resistance in ohm/square Autostat ® CT7 205 211 209 274 Luxprint ® 7138J 176 177 161 226 Luxprint ® 7153E 269 262 211 300 - The print properties were satisfactory on all three surfaces evaluated.
- The starting compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 84 to 95 were prepared by mixing the solvent given in Table 53 in the quantity also given in Table 53 to the quantity of improved 0.82% by weight aqueous dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PSS to PEDOT 2.4:1 given in Table 53 and evaporating with stirring from the resulting mixtures by distillation using a water bath at 60° C. and a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the compositions also given in Table 53.
TABLE 53 mixture before dewatering 0.82% PEDOT/ (final) composition PSS dispersion PEDOT/ non-aqueous solvent in water PSS non-aqueous solvent water type quantity [kg ] [kg] [wt %] type quantity [wt. %] [wt %] PD 9.765 44.310 3.0 PD + DEG 91.5 5.5 DEG 1.085 - This starting compositions was used for preparing the opaque compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 84 to 95 by adding the appropriate quantities of the ingredients given in Table 54, including various black pigments, to prepare 100 g of the compositions given therein.
TABLE 54 Composition of Invention Example Nr [wt %] Ingredient 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 PEDOT 0.76 0.74 0.74 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 PEDOT/ 2.66 2.60 2.60 2.66 2.69 2.73 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.63 2.60 2.55 PSS PD + DEG 81.01 79.46 79.46 81.20 81.92 83.30 81.92 81.92 81.92 80.10 79.46 77.72 GOPTMS* 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 ZONYL ® 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 FSO100 X50860A 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 binder 02 6.66 6.66 6.66 6.66 6.66 6.66 6.66 6.66 6.66 6.66 6.66 6.66 binder 22 — — — — — — — — — 2.0 — — PIG07 — — — — — 1.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 — — PIG10 4.0 — — — — — — — — — — — PIG11 — 5.7 — — — — — — — — — — PIG12 — — 5.7 — — — — — — — — — PIG13 — — — 3.8 — — — — — — — — PIG14 — — — — 3.0 — — — — — — — PIG15 — — — — — — — — — — 5.7 — PIG16 — — — — — — — — — — — 7.6 deionized 4.87 4.78 4.78 4.88 4.93 5.01 4.93 4.93 4.93 4.81 4.78 4.67 water - 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPTMS), ZONYL® FSO100 and X50860A were first added to the starting composition with stirring followed by the pigment and binder 23 with stirring, except in the cases of INVENTION EXAMPLES 89 and 90. In the case of the paste of INVENTION EXAMPLE 93 binder 22 was the final ingredient to be added with stirring
- The opaque compositions of INVENTION EXAMPLES 84 to 95 were all slightly viscous with the exception of INVENTION EXAMPLE 88, which was a little more viscous. These opaque compositions were all allowed to stand at least overnight before screen printing though the screen given in Table 55 using a manually operated screen press onto AUTOSTAT® CT7 supports and layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E and dried at 1300C for 2 minutes for AUTOSTAT® CT7 and 1300C for 5 minutes for layers of LUXPRINT® 7138J and LUXPRINT™ 7153E. The surface resistance and optical density and print quality was assessed as described above.
- The print quality results and optical density measurements for prints on AUTOSTAT™ M CT7 are given in Table 55 and the surface resistance results for prints on AUTOSTAT™ CT7, LUXPRINT 7138J and LUXPRIN™ 7153E are also given in Table 55.
TABLE 55 Opaque composition of Invention Example nr 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 screen used P34 P34 P34 P34 P34 P34 P34 P34 P34 P34 P34 P34 on Autostat ® CT7 Dblue 0.70 1.71 2.03 0.36 2.84 0.98 1.65 1.87 2.22 2.20 2.85 0.94 Dgreen 0.75 1.66 1.97 0.43 2.71 0.99 1.62 1.85 2.16 2.04 2.64 0.94 Dred 0.83 1.64 1.88 0.52 2.62 1.05 1.62 1.87 2.16 2.01 2.57 0.98 Dvis 0.71 1.67 1.97 0.38 2.77 0.97 1.62 1.85 2.18 2.07 2.77 0.93 mottle test 3 3-4 3 3 0 3 2 1 1 3 0 4 comet test 2 1-2 2-3 0-1 1 1 2-3 1 1 4 0-1 1-2 Surface resistance in ohm/square Autostat ® CT7 98 106 115 100 91 94 94 94 84 113 114 121 Luxprint ® — 104 99 — 89 88 83 86 77 94 104 — 7138J Luxprint ® — 114 124 — 92 95 104 98 89 108 113 — 7153E - The print properties were satisfactory on all three surfaces evaluated.
- EXAMPLE 1 of WO 02/042352 was repeated by first polymerizing EDOT in the presence of PSS as disclosed in EP-A-0 440 957, 150 g of the resulting dispersion mixed with 600 g (690 mL) of toluene forming an oil in water emulsion and 260 mL of the water/toluene azeotrope distilled off at 90° C., using an oil bath whose temperature did not exceed 135° C., over a period of 2 hours. Overnight the PEDOT/PSS-layer settled out and a precipitate was observed on the thermometer. The distillation of the azeotrope was resumed at a temperature of 92° C. for a further 200 minutes after which a total of 825 mL (723.8 g) of the azeotrope had distilled off. The distillate separated into an aqueous phase (130 mL) and an oil phase. 17.8 g of a deep blue-black residue containing 1.8 g of PEDOT/PSS-latex and 16 g of water was recovered by washing with ethanol, filtered off and dried and was found to have a rubbery consistency. This residue readily redispersed in water after 5 minutes in an ultrasonic bath.
- SAMPLES XVII to XXIII of WO 02/00759 were prepared by adding different solvents optionally together with CARBOPOL™ ETD2623 to a powder prepared by freeze-drying a 1.2% by weight aqueous dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio PEDOT:PSS of 1:2.46 under high vacuum (0.7 hPa (mbar)) in a CHRIST BETA2-16 shelf freeze-dryer until all of the water was evaporated (i.e. until the temperature of the shelves was equal to room temperature), predispersing with an ULTRA-TURRAX™ followed by prolonged ball milling [for duration see Table 56 (=Table 8 of WO 02/00759)] so as to obtain samples XVII to XXIII with the compositions given in Table 56 (=Table 8 of WO 02/00759).
TABLE 56 (= Table 8 of WO 02/00759): PEDOT/ CARBOPOL ball milling PSSA water solvent medium ETD 2623 Sample duration [h] [wt. %] [wt %] [wt. %] [wt. %] XVII 24 1.19 0.31 diethylene glycol/ 98.5 — carbitol-acetate 4/1 XVIII 48 1.58 0.42 diethylene glycol 96.0 2 XIX 48 1.58 0.42 N-methyl- 96.0 2 pyrrolidone XX 48 1.58 0.42 isopropanol 96.0 2 XXII 96 1.98 0.52 n-propanol 97.5 — XXIII 24 1.24 0.31 diethylene glycol 98.45 — - Such high energy dispersion techniques are disadvantageous compared with the process, according to the present invention, which realizes exchange of water for an organic medium without the expenditure of such high energy over such long periods.
- Samples XVII to XXIII obtained as a result of redispersing the freeze-dried powder are characterized in Table 57 (=Table 9 of WO 02/00759).
TABLE 57 (= Table 9 of WO 02/00759): Sample dispersion characteristics XVII viscous and flocked XVIII very thick dispersion XIX very thick dispersion XX very thick dispersion XXII strongly flocked XXIII homogeneous flowing dispersion - The complex viscosity η* of Sample XXIII was determined with a AR1000 cone and plate Rheometer at 25° C. and frequencies of 10, 1 and 0.1 Hz to be 1000 Pa.s, 5000 Pa.s and 40,000 Pa.s respectively.
- Screen printing was carried out with Sample XXIII with a P59 screen on a subbed polyethylene terephthalate support. The surface resistance of the resulting prints was determined by cutting a strip having a length of 27.5 cm and a width of 35 mm, applying electrodes of a conductive polymer, ECCOCOAT CC-2, over the width of the strip a distance of 10 cm apart, applying a constant potential between the electrodes, measuring the current flowing through the circuit with a Pico-amperemeter KEITHLEY 485 and calculating the surface resistivity in Ω/square from the potential and the current, taking into account the geometry of the area between the electrodes. The optical density of the print was measured with a MACBETH™ T924 densitometer through a visible filter. The results are given in Table 58 (=Table 10 of WO 02/00759).
TABLE 58 (= Table 10 of WO 02/00759): mesh used in Surface resistivity Optical density Sample screen printing [Ω/square] [visible filter] XXIII P59 370 0.11 - The composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 96 was prepared by adding 570 g of ethylene glycol to 430 g of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.46 in water and then evaporating the resulting mixtures in a rotary evaporator at 60° C. and a vacuum of 50 hPa (mbar) giving the composition in Table 59.
TABLE 59 INVENTION EXAMPLE 96 wt % PEDOT 0.29 wt % PEDOT/PSS determined by drying 1.00 for 4 h at 150° C. wt. % ethylene glycol 95.6 wt % deionized water as determined by 3.4 Karl-Fischer method Weight averaged mean particle size [nm] 183* viscosity at 25° C. and 1 s−1 12.56 Pa · s viscosity at 25° C. and 25 s−1 1.399 Pa · s - The particle size of the PEDOT/PSS-latex in the solvent-exchanged dispersion was determined as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15 and the results given in Table 59. Viscosity measurements were carried out with an AR1000 plate and cone rheometer at 25° C. with a cone with an angle of 20 and a plate 4 cm in diameter with increasing shear rate from 0.1 to 1000 s−1, viscosities are given in Table 59 for shear rates of 1 s−1 and 25 s−1. A shear rate of 25 s−1 approximately corresponds to the shear rate realized with a Brookfield viscometer with a #2 spindle.
- The composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 96 was too viscous to filter and was spin-coated onto a glass plate by spinning for 1 s at 2000 rpm and then 50 s at 4000 rpm followed by drying for 30 minutes at 25° C. followed by 5 minutes at 85° C. Further layers were coated on the spin-coated layer following the same procedure. The layers obtained by 1, 2 and 3 spin-coatings were characterized as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 10 and the results obtained are given in Table 60. The frequency of aggregates was assessed by pipetting 0.1 g of the solvent-exchanged dispersion taken from the centre of the pot onto a A5-size sheet of AUTOSTA™ CT7 and then placing an A5-size sheet of AUTOSTA™ CT7 on top and visually inspecting the dispersion on a scale of 1 to 3, according to the following criteria:
aggregate assessment of 0: no aggregates observed; aggregate assessment of 1: 1 to 2 aggregates; aggregate assessment of 2: 3 to 5 aggregates observed; aggregate assessment of 3: more than 5 aggregates observed. -
TABLE 60 number of layer surface spin-coated thickness aggregate resistance layer conductivity optical density layers [nm] assessment [Ω/square] [S/cm] Dblue Dgreen Dred Dvis 1 66.7 0 2347 64 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 2 105.7 0 953 99 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 3 149.3 0-1 566 118 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.05 - The starting materials for the pastes of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 3 to 5 were prepared according to the process disclosed in WO 02/067273. A 500 mL in a 3-neck flask was filled with 100 mL of ethylene glycol which was heated to 1200C on an oil bath and stirred with an ULTRA-TURRAX stirrer at 2000 rpm. 76 mL of a conventional 1.2% by weight dispersion of PEDOT/PSS with a weight ratio of PEDOT to PSS of 1:2.46 in water was added with a perfusor pump at a rate of 1 mL/min while flushing continuously with nitrogen. Much of the water evaporated escaped via the shaft of the ULTRA-TURRAX stirrer. After 3 hours the mixture was cooled to room temperature. In COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 a Dean Stark trap was used and in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 4 and 5 the Dean Stark trap was replaced with a conventional distillation set-up using a condenser to improve the rate of distillation. The conventional PEDOT/PSS dispersion used in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 3 and 4 came from the same batch as that used in preparing the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 96 and BAYTRON™ P obtained from BAYER was used for preparing the composition of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5.
- The resulting dispersions all exhibited thixotropy and were filtered through a 8 μm Millipore microfilter leaving little residue behind. The composition and concentration of the resulting dispersions are summarized in Table 61. All the dispersions exhibited pronounced flocking.
- The particle size of the PEDOT/PSS-latex in the solvent-exchanged dispersion was determined as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 15 and the results given in Table 61. Viscosity measurements were carried out with an AR1000 plate and cone rheometer at 250C with a cone with an angle of 2° and a plate 4 cm in diameter with increasing shear rate from 0.1 to 1000 s−1, viscosities are given in Table 61 for shear rates of 1 s−1 and 25 s−1. A shear rate of 25 s−1 approximately corresponds to the shear rate realized with a Brookfield viscometer with a #2 spindle.
TABLE 61 quantity of particle size water as distribution Comparative PEDOT/ determined by ethylene weight half- viscosity# at 25° C. Example PSS* Karl-Fischer glycol averaged width [Pa · s] nr [wt %] method [wt %] [wt %] mean nm [nm] at 1 s−1 at 25 s−1 3 0.81 15.3 83.89 77.7 55.6 0.515 0.192 4 0.8 13.6 85.6 78.5 76.4 0.559 0.205 5 1.0 10.05 88.95 96.1 59.5 0.660 0.223 - The weight-averaged mean particle size increased with decreasing water content and increasing viscosity.
- The compositions of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 3 to 5 were then spin-coated onto a glass plate by spinning for 6 s at 800 rpm and then 50 s at 1500 rpm followed by drying for 30 minutes at 25° C. followed by 5 minutes at 85° C. Further layers were coated on the spin-coated layer following the same procedure. The layers obtained by 1, 2 and 3 spin-coatings were characterized as described for INVENTION EXAMPLES 1 to 10 and the results obtained are given in Table 62.
TABLE 62 number Comparative of spin- layer surface layer Example coated thickness aggregate resistance conductivity optical density nr layers [nm] assessment [Ω/square] [S/cm] Dblue Dgreen Dred Dvis 3 1 92.4 1 1348 80 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 2 242.8 2 614 67 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.04 3 — — — — too heterogeneous 4 1 100.2 1 1448 69 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 2 190.8 2 669 78 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 3 — — — — too heterogeneous 5 1 81.0 1 3462 36 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 2 170 2-3 1702 35 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 3 — 2-3 — — 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.06 - The degree aggregation in the layers spin-coated using the compositions of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 3 to 5 was significantly greater than in the case of the layers spin-coated using the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 96 prepared using the same liquid and the process according to the present invention, despite the fact that the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 96 was not filtered prior to spin-coating.
- The higher degree of PEDOT/PSS-aggregation in the compositions of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 3 to 5 was also reflected in the much poorer quality of the layer produced therewith than in the case of the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 96, as reflected by its not being possible to measure the surface resistance of layers prepared by 3 spin-coatings.
- Furthermore, the conductivities of the layers prepared by 2 spin-coatings with the compositions of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 3 and 4 produced with the same aqueous PEDOT/PSS-dispersion as used for preparing the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 96 were significantly inferior to that produced with the composition of INVENTION EXAMPLE 96.
- These results show the superiority of the process for solvent replacement, according to the present invention, compared with the flash-distillation method disclosed in WO 02/067273.
- The present invention may include any feature or combination of features disclosed herein either implicitly or explicitly or any generalisation thereof irrespective of whether it relates to the presently claimed invention. In view of the foregoing description it will be evident to a person skilled in the art that various modifications may be made within the scope of the invention.
Claims (15)
1. A method for preparing a composition containing between 0.08 and 3.0% by weight of a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene in which said two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, a polyanion and at least one non-aqueous solvent from a dispersion of said polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and said polyanion in water which is prepared in the substantial absence of oxygen, comprising in the following order the steps of: i) mixing at least one of said non-aqueous solvents with said aqueous dispersion of said polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and said polyanion; and ii) evaporating water from the mixture prepared in step i) until the content of water therein is reduced by at least 65% by weight.
2. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the water in said mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 80% by weight.
3. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the water in said mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 90% by weight.
4. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the water in said mixture from step i) is reduced by at least 95% by weight.
5. Method according to claim 1 , wherein a dye or pigment is added in a further process step.
6. Method according to claim 1 , wherein said polymer or copolymer of a (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) is selected from the group consisting of: poly(3,4-methylenedioxy-thiophene), poly(3,4-methylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene) derivatives, poly[3,4-(propylenedioxy)thiophene], poly[3,4-(propylenedioxy)thiophene] derivatives, poly(3,4-butylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-butylenedioxythiophene) derivatives and copolymers therewith.
7. Method according to claim 1 , wherein said polyanion is poly(styrene sulphonate).
8. Method according to claim 1 , wherein said non-aqueous solvent is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-propandiol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, N-methylpyrrolidinone and carbitol acetate.
9. A coating composition, capable of yielding layers with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency, prepared according to a method for preparing a composition containing between 0.08 and 3.0% by weight of a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene in which said two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, a polyanion and at least one non-aqueous solvent from a dispersion of said polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and said polyanion in water which is prepared in the substantial absence of oxygen, comprising in the following order the steps of: i) mixing at least one of said non-aqueous solvents with said aqueous dispersion of said polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and said polyanion; and ii) evaporating water from the mixture prepared in step i) until the content of water therein is reduced by at least 65% by weight.
10. A coating process comprising the steps of: providing a coating composition prepared according to a method for preparing a composition containing between 0.08 and 3.0% by weight of a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene in which said two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, a polyanion and at least one non-aqueous solvent from a dispersion of said polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and said polyanion in water which is prepared in the substantial absence of oxygen, comprising in the following order the steps of: i) mixing at least one of said non-aqueous solvents with said aqueous dispersion of said polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and said polyanion; and ii) evaporating water from the mixture prepared in step i) until the content of water therein is reduced by at least 65% by weight; coating said coating composition on an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer thereby producing a layer with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency.
11. Coating process according to claim 10 , wherein said support is paper, polymer film, glass or ceramic.
12. A printing ink or paste, capable of yielding layers with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency, prepared according to a method for preparing a composition containing between 0.08 and 3.0% by weight of a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene in which said two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, a polyanion and at least one non-aqueous solvent from a dispersion of said polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and said polyanion in water which is prepared in the substantial absence of oxygen, comprising in the following order the steps of: i) mixing at least one of said non-aqueous solvents with said aqueous dispersion of said polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and said polyanion; and ii) evaporating water from the mixture prepared in step i) until the content of water therein is reduced by at least 65% by weight.
13. Printing ink according to claim 12 , wherein said printing ink is a lithographic printing ink, a gravure printing ink, a flexographic printing ink, a screen printing ink, an ink-jet printing ink or an offset printing ink.
14. A printing process comprising the steps of: providing a printing ink or paste prepared according to a method for preparing a composition containing between 0.08 and 3.0% by weight of a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene in which said two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge, a polyanion and at least one non-aqueous solvent from a dispersion of said polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and said polyanion in water which is prepared in the substantial absence of oxygen, comprising in the following order the steps of: i) mixing at least one of said non-aqueous solvents with said aqueous dispersion of said polymer or copolymer of (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and said polyanion; and ii) evaporating water from the mixture prepared in step i) until the content of water therein is reduced by at least 65% by weight; printing said printing ink on an optionally subbed support, a dielectric layer, a phosphor layer or a transparent conductive layer thereby producing a layer with enhanced conductivity at a given transparency.
15. Printing process according to claim 14 , wherein said support is paper, polymer film, glass or ceramic.
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/309,879 US20030215571A1 (en) | 2001-12-04 | 2002-12-04 | Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent |
US10/894,441 US7122130B2 (en) | 2001-12-04 | 2004-07-19 | Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent |
US11/180,051 US7223357B2 (en) | 2001-12-04 | 2005-07-12 | Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent |
Applications Claiming Priority (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP01000698.9 | 2001-12-04 | ||
EP01000698 | 2001-12-04 | ||
EP01000780A EP1323764A1 (en) | 2001-12-20 | 2001-12-20 | Process for preparing an aqueous solution or dispersion of a polythiophene or thiophene copolymer |
EP01000780.5 | 2001-12-20 | ||
US34957302P | 2002-01-18 | 2002-01-18 | |
US35045302P | 2002-01-22 | 2002-01-22 | |
EP02100500.4 | 2002-05-16 | ||
EP02100500 | 2002-05-16 | ||
US38257702P | 2002-05-22 | 2002-05-22 | |
US10/309,879 US20030215571A1 (en) | 2001-12-04 | 2002-12-04 | Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/894,441 Continuation-In-Part US7122130B2 (en) | 2001-12-04 | 2004-07-19 | Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20030215571A1 true US20030215571A1 (en) | 2003-11-20 |
Family
ID=27224105
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/308,567 Expired - Lifetime US7048874B2 (en) | 2001-12-04 | 2002-12-03 | Process for preparing an aqueous or non-aqueous solution or dispersion of a polythionphene or thiophene copolymer |
US10/309,879 Abandoned US20030215571A1 (en) | 2001-12-04 | 2002-12-04 | Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent |
US11/150,774 Expired - Lifetime US7378039B2 (en) | 2001-12-04 | 2005-06-10 | Aqueous or non-aqueous solution or dispersion of a polythiophene or thiophene copolymer |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/308,567 Expired - Lifetime US7048874B2 (en) | 2001-12-04 | 2002-12-03 | Process for preparing an aqueous or non-aqueous solution or dispersion of a polythionphene or thiophene copolymer |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/150,774 Expired - Lifetime US7378039B2 (en) | 2001-12-04 | 2005-06-10 | Aqueous or non-aqueous solution or dispersion of a polythiophene or thiophene copolymer |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US7048874B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1453877B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP4049744B2 (en) |
KR (2) | KR100936426B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN100523047C (en) |
AU (2) | AU2002349041A1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE60219197T2 (en) |
WO (2) | WO2003048227A1 (en) |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020173579A1 (en) * | 2001-03-12 | 2002-11-21 | Friedrich Jonas | Novel polythiophene dispersions |
WO2005112145A1 (en) * | 2004-05-11 | 2005-11-24 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Solutions of organic semiconductors |
US20060011894A1 (en) * | 2002-06-14 | 2006-01-19 | Christoph Brabec | Material for a functional layer of an organic electronic component, method for the production thereof, and use thereof |
US20060098485A1 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-05-11 | Agfa-Gevaert | Printable non-volatile passive memory element and method of making thereof |
US20060102966A1 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-05-18 | Agfa-Gevaert | Printable non-volatile passive memory element and method of making thereof |
US20070057311A1 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2007-03-15 | Agfa-Gevaert | Conventionally printable non-volatile passive memory element and method of making thereof |
WO2007143124A1 (en) * | 2006-06-01 | 2007-12-13 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Conductive polymer compositions |
WO2008022908A1 (en) * | 2006-08-21 | 2008-02-28 | Agfa-Gevaert | Uv-photopolymerizable composition for producing organic conductive layers, patterns or prints |
US20080096129A1 (en) * | 2004-06-29 | 2008-04-24 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Process for production of electroluminescent element and electroluminescent element |
EP2143767A1 (en) * | 2008-07-11 | 2010-01-13 | Acreo AB | Waterbased compositions for casting or printing |
US7932320B2 (en) | 2003-06-20 | 2011-04-26 | Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. | Process for preparing electroconductive coatings |
US8451588B2 (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2013-05-28 | Avx Corporation | Solid electrolytic capacitor containing a conductive coating formed from a colloidal dispersion |
US8493713B2 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2013-07-23 | Avx Corporation | Conductive coating for use in electrolytic capacitors |
US8576543B2 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2013-11-05 | Avx Corporation | Solid electrolytic capacitor containing a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) quaternary onium salt |
US8971019B2 (en) | 2012-03-16 | 2015-03-03 | Avx Corporation | Wet capacitor cathode containing an alkyl-substituted poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) |
Families Citing this family (72)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7122130B2 (en) * | 2001-12-04 | 2006-10-17 | Agfa Gevaert | Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent |
JP4049744B2 (en) | 2001-12-04 | 2008-02-20 | アグフア−ゲヴエルト,ナームローゼ・フエンノートシヤツプ | Process for producing aqueous or non-aqueous solution or dispersion of polythiophene or thiophene copolymer |
EP1321483A1 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2003-06-25 | Agfa-Gevaert | 3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene compounds and polymers thereof |
US7105620B2 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2006-09-12 | Agfa Gevaert | 3,4-alkylenedioxy-thiophene copolymers |
US6995223B2 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2006-02-07 | Agfa-Gevaert | 3,4-alkylenedioxy-thiophene copolymers |
DE10215706A1 (en) * | 2002-04-10 | 2003-11-06 | Bayer Ag | Alkylenedioxythiophenes and poly (alkylenedioxythiophene) s with side groups containing urethane groups |
JP4077675B2 (en) | 2002-07-26 | 2008-04-16 | ナガセケムテックス株式会社 | Aqueous dispersion of complex of poly (3,4-dialkoxythiophene) and polyanion and method for producing the same |
WO2004029133A1 (en) | 2002-09-24 | 2004-04-08 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Water dispersible polyanilines made with polymeric acid colloids for electronics applications |
JP4509787B2 (en) | 2002-09-24 | 2010-07-21 | イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー | Water-dispersible polythiophene produced with polymeric acid colloids |
TW200415954A (en) * | 2002-11-07 | 2004-08-16 | Nissan Chemical Ind Ltd | Charge-transporting varnish |
US7005088B2 (en) * | 2003-01-06 | 2006-02-28 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | High resistance poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) for use in high efficiency pixellated polymer electroluminescent devices |
US7390438B2 (en) | 2003-04-22 | 2008-06-24 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Water dispersible substituted polydioxythiophenes made with fluorinated polymeric sulfonic acid colloids |
EP1639607A1 (en) | 2003-06-20 | 2006-03-29 | Agfa-Gevaert | Process for preparing electroconductive coatings |
US7250461B2 (en) * | 2004-03-17 | 2007-07-31 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Organic formulations of conductive polymers made with polymeric acid colloids for electronics applications, and methods for making such formulations |
US7338620B2 (en) * | 2004-03-17 | 2008-03-04 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Water dispersible polydioxythiophenes with polymeric acid colloids and a water-miscible organic liquid |
US7351358B2 (en) * | 2004-03-17 | 2008-04-01 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Water dispersible polypyrroles made with polymeric acid colloids for electronics applications |
EP1730215B1 (en) * | 2004-03-18 | 2017-08-16 | Enthone GmbH | A composition comprising a conductive polymer in colloidal form and carbon |
US7455793B2 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2008-11-25 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Non-aqueous dispersions comprising electrically doped conductive polymers and colloid-forming polymeric acids |
US9251923B2 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2016-02-02 | Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Varnish containing good solvent and poor solvent |
TW200624461A (en) * | 2004-10-13 | 2006-07-16 | Tokyo Inst Tech | The manufacturing method of conductive polymer |
GB2424759A (en) * | 2005-04-01 | 2006-10-04 | Seiko Epson Corp | Inkjet deposition of polythiophene semiconductor material dissolved in halogenated aromatic solvents |
GB0510382D0 (en) * | 2005-05-20 | 2005-06-29 | Cambridge Display Tech Ltd | Ink jet printing compositions in opto-electrical devices |
JP4823570B2 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2011-11-24 | 信越ポリマー株式会社 | Conductive polymer solution and conductive coating film |
KR101356296B1 (en) | 2005-06-28 | 2014-02-06 | 이 아이 듀폰 디 네모아 앤드 캄파니 | High Work Function Transparent Conductors |
EP1916244B1 (en) * | 2005-08-18 | 2013-12-04 | Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Thiophene compound having sulfonyl group and process for producing the same |
US7706165B2 (en) | 2005-12-20 | 2010-04-27 | Agfa-Gevaert Nv | Ferroelectric passive memory cell, device and method of manufacture thereof |
US8461992B2 (en) * | 2006-05-12 | 2013-06-11 | Solstice Medical, Llc | RFID coupler for metallic implements |
US8062553B2 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2011-11-22 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Compositions of polyaniline made with perfuoropolymeric acid which are heat-enhanced and electronic devices made therewith |
US8153029B2 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2012-04-10 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Laser (230NM) ablatable compositions of electrically conducting polymers made with a perfluoropolymeric acid applications thereof |
US20080191172A1 (en) | 2006-12-29 | 2008-08-14 | Che-Hsiung Hsu | High work-function and high conductivity compositions of electrically conducting polymers |
JP5180498B2 (en) * | 2007-03-20 | 2013-04-10 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Organic semiconductor material and organic transistor using the same |
WO2008132955A1 (en) * | 2007-04-16 | 2008-11-06 | Shin-Etsu Polymer Co., Ltd. | Method for producing conductive polymer solution |
JP5239448B2 (en) * | 2007-06-04 | 2013-07-17 | 東レ株式会社 | Antistatic white polyester film |
DE102007041722A1 (en) * | 2007-09-04 | 2009-03-05 | H.C. Starck Gmbh | Process for the preparation of conductive polymers |
DE102008005568A1 (en) * | 2008-01-22 | 2009-07-23 | H.C. Starck Gmbh | Process for the preparation of conductive polymers |
JP5243067B2 (en) * | 2008-03-10 | 2013-07-24 | 日機装株式会社 | Method for improving conductivity of conductive polymer |
EP2105458A1 (en) | 2008-03-27 | 2009-09-30 | Agfa-Gevaert | Dispersable polythiophene composition. |
DE102008023008A1 (en) | 2008-05-09 | 2009-11-12 | H.C. Starck Gmbh | Novel polythiophene-polyanion complexes in non-polar organic solvents |
JP2010114066A (en) * | 2008-10-06 | 2010-05-20 | Fujifilm Corp | Organic conductive polymer coating liquid, organic conductive polymer film, conductor, and resistive film type touch panel |
JP5317758B2 (en) * | 2009-02-26 | 2013-10-16 | 学校法人早稲田大学 | Solution or dispersion of polythiophene or thiophene copolymer and method for producing the same |
DE102009012660A1 (en) * | 2009-03-13 | 2010-09-16 | H.C. Starck Clevios Gmbh | Polymer coatings with improved temperature stability |
EP2424925A1 (en) * | 2009-05-01 | 2012-03-07 | Plextronics, Inc. | Replacing aqueous with non-aqueous solvent |
US8536300B2 (en) * | 2009-12-30 | 2013-09-17 | Korea University Research And Business Foundation | Photocrosslinkable electrically conductive polymers |
JP4573363B1 (en) * | 2010-06-01 | 2010-11-04 | テイカ株式会社 | Process for producing organic solvent-based conductive polymer dispersion and its application |
US9028938B2 (en) | 2010-10-07 | 2015-05-12 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Styrene resin composition, and molded article thereof |
SG10201508314RA (en) | 2010-10-07 | 2015-11-27 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Electronic component packaging sheet, and formed article thereof |
US9087994B2 (en) | 2010-11-03 | 2015-07-21 | Heraeus Precious Metals Gmbh & Co. Kg | PEDOT dispersions in organic solvents |
KR101306634B1 (en) * | 2011-06-03 | 2013-09-11 | 광운대학교 산학협력단 | Composition containing PEDOT:Dextran Copolymer and Its Manufacturing Method |
TWI568767B (en) * | 2012-07-03 | 2017-02-01 | 東曹股份有限公司 | Polythiophenes, water-soluble electrically conductive polymers using the polythiophenes, and production method thereof |
JP2014118560A (en) * | 2012-12-14 | 2014-06-30 | Nuri Vista Co Ltd | Conductive polymer composition having high viscosity and high conductivity |
CN105073885B (en) * | 2013-03-29 | 2017-09-22 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | The manufacture method of the electrolytic capacitor of the manufacture method and use of electroconductive polymer microparticle dispersion the electroconductive polymer microparticle dispersion |
WO2014155421A1 (en) * | 2013-03-29 | 2014-10-02 | パナソニック株式会社 | Method of producing conductive polymer particle dispersion, and method of producing electrolytic capacitor using said conductive polymer particle dispersion |
TW201446829A (en) * | 2013-04-18 | 2014-12-16 | Univ Yamanashi | Method for producing solution or dispersion of conductive polythiophene compound |
US9428603B2 (en) * | 2014-03-18 | 2016-08-30 | Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research | Polymeric dispersion of thiophene copolymers and a process for preparation thereof |
JP6260385B2 (en) * | 2014-03-24 | 2018-01-17 | 東ソー株式会社 | Method for producing 2-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydro-thieno [3,4-b] [1,4] dioxin-5,7-dicarboxylic acid dialkyl ester |
EP2940079B1 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2017-08-23 | Agfa-Gevaert | Non-aqueous dispersions of a conductive polymer |
EP3037497A1 (en) * | 2014-12-23 | 2016-06-29 | Heraeus Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG | Process for producing functionalized polythiophenes |
EP3070765B1 (en) | 2015-03-16 | 2019-05-08 | Heraeus Battery Technology GmbH | Use of pedot/pss in a cathode of a lithium-sulfur electrochemical cell |
CN104861189B (en) * | 2015-05-25 | 2018-04-13 | 华南理工大学 | A kind of method of poly- 3,4 ethylenedioxy thiophenes of fabricated in situ/nanometer metallic silver transparent conducting coating |
CZ306264B6 (en) * | 2015-06-30 | 2016-11-02 | Centrum organické chemie s.r.o. | Method of electrically conducting and antistatic permanent finish of textile materials and textile materials finished in such a manner |
US10882949B2 (en) | 2015-07-16 | 2021-01-05 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Processable polymers and methods of making and using thereof |
JP6977246B2 (en) * | 2015-12-04 | 2021-12-08 | 東ソー株式会社 | Antistatic thin film and antistatic aqueous solution |
JP6655387B2 (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2020-02-26 | 信越ポリマー株式会社 | Method for producing conductive polymer dispersion, method for producing antistatic film, and method for producing antistatic molded article |
JP6954822B2 (en) * | 2017-12-13 | 2021-10-27 | 信越ポリマー株式会社 | Method of manufacturing conductive film |
FR3083236B1 (en) * | 2018-06-29 | 2020-12-04 | Dracula Tech | COMPOSITION OF CONDUCTIVE POLYMER AND ITS MANUFACTURING PROCESS |
TWI733311B (en) * | 2020-01-17 | 2021-07-11 | 長興材料工業股份有限公司 | Conductive polymer material and application thereof |
US11339246B2 (en) * | 2020-03-03 | 2022-05-24 | Lg Energy Solution, Ltd. | Preparation method of polymer |
CN111393678B (en) * | 2020-03-27 | 2023-03-28 | 徐宁 | Method for preparing organic solvent dispersion liquid of aqueous polymer |
KR20220164714A (en) | 2020-04-06 | 2022-12-13 | 신에쓰 가가꾸 고교 가부시끼가이샤 | Conductive polymer composition, substrate, and method for manufacturing the substrate |
US20210380738A1 (en) | 2020-06-03 | 2021-12-09 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Conductive polymer composition, substrate, and method for producing substrate |
US20220332957A1 (en) | 2021-03-31 | 2022-10-20 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Conductive polymer composition, substrate, and method for producing substrate |
CN115121191B (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2023-08-04 | 重庆大学 | And (3) preparing PEDOT by gas-liquid two-phase reaction: PSS device and method |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5443944A (en) * | 1992-11-16 | 1995-08-22 | Agta-Gevaert Ag | Photographic material |
US6084040A (en) * | 1996-08-19 | 2000-07-04 | Bayer Ag | Scratch-resistant conductive coatings |
Family Cites Families (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS59210947A (en) * | 1983-05-16 | 1984-11-29 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Production of polymer film |
EP0257573B1 (en) | 1986-08-26 | 1994-10-12 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Soluble electrically conductive polymers, method of producing them and their use |
DE3804522A1 (en) | 1988-02-13 | 1989-08-24 | Hoechst Ag | METHOD FOR PRODUCING THIOPHENETHERS |
JPH01236228A (en) * | 1988-03-17 | 1989-09-21 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Production of five-membered heterocyclic polymer composition |
DE3843412A1 (en) | 1988-04-22 | 1990-06-28 | Bayer Ag | NEW POLYTHIOPHENES, METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR USE |
BE1003461A3 (en) * | 1989-11-17 | 1992-03-31 | Solvay | PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF POLYTHIOPHENES AND ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE DEVICES CONTAINING THEM. |
US5254648A (en) * | 1989-06-12 | 1993-10-19 | Solvay & Cie (Societe Anonyme) | Process for the preparation of polythiophenes and electrically conducting devices containing them |
US5221786A (en) * | 1989-06-12 | 1993-06-22 | Solvay & Cie (Societe Anonyme) | Process for the preparation of polythiophenes and electrically conducting devices containing them |
DE59010247D1 (en) * | 1990-02-08 | 1996-05-02 | Bayer Ag | New polythiophene dispersions, their preparation and their use |
DE4211459A1 (en) | 1992-04-06 | 1993-10-07 | Agfa Gevaert Ag | Antistatic permanent coating prodn. on photographic material with poly:thiophene - by oxidative polymerisation with at least stoichiometric amt. of peroxy acid salt and desalination for high yield avoiding haze by dendrite formation |
DE4211461A1 (en) | 1992-04-06 | 1993-10-07 | Agfa Gevaert Ag | Antistatic plastic parts |
ATE287929T1 (en) | 1994-05-06 | 2005-02-15 | Bayer Ag | CONDUCTIVE COATINGS MADE FROM MIXTURES CONTAINING POLYTHIOPHENES AND SOLVENTS |
DE19507413A1 (en) * | 1994-05-06 | 1995-11-09 | Bayer Ag | Conductive coatings |
US6001281A (en) | 1998-09-04 | 1999-12-14 | Kemet Electronics Corporation | Preparation of conductive polymers from stabilized precursor solutions |
DE19841804A1 (en) * | 1998-09-12 | 2000-03-16 | Bayer Ag | Preparation of an electrically conducting structure on a substrate for computer-controlled ink jet printing involves using an aqueous dispersion of polyalkylene dioxythiophenes with a polyanion as counter ion |
EP1003179B1 (en) | 1998-11-17 | 2004-08-25 | Agfa-Gevaert | A method for preparing a conductive polythiophene layer at low temperature |
KR100390578B1 (en) | 1998-12-17 | 2003-12-18 | 제일모직주식회사 | High refractive index conductive polymer thin film transparent film coating liquid composition |
EP1081548A1 (en) * | 1999-08-30 | 2001-03-07 | Eastman Kodak Company | Coating composition containing polythiophene and solvent mixture |
US6632472B2 (en) * | 2000-06-26 | 2003-10-14 | Agfa-Gevaert | Redispersable latex comprising a polythiophene |
WO2002000759A1 (en) * | 2000-06-26 | 2002-01-03 | Agfa-Gevaert | Redispersible latex comprising a polythiophene |
US6692663B2 (en) * | 2001-02-16 | 2004-02-17 | Elecon, Inc. | Compositions produced by solvent exchange methods and uses thereof |
JP4049744B2 (en) * | 2001-12-04 | 2008-02-20 | アグフア−ゲヴエルト,ナームローゼ・フエンノートシヤツプ | Process for producing aqueous or non-aqueous solution or dispersion of polythiophene or thiophene copolymer |
EP1321483A1 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2003-06-25 | Agfa-Gevaert | 3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene compounds and polymers thereof |
-
2002
- 2002-11-22 JP JP2003549412A patent/JP4049744B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-22 AU AU2002349041A patent/AU2002349041A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-11-22 KR KR1020047008540A patent/KR100936426B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-11-22 EP EP20020781325 patent/EP1453877B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-22 WO PCT/EP2002/013155 patent/WO2003048227A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-11-22 DE DE60219197T patent/DE60219197T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-03 EP EP20020785420 patent/EP1453878B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-03 WO PCT/EP2002/013639 patent/WO2003048228A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-12-03 AU AU2002350722A patent/AU2002350722A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-12-03 KR KR1020047008541A patent/KR100970683B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-12-03 CN CNB028240278A patent/CN100523047C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-03 US US10/308,567 patent/US7048874B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-03 JP JP2003549413A patent/JP4251451B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-03 DE DE2002626067 patent/DE60226067T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-04 US US10/309,879 patent/US20030215571A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2005
- 2005-06-10 US US11/150,774 patent/US7378039B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5443944A (en) * | 1992-11-16 | 1995-08-22 | Agta-Gevaert Ag | Photographic material |
US6084040A (en) * | 1996-08-19 | 2000-07-04 | Bayer Ag | Scratch-resistant conductive coatings |
Cited By (27)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7008562B2 (en) * | 2001-03-12 | 2006-03-07 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Method of forming polythiophene dispersions |
US20020173579A1 (en) * | 2001-03-12 | 2002-11-21 | Friedrich Jonas | Novel polythiophene dispersions |
US20060011894A1 (en) * | 2002-06-14 | 2006-01-19 | Christoph Brabec | Material for a functional layer of an organic electronic component, method for the production thereof, and use thereof |
US8696941B2 (en) | 2002-06-14 | 2014-04-15 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Material for functional layer of organic electronic component |
US20110095236A1 (en) * | 2002-06-14 | 2011-04-28 | Konarka Technologies, Inc. | Material For Functional Layer Of Organic Electronic Component |
US7871543B2 (en) * | 2002-06-14 | 2011-01-18 | Konarka Technologies, Inc. | Material for a functional layer of an organic electronic component, method for the production thereof, and use thereof |
US7932320B2 (en) | 2003-06-20 | 2011-04-26 | Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. | Process for preparing electroconductive coatings |
US20080265214A1 (en) * | 2004-05-11 | 2008-10-30 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Solutions of Organic Semiconductors |
WO2005112145A1 (en) * | 2004-05-11 | 2005-11-24 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Solutions of organic semiconductors |
US7704785B2 (en) | 2004-05-11 | 2010-04-27 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Organic semiconductor solutions, processes for forming organic semiconductor layers therewith and devices containing such layers |
US20080096129A1 (en) * | 2004-06-29 | 2008-04-24 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Process for production of electroluminescent element and electroluminescent element |
US20070057311A1 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2007-03-15 | Agfa-Gevaert | Conventionally printable non-volatile passive memory element and method of making thereof |
US20060098485A1 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-05-11 | Agfa-Gevaert | Printable non-volatile passive memory element and method of making thereof |
US7675123B2 (en) | 2004-10-29 | 2010-03-09 | Agfa-Gevaert Nv | Printable non-volatile passive memory element and method of making thereof |
US20060102966A1 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-05-18 | Agfa-Gevaert | Printable non-volatile passive memory element and method of making thereof |
EP2360200A1 (en) * | 2006-06-01 | 2011-08-24 | E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company | Conductive polymer compositions |
US8147719B2 (en) | 2006-06-01 | 2012-04-03 | E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Conductive polymer compositions |
US20080017834A1 (en) * | 2006-06-01 | 2008-01-24 | Hjalti Skulason | Conductive polymer compositions |
WO2007143124A1 (en) * | 2006-06-01 | 2007-12-13 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Conductive polymer compositions |
WO2008022908A1 (en) * | 2006-08-21 | 2008-02-28 | Agfa-Gevaert | Uv-photopolymerizable composition for producing organic conductive layers, patterns or prints |
EP2143767A1 (en) * | 2008-07-11 | 2010-01-13 | Acreo AB | Waterbased compositions for casting or printing |
EP2143768A1 (en) * | 2008-07-11 | 2010-01-13 | Acreo AB | Waterbased casting or printing composition |
US8493713B2 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2013-07-23 | Avx Corporation | Conductive coating for use in electrolytic capacitors |
US8576543B2 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2013-11-05 | Avx Corporation | Solid electrolytic capacitor containing a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) quaternary onium salt |
US8451588B2 (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2013-05-28 | Avx Corporation | Solid electrolytic capacitor containing a conductive coating formed from a colloidal dispersion |
US8971019B2 (en) | 2012-03-16 | 2015-03-03 | Avx Corporation | Wet capacitor cathode containing an alkyl-substituted poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) |
US9218913B2 (en) | 2012-03-16 | 2015-12-22 | Avx Corporation | Wet capacitor cathode containing an alkyl-substituted poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100936426B1 (en) | 2010-01-12 |
DE60219197T2 (en) | 2008-01-03 |
DE60226067D1 (en) | 2008-05-21 |
WO2003048227A1 (en) | 2003-06-12 |
CN1599766A (en) | 2005-03-23 |
WO2003048228A1 (en) | 2003-06-12 |
CN100523047C (en) | 2009-08-05 |
DE60219197D1 (en) | 2007-05-10 |
AU2002350722A1 (en) | 2003-06-17 |
US20030211331A1 (en) | 2003-11-13 |
KR100970683B1 (en) | 2010-07-15 |
AU2002349041A1 (en) | 2003-06-17 |
EP1453878A1 (en) | 2004-09-08 |
JP2005511809A (en) | 2005-04-28 |
EP1453877A1 (en) | 2004-09-08 |
JP4049744B2 (en) | 2008-02-20 |
US20050245723A1 (en) | 2005-11-03 |
DE60226067T2 (en) | 2009-06-25 |
JP4251451B2 (en) | 2009-04-08 |
KR20050044681A (en) | 2005-05-12 |
US7378039B2 (en) | 2008-05-27 |
WO2003048228A8 (en) | 2003-10-30 |
JP2005511808A (en) | 2005-04-28 |
EP1453877B1 (en) | 2007-03-28 |
EP1453878B1 (en) | 2008-04-09 |
US7048874B2 (en) | 2006-05-23 |
AU2002350722A8 (en) | 2003-06-17 |
KR20050058270A (en) | 2005-06-16 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7108805B2 (en) | Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent | |
US20030215571A1 (en) | Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent | |
US7223357B2 (en) | Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent | |
US6955772B2 (en) | Aqueous composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and a non-newtonian binder | |
EP1383819B1 (en) | Method of preparing an aqueous composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and a non-newtonian binder | |
US6632472B2 (en) | Redispersable latex comprising a polythiophene | |
KR100847904B1 (en) | Redispersible latex comprising a polythiophene | |
US6890584B2 (en) | Flexographic ink containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene | |
EP1401909B1 (en) | Flexographic ink containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene | |
TW200305589A (en) | Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3, 4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent | |
TW200307707A (en) | Composition containing a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and non-aqueous solvent |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: AGFA-GEVAERT, BELGIUM Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TAHON, JEAN-PIERRE;VAN DEN BOGAERT, ROGER;GROENENDAAL, BERT;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:013694/0342 Effective date: 20021202 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |