US20030157125A1 - Composition containing leishmania lip2a - Google Patents

Composition containing leishmania lip2a Download PDF

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US20030157125A1
US20030157125A1 US10/258,165 US25816503A US2003157125A1 US 20030157125 A1 US20030157125 A1 US 20030157125A1 US 25816503 A US25816503 A US 25816503A US 2003157125 A1 US2003157125 A1 US 2003157125A1
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lip2a
protein
sequence
antigen
leishmania
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Manuel Alvarez
Carlos Bedate
Jose Requena Rolania
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CBF Leti SA
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Assigned to C.B.F. LETI, S.A. reassignment C.B.F. LETI, S.A. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ALONSO BEDATE, CARLOS, REQUENA ROLANIA, JOSE MARIA, SOTO ALVAREZ, MANUEL
Publication of US20030157125A1 publication Critical patent/US20030157125A1/en
Priority to US11/282,328 priority Critical patent/US20060127418A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/44—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from protozoa
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

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  • This invention relates in general to polypeptides, proteins or nucleic acids that contain at least a portion of an acidic ribosomal protein from Leishmania infantum called Lip2a or a variation thereof, useful for modifying the immune response in immunised individuals or in cell groups.
  • the invention relates specifically to compositions based on compounds from Leishmania infantum that are homologous to acidic ribosomal proteins, which are referred to as Lip2a hereinafter, for stimulating immune responses and for use as vaccines or as therapeutic products.
  • compositions of the invention are useful for promoting a humoral or cellular response in the individual who is inoculated with said compositions.
  • the compositions of the invention can be used for treatment or prophylaxis of diseases.
  • the compositions of the invention that use the Lip2a protein can be used as a adjuvant or as a subunit in a vaccine for the prevention of Leishmaniosis or treatment of other diseases.
  • Vaccines can induce protective immunity against an infection or disease by means of the generation of an appropriate immune response in an individual or patient who is suffering from such a disease.
  • advances are being made in the development of vaccines against infectious agents and even against certain diseases, given that there are many appropriate techniques for the identification of antigens that have the potential to be used as agents able to induce specific responses to combat the most common infections and diseases such as viral, bacterial and protozoan infections, or even cancer.
  • the immune response induced by the immunogen is weak and therefore the immune response generated, although directed against the antigen present in the pathogen, is not big enough to confer protection. In such cases, it is necessary to use an agent able to act as an adjuvant.
  • the adjuvants are substances that increase the specific response against a substance when they are injected A—before that substance B—in connection with that substance or C—at the same site as that substance or at different sites.
  • the adjuvants contribute to an increase in the immune response in different ways: 1—They can help the antigen to be released slowly by/to the immune system; 2—by means of the stimulation and migration of antigen presenting cells to the injection site; 3—by means of the stimulation and proliferation of lymphocytes; and 4—by improving the dispersion of the antigen throughout the body of the patient.
  • Immunostimulatants are substances that induce a general or temporal immune response when administered with the antigen or separately.
  • Typical immunostimulants are, for example, the Freund adjuvant (AC/IF), BCG (an attenuated species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or a non-viable form of Corynebacterium parvum, among others.
  • the adjuvants or the immunostimulants act to increase the specific immune response by a non-specific route.
  • a serious drawback with most of the most potent adjuvants in use up until present is their high toxicity.
  • C that they are formed of a substance that is as pure as possible, preferably a protein that although it has immunogenic character does not lead to problems of autoimmunity and a potential shadow effect on the immunogen with which it is administered.
  • the present invention relates to compositions based on an acidic ribosomal protein from Leishman infantum called Lip2a, homologous to acidic ribosomal proteins of eukaryotic organisms, which comprises a protein coded by (a) a gene whose nucleotide sequence is identified as SEQ ID NO 1 at the end of this description and whose sequence of amino acids is identified as SEQ ID NO 2 at the end of this description and (b) by any other DNA sequence that is able to hybridise with SEQ ID NO 1 in not very stringent conditions and as such codes for a sequence of amino acids homologous to SEQ ID NO 2 or which differs from it only in substitutions and/or modifications to the conserved amino acids.
  • the present invention also relates to the capacity of the Lip2a protein to induce a specific immune response of the Th1 type when administered to an individual and to stimulate a type Th1 response in vivo and/or in mononuclear cells of individuals immunized with said protein.
  • the present invention also provides a method for producing specific immune responses in mononuclear cell samples by means of the incubation of cells with the protein called Lip2a from non-immunised individuals.
  • An alternative according to the invention to the use of the protein Lip2a for producing a Th1-type response is the use of viral vectors or nucleic acids that contain the gene Lip2a and are able to direct the expression of the Lip2a protein in individuals or transfected cells with the composition of nucleic acids from SEQ ID NO 1.
  • the present invention relates in general to an increase in the immune response that may be of humoral type or mediated by cells in an individual immunised with Lip2a or in a cellular culture with the same protein, both in cells from the immunised individual or in mononuclear cells from healthy individuals.
  • Lip2a is an immunostimulating compound (an immunogen against which an immune response is induced) and whose action can be initiated by itself without the need for adjuvants.
  • the immune response against an antigen can be initiated or increased by the administration to the immunised person of a protein or adjuvant.
  • Antigens and immunostimulating agents are generally protein molecules that proceed from virus, bacteria, parasites and tumours.
  • Immunostimulators are molecules that direct the immune system response in one direction or the other with respect to Th1 or Th2-type cytokines or that mediated by CD4 + or CD8 + cells.
  • the capacity of Lip2a to be used for treatment in those diseases that require a systematic increase of interferon- ⁇ can also be included.
  • the Lip2a protein belongs to a group of small molecular weight molecules of acidic character that interact with the ribosome during translation. This is a process common to organisms of three kingdoms: eubacteria, archebacteria and eukaryotes. The function of these proteins is to facilitate the interaction between the ribosome and some soluble translation factors (Sanchez-Madrid and co-workers, 1979; Möller and co-workers, 1983). The acid proteins bind to the large subunit of the ribosome forming complexes of two dimmers by means of the interaction with another protein that shares certain characteristics with these dimmers.
  • This protein is denominated ribosomal protein P0 in eukaryotes and L10 in bacteria and archebacteria. In organisms of the latter two of these kingdoms, the dimmers of acid proteins are formed by the same polypeptide, although in bacteria one of the copies undergoes post-translational modifications of acetylation (Terhorst and co-workers, 1972). In eukaryotes, the acid proteins, also called P proteins as they are phosphorylated in their active form (Wool, 1979; Hasler and co-workers, 1991), they divide into two groups, P1 and P2, depending on how similar the sequences are and the presence of domains characteristic of each one of them.
  • the complex formed from binding to the ribosome is composed of two dimmers composed in turn of a polypeptide from each group.
  • there is only one copy of the genes coding for the acid proteins of each group although in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Newton and co-workers, 1990) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Beltrame and Bianchi, 1990), two different acidic proteins have been described within each group, each one of them coded by different genes.
  • the protein Lip2a from Leishman infantum is composed of 106 amino acids with a molecular weight of 10.57 kDa (see SEQ ID NO 2).
  • the analysis of the sequence of amino acids deduced from the sequence of cDNA L22 indicates that the protein Lip2a possesses characteristics common to those of the acidic ribosomal proteins from group P2 of eukaryotes, such as the highly conserved carboxy-terminus sequences, a very central area rich in pralines and alanines, and an amino-terminus with a more variable sequence (Soto and co-workers, 1993).
  • compositions in accordance with this invention comprise a polypeptide that stimulates a strong humoral response in animals immunised therewith, even in the absence of adjuvants and a type-Th1 immune response in splenocytes of individuals that have or have not been immunised with Lip2a.
  • This inducing polypeptide may comprise all or part of the complete protein from Leishmania infantum called Lip2a or a total or partial homologous ribosomal protein from another organism that has similar stimulatory activity.
  • the polypeptides according to the present invention include variants of Lip2a able to produce a Th1 response in immunised individuals or in mononuclear cells in culture given the similarity between the proteins of this group.
  • Such variants include different structural forms of the native protein both in the form of a salt and in acid form or induced by modification of aminoacids, for example, through glycosylation.
  • the polypeptides Lip2a expressed in E. coli are not glycosylated while the same ones produced in yeasts or in mammal cells are identical to those produced in E. coli, but they may differ structurally and in their immunological capacity due to glycosylation.
  • the glycosylation sites are Asn-N-Pro(oS er). N can be any amino acid except Pro.
  • the polypeptides according to this invention comprise sequences of amino acids that do not differ substantially from Lip2a, where it is understood by such a concept modifications of amino acids that are coded for by DNA sequences able to form hybrids with the DNA sequences of the native Lip2a gene in not very stringent conditions. If these variations in the sequence of amino acids do not differ from Lip2a, it can be easily shown by its capacity to stimulate splenocytes in a similar fashion or as native Lip2a does. In general, these sequences, which do not substantially differ from native Lip2a, are formed of conserved substitutions of amino acids or formed by small substitutions or modifications, whether they natural or achieved through directed mutagenesis.
  • amino acid groups that represent conserved changes are (1) ala, pro, gly, glu, asp, gin, asn, ser, thr; (2) cys, ser, tyr, thr; (3) val, ile, leu, met, ala, phe; (4) lys, arg, his; and (5) phe, tyr, trp, his.
  • polypeptide variants of Lip2a generated by covalent binding or through the construction of fusion proteins with other chemical or biological groups such as proteins using chemical or biological procedures among which are included the methods of recombinant DNA, for example, for a better or easier purification, greater stability, or formation of complexes that contain several total or partial Lip2a proteins.
  • the protein Lip2a can be expressed in E. coli or other prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells after transformation of these cells with the genomic sequence of the Lip2a gene or a total or partial cDNA clone of Lip2a.
  • the nucleotide sequence of DNA of the Lip2a gene and of amino acids of the coded protein is shown the attached SEQ ID NO 1 and NO 2.
  • the Lip2a gene can be isolated from the DNA of Leishmania infantum or another species of Leishmania or another organism by means of identification of cDNA clones from a gene expression library that expresses proteins of the organism by means of highly reactive animal sera naturally infected with Leishmania infantum or by PCR techniques using specific oligonucleotides.
  • Lip2a gene expression library of Leishmania infantum was searched with dog serum infected naturally with Leishmania.
  • the analysis of the sequence of three of the clones isolated indicated the existence of homology in the sequence with coding genes for the acidic type P2 ribosomal proteins. While the genes showed a total homology of the sequence in the coding region, untranslated 3′ regions were completely divergent.
  • the protein Lip2a can be purified from bacterial cell cultures that express the Lip2a gene.
  • the protein can be purified from the extracts or from the supernatants depending on the expression vector used both as a protein by itself or as a fusion protein with another protein.
  • the methods vary although affinity chromatography, whether with specific antibodies against Lip2a or particle resins adapted to the synthesised protein, by the presence of a certain target that allows its binding to the resin, is the preferred method.
  • the Lip2a gene has been subcloned in a variant of the expression vectors pMAL and of the expression vectors pQE31 and the synthesised Lip2a protein has been purified bound to the MBP protein in maltose columns, or bound to a chain of histidine amino acid with the aim of identifying its production and purification in columns of NT Ni.
  • monoclonal or mono-specific polyclonal antibodies may be used for its purification. Partial polypeptides that that the protein Lip2a and which form part of this invention can be synthesised from the construction of partial clones of Lip2a, known by all those well versed in the techniques of molecular biology.
  • An alternative method to the presentation of Lip2a protein to individuals to be immunised or to culture cells is the administration of the protein in the form of nucleic acids that code for Lip2a or a portion of the protein in the form of plasmids, virus, including in liposomes or bound to polymers, or another way of introducing the protein into target cells.
  • the vectors most used for the administration of the gene as an immunogen in the form of DNA are the so-called pcDNA3 and pRc/CMV under the control of specific promoters mostly of eukaryotic type. It is extensively documented in the literature that this type of immunisation preferably induces a response of the Th1 type.
  • the protein Lip2a can be administered in junction with the antigen or separately, at the same time or at different times (for example, one day or two days before administration of the appropriate antigen), at the same site or in different sites of the animal. In this sense, Lip2a could be used to induce a humoral response or as an adjuvant in vaccine preparations with antigens heterologous to those of leishmania.
  • the administration of protein may have a different immunological effect.
  • the Lip2a protein or the derivative polypeptides are administered in pharmacological formulations as a single substance in a saline solution or in combination with appropriate physiological carriers, including anionic and cationic liposomes or other agents such as BCG, Bordatella peruses, or DNA and oligonucleotides 3′purine—5′pyrimidine.
  • physiological carriers including anionic and cationic liposomes or other agents such as BCG, Bordatella peruses, or DNA and oligonucleotides 3′purine—5′pyrimidine.
  • the carriers should be non-toxic substances.
  • the literature on the use of adjuvants or carriers is extensive and the most appropriate should be chosen for the desired administration route.
  • a solid compound should be chosen such as cellulose or glucose.
  • the immunisation may be performed with a preparation of Lip2a as separate or bound molecules and in combination with one or more antigens and even cytokines that may act as immunostimulators.
  • the routes and frequency of administration may vary extensively. The most used routes are intramuscular or subcutaneous, intranasal or oral, with a frequency of 3 doses every 15 clays. The dose can also vary widely depending on the state of the individual and the size thereof.
  • the dose of the Lip2a protein, as with any other immunogen has to be adjusted so that a significant quantity of interferon gamma or other cytokines are induced that it can potentially induce. Normally, the dose may vary between 10 micrograms and 100 micrograms per 100 grams of the host.
  • Another alternative method of administration of Lip2a and induction of an immune response may be the extraction of cells (preferably peripheral mononuclear cells) from an individual, stimulate them in vitro with the Lip2a protein in the presence or not of an antigen (specific to a disease or infection) to subsequently reintroduce them into the patient with the aim of interfering with the pathological process.
  • the Lip2a protein or its polypeptide variants could be used as adjuvant or immunostimulator of a response.
  • the present invention describes systems for increasing or immunostimulating the humoral or cellular response in individuals or isolated cells (macrophages, monocytes, B cells or dendritic cells) from individuals who have been immunised or not with the Lip2a protein.
  • the capacity to stimulate the production of interferon gamma shows the potential that Lip2a has to be widely used in therapy in a broad range of applications that require the induction of a non-specific response to this cytokine (not necessarily leishmaniosis).
  • the Lip2a protein is able to induce a strong humoral response in Balb/c mice immunised with 5 micrograms of the protein Lip2a in saline buffer by intraperitoneal route and an administration schedule of two closes with a three week separation between them (21 days).
  • the data showed that high titres of immunoglobulins G and M are produced.
  • the response was mainly of IgM type leading to a maturing towards IgG after the second inoculation. It was observed that the isotype of IgG most abundant in rats immunised with the protein Lip2a corresponded to the immunoglobin IgG2a although IgG1 was also produced. It is concluded from these data that the immunisation with the Lip2a antigen generates a mixed Th1/Th2 response, although Th1 predominates.
  • one of the peptides recognised by the sera of immunised animals coincided with the peptide recognised by the sera of the dogs infected with viscerocutaneous leishmaniosis. This means that also in dogs, this region of the protein is immunogenic in the natural infection with Leishmania.
  • the protein Lip2a also induces proliferation of splenocytes obtained from immunised mice.
  • the results obtained showed that there was a direct relationship between the concentration of antigen and the level of cellular proliferation induced.
  • the same results were obtained when the proliferation of splenocytes obtained from non-immunised mice was analysed.
  • the inhibitory capacity of an anti-Lip2a antibody generated in rabbit at different dilutions on cellular proliferation was analysed.
  • lymphokines INF-gamma and IL-4 were analysed that are produced in the assays of proliferation, both of splenocytes from control rats that had not been immunised and from immunised rats.
  • the results showed that the proliferation provoked by the antigen generates a significant increase in the secretion of INF-gamma in splenocytes of immunised rats.
  • a slight increase was detected in the levels of IL-4 in the cultures of splenocytes that proliferated in the presence of the antigen with respect to those that proliferate in the medium with no added stimulus.
  • the protein was administered and subsequently the Balb/c mice were infected with the parasite. It was seen that there was a delay in the appearance of the disease and a reduction in the skin-type lesions generated by infections with Leishmania major.
  • FIG. 1 describes the system used for isolating the Lip2a gene from Leishmania infantum and in whose genome there are two copies of this gene.
  • FIG. 2 shows the expression (RNA) of the gene of the Lip2a protein in Leishman infantum.
  • FIG. 3 shows the expression of the Lip2a protein in bacterial cultures of E. coli transformed with the pMal expression vector that contains the fusion protein MBP-Lip2a and its purification and recognition of the Lip2a protein by sera from animals naturally infected with Leishmania.
  • FIG. 4 shows the specificity of the immune response to Lip2a of sera of animals infected naturally by Leishmania.
  • FIG. 5 shows the localisation within the protein of the determining antigens recognised by the sera of the animals infected naturally by Leishmania infantum.
  • FIG. 6 shows that the Lip2a protein is homologous to the acidic ribosomal proteins P2 of other eukaryotic organisms.
  • FIG. 7 shows that the Lip2a protein is able to induce a humoral response after inoculation of mice.
  • FIG. 8 shows the specificity of the response to peptides of Lip2a from sera of Balb/c animals inoculated with Lip2a and the specificity of the sera of mice immunised against proteins of the P2 family.
  • FIG. 9 shows that the protein is able to induce a proliferative response in splenocytes of animals immunised and not immunised.
  • FIG. 10 shows that the Lip2a protein confers a certain degree of protection and delays the appearance of symptoms of infection by Leishmania major.
  • the cDNA expression library of Leishmania infantum was searched with the serum of a dog infected naturally with Leishmania.
  • the cDNA inserts contained therein were cloned and sequenced in the plasmid pUC18.
  • the cDNAs L21 and L22 had an identical sequence throughout their length, with L22 (454 nt) being the greatest in both cases.
  • the Lip2a genes are localised on a single chromosome (XIX chromosomal band) (sections B-C).
  • RNA of Leishmania in filters using the insert of clone L22 as a probe, showed that the size of the transcripts of the Lip2a genes was 0.6 Kb (see FIG. 2-A). These messenger RNAs are polydenylated. As is shown in FIG. 2 (panel A, lanes 1 and 2), there were changes in the intensity of the bands of hybridisation obtained, according to whether RNA was obtained from cultures of promastigotes growing logarithmic or stationary phase. From this it is deduced that the expression of the genes of the acid protein Lip2a from Leishmania is greater in logarithmic phase.
  • FIG. 3 in panel A (line 1), the expression of the Lip2a protein is shown in a bacterial culture of E. coli transformed with the expression vector pMAI-cRI that contains the Lip2a gene and its purification (line 2).
  • the molecular weight of the purified protein corresponds to a fusion protein MBP-Lip2a.
  • MBP means the maltose binding protein of E. coli that is used to form the fusion protein with Lip2a.
  • Panel B shows the recognition of the Lip2a protein by a collection of sera from animals with leishmania infected naturally.
  • the specificity of the humoral response was analysed generated against Lip2a by means of measurement of the reactivity of sera obtained from dogs infected with Leishmania against homologous proteins from other species.
  • the response of positive canine sera was analysed against another acidic protein from Leishmania, LiP2b, the human acidic proteins P1 and P2 and P2 from T. cruzi, all expressed as fusion proteins after cloning in the pMAL-cRI vector.
  • panel A of the figure there is shown the result of the incubation of a set of sera obtained from dogs infected with Leishmania against the acidic proteins described previously.
  • FIG. 5 shows the sequence of peptides and the values of optical density obtained when these peptides are analysed in FAST-ELSA assays against sera of infected clogs. Only positive values were obtained against the peptide A6. The lack of reactivity obtained after testing the sera of animals infected with Leishmania, against peptide A-7, which contains the conserved C-terminus sequence in acidic proteins of eukaryotes, confirmed that this zone does not generate any humoral response during infection with the parasite.
  • FIG. 6 shows the result of the expression and subsequent purification of the protein from 500 ml of culture, induced by IPTG, by means of affinity chromatography in NT-Ni columns.
  • the bacteria were solubilised in 8 M urea and sonicated.
  • Molecular weight marker proteins (lane M). E. coli proteins without transformation by the expression vector pQE-31 (lane 1). Proteins of E. coli transformed with the expression vector pQE-31 (lane 2). The protein was purified from the soluble fraction (lane 3).
  • the protein expressed in the vector pQE-3 1 includes the Lip2a protein and those amino acids that were included during the cloning process.
  • the Lip2a protein is composed of 106 amino acids and lies between amino acid 39 and 144 (SEQ ID NO 3) and has a molecular weight of 10.57 kDa. (See SEQ ID NO 3 hereinafter).
  • the greater homology is shown at the amino and carboxy termini.
  • the protein has a very flexible central zone rich in prolines and anilines.
  • sequence figure see later
  • FIG. 7 panel A shows the titres of immunoglobulins G and M present in the serum of mice on days 7 and 28, indicating that after the first dose the response was mainly IgM, with a maturing towards IgG after the second inoculation.
  • FIG. 7B shows that the isotype of IgG most abundant in mice immunised with the rLip2a protein corresponded to the IgG2 immunoglobulin after the first dose and that the Th2 increases after the second dose. It is concluded that immunisation of this antigen generates a mixed Th1/Th2 response, although the response is mainly Th1 in the first weeks of immunisation.
  • the proteins used in this study were purified from endotoxins by means of polymixin columns.
  • FIG. 8-A illustrates the results obtained, showing the recognition of the sera from immunised mice towards three of the peptides, A4-A6.
  • the region of protein contained in said peptides is specific for the acidic proteins of the trypanosamatides, with no reactivity being detected against the peptide A7, which contains the conserved carboxyl terminus of the protein.
  • the spleens were extracted from mice that have been immunised two weeks after the last immunisation and its proliferation was analysed against different concentrations of antigen.
  • the results tabulated in FIG. 9-A show the values (in cpm) of thymidine tritiade incorporated by the splenocytes of mice immunised after 96 hours. The values obtained showed that there was a direct relation between the concentration of antigen and the cellular proliferation. Surprisingly, the same results were obtained when the proliferation of splenocytes was analysed that were obtained from non-immunised mice. This result indicates that the Lip2a protein has very potent immunogenic characteristics.
  • lymphokines INF-gamma and IL-4 produced in the proliferation assays were analysed, both for the splenocytes from control mice and from immunised mice. In the table given below, the results obtained are shown. These indicate that the proliferation provoked by the antigen generates a significant increase in the secretion of INF-gamma, especially in splenocytes of immunised mice. Similarly, a slight increase was detected in the levels of IL-4 in the cultures of splenocytes that proliferated in the presence of antigen with respect to those that proliferated in the medium with no added stimulus.

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US20080026467A1 (en) * 2003-11-19 2008-01-31 Jean-Loup Lemesre Novel Agents for the Prevention of Leishmaniosis
US20090214595A1 (en) * 2005-02-10 2009-08-27 Institut De Recherche Pour Le Developpement (Ird) Means for Obtaining Avirulent Leishmania Promastigotes, Promastigotes Obtained, and the Applications Thereof

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EP1279679B1 (en) 2015-07-08
PT1279679E (pt) 2015-12-24
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US20060127418A1 (en) 2006-06-15
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