US20030155112A1 - Modular propellant assembly for fracturing wells - Google Patents
Modular propellant assembly for fracturing wells Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20030155112A1 US20030155112A1 US10/340,393 US34039303A US2003155112A1 US 20030155112 A1 US20030155112 A1 US 20030155112A1 US 34039303 A US34039303 A US 34039303A US 2003155112 A1 US2003155112 A1 US 2003155112A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- propellant
- modular
- assembly
- detonating cord
- connectors
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 109
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
- E21B43/263—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures using explosives
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
- F42B3/02—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive adapted to be united into assemblies
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to the field of fracturing the formation surrounding a well. More specifically, the present invention discloses a modular propellant assembly for fracturing the strata surrounding a well.
- Hydraulic fracturing has been used in the oil and gas industries for many years to stimulate production from wells.
- the prior art also includes several examples in which gases generated by combustion of propellants have been used for fracturing wells (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,633,951 and 4,683,943 of Hill et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,295,545 of Passamaneck).
- the amount, type, and configuration of the propellant charge must be carefully selected for each well using sophisticated modeling techniques to optimize the effectiveness of the fracturing process.
- the present invention addresses the shortcomings associated with conventional propellant fracturing systems by providing a modular propellant assembly that can be readily customized and assembled in the field to meet the requirements for a specific well. This modular approach reduces costs and results in a safer, more reliable application.
- the modular propellant design allows easy assembly prior to transporting the propellant to the well site. A simple and quick procedure can be employed at the well site to ready the system to go down hole. Furthermore, reliability is dramatically improved because the system's integrated ignition components can be factory assembled and tested prior to application in the field.
- This invention provides a modular propellant assembly for use in fracturing wells.
- Each propellant module contains a propellant charge with a detonating cord extending along its length and end boosters to ignite the propellant. Subsequent propellant grains are ignited by an ignition booster-to-booster transfer.
- Each propellant module also has male and female connectors that are sealed with O-rings so that the ignition system remains dry while submerged at high pressures. These connectors enable propellant modules to be connected in an end-to-end relationship to any desired length, so that their detonating cords will be ignited in series.
- Each propellant module can also be provided with a steel rod extending between the end connectors for structural support and rigidity.
- FIG. 1 is a side cross-sectional view of a propellant module 20 .
- FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of an assembly consisting of two propellant modules 20 a and 20 b.
- FIG. 3 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the left end of the assembly in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 is a detail side cross-sectional view of middle portion of the assembly in FIG. 2 showing the male connector of the first propellant module 20 a inserted into the female connector of the second propellant module 20 b.
- FIG. 5 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the right end of the assembly in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the propellant module taken along lines 6 - 6 in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an end of the propellant module taken along lines 7 - 7 in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 1 a side cross-sectional view is provided showing one possible embodiment of the propellant module 20 .
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the propellant module taken along lines 6 - 6
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an end of the propellant module taken along lines 7 - 7 in FIG. 2.
- the major components of the propellant module 20 include a propellant charge 24 , a tube 23 , and a detonating cord 25 that is housed inside the tube 23 .
- Each propellant module 20 also includes a lower end connector 35 and an upper end connector 45 that can engage complementary end connectors on adjacent propellant modules in an end-to-end relationship. This enables any number of propellant modules to fastened together in series (male end connector 45 into female end connector 35 ) to form an assembly having the desired gas-generation characteristics tailored for a particular job.
- the end connectors 35 and 45 are male and female connectors.
- the propellant modules can be secured together with set screws 28 , as shown in the drawings.
- the male and female end connectors 45 , 35 can be threaded together, attached by a bayonet connection, bonded by an adhesive, or secured by a frictional fit between the end connectors 35 , 45 .
- a mild detonating cord 25 within a tube 23 extends along the length of the propellant charge 24 .
- the tube 23 should be made of a high-strength, corrosion-resistant material, such as stainless steel, to protect the detonating cord 25 and to keep the detonating cord dry.
- the tube 23 and detonating cords can be placed in a groove extended from end to end on the propellant charge 24 , as shown in FIG. 6.
- the detonating cord 25 is used to ignite the propellant charge 24 .
- the end connectors 35 , 45 have openings that serve to align and maintain the water-tight seal between the ends of the tubes 23 in adjacent propellant modules 20 a and 20 b , as illustrated in FIGS. 2 a and 4 .
- This enables the detonating cords 25 in all of the propellant modules to be ignited in series.
- the detonating cord 25 ruptures the tube 23 and ignites the main propellant charge 24 of each module.
- boosters can be included at the ends of the propellant cords 25 to help light the detonating cords 25 in series.
- O-rings 27 also help to keep the boosters 29 and detonating cord 25 dry prior to ignition.
- the propellant charge 24 can be any solid propellant having suitable burn-rate characteristics.
- each propellant charge 24 has a length of 60 inches, but this could be of any length that is practical.
- the diameter of the unit can be any value since it depends on the size of the well being treated.
- the propellant charge 24 , tube 23 , and detonating cord 25 can be placed in a carrier 26 having perforations to allow combustion gases to escape from the propellant charge 24 .
- the carrier provides structural support and helps to protect the assembly from damage in transit and while the propellant module is being lowered into the well.
- the carrier 26 can be a perforated steel tubing similar to those used in propellant fracturing and perforation-gun systems.
- a threaded steel rod 22 extends between the upper and lower end caps 34 and 44 for structural support. Cap screws 21 are threaded into the ends of the steel rod 22 to tension the rod 22 and thereby pull the unit together creating a structurally stable unit.
- the detonating cord 25 is cut to the proper length and boosters 29 are placed on each end and crimped in place.
- the detonating cord 25 is placed into the tube 23 and bent to conform to the geometry of the male and female end connectors 45 , 35 .
- the tube 23 with the detonating cord 25 and boosters 29 is placed in a groove in the propellant 24 that runs from end to end to receive the tube 23 .
- Interior O-rings 27 are inserted into the O-ring grooves on both the male and female end connectors 45 , 35 to keep well bore fluids from getting to the boosters 29 and detonating cord 25 from the propellant side of the end connectors 45 , 35 .
- the male and female end caps 44 , 34 are placed over the ends of the propellant 24 .
- Cap screws 21 are placed in the ends of the steel rod 22 to tension the rod 22 .
- External O-rings 27 are placed on the male end cap 44 to complete the module. With this arrangement, the system is totally well bore fluid proof.
- the male and female end caps 44 , 34 have complementary male and female end connectors 45 , 35 that enable a series of propellant modules 20 to connect together in an end-to-end manner.
- FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of an assembly consisting of two propellant modules 20 a and 20 b .
- FIGS. 3 through 5 are corresponding detail side cross-sectional views of the left, middle, and right connections of this assembly, respectively.
- modules can be assembled by mating the male end connector 45 from one module 20 a with the female end connector 35 from a second module 20 b and placing a set screw 28 to hold them together.
- FIG. 4 is a detail side cross-sectional view showing the male connector 45 of a first propellant module 20 a inserted into the female connector 35 of a second propellant module 20 b.
- the last or bottom module in the string of propellant modules has a plug 30 , which can be identical to the male connector 45 on the male end cap 44 .
- the plug 30 is secured to the bottom of the last propellant module with a set screw 28 to keep the lower end of the ignition system dry.
- the first or top module in the string inserts into a cross-over 40 which has the female geometry to complete the top seal for the ignition system.
- the cross-over 40 can be equipped to fire the system using either a conventional tubing-conveyed system, a coiled tubing system, or a wireline system.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present application is based on, and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/347,442, filed on Jan. 11, 2002.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates generally to the field of fracturing the formation surrounding a well. More specifically, the present invention discloses a modular propellant assembly for fracturing the strata surrounding a well.
- 2. Statement of the Problem
- Hydraulic fracturing has been used in the oil and gas industries for many years to stimulate production from wells. The prior art also includes several examples in which gases generated by combustion of propellants have been used for fracturing wells (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,633,951 and 4,683,943 of Hill et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,295,545 of Passamaneck). The amount, type, and configuration of the propellant charge must be carefully selected for each well using sophisticated modeling techniques to optimize the effectiveness of the fracturing process.
- This creates a need for customized propellant charges for each well, which adds significantly to manufacturing and inventory costs for these assemblies. Therefore, a need exists for a propellant assembly that can be readily customized to meet the specific needs of a particular well.
- 3. Solution to the Problem
- The present invention addresses the shortcomings associated with conventional propellant fracturing systems by providing a modular propellant assembly that can be readily customized and assembled in the field to meet the requirements for a specific well. This modular approach reduces costs and results in a safer, more reliable application.
- In addition, the modular propellant design allows easy assembly prior to transporting the propellant to the well site. A simple and quick procedure can be employed at the well site to ready the system to go down hole. Furthermore, reliability is dramatically improved because the system's integrated ignition components can be factory assembled and tested prior to application in the field.
- This invention provides a modular propellant assembly for use in fracturing wells. Each propellant module contains a propellant charge with a detonating cord extending along its length and end boosters to ignite the propellant. Subsequent propellant grains are ignited by an ignition booster-to-booster transfer. Each propellant module also has male and female connectors that are sealed with O-rings so that the ignition system remains dry while submerged at high pressures. These connectors enable propellant modules to be connected in an end-to-end relationship to any desired length, so that their detonating cords will be ignited in series. Each propellant module can also be provided with a steel rod extending between the end connectors for structural support and rigidity.
- These and other advantages, features, and objects of the present invention will be more readily understood in view of the following detailed description and the drawings.
- The present invention can be more readily understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
- FIG. 1 is a side cross-sectional view of a
propellant module 20. - FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of an assembly consisting of two
propellant modules - FIG. 3 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the left end of the assembly in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 is a detail side cross-sectional view of middle portion of the assembly in FIG. 2 showing the male connector of the
first propellant module 20 a inserted into the female connector of thesecond propellant module 20 b. - FIG. 5 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the right end of the assembly in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the propellant module taken along lines6-6 in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an end of the propellant module taken along lines7-7 in FIG. 2.
- Turning to FIG. 1, a side cross-sectional view is provided showing one possible embodiment of the
propellant module 20. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the propellant module taken along lines 6-6 and FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an end of the propellant module taken along lines 7-7 in FIG. 2. The major components of thepropellant module 20 include apropellant charge 24, atube 23, and a detonatingcord 25 that is housed inside thetube 23. Eachpropellant module 20 also includes alower end connector 35 and anupper end connector 45 that can engage complementary end connectors on adjacent propellant modules in an end-to-end relationship. This enables any number of propellant modules to fastened together in series (male end connector 45 into female end connector 35) to form an assembly having the desired gas-generation characteristics tailored for a particular job. - In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the
end connectors screws 28, as shown in the drawings. Alternatively, the male andfemale end connectors end connectors - A mild detonating
cord 25 within atube 23 extends along the length of thepropellant charge 24. Thetube 23 should be made of a high-strength, corrosion-resistant material, such as stainless steel, to protect the detonatingcord 25 and to keep the detonating cord dry. For example, thetube 23 and detonating cords can be placed in a groove extended from end to end on thepropellant charge 24, as shown in FIG. 6. - After the propellant module assembly has been fabricated and placed in the well, the detonating
cord 25 is used to ignite thepropellant charge 24. Theend connectors tubes 23 inadjacent propellant modules cords 25 in all of the propellant modules to be ignited in series. When ignited, the detonatingcord 25 ruptures thetube 23 and ignites themain propellant charge 24 of each module. In addition, boosters can be included at the ends of thepropellant cords 25 to help light the detonatingcords 25 in series. O-rings 27 also help to keep theboosters 29 and detonatingcord 25 dry prior to ignition. - The
propellant charge 24 can be any solid propellant having suitable burn-rate characteristics. In the preferred embodiment, eachpropellant charge 24 has a length of 60 inches, but this could be of any length that is practical. The diameter of the unit can be any value since it depends on the size of the well being treated. - The
propellant charge 24,tube 23, and detonatingcord 25 can be placed in acarrier 26 having perforations to allow combustion gases to escape from thepropellant charge 24. The carrier provides structural support and helps to protect the assembly from damage in transit and while the propellant module is being lowered into the well. For example, thecarrier 26 can be a perforated steel tubing similar to those used in propellant fracturing and perforation-gun systems. - A threaded
steel rod 22 extends between the upper andlower end caps steel rod 22 to tension therod 22 and thereby pull the unit together creating a structurally stable unit. - The following is a description of the assembly process for the
propellant modules 20. The detonatingcord 25 is cut to the proper length andboosters 29 are placed on each end and crimped in place. The detonatingcord 25 is placed into thetube 23 and bent to conform to the geometry of the male andfemale end connectors tube 23 with the detonatingcord 25 andboosters 29 is placed in a groove in thepropellant 24 that runs from end to end to receive thetube 23. A second groove, placed 180 degrees from the previously mentioned groove, receives thesteel rod 22. Interior O-rings 27 are inserted into the O-ring grooves on both the male andfemale end connectors boosters 29 and detonatingcord 25 from the propellant side of theend connectors propellant 24. Cap screws 21 are placed in the ends of thesteel rod 22 to tension therod 22. External O-rings 27 are placed on themale end cap 44 to complete the module. With this arrangement, the system is totally well bore fluid proof. The male and female end caps 44, 34 have complementary male andfemale end connectors propellant modules 20 to connect together in an end-to-end manner. - Additional propellant modules are prepared consistent with the number of modules needed for the job. These propellant modules can be identical to one another, or customized to meet the specific needs of a particular job. For example, FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of an assembly consisting of two
propellant modules male end connector 45 from onemodule 20 a with thefemale end connector 35 from asecond module 20 b and placing aset screw 28 to hold them together. FIG. 4 is a detail side cross-sectional view showing themale connector 45 of afirst propellant module 20 a inserted into thefemale connector 35 of asecond propellant module 20 b. - The last or bottom module in the string of propellant modules has a
plug 30, which can be identical to themale connector 45 on themale end cap 44. Theplug 30 is secured to the bottom of the last propellant module with aset screw 28 to keep the lower end of the ignition system dry. The first or top module in the string inserts into across-over 40 which has the female geometry to complete the top seal for the ignition system. The cross-over 40 can be equipped to fire the system using either a conventional tubing-conveyed system, a coiled tubing system, or a wireline system. - The above disclosure sets forth a number of embodiments of the present invention. Other arrangements or embodiments, not precisely set forth, could be practiced under the teachings of the present invention and as set forth in the following claims.
Claims (19)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/340,393 US20030155112A1 (en) | 2002-01-11 | 2003-01-10 | Modular propellant assembly for fracturing wells |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US34744202P | 2002-01-11 | 2002-01-11 | |
US10/340,393 US20030155112A1 (en) | 2002-01-11 | 2003-01-10 | Modular propellant assembly for fracturing wells |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20030155112A1 true US20030155112A1 (en) | 2003-08-21 |
Family
ID=23363712
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/340,393 Abandoned US20030155112A1 (en) | 2002-01-11 | 2003-01-10 | Modular propellant assembly for fracturing wells |
Country Status (2)
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US (1) | US20030155112A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2416180A1 (en) |
Cited By (33)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20060048664A1 (en) * | 2004-09-08 | 2006-03-09 | Tiernan John P | Propellant for fracturing wells |
US20060070739A1 (en) * | 2004-10-05 | 2006-04-06 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Propellant Fracturing of Wells |
US7073589B2 (en) * | 2002-01-22 | 2006-07-11 | Propellant Fracturing & Stimulation, Llc | System for fracturing wells using supplemental longer-burning propellants |
US20070017678A1 (en) * | 2005-07-22 | 2007-01-25 | J Integral Engineering, Inc. | High energy gas fracturing charge device and method of use |
US20070163775A1 (en) * | 2006-01-13 | 2007-07-19 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Injection of Treatment Materials into a Geological Formation Surrounding a Well Bore |
US20080073081A1 (en) * | 2006-09-25 | 2008-03-27 | Frazier W Lynn | Downhole perforation tool |
US20080103948A1 (en) * | 2005-07-22 | 2008-05-01 | Schimdt Adam C | Method of doing business by distributing high energy gas fracturing devices |
US20090159286A1 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2009-06-25 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Method of treating subterranean reservoirs |
US20090223668A1 (en) * | 2008-03-05 | 2009-09-10 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Sympathetic ignition closed packed propellant gas generator |
US7900696B1 (en) | 2008-08-15 | 2011-03-08 | Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc. | Downhole tool with exposable and openable flow-back vents |
US8157012B2 (en) | 2007-09-07 | 2012-04-17 | Frazier W Lynn | Downhole sliding sleeve combination tool |
US8267177B1 (en) | 2008-08-15 | 2012-09-18 | Exelis Inc. | Means for creating field configurable bridge, fracture or soluble insert plugs |
US8579023B1 (en) | 2010-10-29 | 2013-11-12 | Exelis Inc. | Composite downhole tool with ratchet locking mechanism |
US8739881B2 (en) | 2009-12-30 | 2014-06-03 | W. Lynn Frazier | Hydrostatic flapper stimulation valve and method |
US8770276B1 (en) | 2011-04-28 | 2014-07-08 | Exelis, Inc. | Downhole tool with cones and slips |
US8997859B1 (en) | 2012-05-11 | 2015-04-07 | Exelis, Inc. | Downhole tool with fluted anvil |
US9447672B2 (en) | 2013-02-28 | 2016-09-20 | Orbital Atk, Inc. | Method and apparatus for ballistic tailoring of propellant structures and operation thereof for downhole stimulation |
US9470079B1 (en) | 2014-02-11 | 2016-10-18 | The Gasgun, Inc. | High energy gas fracturing device |
US9845658B1 (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2017-12-19 | Albany International Corp. | Lightweight, easily drillable or millable slip for composite frac, bridge and drop ball plugs |
US9995124B2 (en) | 2014-09-19 | 2018-06-12 | Orbital Atk, Inc. | Downhole stimulation tools and related methods of stimulating a producing formation |
US10184331B2 (en) | 2012-01-13 | 2019-01-22 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Explosive assembly and method |
US10246982B2 (en) | 2013-07-15 | 2019-04-02 | Triad National Security, Llc | Casings for use in a system for fracturing rock within a bore |
US10273792B2 (en) | 2013-07-15 | 2019-04-30 | Triad National Security, Llc | Multi-stage geologic fracturing |
US10294767B2 (en) * | 2013-07-15 | 2019-05-21 | Triad National Security, Llc | Fluid transport systems for use in a downhole explosive fracturing system |
US10760384B2 (en) | 2014-12-30 | 2020-09-01 | The Gasgun, Llc | Method of creating and finishing perforations in a hydrocarbon well |
US10858922B2 (en) * | 2016-08-19 | 2020-12-08 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | System and method of delivering stimulation treatment by means of gas generation |
US11204224B2 (en) | 2019-05-29 | 2021-12-21 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Reverse burn power charge for a wellbore tool |
US11255147B2 (en) | 2019-05-14 | 2022-02-22 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Single use setting tool for actuating a tool in a wellbore |
US11326412B2 (en) | 2019-03-15 | 2022-05-10 | Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation | Downhole sealing apparatuses and related downhole assemblies and methods |
US11378372B2 (en) | 2017-12-06 | 2022-07-05 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Exposed ballistic transfer with encapsulated receiver booster |
US11578549B2 (en) | 2019-05-14 | 2023-02-14 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Single use setting tool for actuating a tool in a wellbore |
US11753889B1 (en) | 2022-07-13 | 2023-09-12 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Gas driven wireline release tool |
US12000267B2 (en) | 2022-09-07 | 2024-06-04 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Communication and location system for an autonomous frack system |
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CN116816323B (en) * | 2023-08-31 | 2023-11-03 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Methane in-situ blasting fracturing device and blasting fracturing method |
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2003
- 2003-01-10 US US10/340,393 patent/US20030155112A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-01-13 CA CA002416180A patent/CA2416180A1/en not_active Abandoned
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