US1828210A - Freeness tester - Google Patents

Description

Oct. 20, 1931 F. WILLIAMS 'FREENESS TESTER Filed May 11. 1927 1? Sheets-Sheet l fizz/enter Ji /m Vllz'am Oct. 20, 1!?31. F. M. WILLIAMS 1,828,210

FREENES S TESTER Filed May 11. 1927 ZSheets-Sheet 2 2w f T49 I 4 a v 2-.

16 Ti I a Y inherent character Patented Oct. '20, 1931 Y FRANK H. WILLIAMS, OF WA TEBTQWN', NEW-YORK FBEEIN'ESS TESTER,

lpplicationlfilcd Kay 11, 1927. Serial No. 190,524.

to freer less testers or facility with which This invention relates means for determining the pulp or paper 7 will deliver the major portion of its waters of suspension through a strainer or sieve.

The words freeness and slowness are well known terms in the paper industry as indicating the readiness with which the water in which the pulp fibers are suspended may be extracted from fiber in passing over the wire or screen ofthe paper making machine.

' One of the first operations in the formation of sheet paper upon a paper machine 1s to cause the paper stock or fi rs in water suspensionto flow onto an endless belt of w re or against a revolving cylinder covered with wire, the function of both of these being toallow the fibers to felt or mat together to -form a web, from which a further amount of water is removed. by suction and pressure rolls to such a point that the webof paper has "sufiicient strength tobe picked up or trans ferred to a felt or endless belt of wool. This endless belt guides and supports the web tosubsequent pressing and finishing rolls, after which the web is caused to pass over steam heated drying cylinders which continue to remove water until the desired degree of moisture is obtained in the finished sheet.

Inthe making of paper, the freeness, or the .rate at which the ulp will discharge the water in which the bers are'suspended as it moves over the paper making machine is one of the most important factors governing the nature or-condition of the paper produced, the speed at which the machine may be run, rate of drying, and the consequent consumption of steam required to bring the finished paper to the desired degree of dryness' The freeness is dependent upon a number 0 factors, including the length and character of the fibers, the consistency or proportion of the fibers in the suspendin water, the relative proportions of mixed fi rs or fibers of different kinds orcharacter, and-to a greater or less extent, the temperature of the water. These factors are governed by the kind or of the pulp, and in the caseof wood pulps, by the kind, character or extent of grinding,- or in the case of chemical stock in suspension in water ratus be at hand for determining this paper making machine.

f Further, by

wood pulp by thenature of the cooking or preparation thereof; by the extent and character of the bea'tin of the pulp in the heaters, and also'by a su% various stages of refining, and other devices; by the amount beaters, ordans' and character of materialsintroduced into the pulp in i the process of paper making.

In view of the above, it is most desirablethat a ready and practical-means and appafree ness or slowness of pulp or paper thereby enabling the operator ofthe' paper machine to determine the correct pulp and}. paper stock for delivery to the machine to produce the kind and character of paper'he is producing and -to insure uniform, and conseqillently' most economical o eration of his masequent treatment in the c ine, both on the basis 0 quality and quanv tity and also limiting the unnecessary waste of steam in dryingv'and further minimizing vthe tendency of the web of formed'paper to break while passing through the rolls of the everal methods have been devised for the measurement of freeness of pulp and paper stock. Inasmuch as freeness may be defined as the rateof flow through a screen, of water containing fibers in suspension, one method is the measurement by a stop watch of the time required for a given volume of water to be strained out from a given volume of a sample of known or predetermined consistency.

difficult of obtaining the exact timing of this flo by means of a stop watch as by this method the time of the starting and stopping of the flow must be very accurately observed in order that the results may be of any value. merely pouring the sample onto a screen through which the discharge is to be timed, unless suitable provision is made by The objection to this methodis the and partially vi e a foot. valve 13 adapted vision of a strainer bowl adapted to receive a predetermined quantity of sample, in which actual operation of straining shall not begin until desired by the operator so that conditions as to pressure on the liquid striking the screen or as to the amount of liquid striking the screen at the start of'the straining operation may be duplicated in successive tests.

In the accompanying drawings:

Figure 1 is a view, partially in elevation and partiall in vertical cross section, of a device embo ying the invention.

Figure 2 is a fragmentary elevational view of the scale or indicating portion of Figure 1.

Figure 3 is a view, partially in elevation in vertical cross-section, of a slightly modified form.

Figure 4 is a vertical cross'sectional view of the sample container of Figures 1 and 3, on an enlarged scale.

Figure 5 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of the strainer plate and valve of Figure 4 on a still further enlarged scale.

Figure 6 is a View, partially in elevation and partially in vertical cross-section, of the valve actuator of Fig. 4.

Figure 7 is a fragmentary'vertical crosssectional view of a modified formof discharge outlets wherein the bore of the discharge outlets may be changed.

The device of the present invention, generally stated, embodies means for receiving and holding a predetermined quantity of sample to be tested until such time as the operator desires to the receptacle to make his tests, a strainer through whichthe waters of suspension. are discharged, a receptacle or container into which the discharged waters pass, and means for receiving and measuring a portion of such discharged. waters, the volume of such portion being indicative of the freeness or slowness of the pulp.

The numeral 10 designates a container of suitable size and material and adapted to receive a predetermined quantity or sample of pulp to be tested. The liquid contents of the container 10 are discharged into a discharge container 11 by passing through a screen 12 interposed therebetween. For the purpose of preventing discharge of any-of the water in container 10 until all of the sample to be tested has been received therein, and until agitation of the sample due to pourin it into the container has ceased, I pro to close communication between containers 10 and 11. As shown, this foot valve 13 is preferably a disk of slightly less diameter than the passage in which it works and has seating portions 14 adapted to contact with a valve container 10. When the valve 13 is open as shown in Figure 4, the discharged waters flow over valve 13 and down the sides thereof, thence down the sides of container 11.

start the discharge through to the waste.

seat 15 of- 16 and 17 designate guiding and supporting lugs or feet on valve 13.

The valve 13 is operated by suitable means, as for example, the rock shaft 18 journaled in side walls of container 11 and provided with an offset portion 19 for engaging a portion of the valve 13 and when the rock shaft is turned raising or lowering valve 13. 2O designates a handle for permitting actuation of the rock shaft.

The container 11 is provided with an air vent 21- (shown in Figure 4). This air vent preferably opens to the interior of container 11 below and adjacent to valve 13 whereby none of the discharging waters reach its open end.

Container 11 is preferably provided with a pair of outlets-22 and 23, the outlet 22 communicating with a waste pipe, as will be more fully described hereinafter, and the outlet 23 leading to the measuring or indicating means.

The duration of the testing period may be defined as the time elapsing between the starting of the discharge or flow through the screen until such a time as theflow has become so reduced that the waste outlet 22 is adequate to take care of the drainage or drip from the screen above, at which time water will cease to flow out through the outlet 23 leading to the indicating means. It is, therefore, necessary to either place the two outlet nipples at unequal heights or else to so select and divert the slow flow of water down the sides of the receiving vessel that none of this shall pass through the. outlet 23 leading to the indicating device. I preferinstead of placing these outlets at diiferent heights to place both outlets at the same level or height in the bottom of the container 11 but by means of a series of rings forming deflectors or selectors the slow flow of water down the side walls of the container is entirely diverted through the small waste outlet 22 and is allowed to pass By a suitable arrangement of these rings set up in the bottom of the receptacle so that each shall have a predetermined capacity for a given volume of water, it is possible to establish practically a constant ratio between the amount of pure water added or passed through the instrument as a blank test and the water delivered and measured and this ratio to hold substantially constant for both large and small quantities of water added thereby giving practically a straight line standardization curve under conditions of test of different volumes.

Therefore, I provide an inner ring or deflector 24 surrounding the mouth of outlet 23 and an outer ring or deflector 25 surrounding the inner deflector 24 and so located that outlet 22 opens into the annular space defined by "eflectors 24c and 25. Thus, when the valve 13 is opened, the discharging able bushings of waters flow down the inner sides of con tainer 11 and pass out through outlet 22 to the waste until the discharge through the screen becomes of volume greater than can be discharged through outlet 22,'thereupon the waters of discharge building up in the bottom of container 11 pass over deflector ring 24 and discharge is effected through both outlets22 and 23. As soon as the discharge through the, screen 12 has diminished to a point where .the outlet 22 is sufficient to take care of the flow, the discharging waters cease to pass over deflector 24 and the test is complete.

The several features of containers, and discharge outlets are common to several forms of devices illustrated, but I have shown modified forms of the measuring or indicating means.

In Figure 1, waste outlet 22 communicates with a waste pipe 26 which may lead to a sewer or other point of discharge. This waste pipe 26 extends through a cylinder 27 attached to container 11 and cylinder 27 and the device is mounted on its support, (a table bench or the like) by means of standard or plate28. The measuring outlet 23 communicates with the interior of cylinder 27 which is adapted to receive the water discharged through outlet 23. 29 designates a fioat controlling an indicating finger 30 having a pointer 31 cooperating with a scale 32 on the exterior of cylinder 27. The pointer 31 indicates on. scale 32 the level or amount of the liquid discharged by outlet 23 into cylinder 27.

.33 designates a valve and 34 a discharge pipe for discharging the measured liquid from cylinder 27 after the test has been made.

In the form shown in Figure 3, 26 designates the waste pipe extending through cylinder 27- and in communication with outlet 22 and discharging to waste. 28 designates valve a standard for securing the device on a table or bench. 35. designates-a partition in cylinder 27 whereby; the waters discharging through outlet 23 are diverted out of the cylinder through pipe 36 thence discharging into a measuring jar or container 37.

Figure 7 illustrates the means for adjust ing or varying the relationship or proportion between the discharge outlets. As shown these means may be athreaded bushing 38 of different ,bore than outlet 22 and threaded into said outlet while 39 designates a bushing for outlet 23. By means of these removdifierent bore from the outlets they govern the discharge through the respective openings and the relationship therebetween may be varied as is necessary or desirable. v

The device is designed to be small, compact and readily portable and may be set up or disassembled with ordinary tools and at no expense.

the

The container 10 is preferably provided as shown with external screw threads 40 engaging a threadedportion 41 of container 11. The outlets 22 and 23 are positioned in a bottom' block 42 for container 11 and the upper end of cylinder 27 embraces this bottom block and is held in position therewith by a set screw 43 as in Fig. 1 or 43' as in Fig. 3, thus providing a device that may be readily packed and shipped and easily assembled and occupies small space.

I claim:

1. In a device for determining the freeness of paper pulp, the combination of a container for a sample of pulp to be tested, a screen through which suspending waters are discharged from said container, a container for receiving the waters discharged from said screen, means for directing the discharged waters from said screen down the sides of said second container, said second containerbeing formed with a plurality of outlets in the bottom thereof, the mouths of said outlets being at the same height in said second container, an annular wall extending upwardly in said second container between said outlets and above the bottom thereof and surrounding one of said outlets and separating the opening thereof from another of said outlets whereby the waters discharged down the sides of said second container are directed first to one of said outlets, a waste pipe, said outlet being adapted to be placed in communication with said waste pipe, and receiving and measuring means in communica ion with said other outlet.

2. In a portable device for determining the freeness of paper pulp, a container for receiving and holding a sample of pulp to be tested, a second container detachably connected to said first container and adapted to receive the waters discharged from said first container, a screen interposed between said first and second containers, tainer having a botto said bottom being formed with a pair f outlets, a cylinder member detachably conne'cted to said second container and. extending container, a waste pipe in said cylinder, and

having an end extending out of said cylinder, the other end of said waste pipe being adapted to communicate with one of said outlets for receiving waters discharged therethrough, and means in said cylinder for dire'cting the waters discharged through said other outlet to-a measuring device.

3. In a portable device for determining the freeness of paper pulp, a container for receiving and holding a sample of pulp to be tested, a second container detachably connected to said first container and adapted to receive the waters discharged from said first contain'er, a screen interposed between said first and second containers, said second container having a bottom, said bottom being said second conbelow said secondfo'rmed with a pair of outlets, a cylinder member detachably connected to said second container and extending below said second container, a waste pipe in said cylinder and having an end extending out of said cylinder, the other end of said waste pipe being adapted to communicate with one of said outlets for receiving waters discharged therethrough, and means in said cylinder for directing the waters discharged through said other outlet to a measuring device, and a valve in the passage between said first and second container and adapted to close the passage between said first and second container.

4. In a ortable device for determining the freeness oi paper pulp, a container for receiving and holding a sample of pulp to be tested, a second container detachably 'connected to said first container and adapted to receive the waters discharged from said first container, a screen interposed between said first and se'cond containers, said second container having a bottom, said bottom being formed with a pair of outlets, a cylinder member detachably connected to said second container and extending below said second container, a waste pipe in said cylinder, and

having an end extending out of said cylinder, the other end of said waste pipe bein adapted to communicate with one of sai outlets for re'ceiving waters discharged therethrough, means in said cylinder for directing the waters dischargedthrough said other outlet to a measuring device, and a valve in the upper part of said second container, said valve having an actuating member journalled at the sides of said second container, said valve being adapted to close the passage between said first and second containers.

5. In a device for determining the freeness of paper pulp, the combination of a casing, a screen arranged horizontally in said casing and dividing the interior thereof into upper and lower containers, a valve seat arranged adjacent to said screen, an axially movable valve member mounted for cooperation with said seat and adapted to control communication between saidcontainers, said lower container having a bottom provided with a continuous wall spaced from the walls of said container, a passageway communicating with the space within said continuous Wall and another passageway communicating with the space without said wall, and means for varying the relative cross sectional areas of said passageways.

6. In a device for determining the freeness of paper pulp, the combination of means for holding a sample of pulp to be tested, means for straining the liquiddischarged from said sample, means for receiving the discharged liquid from said sample, a waste pipe, said receiving means being formed with an orifice for directing a predetermined flow of said discharged liquid to said waste pipe to be dis 'charged to waste, said waste ipe being in fluid communication with said orifice, and means for receiving and holding the portion of said discharged liquid in excess of the capacity of said orifice, said device being adapted to be mounted as a unit on a table or the like.

7. Apparatus for determining the freeness of paper pulp comprising a container adapted to receive a quantity of pulp to be tested, a screen forming a perforated wall for said container, a second container disposed adjacent the screen and adapted to receive water discharged therethrough, said second container being formed with a plurality of openings adapted to permit of the discharge of water therethrough, said discharge openings terminating in the same plane in said second container, means for directing a predetermined flow of water into one of said openings and any excess flow thereover into the other of said openings when the total flow exceeds said predetermined flow, and a receiving vessel in communication with said other opening for receiving and measuring the water discharged therethrough.

8. In a device for determining the freeness of paper pulp, the combination of a container for a sample of pulp to be tested, a screen through which suspending waters for the pulp are discharged from said container, a second container for receiving the discharged waters from the screen, said second container being formed with two outlets having different cross-sectional areas, means for directing and confining the flow of discharged waters to and through one of said outlets and away from the other of said outlets during such dis char e within predetermined limits of flow, and through said other outlet when said flow is in excess of said predetermined flow, measuring means in communication with the other of said outlets for receiving and measuring the waters discharged through said other outlet when the total flow exceeds the predetermined fiow, and removable bushings for said outlets having passageways therethrough of different cross-sectional areas.

9. Apparatus for determining the freeness of paper pulp comprising a container adapted to receive a quantity of pulp to be tested, a screen forming a perforated wall for said container, a second container disposed adjacent said screen and adapted to receive water discharged therethrough, said second container being formed with a pair of spaced discharge openings at the bottom thereof, an upstanding wall surrounding said openings, a second upstanding wall surrounding one of said openings, said walls terminating at the same level, and a receiving vessel in communication with saidlast named opening.

10. Apparatus for determining the freeness one opening being disposed within the wall encircling the other of said openings, whereby water is discharged preferentially through one of said openings and is discharged through the other of said openings only when the flow of water exceeds a predetermined value.

FRANK M. WILLIAMS.

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