US1486888A - Steam boiler - Google Patents

Description

March 18 1924. 1,486,888

. G. HAWLEY STEAM BOILER Filed June' 6, 1923 7 Sheets-Sheet 1 C. G. HAWLEY March 18 1924..

STEAM BOILER 1923 7 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed June 6 Rflarch 18, 1924.

c. G. HAWLEY TEAM BOILER Filed June'6, 1923 7 Sheets-Sheet 5 March 18, 1924.

C. G. HAWLEY STEAM BOILER Filed June' 6, 1923.

Q 4 4 n q.

7 Sheets-Sheet 7 App1ication filed mm c.

To all whom it may concern:

' Be it known that I, CHARLES Gunner Y twain, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, have invented certain new, useful, and Improved Steam Boilers, of which the follow in is a specification.

e invention relates to steam boilers and their furnaces, with s cial reference to stationary and marine ilers. My pu ose therein is to harmonize the best conditions for the substantially smokeless combustion of 'long flaming fuels with the best conditions for the highly eflicient transmission of the heat to the boiler water, including a rapid circulation of the latter; and generally to increase the capacity and efiiclencyof such boilers, to relatively reduce their size and their cost, to make them safer, simpler to maintain, more durable, and, more quickly and certainly responsive to varying furnace temperatures and rates of combustion.

With these and other objects in view my invention provides a boiler with an underlying1 combustion chamber or furnace space of a eight that permits the flames of such fuel to rise to substantially complete Inaturity before the uses leave the combustion chamber, thus ena ling a most complete and eficient burning of the fuel at any desired rate; and concurrently, my invention insures an eficient and maximum transmission of heat to the boiler water throu h the medium of a minimum number of oiler heating elements or surfaces and without resort to abnormally high furnace temperatures, this being accomplished by operatlvely dividing the boiler into two sections which perform substantially distinct duties, the first section directly absorbing the radiant heat of combustio'n within the combustion chamber and comprising complementary boiler elements which are within said chamber and are of such limited number, form, and arrangement as to greatly subdivide the body of flame and present considerable surfaces thereto and yet avoid premature extinguishment of the flames, while the other section of the boiler is devoted to the absorption of the heat of the combusted and non-flaming gases from the combustion chamber.

In conformity with such conception the heating elements which are located within the combustion chamber are of limited number and small area and yet are fully ade nets to the absorption of substantially all 0 the radiant heat of the fire. By accepting the greater part of the heat in this state, it hecomes possible to secure an increased eficlone and steaming capacity or without loss of e ciency to greatly reduce the total heating area of the boiler as compared with present boilers and the quantity of fuel urned.

As will presently appear the action of the water and steam in the radiant heat absorbm elements causes a definite and rapid circu ation of the water throughout the boiler; not alone in the radiant heat absorbing elements but also u on all of those boiler surfaces which are evoted to the absorption of heat by convection; thus raising the sillciency of those surfaces and making it possible to relatively reduce the extent thereof, or to secure a greater quantity of steam therefrom. The active circulation of the boiler water incidentally enhances the durability of the whole boiler and lessens the maintenance cost thereof.-

It should now be evident that my invention takes advantage of the fact that in relation to a given heat absorbing surface, ra-

ing the chemical combination and self-ignition of the continually supplied combustibles. v. lhus it appears that by my invention the greater part of the heat available in the fuel may be transmitted to theboiler water through radiant heat absorbing elements or water courses of relatively small extent; leaving the conservation of the residual heat of combustion to'be performed by the more extensive supplementary surfaces of the boiler. The foregoing statement concerning the virtual non-reduction of flame temperature is not to be confused with the reduction of the flame-y, which of course diminishes toward the top; that is, as the combustion proceeds to maturity.

The gases derived from a substantially htl ice

. radiant heat absorb' -l jacent the sub-.divid complete combustion, such as here indicated,

have a higher temperature than those from -tures than usual; and, that the therma efliciency of that section-of the boiler is much increased; again making it ible, comparatively,'to reduce the tota heat absorbing area thereof or conversely to secure more steam therefrom.

The foregoing statements are applicable to long-flaming fuels of all kinds and hence I here call attention to a feature of my invention which has a special relation to ashcontaining fuels. It appears that by my invention it becomes possible to fully utilize the heat of many such fuels while working the furnace at" temperatures effectively below the fus' or slagging point of the fuel ash. As by t is met so without detriment to the described sustained combustion, I advise as standard procedure the provision of slightly more absorb- I ing surface within the confines of the combustion chamber than actually required for the absorption of all of the radiant'heat of the fire. The computation follows wellknown rules; the cost of the additional sur-' face negligible; and, the superabundant surface becomes a substitute for the shortened time element that enters into a hi her temperature forced combustion of a uel, making it possible to avoid a violently hurried combustion that would fuse the ash and result in clinker troubles or in the de sition of slag on the heating surfaces 0 the boiler. In explanation of these statements it may be noted that the-degree of combustion being the same in both cases, as much heat is liberated by a low temperature flame as by one of high temperature, only the more rapid delivery of the heat being in favor of the latter. As there is now no lack of surface closely adfiame body in the combustion chamber a hurried combustion is no longer required forthe sake of boiler capacity; and where desired'it is possibleod it is feasible to do with a known fiunace. tema proached and the best practice is to design t a combustion chamber and the distribution of heat absorbing elements therein so that normally the gases which are extin-- finished by the exhaustion of combustion and ave radiated their quota of heat, shall enter the convected heat section of the boiler at corresponding temperatures, no effort being made to pass into that section either burn mg ases or such: as have temperatures great y exceedin the 'i ition temperature of the combustib esin tfi chamber; thus the highest efiiciencies arcinsureda Under these new and favorable conditions-it appears-that the requirement for excessive furnacetempe'ratures no longer ei-- ists and thatgenerally the factor of furnace e lower part of the i temperature need be considered only in relation to .a desired rate of combustion a combustion chamberof iven sizeand with;

respectto the heat resisting and insulating 1 character of the combustion chamber'walls.

' All of the described heat absorbing e18.

capable ofembodiment in boilers vand tings ofboth new and old designs or-types an as only slight modifications are to greatly increase the capacity and efiiciency of man stations and marine boilersnow":

111.1159, drawings the number of different embodi ments-which seems to'be required to properly exemplify the invention and the wi e sco of its applicability.

us to their small size the are necessarily somewhat diagrammatic in character but they show all of the elements and essentials 'Of the generic inventionas well as many specific jforms thereof and willv be clearly understood by those who are skilled in the arts of combustion, boiler making, and boiler operation.

have depicted-in the accompanying.

v m re 1 of the drawings is a verticalv longitudinal section of asteam boiler of the return tube type modified in accordance with my invention; Fig. 2 is a transverse section on the-line 2+2xofliig. 1 Fig. 3 is a like section on the line, 35-:3: Fig. 4 is a horizontal section substantially on the line 44 steam iler o ,the water tube type embody ing my invention, the side wall of the setting being'omitted to disclose the com lete pressure vesselyFig. 6 is a sectional etail of Fi 1; Fi 5 is a side elevation of a on the-line 6-6 of Fig. 5;-'F ig.-7 is a special sectional detail illustrating a tube header of a novel form that is specially suited tomesses the main invention; 8 is a view like unto Fig. 5, but illustrates still another form of the invention; Fig. 9 is a front elevation thereof partly in section on the line 9-9 of Fig. 8, and partly sectioned on the line 9"- x to show the position of one of the bafies; Fi 10 is a transverse section of a single storied steam boiler embody ngthe invention; Fig. 11 is a vertical longitudlnal section thereof, better disclosing the header -construction; Fig. 12 is a front elevation the water legs and top drums; Fig. .14 illustrates still another form of my boiler in which the radiant heat section comprises a plurality of stay-bolted water walls; Fig. 15 is a front elevation thereof with one-half in section on the line 1515 of Fig. 14; Fig. 16 .is a vertical section on the line 16-16 of Fig. 17, illustratin a boiler of the type which I term steeple l and having a radlant heat section of greater heat absorbin capacity than that shown in Figs. 14 and 15; and Fig. 17 is a front elevation taken from Fig. 16 with one-half in vertical section on the line 1717 of Fig. 16.

To pressure vessels and settings like those shown in Figs. 1 to 9, and Figs. 14 to 17 is iven the name steepled boilers, as best cal culated to identify the same and indicate that the convected heat section is directly superimposed upon the radiant heat section and the combustion chamber which contains the latter. Boilers wherein the convected heat section is merely operatively imposed, being positioned alongside of the combuss tion chamber and radiant heat section, 1 term single-storied boilers, examples thereof appearing in Figs. 10 to 13.

For the convenience of the reader and a clearer understanding of the usual proportions of m boiler, l have made ,the accompanying rawings on the scale of onequarter inch to the foot, (reduced in the printed patent) and generally these proportions may be relied upon; but I wish it to be understood that my invention is by no means limited thereto or to the precise structures illustrated or to the precise proportions or arrangements of parts; for as will become obvious, my invention is capable of embodiment in many forms not here depicted but which fall within the scope of the invention herein described and claimed.

To avoid complication of the drawings l have omitted from most of the drawings all minor arts, such as feed-water connections, steam ines, ga es, blow-0d connections and many details 0 the settings, all of which are well-known to those who are skilled in the art.

For the first exemplary illustration of the invention 1 have chosen a boiler of the return tube type, being influenced by the fact that such boilers have great need of a method and means for increasing their caacities and eficiencies. I here refer L0 igs. 1 to 4 of the drawings, in which I have incorporated a steam pressure vessel or boiler A of the ordinary return tube type occupying a horizontal position on its setting and containing a large number of fiues a. Under my invention this pressure vessel is utilized as the convected heat absorbing section of the boiler. Only a portion of its bottom can be considered as co-acting'with the radiant heat section proper.

According to m invention the boiler A instead of being-c ose down over the grate B, is arranged at the top of the tall combustion chamber 1, the walls of which rise at the margins of the grate and constitute the greater part of the setting of the boiler. The ordinary bridge wall becomes a high partition having a throat 2 at the top which leads into the horizontal duct 3, from the rear end of which the gases enter the fines a. As it is unnecessary to carry the rear part of the setting to the floor I prefer that the duct 3 shall take the trough-like shape, best shown in Fig. 3. Back of the bridge wall is a closure or partition 4 which encloses the chamber 5.

.The latter accommodates a suitably constructed hollow water wall or header 6, as well shown in Figs. 1 and The boiler water is taken from the bottom of the pressure vessel A by a plurality of down pipes or ducts 7 audit is thereby delivered to the header 6. Extending from the header, through the bridge wall and thence upwardly, are tubes 8, the upper ends of which pass throu h the bottom of the pressure vessel A. Freferably these tubes 8 are arranged in longitudinally disposed groups so that from the front they present the appearance shown in Figs. 2 and 4C, that is, the several groups are separated by wide spaces 9. Practically, these spaces are wide enough to admit a man who may be called upon to Work upon them or to replace the tubes. Such width gives ample assurance that the presence of the, water containing tubes will til tea

not materially suppress the flames from the the fuel shall be allowed to rise without suppressive resistance to the point of substantially complete flame propagation and maturity, so that little if any flame shall pass into the convected heat section of the boiler. Such are the conditions. for'the very best combustion and the highestefliciencies and obviously these dimensions being responsive of water per square foot-per hour and where special firing arrangements are made a greater evaporation may be obtained. It should be apparent that while the heat ab sorbing area of the radiant heat tubes 8 is almost minute in comparison with the area afforded by the flues a, their evaporating efficiency is so much greater per square foot as to effectively provide an absorbing surface fully equal to and under the best practice somewhat exceeding the heat radiating capacity of the quantity of fuel burned. Of such simple and relatively small elements is the radiant heat section composed. The rapid generation of steam in the tubes 8 results in continuously displacing much of the water therein, making the column of water in each tube 8 much lighter than the columns in the descending or return tubes 7. Consequently an extremely rapid circulation of all of the boiler water is set up within and through the radiant heat section of my boiler, insuring the best evaporative conditions in the radiant heat section, and

virtual freedom from scale formation, and

.a like circulatory action throughout the pressure vessel A, with like advantages in the matter of steam liberation and freedom from scale deposits. 10 represents the steam outlet of the boiler. 'A blow-off connection (not shown) is usually'p'rovided at the rear end of the pressure vessel A and at the bot-tom of the cross header 6. I have attempted to represent both the water and the steam in the body of the boiler. The short arrows in Figs. 1, 2 and 3 represent the action ofthe boiler water. The feathered arrows indicate the course of the non-luminous or residual gases which on leaving the combustion chamber,pass through the flues of the pressure 'vesseland finally, at a proper low temperature, escape through the breeching 11. It will be found that even where the combustion chamber height, or free flame rise, having been fixed in the construction of the boiler is afterward found to be too low under conditions of forced firing the preponderating effect of the flame-Sn merged radiant heat section is amply sufficient to afford a very great increase in the steaming capacity of the boiler and a marked betterment of efli iency. In constructing the boiler and setting it is, however, better to err on the side of an excessive height .in the combustion chamber in order that substantially all of the' veryefi'ective radiant heat of combustion shall certainl be used and shall be made-tobenefit all ot er heating surfaces of theboiler by promoting the described rapid circulation of-the whole body of boiler water.

In Figs. 5 to 9 I have shown the application of my invention to water tube boilers of well-known types. Thus in Fig. 5 I have shown the familiar pressure vessel compris-' ing a top drum 12 and headers 13 and 14 and the inclined banks of tubes 15, to which I have addedthe header extension-14', the radiant heat absorbing groups of tubes 16,

the back header 17, and the return tubes or' ducts 18, 18' and 18". In side elevation each Y flame-submerged group or'wall of tubes 16 presents a very extensive heat absorbing surfaces. In end elevation the tubes partake of the appearance in Fig. 6, where it will be seen that the several rou s are separated by the before describe wi e flame propaga tion spaces 19. These tubes are arranged in the tall combustion chamber 20, the flames passing upward between the groups or tubu; lar partitions, as indicated by the short fullline arrows. The longer full-line arrows represent the sweep of the combusted and non-luminous gases, as directed by theusual Figures 8 and 9 show how aboiler em--.

bodymg my invention may be made up of sectional headers and water tubes. The convected heat section of the boiler is a repro duction of one of themany boilers now in use. The radiant heat section is made up of a plurality of individual sectional'headers 23 and their tubes 24. In this sim le manner I provide the vertically dispose tubular partitions separated by vertical flame propagation spaces 25, as required by my .inven-" tion. The parts 26and 27 are cross headers having an obvious function, and to which I incense prefer to attach blow-ofi pipes, for the oer tain removal of accumulations of solids. In practice, the height from the grate to the ottom of the convected heat section is sutficient to allow the fuel flames to rise to substantial maturity before passing into the group of heat convection tubes.

The delivery of steam from the radiant heat absorbing tubular artitions is extremely rapid due to the high eficiency of the heat transmission fromflame to water; and to avoid congestion in the riser headers, either individual or grcu headers ma be provided in accordance with Fi 7. l ave therein shown a header- 28 aving one steam and water course 29 for the convected heat section 30 of the Miler and a separate.

' sorbins section oi any of my boilers may be depended upon to generate a very much greater volume of steam than comes from the much larger heating surfaces odered by the convected heat section of the boiler. The statement as to the comparative capacities oi the radiant and convected heat sections will be found to be true for all furnace operations with long-flaming fuels and with fun nace temperatures as lbw as 1806 degrees F.

Wishing it to be understood that my invention is by no means limited to the steepling of the radiant and convected heat sections'ot the boiler, l have. illustrated singlestory forms thereof in Figs. 10 to 13. Little change is required. The combustion chamher 34 with its vertical tubular partitions 35, and tall u right flame spaces 36, is arranged side by si s with the convectedheat absorbing sections 37 and 38; all within a sin le setting. lit is, of course, understood that t e radiant heat section of the boiler comprises relatively few water tubes while the convected heat section is made up of a great number thereof placed close together as required for the more dificult absorption of heat from the non-luminous gases received from the top of the combustion chamber. Obviously in. this and in the other forms of my boiler the tubes of the convected heat section may be arranged one above the other or may be staggered according to the wish of the designer. in Figs. 10 and 11 the front and back of the boiler comprise headers 39, of any suitable construction; the side walls are usually made ofbrick, likewise the intermediate walls or bames. The roof of the boiler is composed of the usual steam collecting drums t0 together with their connecting boiler where the tubes and suitable bricks supported b the. latter. The steam outlet 41 is preferably arranged over the convected heat section oi the agitation of theboiler water is least active.

At the cost of a considerable increase in weight, but with individual advantagm the radiant heat section of my, boiler may be made of hollow stay-bolted water wells such as the Walls 42 shown in Figs. 12 audit.

a\ top steam drum 43. All of these t: era:-

are best connected by cross headers it which join the headers 450i the convected heat. absorbing section 46. At the bottoms the water walls 42 are provided with ir ng tube-like portions 47. At the endoi portion 47 is an intake neck a8'while at-the other end is a blow-0d connection l9. The intake connections of the several walls are Y connected with a cross header 50, and this eacr lid

For eachof these walls ll preferably provide lid is supplied with return water throu h the agency of a large number of down to as 51.

leading from the overlying cross header dd.

It is unnecessary-to detail the o oration and action of the boiler as by now oth will be clearly understood from prior descriptions herein. The dead or exhausted gases leave the tops of the flame spaces 52 through the end openings 53. These increase in size toward: the intercommunioatina throat 54h,

as well indicated by the dotted lines 55 in Fig. 15. Exec t for some such construction the relief of t e exhausted ases would be impeded. The structural etails will be clearly understood from Figs 12 and 13. The construction of the convected heat section 46 is substantially the same as indicated in Figs. 10 and ll; the same comprising front and back headers and a large number of closely spaced water tubes. The steam outlet is associated with that part of the boiler.

That my invention is not limited to a particular mechanical construction or to the employment of straight tubes and headers is clearl suggested by the structure which I have s own in Figs. 14 and 15.- The same comprises a steepled radiant heat boiler composed of the now familiar radiant heat section and the superimposed convected heat section. In this case the radiant heat section comprises a plurality of spaced apart water walls 56 each having a top drum 5 plus return tubes 58, and return headers or drums 59 which connect with respective intakes 56'. But in this case the drums 5'? are spaced apart to provide the gas passages 60 which lead upward into the convected heat section. The convected heat section comprises a large number of banks or courses of bent Water tubes 61, which connect the drums 57 with the steam collecting drums 62. By preference all of the headers 59 are joined together as by connections 59'. Like- Mill . above described unita wise by preference all 'cf'the' steam drums 62 are joined by a cross steam drum or collector 63. Thus the pro r balance is insured and maintained t roughout theboiler. -The structure has many practical advantages, amo the fact that in a set the b0 er here shown is composed of four boiler units, each of said units comprising a drum 62, tubes 61, a drum 57, a water wall 56, a header 5?, and return tube: 58. By this construction 1t becomes possible to easily provide and to' tails of the structure will be readily understood on close examination of the drawin For the double purpose of elaborating t e or sectional Idea, as applied to steam be are, and to make it clear that the conception of the sectional boiler is not restricted to the use of staybolted water walls of the kind hereinbefore described, I have shown in Figs. 16 and 17 a novel boiler which is made u of units or sections 'of'another form and Incorporating radiant heat absorbing partitions which comprise a large number of water tubes.

The tubes just referred toare marked 66.

They are supplied by down headers 67; that is, headers in which the boiler water moves downward, thence passing u ward through the tubes 66 in the presence 0 the hot flames from the lower part of the combustion chamber 68. The mld-drums 69 here shown resemble the drums 57 of, Figs. 14 and 15. Likewise the top drums. 70 resemble the drums 62 before described. -But in place of a single radiant heat absorbing partltion, units of the kind shown in Figs. 16 and '17, accommodate two or more such partitions, that is, each drum 69 and each pair of down headers 67 accommodate two of the vertically disposed groups of tubes 66. They are so disposed that like the radiant. heat ups or partitions before described, the

0 not obstruct or materially interfere wi the free continuity and propagation of the flames. The convected heat section of each unit is completed by a large-number of water tubes 71 so placedas to-be readily accessible in case a tube needs to "be removed. It is in the radiant heatrsection uliar advantage of the unussion lies in the fact that the com- A der which ma be mentioned masses headers 67 are laced edge to and form the front and ack walls of the combustion chamber, adding their inner surfacesto the radiant heat absorbing section of the boiler. The structure including the boiler setting is sufliciently detailed for the'understand' of an one who is skilled in the art. But It.

It will be observed that my novel steepled boilers have the advantages attaching to great capacity, high efiiciency, and the occupancy of a small floor space, to which is added the common advantage of all of m boilers, i. e., the heating surfaces are umformly more eflicient than those of ordinary boilers. These pressure vessels may be smaller and of lower cost than those of equal capacity, which are in resent day use. I have not attempted to i ustrate means for theburning of oils and gases under these boilers as I regard the illustration of coalburning furnaces as fundamental and inclusive of furnaces of all kinds. Except that in some instances the pro ortions of the boilers may be advanta ous y modified or fixed in advance with re erence to a certain fuel or fuels, it is true that all of my boilers may be and are adapted to be fired with fuels of any and all of the lonfifiaming kinds. In. comparison with other ilers my invention greatly multiplies the extent of heat absorb.-

mg surface which is exposed to the radiant heat of the fire. This long sought result and the many benefits flowing therefrom are all attained in structures which in addition thereto have the-advantage of durability,

maintenance, comparatively low costs chamber, and, having heat absorbing portions of minor extent that vertically parti- I tion said chamber,- divide the flame body therein substantially 1 throughout the height of the chamber and permit the flames to rise to the to thereof, thus allo velopment o a maximum of heat om the fuel burned, increasing the radiant area of the flame body and the absorption of radiant heat therefrom and correspondingly reducing the heat absorbing duty of said major extent of the boiler.

oftesub-.

the dev v paratively narrow water walls or down '2. A casing onsettingcontaining a tall 1'9 incense combustion chamber admitting of the substantial maturity of an upright body of long-flaming fire, in combination with a steam boiler, the major extent of which is positioned to receive the hot gases from said chamber, and, havin heat absorbin portions of minor extent t at partition sai chamber into a plurality of vertical passages, subdivide the flame body therein substantially throughout the height of said chamber and ermit the flames to rise to the top thereof, tius allowing the development of a maximum of heat from the fuel burned, increasing the radiant area of the flame body and the absorption of radiant heat therefrom and correspondingly reducing the heat absorbing boiler.

3.-A casing or setting containing a tall combustion chamber admitting of the substantial maturity of an uprlght body of long-flaming fire, in combination with a steam boiler composed of two sections, the first comprising a major extent of heat absorbing surfaces positioned to receive the hot ases from said chamber, and, the second being in circulatory union with the first and comprising heat absorbing portions of minor extent that vertically partition said chamber into a plurality of upright passages, divide the flame body therein substantially throughout the height of said chamber and permit the flames to rise to the top thereof, thus allowing the development of a maximum of heat from the fuel burned,

increasing the radiant area of the flame body and the absorption of radiant heat therefrom and correspondingly reducing the heat absorbing duty of said major extent of the boiler.

4. QA casing or setting containing a tall combustion chamber admitting of the substantial maturity of an upright body of long-flaming fire, in combination with a steam boiler, the major extent of which is positioned above said chamber to receive the ct gases from the top thereof, and, having 7 heat absorbing portions of minor extent that vertically partition said chamber, divide the flame body-therein substantially throughout the height of the chamber and ermit the flamesto rise to the to thereof, t us allowing the development 0 a maximum of heat from the fuel burned, increasing the radiant area of the flame body and the absorption of radiant heat therefrom and correspondingly reducing the heat absorbing duty of said major extent of the boiler, all Within a minimum of floor space. v

5. A casing or setting containing a tall combustion chamber admittin of thesubstantial maturity of an upright body of long-flaming fire, in combination with a steam boiler composed of a lurality of vertical sections placed side by side and each duty of said major extent of the combustion c amber admitting comprising a major extent ofheating'elements positioned above said chamber and' allowing the development of a maximum of heat from the fuel, burned, increasing the radiant area of the flame body and the 'absorption of radiant heat therefrom andcorrespondingly reducing the heat absorbmg duty of the major or upper portion of the boiler.

6. A casin or setting containing a tall combustion c amber admitting of the substantial maturity of an upright body of long-flaming fire, in combination with a steam boiler composed of a plurality of vertical sections placed side by side and each comprising a major extent of heatin elements positioned above said chamber an devoted to the absorption of the heat of the ases' from saidchamber, and, underlying eat absorbing portions of minor extent that vertically partition said chamber into a pluralit of upright passages, divide the flame bo y therein substantially throughout the height of the chamber and permit theflames' to rise to the top thereof; allowing the develo ment of a maximum of heat from the fuel urned, increasing the radiant area of the flame body and the absorption of radiant heat therefrom and correspondingly reducing the heat absorbing duty of the major or upper portions of the boiler 7. A casin or setting containing a tall combustion c amber admitting of the substantial maturity of an upright body of long-flaming fire, in combination with a steam boiler, the major extent of which is positioned to receive the hot gases from said chamber, and, having vertical groups of water circulating and heat absorbing tubes of minor extent that partition said chamber into a plurality of vertical passages, subdivide the flame body therein substantially throughout the height of said, chamber and permit the flames to rise to the top thereof;

the same allowing the develo inentof a max imum of heat from the fuel urned, increasing the radiant area of the flame body and the absorption of radiant heat therefrom and correspondingly reducing the heat absorbing duty of said major extent of the boiler.

8. A casin or setting containing a tall of the substantial maturity of an upright body, of

long-flaming fire, in combination with at steam boiler, the major extent of which is positioned to receive the hot gases from said chamber, and, having vertical groups of *into a spaced heat absorbing, circulating tubes of minor extent that partition said chamber Iurality of vertical passages, subdivide t e flame body therein substantially throughout the height of said chamber and permitthe flames to rise to the top thereof; the same sllowin the development of a maximum of heat m the fuel burned, in-

creasing the radiant area of the flame body and the absorption of radiant heat therefrom and correspondingly reducing the heat absorbing duty of said major extent of the boiler.

9; A. casin or setting containing a tall combustion c umberadmittin of the substantial maturity of an uprlght body of long-flaming fire, in combination with a steam boiler, the major extent of which is ingly reducing the heat absorbing duty of said ma or extent of the boiler, all within a minimum of floor space.

' '10. A casing or setting containing a tall combpstion chamber admitting of the substantlal maturity of an upright body of long-flaming fire, in combination with a steam boiler composed of a, plurality of vertlcal sections placed side by side andeach comprising a magor extent of-heating elements positioned above said chamber and devoted to the absorption. of the heat of thl gases from said chamber, and, underlying radiant heat absorbin portions of minor extent chiefly composed of groups of spaced water circulatin tubes that vertically partitlon said cham r into a plurality of upr ht passages, divide the flame body therem su antially throughout the height of the chamber and permit the flames to rise to the top thereof, the same allowing the development of a max mum of heat from the fuel burned, increasing the radiant area of the flame body and the absorption of radiant heat therefrom and correspondingly reducing the heat absorbing duty of the major or upper portions of the boiler, all within a minimum of floor space.

CHARLES GILBERT HAWLEY.

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